905:(Zulu word for the same action). The third and most accepted is that it is another pronunciation for "Rhonga", the root for the word "vurhonga" for east or the direction where the sun rises. Vurhonga also means dawn in Xitsonga. Rhonga (commonly and wrongly spelt as Ronga) is one of the Tsonga languages. The physical evidence of most Tsonga people residing along the eastern coast of Africa in the south, extending inland in a westward direction, makes this explanation especially inviting. However Junod had initially used the Ronga appellation but had also realized that the northern clans did not frequently use the name 'Ronga' as their identity name, but most certainly Tsonga is a derivation of Ronga.
714:
879:
translating the language to the missionaries since none of the missionaries were familiar with it and had to dedicate much of their time to learn it. The language of the Tsonga people and the dialects were put into print and the first books were published. The language was later on finally registered as "Xitsonga" within the
Constitution of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) and it was declared an official language. The standardization of the Xitsonga language as a result made it possible for the Tsonga people to develop a common way of speaking and writing.
527:
567:
540:
6281:
146:
84:
43:
964:
953:
942:
931:
7923:
842:
and the name "Tsonga" is often used as a cover term for all three, also sometimes referred to as Tswa-Ronga. The
Xitsonga language has been standardised for both academic and home use. Tsonga is an official language of the Republic of South Africa, and under the name "Shangani" it is recognised as an
878:
Swiss missionaries worked with the Tsonga people, assisting in the translation of the Bible from
English and Sesotho into Tsonga. Paul Berthoud published the first book in 1883, thanks to assistance from translations by Mpapele (Mbizana) and Mandlati (Zambia). The two men were active in teaching and
992:
Some dialects are subdialects but have been mentioned here for completeness. For example, Valoyi and Luleke comprise the N'walungu dialect. There is no Gwamba dialect as Gwamba is another name for
Xitsonga itself. Formally Xitsonga has been called Gwamba. Tswa-Ronga dialects not considered part of
869:
Further studies were carried out by Junod and other Swiss missionaries such as Henri
Berthoud and Ernest Creux, who began to unify the language in order to have a standard way of writing and reading. "Shigwamba" was a term used by the missionaries in order to group the language under a unified
1000:
Only six Thonga/Tsonga dialects exist and these were identified by the dawn of the 1900s. These are namely xiRonga, xiHlanganu, xiBila, xiDjonga, xiN'walungu, and xiHlengwe. All other variations within South Africa are sub-dialects of the aforementioned. The dialects most spoken in the rural
887:
The name "Tsonga" is the root of
Xitsonga (culture, language or ways of the Tsonga) Mutsonga (a Tsonga person), Vatsonga (Tsonga people), etc. In the language of the Vatsonga themselves, the root never appears by itself. It is Tsonga for the ease and accessibility of the wider international
891:
As for the origins of the name, there are three theories. The first states that Tsonga is another pronunciation for Dzonga, which means "South" and also the name of one of the dialects of
Xitsonga. The second theory is that it is an alternate spelling of the old ancestral name of the
896:
and Tembe groups, Tonga/Thonga. The other Zulu explanation for the alternative spelling of "Thonga" is that the Tembe and Rhonga people, who were the first to arrive at the
Delagoa Bay and around the Natal Bay, transitioned the Rhonga "Rh" into the Zulu form of "Th". An example is
993:
the family include Pulana (Xipulana, Sepulane). What is commonly referred to as "Shangana/Changana" is not a recognized language in South Africa and is not a dialect that falls within the
Xitsonga language group, as its distinctiveness stems mainly from the use of the
2254:
Long vowels are written double. Nasalized vowels are not distinguished in writing; are only found in words for 'yes' and 'no', while is found in a few mimetic words. Mid vowels can vary from close-mid to open-mid; they are generally close-mid before a high vowel,
864:
My conclusion is then that the Thonga language was already-spoken by the primitive occupants of the country more than 500 years ago and that, together with a certain number of customs, it formed the great bond which bound the Thonga clans together in past
800:
859:
between the years 1890 and 1920, who made the conclusion that the
Xitsonga language (which he called the "Thonga language" at the time) began to develop in Mozambique even before the 1400s. In his own words, Junod states the following:
1004:
For "language of", the various languages and dialects employ one or more of the following prefixes: Bi-, Chi-, Ci-, Gi-, Ici-, Ki-, Ma-, Shee-, Shi-, Txi-, Va-, Wa-, and Xi-. For "people of", they use either "Ba-" or "Va-".
1001:
communities of Limpopo are the N'walungu, Bila, Hlengwe, and the Hlanganu dialects. The Xitsonga vocabulary and phonetic permutations are also largely based on these dialects (cf. Junod 1912, p. 470–473)
984:
Tsonga (Gwamba, Gwapa) dialects are Bila (Vila), Djonga (Dzonga, Jonga), Hlanganu (Langanu, Nhlanganu), Hlave (Mbayi, Nkuna, Pai), Kande, Khosa, Luleke, N'walungu (Ngwalungu), Nkuma, Songa, Valoyi, Xika, and
8772:
3802:
Many of these consonants may be preceded by a nasal, but they are not prenasalized consonants: at least in word-initial position, they are nasal–obstruent sequences where the nasals are syllabic.
7088:
5960:
Xitsonga has been standardised as a written language. However, there are many dialects within the language that may not pronounce words as written. For example, the Tsonga bible uses the word
874:
As the term Gwamba was unknown outside the Spelonken, Henri Berthoud recommended that the mission abandon the term and replace it with the widely accepted genericism, Tonga/Thonga.
8765:
6192:
For more recent studies of Tsonga music and songs, see the publications of Thomas Johnston in the 1970s, all of which include Tsonga song lyrics with English translations.
7898:
6892:
This proverb is said to a young husband who might be tempted to prepare something for their babies before their birth, since you do not know if the baby is a male or female.
6171:
E. Dora Earthy, a missionary in Mozambique, published a selection of Tsonga folktales (Lenge dialect) with facing-text English translations in the 1937 volume of the journal
988:
Tswa (Tshwa) dialects are Dzibi (Dzivi), Dzibi-Dzonga (Dzivi-Dzonga), Tshwa, Hlengwe (Lengwe, Lhenge), Khambani, Makwakwe-Khambani, Mandla, Ndxhonge, and Nhayi (Nyai, Nyayi).
7629:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
8758:
8579:
8380:
5902:
A whistling sound common in the language is written "sw" or "sv" in Zimbabwean ChiShona. This sound actually belongs to the "x-sw" class within the language. E.g.:
6254:" "The tattooing marks made on the back are known by the tattooer (not by the tattooed, i.e. you do not know what may happen when you have turned your back)." (#3)
7928:
5574:
Tsonga, like many other African languages, have been influenced by various European colonial languages. Tsonga vocabulary includes words borrowed from English,
5148:
The vocabulary of Xitsonga is essentially similar not only to most South African languages but also other Eastern Bantu languages, for example, Kiswahili.
