91:
508:
44:
68:
681:
can be harvested after six years and is done in Fall after collecting the mature seeds. After removing the soil and the roots from other plants, the rhizome should be stored unwashed until further processing. It should be prevented from drying out and also from too high moisture, which could lead to
587:
over night and can be planted in pots on the next day. The soil should be kept moist and shaded until the plants emerge. Young plants can be transplanted in a well prepared growing bed with a high organic matter in a planting distance of 6–10 inches (15–25 centimetres). To support the plants with
451:, with male-biased gender ratios in a given population. This is due to higher mortality of female plants, and the tendency of female plants to flower less frequently. Female stalks tend to be taller, giving a total maximum plant height of about 1.2 m, but also tend to have about ten times fewer
554:
content. In open fields it should be shaded by a shading structure, to protect it from the direct radiation of the sun. For forest cultivation it should be preferably planted in an area with tall hardwood trees.
617:
needles. When the young plants emerge they should be left in undisturbed at least for one growing season. Then they can be transplanted as for the propagation method through root division.
1386:
1381:
1376:
1227:
1253:
950:
1175:
803:
Meagher, T. R.; J. Antonovics (1982). "The population biology of
Chamaelirium luteum, a dioecious member of the lily family: life history studies".
527:
is normally collected wild, it is at risk of extinction. Cultivation techniques are still under development to satisfy the demand from the market.
1240:
1188:
782:
773:
1279:
1356:
983:
Baskin, Carol C.; Baskin Jerry M. (2001). "Morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of
Chamaelirium luteum, a long-lived dioecious lily".
1396:
649:
850:
924:
892:
1214:
75:
655:
It was traditionally used to prevent miscarriages and it has the reputation of improving fertility. Today it is used to treat
1245:
1371:
778:
90:
1097:
1401:
1292:
1258:
1406:
1391:
504:
comes from the Greek and means: chamai = "on the ground" and leirion = "lilly", and the Latin luteus = "yellow".
605:
inch (3.2 mm) in breeding beds with high humus content. For a good germination the seed should go through
1297:
1162:
606:
959:
1366:
1361:
1149:
1050:
1102:
1167:
1154:
764:
208:
171:
1193:
1123:
812:
1039:
595:
For propagation through seeds, the seeds should be sown in late Fall or early Winter to a depth of
57:
1284:
429:
herb native to the eastern United States. It can be found in a variety of habitats, including wet
1328:
1000:
828:
237:
85:
1088:
1266:
1232:
1110:
958:. North Carolina Consortioum on Natural Medicines and Public Health. p. 5. Archived from
920:
888:
852:
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray (Devil's Bit). Conservation and
Research Plan for New England
507:
443:
has a basal rosette of around six 8–15 cm leaves, from which a single spike-like raceme
1271:
992:
820:
664:
859:
128:
816:
734:
115:
1350:
668:
477:
444:
225:
161:
141:
1333:
1115:
43:
17:
1073:
858:. Framingham, Massachusetts, USA: New England Wild Flower Society. Archived from
1201:
1082:
706:
683:
543:
481:
447:(1–1.5 cm diameter, 8–30 cm length) emerges. The plants are generally
1320:
648:
is used as ornamental or medical herb. Historically it has been used widely by
917:
Growing at-risk medicinal herbs : cultivation, conservation, and ecology
1136:
702:
660:
656:
610:
497:
462:
448:
434:
426:
1310:
1305:
1067:
710:
699:
695:
672:
570:
539:
229:
151:
1180:
1004:
832:
678:
589:
485:
452:
430:
1206:
714:
626:
625:
The plant should be moist and shaded and protected from herbivory by
584:
1044:
996:
824:
1141:
630:
551:
506:
102:
1219:
634:
614:
1048:
1128:
583:
inch (6.4 mm). This disc-shaped pieces should be left to
686:. Before processing, the rhizome should be washed carefully.
399:
is a genus of flowering plants containing the single species
547:
480:, United States and Canada. It occurs in the east of the
465:
genus, and is quite rare at the fringes of its range.
735:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
694:
The bioactive components are a mixture of steroidal
1057:
1021:Moser, J. (1917). "The pharmacognosy of helonias".
566:can be propagated through seeds or root division.
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
919:. Williams, OR: Horizon Herbs. pp. 314 pp.
592:or bark mulch should be added to the top soil.
588:nutrients, pine needles, rotted conifer-derived
1387:Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
573:can be divided by cutting them into pieces of
8:
949:Jackie Greenfield, Jeanine M. Davis (2004).
844:
842:
1016:
1014:
985:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
484:and it is historically known from southern
1045:
910:
908:
906:
904:
637:in woods. Weeds should always be removed.
609:. The plants grow best in soil mixture of
569:For propagation through root division the
66:
42:
31:
1382:Flora of the Southeastern United States
1377:Flora of the Northeastern United States
783:United States Department of Agriculture
774:Germplasm Resources Information Network
726:
705:. These bioactive substances act as an
250:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
7:
25:
373:Herb. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
89:
1298:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24120-1
952:Medicinal Herb Production Guide
885:Taylor's encyclopedia of plants
1:
779:Agricultural Research Service
1023:American Journal of Pharmacy
887:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
698:, including chamaelirin and
883:Tenenbaum, Frances (2003).
849:Allard, Dorothy J. (2003).
1423:
1357:NatureServe secure species
476:can be found in temperate
461:is the only member of its
1397:Monotypic Liliales genera
264:Chamaelirium carolinianum
243:
236:
214:
207:
86:Scientific classification
84:
64:
55:
50:
41:
34:
27:Genus of flowering plants
365:(L.) F.T.Wang & Tang
550:: 4.5 – 6) with a high
515:
354:Ophiostachys virginica
306:Diclinotrys albiflorum
510:
1372:Melanthiaceae genera
915:Cech, Richo (2002).
690:Bioactive components
538:prefers moist, well
405:, commonly known as
281:Chamaelirium obovale
817:1982Ecol...63.1690M
767:Chamaelirium luteum
646:Chamaelirium luteum
564:Chamaelirium luteum
536:Chamaelirium luteum
525:Chamaelirium luteum
513:Chamaelirium luteum
502:Chamaelirium luteum
474:Chamaelirium luteum
459:Chamaelirium luteum
441:Chamaelirium luteum
402:Chamaelirium luteum
289:Chionographis lutea
272:Chamaelirium luteum
218:Chamaelirium luteum
58:Conservation status
18:Chamaelirium luteum
650:Indigenous peoples
516:
338:Melanthium dioicum
1402:Flora of Illinois
1344:
1343:
1267:Open Tree of Life
1051:Taxon identifiers
1040:Henriettes Herbal
392:
391:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
346:Melanthium luteum
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
301:
293:
285:
276:
268:
260:
256:Abalon albiflorum
189:
79:
16:(Redirected from
1414:
1407:Dioecious plants
1392:Flora of Ontario
1337:
1336:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1131:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1105:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1046:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1009:
1008:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
964:
957:
946:
931:
930:
912:
899:
898:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
864:
857:
846:
837:
836:
811:(6): 1690–1700.
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
761:
746:
745:
743:
741:
731:
665:fertility issues
604:
603:
599:
582:
581:
577:
511:Illustration of
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
299:
291:
283:
274:
266:
258:
220:
187:
172:Chionographideae
94:
93:
73:
70:
69:
46:
32:
21:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1053:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1019:
1012:
997:10.2307/3088655
982:
981:
977:
968:
966:
962:
955:
948:
947:
934:
927:
914:
913:
902:
895:
882:
881:
877:
868:
866:
862:
855:
848:
847:
840:
825:10.2307/1940111
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
763:
762:
749:
739:
737:
733:
732:
728:
723:
692:
643:
623:
613:and decomposed
601:
597:
596:
579:
575:
574:
561:
533:
521:
494:
471:
388:
385:
378:Veratrum luteum
370:Veratrum flavum
362:Siraitos luteus
330:Helonias pumila
314:Helonias dioica
249:
248:
232:
222:
216:
203:
186:
88:
80:
71:
67:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:wfo-4000007607
1325:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1250:
1237:
1224:
1211:
1198:
1185:
1172:
1159:
1146:
1133:
1120:
1107:
1094:
1079:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1034:External links
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:(89): 291–296.
1010:
975:
932:
925:
900:
893:
875:
838:
795:
747:
725:
724:
722:
719:
691:
688:
642:
639:
622:
619:
607:stratification
560:
557:
532:
531:Site selection
529:
520:
517:
493:
490:
470:
467:
390:
389:
387:
386:
384:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
325:(L.) Ker Gawl.
322:Helonias lutea
319:
317:(Walter) Pursh
311:
303:
297:Dasurus luteus
294:
286:
278:
269:
261:
252:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
234:
233:
223:
212:
211:
205:
204:
200:C. luteum
197:
195:
191:
190:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
132:
131:
126:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
51:Inflorescence
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Pharmacognosy
1365:
1363:
1362:Melanthiaceae
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
991:(128): 7–15.