7030:
Harries, P. 1987, The Roots of Ethnicity: Discourse and the Politics of Language Construction in South-East Africa, University of the Witwatersrand. p. 16
7085:
9661:
8786:
655:
870:
identity, however the name was unfamiliar to many of the Tsonga people and had to be replaced with "Thonga/Tsonga". Harries makes reference to this:
7891:
7622:
3384:
7043:
5892:. However, where the emphasis of a word is on the following vowel the letter is hardened by adding "h" this the Tsonga word -chava (fear)
3734:
8572:
8373:
3704:
346:
9728:
7884:
7507:
6328:
6212:" "Guess what is it that a mother dearly loves but which could not run to meet her on her return home? The unborn babe in the womb."
5957:
Another whistling sound is spelled "dy" but has no English equivalent, the closest being the "dr" sound in the English word "drive"
3235:
806:
247:
229:
127:
70:
94:
6247:" "He who swallows a large stone has confidence in the size of his throat (i.e. applying to bumptious and pretentious folk)." (#1)
3806:
Different consonant sounds may alternate the place of articulation. A number of Tsonga speakers vary the affricates from alveolar
9733:
7918:
7615:
7006:
6302:
6148:
3398:
3102:
163:
56:
6130:
843:
official language in the Constitution of Zimbabwe. All Tswa-Ronga languages are recognised in Mozambique. It is not official in
6110:
3352:
3066:
686:
6992:
Webb, Vic. 2002. "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development".
6092:
847:(formerly Swaziland). The latest descendant of the Tsonga royalty is Thato Ntokozo Makhubela residing in the province Gauteng
210:
9743:
9738:
8565:
8366:
6306:
6072:
2193:
2181:
167:
6054:
182:
7555:
van Wyk, E. B.; Odendal, F. F.; Nkatini, N. L. (2012) , "Comparison between the phonetic systems of Afrikaans and Tsonga",
9718:
3481:
3244:
713:
408:
9542:
8143:
8113:
7520:
7490:
7243:
6210:
Tiban leshi, nambi mamana wa nwana a ku mu randja ngopfu, loko a tlhasa kaya a nga hluleka ka ku mu yamukela? Hi nyimba.
3448:
3363:
3343:
3208:
3077:
4423:
Tsonga has several classes, much like other Bantu languages, which are learned through memorisation mostly. These are:
189:
9618:
8333:
7698:
7126:
2215:
2209:
2152:
2140:
717:
Geographical description of Tsonga in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks a form of Tsonga at home.
7977:
7086:
https://www.digitaltsonga.com/&page=blog/2020-12-14/Some_Common_Xitsonga_Words_that_are_also_Similar_in_Kiswahili
6649:
Any girl who has been seen by this boy, she will accept his proposal (used by a boy when he is in love with a girl).
6291:
109:
6223:
Following up on Junod's work on Tsonga riddles, J.E. Kaemmer has documented Tsonga "tone riddles," specifically the
3718:
3508:
2996:
2939:
2912:
2855:
2828:
2771:
2757:
2744:
2737:
2588:
2243:
2231:
428:
6889:
One must not choose the male of the guinea-fowl (similar to "Don't count your chickens before they are hatched").
6310:
6295:
418:
402:
156:
105:
9554:
9548:
9506:
8750:
8677:
8637:
8163:
8022:
7907:
7564:
3459:
3439:
3412:
3219:
196:
8059:
974:
443:
9723:
7968:
7865:
3494:
2167:
2161:
696:
669:
594:
8833:
8652:
7985:
7945:
7683:
7638:
5863:
4919:
4900:
Personal pronouns in Tsonga are very similar to those of many other Bantu languages, with a few variations.
3818:
in Tsonga proper and in Changana dialect. Labiodental and dental appear in homorganic consonant clusters.
2925:
2905:
2794:
612:
497:
178:
8809:
5896:
5889:
5870:
3840:
3833:
3811:
3807:
3378:
3229:
3163:
3092:
2952:
2947:
2868:
2863:
2784:
2779:
2303:
2260:
2256:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2051:
2043:
2025:
2017:
1999:
1991:
1973:
1965:
1947:
1939:
1921:
1913:
1895:
1887:
1869:
1861:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
9652:
9102:
8588:
8389:
8308:
7958:
7652:
6183:
3675:
3585:
2601:
2581:
2536:
2483:
2476:
2281:
856:
6261:" "The strength of the crocodile is water (i.e. when you are in your own domain you can succeed)." (#4)
5582:. Also, due to the assimilation of the Shangaan nation, it has taken some words from Nguni languages.
674:
8338:
7084:
DigitalTsonga, (2020). Some Common Xitsonga Words that are also Similar in Kiswahili, Retrieved from
2962:
2623:
912:
overran many of the pre-existing African tribes of South Africa, Eswatini, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe.
62:
488:
9536:
8990:
8984:
8874:
8739:
8521:
8209:
8158:
5862:. However, certain sounds are spelled using a combination of letters, which either do not exist in
5579:
3332:
3173:
3148:
3051:
2878:
2841:
2821:
2529:
2428:
7400:"Secret Initiation Songs of the Shangana-Tsonga Circumcision Rite: A Textual and Musical Analysis"
6037:, is used for all Xitsonga varieties. The class 7/8 noun pairs above are represented as follows:
9429:
8839:
8602:
7465:
7419:
7373:
7327:
7281:
7218:
7172:
4912:
4908:
4904:
3837:
2637:
2293:
2263:, and low-mid otherwise. Vowels may be realized as murmured when following breathy consonants.
819:
4119:
Generally, to indicate ongoing actions in the present one takes the personal pronoun, drops the
7040:
4034:– "to say" It corresponds to "ti" in many other Bantu languages. Examples of its usage include:
9664:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
9096:
8526:
8199:
8153:
8138:
7748:
7591:
7457:
7411:
7365:
7319:
7273:
7210:
7164:
6026:
3815:
2358:
2315:
2298:
981:
Ronga (Rhonga) dialects are Kalanga (Xinyisa, Xindindindi (Xizingili), Putru, and Xinyondroma.
203:
9377:
9225:
9189:
9148:
9084:
9066:
9049:
9043:
9037:
8996:
8932:
8868:
8821:
8734:
8724:
8627:
8617:
8536:
8516:
8501:
8491:
8486:
8476:
8455:
8403:
7844:
7839:
7793:
7768:
7743:
7733:
7728:
7688:
7568:
5970:
5869:
An example of this is the letter "x" taken from Portuguese orthography, which is pronounced
3279:
3137:
2288:
2276:
908:
Much of the written history about the Tsonga regards the aftermath of the mfecane where the
762:
9713:
9530:
9423:
9417:
9411:
9359:
9353:
9296:
9284:
9267:
9261:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9237:
9231:
9219:
9213:
9207:
9160:
9154:
9142:
9108:
9008:
9002:
8920:
8782:
8719:
8662:
8541:
8531:
8511:
8496:
8481:
8251:
8225:
8189:
8168:
8014:
8001:
7808:
7803:
7773:
7763:
7723:
7092:
7047:
4911:(the one spoken to), and third person (the one spoken about). They are also classified by
3826:
3822:
3564:
2570:
2411:
2310:
994:
823:
433:
394:
336:
5966:(tell), pronounced bwe-la, however a large group of speakers would say "dzvela" instead.