990:
986:
979:
976:
965:on 2012-12-22
961:
954:
953:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
928:
926:9780970031211
922:
918:
911:
909:
907:
905:
901:
896:
894:9780618226443
890:
886:
879:
876:
865:on 2010-07-05
861:
854:
853:
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
796:
784:
780:
776:
775:
770:
768:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
748:
736:
730:
727:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
697:
689:
687:
685:
680:
675:
674:
670:
669:ovarian cysts
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
640:
638:
636:
632:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
593:
591:
586:
572:
567:
565:
558:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
528:
526:
518:
514:
509:
505:
503:
499:
491:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:North America
475:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:inflorescence
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:false unicorn
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
397:
379:
376:
371:
368:
363:
360:
355:
352:
347:
344:
339:
336:
331:
328:
323:
320:
315:
312:
307:
304:
298:
295:
290:
287:
282:
279:
273:
270:
265:
262:
257:
254:
253:
251:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
221:
219:
213:
210:
209:Binomial name
206:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:Melanthiaceae
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:Tracheophytes
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1089:Chamaelirium
1059:Chamaelirium
1058:
1022:
988:
984:
978:
967:. Retrieved
960:the original
951:
916:
884:
878:
867:. Retrieved
860:the original
851:
808:
804:
798:
786:. Retrieved
772:
766:
738:. Retrieved
729:
693:
676:
663:complaints,
654:
645:
644:
624:
594:
568:
563:
562:
535:
534:
524:
522:
512:
501:
495:
473:
472:
469:Distribution
458:
457:
440:
439:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:blazing-star
406:
401:
400:
396:Chamaelirium
395:
394:
393:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
300:(L.) Salisb.
296:
288:
280:
271:
263:
255:
217:
215:
199:
198:
183:Chamaelirium
182:
181:
135:
122:
109:
36:Chamaelirium
35:
29:
1202:iNaturalist
1083:Wikispecies
788:5 September
740:5 September
707:emmenagogue
684:infestation
621:Maintenance
544:acidic soil
519:Cultivation
482:Mississippi
437:woodlands.
411:devil's bit
349:(L.) Thunb.
302:nom. inval.
292:(L.) Baill.
277:nom. illeg.
129:Angiosperms
76:NatureServe
1351:Categories
969:2012-12-01
869:2009-02-14
721:References
659:problems,
425:. It is a
419:fairy wand
1074:Q16868579
703:diosgenin
661:pregnancy
657:menstrual
611:peat moss
498:etymology
492:Etymology
463:monotypic
449:dioecious
435:deciduous
427:perennial
194:Species:
99:Kingdom:
1318:VASCAN:
1311:40005688
1306:Tropicos
1068:Wikidata
711:diuretic
700:aglycone
696:saponins
679:rhizomes
673:diuretic
571:rhizomes
559:Planting
523:Because
423:helonias
238:Synonyms
158:Family:
152:Liliales
142:Monocots
1233:1063445
1220:24120-1
1181:2741646
1005:3088655
833:1940111
813:Bibcode
805:Ecology
600:⁄
590:sawdust
578:⁄
540:drained
486:Ontario
453:flowers
431:meadows
178:Genus:
168:Tribe:
148:Order:
103:Plantae
74: (
72:Secure
1285:CHAMA6
1280:PLANTS
1272:573295
1259:112830
1207:122252
1168:106446
1155:106446
1103:430806
1003:
923:
891:
831:
715:emetic
627:snails
585:callus
421:, and
357:Delile
341:Walter
267:Willd.
188:Willd.
1246:42893
1228:IRMNG
1142:1CMMG
1129:44538
1116:8VW5C
1001:JSTOR
963:(PDF)
956:(PDF)
863:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
829:JSTOR
682:mold
631:slugs
552:humus
333:Jacq.
284:Small
136:Clade
123:Clade
110:Clade
1293:POWO
1254:NCBI
1241:ITIS
1215:IPNI
1194:2377
1189:GRIN
1176:GBIF
1137:EPPO
1098:BOLD
921:ISBN
889:ISBN
790:2014
742:2014
713:and
677:The
671:and
641:Uses
635:deer
629:and
615:pine
542:and
496:The
433:and
309:Raf.
275:Miq.
259:Raf.
247:List
230:Gray
1329:WFO
1321:981
1163:FoC
1150:FNA
1124:EoL
1111:CoL
993:doi
989:128
821:doi
633:or
500:of
1353::
1331::
1308::
1295::
1282::
1269::
1256::
1243::
1230::
1217::
1204::
1191::
1178::
1165::
1152::
1139::
1126::
1113::
1100::
1085::
1070::
1013:^
999:.
987:.
935:^
903:^
841:^
827:.
819:.
809:63
807:.
781:,
777:.
771:.
750:^
717:.
709:,
667:,
652:.
548:pH
488:.
455:.
417:,
413:,
409:,
381:L.
228:)
226:L.
138::
125::
112::
1007:.
995::
972:.
929:.
897:.
872:.
835:.
823::
815::
792:.
769:"
765:"
744:.
602:8
598:1
580:4
576:1
546:(
224:(
78:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