6186:
included a selection of Tsonga song lyrics with English translations in his 1913 study,
973:
Tsonga is a Bantu language (Guthrie code S.53), closely related to other members to the
9645:
9624:
9612:
9589:
9524:
9518:
9500:
9488:
9471:
9465:
9459:
9453:
9447:
9441:
9435:
9394:
9365:
9347:
9341:
9290:
9201:
9195:
9172:
9078:
9072:
9031:
8926:
8903:
8897:
8891:
8851:
8845:
8827:
8815:
8729:
8693:
8672:
8667:
8647:
8642:
8622:
8607:
8546:
8506:
8460:
8450:
8408:
8323:
8313:
8285:
8220:
8214:
8194:
8133:
8128:
8086:
8038:
8030:
7993:
7849:
7798:
7788:
7778:
7758:
7738:
7718:
7713:
7703:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7596:
5859:
4489:
4457:
2726:
839:
476:
438:
5899:) is written "hl" in Tsonga, e.g. -hlangana (meet), -hlasela (attack), -hleka (laugh)
645:
9707:
9595:
9571:
9494:
9313:
9090:
8956:
8950:
8944:
8938:
8703:
8698:
8612:
8434:
8173:
8148:
8046:
7818:
7783:
7708:
7693:
6949:
Chillness causes a girl to come back to her parents' house from her husband's house.
6922:
Do not mess up things when you do not need them, you will suffer when you need them.
6646:
An antelope which is jumping around next to Mangulwe (dog's name), he will catch it.
4874:
4676:
4084:
The present tense is formed by simply using the personal pronoun along with the verb.
3787:
3776:
3725:
3711:
3645:
3638:
3592:
3526:
3501:
3466:
3419:
3405:
3391:
3370:
3312:
3297:
3290:
3251:
3180:
3155:
3109:
3084:
3037:
3030:
3009:
2989:
2969:
2932:
2885:
2848:
2801:
2764:
2712:
2705:
2686:
2679:
2664:
2644:
2630:
2608:
2122:
2077:
835:
827:
740:
504:
365:
331:
3897:
order. The structure changes to subject—object—verb when addressing another person:
9512:
9371:
9166:
9025:
8632:
7823:
7753:
4868:
4836:
4816:
4746:
4740:
4644:
3894:
3830:
909:
893:
831:
532:
483:
295:
7572:
6484:
If you do not raise your voice (in a form of a complaint), you will not be heard.
4915:, i.e., singular and plural. There is no distinction between subject and object.
4810:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4688:
4559:
4553:
17:
8277:
6469:
If one tries to do more than one thing at the same time, one might not prosper.
6280:
2237:
2201:
2187:
2146:
2134:
2117:
2073:
413:
384:
341:
145:
6200:
Junod also included a selection of Tsonga riddles with English translations in
4804:
4752:
4714:
4708:
4656:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4547:
4483:
4451:
6976:
6971:
3966:
2223:
2127:
572:
326:
290:
7461:
7415:
7369:
7323:
7277:
7214:
7168:
6392:
Do not kill a snake and swing it, the ones inside the holes are watching you
4682:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4495:
4463:
8424:
8291:
7953:
7876:
7510:
Research in African Literatures. 3 (1): 5-20. Available at Internet Archive.
6395:
Do not do unnecessary bad things to someone, other people are watching you.
5575:
2175:
855:
The Xi-tsonga language was studied in great detail by the Swiss missionary,
638:
622:
604:
586:
4848:
4720:
4650:
4592:
4586:
4580:
7607:
6604:
A person can do (or intend to do) bad things to you, while he is smiling.
629:
8318:
8256:
6175:: Part 1 contains 3 stories and Part 2 contains an additional 7 stories.
4842:
844:
704:
692:
545:
300:
285:
31:
8557:
8358:
7377:
4891:
is present when the noun stem has one syllable, and is absent otherwise.
9136:
7469:
7353:
7222:
7176:
7039:
Elephant Coast, (2009). History of the Thembe – Thonga, Retrieved from
6739:
Chiefdom stays in the same family, cannot be passed to other families.
6481:
A child who does not cry will die unnoticed at the back of his mother.
5888:
Other spelling differences include the letter "c", which is pronounced
700:
423:
321:
316:
7445:
7423:
7331:
7285:
7198:
7152:
6907:
Do not mess up things after using them, you might need them tomorrow.
6147:
8328:
8246:
7399:
7307:
7261:
6129:
112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
6109:
963:
952:
941:
930:
8343:
8204:
7924:
Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights
6440:
When in trouble, a man should try all efforts to find a solution.
6146:
6128:
6108:
6091:
6090:
6070:
6052:
712:
6664:
Wishing to bring interesting old things of old days to nowadays.
5873:. Therefore, the following words, , , , are written in Tsonga as
8230:
6071:
4298:
Words used to describe a state of being also use the past tense.
9669:
Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates
8754:
8561:
8362:
7880:
7611:
6919:
Do not cut the tree in winter, you will burn by sun in summer.
6219:" "The thing which you can beat without leaving a scar? Water."
6053:
6751:
I thought is where the rain has poured and left fertile soil.
6514:
Whatever bad things a mother does, her daughter will also do.
6274:
139:
77:
36:
6616:
To be given by Thomo (king's name) from heavenly parliament.
6499:
A person must use properties of a place where he is working.
6235:
Here are some of the Tsonga proverbs which Junod recorded in
7525:
The Life of a South African Tribe: vol. 2, The Psychic Life.
7495:
The Life of a South African Tribe: vol. 2, The Psychic Life.
7248:
The Life of a South African Tribe: vol. 2, The Psychic Life.
7041:
http://www.visitelephantcoast.co.za/index.php?history_thembe
7601:
3893:
The grammar is generally typical of Bantu languages with a
789:
783:
7199:"Folk-Stories of Gazaland Portuguese East Africa, Part II"
7153:"Folk-Stories of Gazaland, Portuguese East Africa, Part I"
7104:
6914:
U nga sahi nsinya hi vuxika, u ta tshwa hi mumu hi malanga
6817:
He who provokes other people, will face the consequences.
780:
703:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6511:
The way an impala jumps, it influences its unborn child.
6217:
Leshi, nambi wa ba, ntonsi wa kone wu nga boneki? I mati.
786:
6455:
Keep a secret do not say it where there are many people
5866:, or may be meant to distinguish the language somewhat.
4187:
This is for in one of three ways, depending on the word.
6559:
You must work hard (in every possible way) to succeed.
101:
7021:, Neuchatel: Imprimerie Attinger Freres, p. 32–33
6814:
The one who challenges buffaloes they will chase him.
6380:
Do not lend your money to people who do not pay back.
27:
Bantu language of the Tsonga people of Southern Africa
6425:
A child of a bad person, might be a very bad person.
6387:
U nga dlayi nyoka u yi ndzuluta, ta micele ta ku vona
807:
777:
6746:
A ndzi ku hi laha ku nga na mpfula ku sala ndzhongo.
6611:
Ku hiwa hi Thomo ku suka e palamendhe ya le tilweni.
5995:
tani hi loko na hina hi rivalela lava hi dyohelaka;
771:
9604:
9563:
9480:
9403:
9386:
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6410:Most of very beautiful women they have bad habits.
765:
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170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7019:The Life of a South African Tribe: The Social Life
6001:hikuva ku fuma, ni matimba, ni ku twala i swa wena
6452:A secretive goat does not give birth in a midst.
6407:A fig fruit which is pink, it has a worm inside.
7266:Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council
6601:A dog smiles when it intends to bite something.
7540:Lausanne: Mission suisse dans l'Afrique du Sud.
6783:Referring to someone who constantly lies, e.g.
6721:Two hippos cannot stay in the same deep water.
6716:Timpfuvu timbirhi a ti tshami xidziveni xin'we.
6506:Ku tlula ka mhala ku letela n'wana wa le ndzeni
6252:Tinhlange ta le ntjhaku ti tibyiwa hi mutlhabi.
5784:
5770:
5756:
5742:
5728:
5714:
5700:
5686:
872:
862:
7262:"The Cultural Role of Tsonga Beer-Drink Music"
6832:When you think of something, act immediately.
2088:among the obstruents (the one exception being
8766:
8573:
8374:
7892:
7623:
6824:Loko u tsundzuka mhelembe khandziya ensinyeni
6596:Mbyana loko yi lava ku ku luma ya n'wayitela.
6437:An elephant does not die of one (broken) rib
4387:in between the personal pronoun and the verb.
4327:(iii) In many cases merely changing the last
2100:among the sonorants (the one exception being
8:
6942:
6927:
6912:
6899:Xihlovo a xi dungiwi loko u heta ku nwa mati
6897:
6882:
6867:
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6822:
6807:
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6759:
6744:
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6684:
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6654:
6641:Mhunti yo tlulatlula Mangulwe u ta yi khoma.
6639:
6624:
6609:
6594:
6579:
6571:Let the hand go and let the hand come back.
6564:
6556:Grass cannot grow on a human being's hands.
6549:
6534:
6519:
6504:
6489:
6476:N'wana wo ka a nga rili u ta fela a dzobyeni
6474:
6460:
6445:
6430:
6415:
6400:
6385:
6377:Do not tie money in the leg of hippopotamus
6370:
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4100:
4093:
4086:
4077:– What do they say? (What are they saying?)
4072:
4065:
4058:
4052:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3947:
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3856:
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9693:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
9688:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
9683:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
9678:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
9673:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
6626:Vana va munhu va tsemelana nhloko ya njiya.
6372:U nga teki mali u bohela enengeni wa mpfuvu
6362:The child of baboon does not fail a branch
6309:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5793:Words borrowed from other Nguni languages:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
9330:
9125:
8973:
8798:
8773:
8759:
8751:
8580:
8566:
8558:
8381:
8367:
8359:
8273:
8118:
7973:
7941:
7899:
7885:
7877:
7630:
7616:
7608:
7602:Xitsonga Online Dictionary on Xitsonga.org
7065:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7055:
6904:Do not close the well after having drunk.
5985:ku rhandza ka wena a ku endliwe misaveni;
5973:as written in the Xitsonga Bible (Bibele)
2104:). The segmental inventory is as follows:
261:
7354:"Secret Circumcision Songs of the Tsonga"
6631:Siblings are sharing the head of locust.
6529:A thing may not be as scary as it looks.
6447:Mbuti ya xihaha a yi tswaleli entlhambini
6357:N'wana wa mfenhe a nga tsandziwi hi rhavi
6329:Learn how and when to remove this message
4041:– What do you say? (What are you saying?)
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
7508:"Tone Riddles from Southern Mozambique."
6340:
6245:Mumiti wa nhengele a dumba nkolo wa kwe.
6039:
6031:, also known technically in Xitsonga as
5412:
5155:
4924:
4425:
3979:
3899:
2270:
2111:
1012:
7074:. Pretoria: University of South Africa.
6994:Impact: Studies in language and society
6964:
6934:An antelope is killed while is sighing
6874:To hit each other with a hot 'pumpkin'
6862:To exchange gifts with relatives only.
6859:To hit each other with a baboon's bone
6829:When you think of rhino, climb a tree.
6809:Mutlhontlhi wa tinyarhi ti vuya hi yena
6724:Enemies cannot stay in the same place.
6544:A mouth can say all words of promises.
6462:N'hwarimbirhi yin'we yi ta tshwa nkanga
6269:a booklet of Tsonga proverbs, in 1931.
4028:The main exception to this is the verb
697:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6937:A problem must be solved immediately.
6709:Two powerful nations fear each other.
6551:Mavoko ya munhu a ma mili nhova/byanyi
6402:Kuwa ro tshwuka ri na xivungu endzeni.
5895:A sound equivalent to the Welsh "ll" (
720:
6944:Xirhami xi vuyisa na n'wana evukatini
2273:
7:
7557:South African Journal of Linguistics
6491:Mbuti yi dya laha yi nga bohiwa kona
6307:adding citations to reliable sources
4174:(they) there is no difference. Thus
168:adding citations to reliable sources
6736:Chiefdom does not cross the river.
6574:A giving hand is a receiving hand.
6365:A wiseman's child can do anything.
5989:u hi nyika namuntlha vuswa bya hina
4180:= "they lie" and "they are lying".
834:. It is mutually intelligible with
9651:Languages between parentheses are
6847:To make a very slight impression.
6202:The Life of a South African Tribe.
6188:The Life of a South African Tribe.
5987:tani hi loko ku endliwa matilweni;
5810:– to head towards (not standard =
5361:Ntlhanu wa makhume / Makumentlhanu
4415:– You (plural) will work all day.
4195:from the verb and adds the prefix
3829:, and these vary in place between
25:
7521:"Proverbial Sayings and Riddles,"
7491:"Proverbial Sayings and Riddles,"
6929:Mhunti yi biwa ya ha ri na mahika
6634:Siblings must share good things.
6432:Ndlopfu a yi fi hi ribambu rin'we
6272:Some additional Tsonga proverbs:
6237:The Life of a South African Tribe
4918:Each pronoun has a corresponding
3825:, Tsonga has very few words with
3786:
3775:
3733:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3644:
3637:
3591:
3584:
3525:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3480:
3465:
3458:
3447:
3438:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3369:
3362:
3351:
3342:
3311:
3296:
3289:
3278:
3250:
3243:
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3218:
3207:
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3108:
3101:
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2911:
2904:
2884:
2877:
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2840:
2827:
2820:
2800:
2793:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2743:
2736:
2711:
2704:
2685:
2678:
2663:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2607:
2600:
2587:
2580:
2535:
2528:
2482:
2475:
2427:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2072:Tsonga has a distinction between
901:(Tsonga word for "send") becomes
52:This article has multiple issues.
7919:Pan South African Language Board
7404:The Journal of American Folklore
7312:The Journal of American Folklore
6279:
5999:kambe u hi ponisa eka Lowo biha,
5993:u hi rivalela swidyoho swa hina,
5325:Mbirhi wa makhume / Makumembirhi
962:
951:
940:
929:
761:
565:
538:
525:
144:
82:
41:
7007:New Updated Guthrie List Online
6884:U nga hlawuli nkuku wa mhangele
6844:To hit an elephant with a fist
6422:The child of snake is a snake.
6204:Here are two of those riddles:
5337:Makhume manharhu / Makumenharhu
5313:Khume (na) nharhu / Khumenharhu
5301:Khume (na) mbirhi / Khumembirhi
5092:("He/she sees it—the chicken.")
4063:on its own can also mean "say".
155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
9655:of the language on their left.
7929:Department of Arts and Culture
7107:. isibheqe.org. 23 August 2015
6754:I thought it was good things.
6691:To pass a home during the day
6661:Yesterday will not come back.
6586:The snail has collected ashes
6496:A goat eats where it is tied.
5991:bya siku rin'wana ni rin'wana;
5979:Tata wa hina la nge matilweni,
5676:Words borrowed from Afrikaans
4238:(ii) With verbs that end with
1:
7573:10.1080/10118063.1989.9723787
7308:"Tsonga Children's Folksongs"
7127:"Papers of Emily Dora Earthy"
6854:Ku banana hi rhambu ra mfenhe
6701:Tinghala timbirhi ta chavana.
6541:A mouth can cross any river.
5137:("They see it—the chicken.")
4920:concord or agreement morpheme
4381:This is formed by the adding
4189:(i) Generally, one drops the
677:incl. varieties 99-AUT-dca...
7444:Johnston, Thomas F. (1979).
7352:Johnston, Thomas F. (1974).
7306:Johnston, Thomas F. (1973).
7260:Johnston, Thomas F. (1973).
6679:A warrior is seen in a war.
6671:Nghala yi vomba exihlahleni.
5981:vito ra wena a ri hlawuriwe;
5669:Makhiya/swikhiya (Xilotlela)
5585:Words borrowed from English
5349:Mune wa makhume / Makumemune
4244:, the past tense changes to
7597:Tsonga on translatewiki.net
7070:Baumbach, E. J. M. (1987).
7017:Junod, Henry (1912, 1927),
6869:Ku banana hi rhanga ro hisa
6706:Two lions fear each other.
6536:Nomu a wu taleriwi hi nambu
6034:Xiyinhlanharhu xa Mipfawulo
6012:Xiyinhlanharhu xa Mipfawulo
5289:Khume (na) n'we / Khumen'we
5122:("You see it—the chicken.")
5077:("You see it—the chicken.")
4903:These may be classified as
4159:– You (singular) are lying,
4145:– We are working right now,
108:the claims made and adding
9760:
7592:PanAfriL10n page on Tsonga
7565:Taylor & Francis Group
7538:Quelques Proverbes Thonga.
6786:Jephrey Cuma u tshwe nomo.
6676:A lion roars in the bush.
6566:Xandla famba, xandla vuya.
6267:Quelques Proverbes Thonga,
6259:Matimba ya ngwenya i mati.
5107:("We see it—the chicken.")
5085:("He/she sees a chicken.")
4872:"abnormally huge person",
4138:– I am entering the house,
4112:– S/He knows how to walk.
4105:– Who are you looking for?
4057:is often omitted and thus
29:
9729:Languages of South Africa
9637:
7914:
7908:Languages of South Africa
7586:Software and localisation
7398:Johnston, Thomas (1974).
7072:Analytical Tsonga Grammar
6839:Ku ba ndlopfu hi xibakele
5997:u nga hi yisi emiringweni
5838:– to try (not standard =
5824:– to end (not standard =
5591:Thelevhixini (Mavonakule)
5062:("I see it—the chicken.")
4412:Mi ta tirha siku hinkwaro
4408:– They will work all day,
4405:Va ta tirha siku hinkwaro
4398:Hi ta tirha siku hinkwaro
4394:– I will enter the house,
4391:Ndzi ta nghena (e)ndlwini
4353:– S/He arrived yesterday,
4152:– You (plural) are lying,
3674:
3563:
3331:
3050:
2725:
2569:
2410:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2082:/bʱ,bvʱ,vʱ,dʱ,ɖʐʱ,dʒʱ,ɡʱ/
683:
517:Official language in
269:
7866:Mozambican Sign Language
7197:Earthy, E. Dora (1937).
7151:Earthy, E. Dora (1937).
7091:21 December 2020 at the
7005:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
6761:I matutu vana va ntavasi
6731:Vuhosi a byi peli nambu.
6417:N'wana wa nyoka i nyoka.
5983:a ku te ku fuma ka wena;
5623:Movha (Xipandza-mananga)
4878:"abnormally huge house"
4211:Hi tirhile siku hinkwaro
3918:I you love (I love you)
3814:; the latter are weakly
381:million (2006–2011)
30:Not to be confused with
9734:Languages of Mozambique
7639:Languages of Mozambique
6982:(subscription required)
5864:Indo-European languages
5854:Xitsonga Latin Alphabet
5130:("They see a chicken.")
5119:N'wina ma yi vona huku.
5059:Mina ndza yi vona huku.
4401:– We will work all day,
4374:– I entered the house.
9662:Guthrie classification
8787:Guthrie classification
8418:Non-official languages
7604:Now discontinued 2024.
7506:Kaemmer, J.E. (1972).
7046:12 August 2020 at the
6943:
6928:
6913:
6898:
6883:
6877:To accuse each other.
6868:
6853:
6838:
6823:
6808:
6794:
6785:
6780:To have a burnt mouth
6774:
6760:
6745:
6730:
6715:
6700:
6686:Ku hundza muti ri xile
6685:
6670:
6655:
6640:
6625:
6619:To be blessed by God.
6610:
6595:
6580:
6565:
6550:
6535:
6526:It is a lion's beard.
6520:
6505:
6490:
6475:
6461:
6446:
6431:
6416:
6401:
6386:
6371:
6356:
6265:Junod later published
6151:
6139:
6133:
6121:
6113:
6101:
6095:
6083:
6075:
6063:
6057:
6045:
6033:
6024:
6018:
5978:
5962:
5949:
5943:
5935:
5929:
5921:
5915:
5907:
5881:
5875:
5840:
5834:
5826:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5798:
5785:
5779:
5771:
5765:
5757:
5751:
5743:
5737:
5729:
5723:
5715:
5709:
5701:
5695:
5687:
5681:
5668:
5660:
5654:
5646:
5638:
5630:
5622:
5618:– watch (to tell time)
5615:Wachi (Xikomba-nkarhi)
5614:
5606:
5598:
5590:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5521:
5509:
5497:
5485:
5473:
5461:
5449:
5437:
5425:
5396:
5384:
5372:
5360:
5348:
5336:
5324:
5312:
5300:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5252:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5192:
5180:
5168:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5115:("You see a chicken.")
5111:
5103:
5096:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5070:("You see a chicken.")
5066:
5058:
5051:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4887:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4572:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4371:Ndzi nghene (e)ndlwini
4370:
4364:Hi tirhe siku hinkwaro
4363:
4360:– I arrived yesterday,
4356:
4349:
4342:
4339:indicates past action.
4335:
4329:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4207:– I entered the house,
4203:
4197:
4191:
4176:
4170:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4135:Ndzi nghena (e)ndlwini
4134:
4127:
4121:
4108:
4101:
4095:Hi tirha siku hinkwaro
4094:
4087:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4053:
4051:In many instances the
4044:
4037:
4030:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3948:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
916:Languages and dialects
876:
867:
718:
685:This article contains
387:in South Africa (2002)
271:
9744:Languages of Eswatini
9739:Languages of Zimbabwe
8589:Languages of Zimbabwe
8390:Languages of Eswatini
8309:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
7536:Junod, Henri (1931).
7519:Junod, Henri (1913).
7489:Junod, Henri (1913).
7358:Anthropologie (1962-)
7242:Junod, Henri (1913).
6184:Henri-Alexandre Junod
6150:
6132:
6112:
6094:
6074:
6056:
6003:hi masiku ni masiku.
5658:– municipal (plural:
5134:Vona va yi vona huku.
5104:Hina ha yi vona huku.
5100:("We see a chicken.")
5089:Yena wa yi vona huku.
5074:Wena wa yi vona huku.
4885:In classes 9 and 10,
4296:– S/He – disappeared,
4204:Ndzi nghenile ndlwini
4070:– They say I'm crazy.
857:Henri-Alexandre Junod
716:
9719:Tswa-Ronga languages
8687:Unofficial languages
8109:unofficial languages
7662:Indigenous languages
6802:A disobedient child
6795:N'wana u tseme mubya
6581:Humba yi olele nkuma
6521:I malebvu ya nghala.
6303:improve this section
6227:of the Tswa people.
5599:Rhediyo (Xiyanimoya)
5112:N'wina mi vona huku.
5055:("I see a chicken.")
5052:Mina ndzi vona huku.
4367:– We worked all day,
4214:– We worked all day,
4048:– I say to you all.
164:improve this article
8875:Mwera of Mbamba Bay
8713:Immigrant languages
8470:Immigrant languages
8444:Immigrant languages
7833:Immigrant languages
7446:"Tsonga Rain Songs"
6656:Tolo a nga ha vuyi.
5000:Agreement morpheme
4927:
4116:Present progressive
3895:subject–verb–object
3821:Unlike some of the
2094:/m̤,n̤,ŋ̈,r̤,ȷ̈,w̤/
557:Recognised minority
9507:(Northern) Ndebele
8603:Zimbabwean English
8596:Official languages
8397:Official languages
7988:(Sesotho sa Leboa)
6589:A person has died
6152:
6134:
6114:
6096:
6076:
6058:
6025:Isibheqe Sohlamvu/
5858:Xitsonga uses the
5626:– car (automobile)
5409:Months of the year
5127:Vona va vona huku.
5097:Hina hi vona huku.
5047:Example sentences
4926:Personal Pronouns
4925:
4913:grammatical number
4333:in the verb to an
4324:– They are tired.
4098:– We work all day,
3843:. Examples are:
2086:/b,bv,v,d,ɖʐ,dʒ,ɡ/
719:
93:possibly contains
9701:
9700:
9646:extinct languages
9633:
9632:
9322:
9321:
9291:North-West Herero
9117:
9116:
8965:
8964:
8748:
8747:
8555:
8554:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8265:
8264:
8114:1996 constitution
8102:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8023:Southern Ndebele
7874:
7873:
7646:Official language
7131:Jisc Archives Hub
6980:(18th ed., 2015)
6956:
6955:
6952:It is very cold.
6339:
6338:
6331:
6156:
6155:
6027:Ditema tsa Dinoko
5567:
5566:
5406:
5405:
5141:
5140:
5082:Yena u vona huku.
5067:Wena u vona huku.
4896:Personal pronouns
4882:
4881:
4318:– S/He is tired,
4045:ndzi ri ka n'wina
4026:
4025:
3958:
3957:
3800:
3799:
3750:
3682:
3624:
3571:
3518:
3435:
3339:
3271:
3200:
3129:
3058:
2985:
2901:
2817:
2733:
2660:
2577:
2519:
2466:
2418:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2252:
2251:
2065:
2064:
754:
753:
711:
710:
693:rendering support
689:phonetic symbols.
486:(Tsonga alphabet)
354:Mwenenzi District
351:Chiredzi District
258:
257:
250:
240:
239:
232:
214:
179:"Tsonga language"
138:
137:
130:
95:original research
75:
32:Dzongkha language
18:Changana language
16:(Redirected from
9751:
9555:Sumayela Ndebele
9331:
9268:Kolonkadhi-Eunda
9126:
8974:
8799:
8785:(Zones N–S) (by
8775:
8768:
8761:
8752:
8582:
8575:
8568:
8559:
8383:
8376:
8369:
8360:
8334:SA Sign Language
8274:
8164:Northern Ndebele
8119:
8111:mentioned in the
7974:
7942:
7901:
7894:
7887:
7878:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7609:
7575:
7541:
7534:
7528:
7517:
7511:
7504:
7498:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7410:(346): 328–339.
7395:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7318:(341): 225–240.
7303:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7257:
7251:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7101:
7095:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7067:
7050:
7037:
7031:
7028:
7022:
7015:
7009:
7003:
6997:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6969:
6946:
6931:
6916:
6901:
6886:
6871:
6856:
6841:
6826:
6811:
6797:
6788:
6777:
6763:
6748:
6733:
6718:
6703:
6688:
6673:
6658:
6643:
6628:
6613:
6598:
6583:
6568:
6553:
6538:
6523:
6508:
6493:
6478:
6464:
6449:
6434:
6419:
6404:
6389:
6374:
6359:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6314:
6283:
6275:
6142:
6124:
6104:
6086:
6066:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6022:writing system,
6021:
6007:
5965:
5952:
5946:
5938:
5932:
5924:
5918:
5910:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5843:
5837:
5829:
5823:
5815:
5809:
5801:
5788:
5782:
5774:
5768:
5760:
5754:
5746:
5740:
5732:
5726:
5718:
5712:
5704:
5698:
5690:
5684:
5671:
5663:
5657:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5625:
5617:
5609:
5601:
5593:
5560:
5548:
5536:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5488:
5476:
5464:
5452:
5440:
5428:
5413:
5399:
5387:
5375:
5363:
5351:
5339:
5327:
5315:
5303:
5291:
5279:
5267:
5255:
5243:
5231:
5219:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5171:
5156:
5136:
5129:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5069:
5061:
5054:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4928:
4890:
4864:
4832:
4820:"righteousness"
4800:
4768:
4736:
4704:
4672:
4640:
4608:
4575:
4543:
4511:
4479:
4447:
4426:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4332:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4304:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4179:
4173:
4168:With the plural
4166:– S/He is lying,
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4124:
4111:
4104:
4102:Mi(u) lava mani?
4097:
4090:
4076:
4069:
4067:Va ri ndza penga
4062:
4056:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4019:
4007:
3995:
3980:
3973:- and end with -
3969:have the prefix
3951:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3900:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3835:
3827:click consonants
3813:
3809:
3790:
3779:
3748:
3737:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3680:
3648:
3641:
3622:
3595:
3588:
3569:
3529:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3484:
3469:
3462:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3315:
3300:
3293:
3282:
3269:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3211:
3198:
3183:
3176:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3140:
3127:
3112:
3105:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3069:
3056:
3040:
3033:
3012:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2972:
2965:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2888:
2881:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2804:
2797:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2747:
2740:
2731:
2715:
2708:
2689:
2682:
2667:
2658:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2611:
2604:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2539:
2532:
2517:
2486:
2479:
2464:
2431:
2416:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2218:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2053:
2045:
2027:
2019:
2001:
1993:
1975:
1967:
1949:
1941:
1923:
1915:
1897:
1889:
1871:
1863:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1013:
966:
955:
944:
933:
814:) or, natively,
810:
805:
804:
803:
802:
795:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
774:
773:
768:
767:
721:
664:
658:
648:
632:
625:
616:
615:
607:
598:
597:
589:
571:
569:
568:
559:language in
544:
542:
541:
531:
529:
528:
500:
479:
429:Southern Bantoid
397:
380:
274:
262:
253:
246:
235:
228:
224:
221:
215:
213:
172:
148:
140:
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
110:inline citations
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
9759:
9758:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9749:
9748:
9724:Click languages
9704:
9703:
9702:
9697:
9629:
9600:
9559:
9476:
9399:
9382:
9318:
9301:
9297:Botswana Herero
9272:
9177:
9113:
9103:Lomwe of Malawi
9054:
9013:
8961:
8908:
8879:
8856:
8852:Ngoni of Malawi
8790:
8783:Bantu languages
8779:
8749:
8744:
8708:
8682:
8591:
8586:
8556:
8551:
8465:
8461:Sotho (Sesotho)
8439:
8413:
8392:
8387:
8357:
8348:
8297:
8261:
8235:
8178:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8094:
8075:
8054:
8009:
7994:Southern Sotho
7986:Northern Sotho
7963:
7933:
7910:
7905:
7875:
7870:
7854:
7828:
7657:
7641:
7636:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7554:
7550:
7548:Further reading
7545:
7544:
7535:
7531:
7518:
7514:
7505:
7501:
7488:
7484:
7474:
7472:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7428:
7426:
7397:
7396:
7392:
7382:
7380:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7336:
7334:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7290:
7288:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7241:
7237:
7227:
7225:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7179:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7135:
7133:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7110:
7108:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7093:Wayback Machine
7083:
7079:
7069:
7068:
7053:
7048:Wayback Machine
7038:
7034:
7029:
7025:
7016:
7012:
7004:
7000:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6970:
6966:
6961:
6335:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6300:
6284:
6233:
6198:
6181:
6169:
6164:
6162:Oral literature
6158:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5856:
5851:
5610:– chair (Stool)
5572:
5411:
5154:
5146:
5131:
5116:
5101:
5086:
5071:
5056:
4907:(the speaker),
4898:
4734:tiyi(n), ti(n)-
4421:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4306:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4289:– To disappear,
4283:
4264:
4257:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4188:
4186:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4142:Ha tirha sweswi
4139:
4132:
4118:
4109:U kota ku famba
4106:
4099:
4092:
4091:– I want money,
4085:
4083:
4071:
4064:
4042:
4035:
3963:
3925:Wa ndzi rhandza
3913:Ndza ku rhandza
3891:
3823:Nguni languages
2305:
2283:
2269:
2110:
2070:
1011:
971:
970:
969:
968:
967:
958:
957:
956:
947:
946:
945:
936:
935:
934:
925:
924:
923:Tsonga dialects
918:
885:
853:
808:
799:
798:
797:
776:
770:
764:
760:
691:Without proper
678:
662:
659:
654:
644:
628:
621:
611:
610:
603:
593:
592:
585:
575:
566:
564:
560:
558:
551:
548:(as 'Shangani')
539:
537:
526:
524:
518:
511:Official status
501:
496:
487:
480:
475:
469:
398:
395:Language family
393:
382:
378:
374:
373:Native speakers
357:
337:Maputo Province
305:
254:
243:
242:
241:
236:
225:
219:
216:
173:
171:
161:
149:
134:
123:
117:
114:
99:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9757:
9755:
9747:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9706:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9666:
9665:
9657:
9656:
9649:
9638:
9635:
9634:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9627:
9621:
9615:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9599:
9598:
9592:
9586:
9580:
9574:
9567:
9565:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9551:
9545:
9539:
9533:
9527:
9521:
9515:
9509:
9503:
9497:
9491:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9468:
9462:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9438:
9432:
9426:
9420:
9414:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9397:
9390:
9388:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9374:
9368:
9362:
9356:
9350:
9344:
9337:
9335:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9316:
9309:
9307:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9293:
9287:
9280:
9278:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9270:
9264:
9258:
9252:
9246:
9240:
9234:
9228:
9222:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9198:
9192:
9185:
9183:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9169:
9163:
9157:
9151:
9145:
9139:
9132:
9130:
9123:
9119:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9105:
9099:
9093:
9087:
9081:
9075:
9069:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9046:
9040:
9034:
9028:
9021:
9019:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9005:
8999:
8993:
8987:
8980:
8978:
8971:
8967:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8959:
8953:
8947:
8941:
8935:
8929:
8923:
8916:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8900:
8894:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8871:
8864:
8862:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8854:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8830:
8824:
8818:
8812:
8805:
8803:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8780:
8778:
8777:
8770:
8763:
8755:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8716:
8714:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8592:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8577:
8570:
8562:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8473:
8471:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8451:Chewa (Nyanja)
8447:
8445:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8421:
8419:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8386:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8363:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8324:Pretoria Sotho
8321:
8316:
8314:Oorlams Creole
8311:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8288:
8282:
8280:
8271:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8186:
8184:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8125:
8123:
8116:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8083:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8073:
8064:
8062:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8044:
8036:
8028:
8019:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
7999:
7991:
7982:
7980:
7971:
7969:Southern Bantu
7965:
7964:
7962:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7939:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7881:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7862:
7860:
7859:Sign languages
7856:
7855:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7836:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7665:
7663:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7627:
7620:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7599:
7594:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7581:External links
7579:
7577:
7576:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7529:
7512:
7499:
7482:
7456:(2): 234–240.
7436:
7390:
7364:(3): 231–238.
7344:
7298:
7252:
7235:
7209:(3): 288–319.
7189:
7163:(2): 206–215.
7143:
7118:
7096:
7077:
7051:
7032:
7023:
7010:
6998:
6985:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6790:
6789:
6781:
6778:
6770:
6769:
6768:It is plenty.
6766:
6764:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6337:
6336:
6319:September 2022
6287:
6285:
6278:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6232:
6229:
6221:
6220:
6213:
6197:
6194:
6180:
6177:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6144:
6135:
6126:
6116:
6115:
6106:
6097:
6088:
6078:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6013:
6010:
5975:
5955:
5954:
5940:
5926:
5912:
5876:-xuxa, xikolo,
5860:Latin alphabet
5855:
5852:
5850:
5849:Writing system
5847:
5846:
5845:
5831:
5817:
5803:
5791:
5790:
5776:
5762:
5748:
5734:
5720:
5706:
5692:
5674:
5673:
5665:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5627:
5619:
5611:
5603:
5595:
5571:
5568:
5565:
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5561:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5433:
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5421:
5420:
5417:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5296:
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5292:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5164:
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5153:
5150:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5123:
5108:
5093:
5078:
5063:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4880:
4879:
4865:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4833:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4801:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4769:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4737:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4705:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4673:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4641:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4609:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4544:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4512:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4448:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4420:
4417:
4357:Ndzi fike tolo
4312:– I am tired,
4305:– To be tired,
4282:– they forgot,
4276:– you forgot,
4088:Ndzi lava mali
4024:
4023:
4020:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3890:
3887:
3855:(wear/dress),
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3773:
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3769:
3767:
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3625:
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3376:
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3367:
3360:
3358:
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3349:
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3340:
3335:
3329:
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3326:
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3320:
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3309:
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3294:
3287:
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3119:
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3006:
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2993:
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2514:
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2509:
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2319:
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2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
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2286:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2206:
2197:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2156:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2078:breathy voiced
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1932:
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1916:
1911:
1907:
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1898:
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1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1007:
995:Nguni language
990:
989:
986:
982:
977:group (S.50):
961:
960:
959:
950:
949:
948:
939:
938:
937:
928:
927:
926:
922:
921:
920:
919:
917:
914:
884:
881:
852:
849:
826:spoken by the
824:Bantu language
752:
751:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
733:
730:
726:
725:
709:
708:
695:, you may see
681:
680:
672:
666:
665:
660:
653:
650:
649:
642:
634:
633:
626:
618:
617:
608:
600:
599:
590:
582:
581:
580:Language codes
577:
576:
563:
561:
556:
553:
552:
550:
549:
535:
521:
519:
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
502:
495:
492:
491:
489:Tsonga Braille
481:
477:Writing system
474:
471:
470:
468:
467:
466:
465:
464:
463:
462:
461:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
455:
454:
453:
452:
451:
439:Southern Bantu
409:Atlantic–Congo
401:
399:
392:
389:
388:
375:
372:
369:
368:
363:
359:
358:
356:
355:
352:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
311:
307:
306:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
280:
279:Native to
276:
275:
267:
266:
256:
255:
238:
237:
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9756:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9668:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9647:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9636:
9626:
9622:
9620:
9616:
9614:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9603:
9597:
9593:
9591:
9587:
9585:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9562:
9556:
9552:
9550:
9549:South Ndebele
9546:
9544:
9540:
9538:
9534:
9532:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9520:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9508:
9504:
9502:
9498:
9496:
9492:
9490:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9479:
9473:
9469:
9467:
9463:
9461:
9457:
9455:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9443:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9425:
9421:
9419:
9415:
9413:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9402:
9396:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9379:
9375:
9373:
9369:
9367:
9363:
9361:
9357:
9355:
9351:
9349:
9345:
9343:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9325:
9315:
9311:
9310:
9308:
9304:
9298:
9294:
9292:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9281:
9279:
9275:
9269:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9257:
9253:
9251:
9247:
9245:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9221:
9217:
9215:
9211:
9209:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9197:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9180:
9174:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9156:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9144:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9127:
9124:
9120:
9110:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9098:
9094:
9092:
9088:
9086:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9074:
9070:
9068:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9051:
9047:
9045:
9041:
9039:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9027:
9023:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8958:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8940:
8936:
8934:
8930:
8928:
8924:
8922:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8911:
8905:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8870:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8859:
8853:
8849:
8847:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8829:
8825:
8823:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8800:
8797:
8793:
8788:
8784:
8776:
8771:
8769:
8764:
8762:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8711:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8678:Zimbabwe Sign
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8583:
8578:
8576:
8571:
8569:
8564:
8563:
8560:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8410:
8409:Swazi (Swati)
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8384:
8379:
8377:
8372:
8370:
8365:
8364:
8361:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8293:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8268:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8105:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8005:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7946:West Germanic
7943:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7902:
7897:
7895:
7890:
7888:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7633:
7628:
7626:
7621:
7619:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7580:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7539:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7486:
7483:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7440:
7437:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7394:
7391:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7345:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7299:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7236:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7193:
7190:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7147:
7144:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7119:
7106:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7081:
7078:
7073:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7036:
7033:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6775:Ku tshwa nomo
6772:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6698:
6697:
6694:To be stupid
6693:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6333:
6330:
6322:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6288:This section
6286:
6282:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6166:
6161:
6159:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6111:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6020:
6011:
6008:
6006:
5974:
5972:
5971:Lord's Prayer
5967:
5964:
5958:
5951:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5883:
5877:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5652:
5650:– clock(bell)
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5569:
5562:
5559:
5558:N'wendzamhala
5555:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5408:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5143:
5135:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4909:second person
4906:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4814:"humanness",
4813:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4780:
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4774:
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4755:
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4723:
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4711:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
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4685:
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4678:
4674:
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4667:
4664:
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4652:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4616:"countries",
4615:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4582:
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4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4379:
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4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4294:
4293:U nyamalarile
4287:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4235:– They lied.
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4081:Present tense
4078:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4009:
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4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3954:They me know
3953:
3950:
3946:
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3941:
3938:
3934:
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3929:
3926:
3922:
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3917:
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3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3839:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3810:to retroflex
3804:
3796:
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3139:
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3018:
3016:
3014:
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3007:
3005:
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3001:
2998:
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2987:
2982:
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2248:
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2239:
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2222:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2098:/m,n,ŋ,r,j,w/
2079:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1912:
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1899:
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1696:
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1638:
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1634:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1604:
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1600:
1594:
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1578:
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1567:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:and grammar.
996:
987:
983:
980:
979:
978:
976:
965:
954:
943:
932:
915:
913:
911:
906:
904:
900:
895:
889:
882:
880:
875:
871:
866:
861:
858:
850:
848:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:Tsonga people
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
801:
794:
758:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
715:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
688:
682:
676:
673:
671:
667:
661:
657:
651:
647:
643:
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
624:
619:
614:
609:
606:
601:
596:
591:
588:
583:
578:
574:
562:
554:
547:
536:
534:
523:
522:
520:
514:
509:
506:
505:Signed Tsonga
503:
499:
493:
490:
485:
482:
478:
472:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
441:
440:
437:
436:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
410:
407:
406:
404:
400:
396:
390:
386:
376:
370:
367:
364:
360:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:Gaza Province
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
312:
308:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
263:
260:
252:
249:
234:
231:
223:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181: –
180:
176:
175:Find sources:
169:
165:
159:
158:
153:This article
151:
147:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
111:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
9641:
9583:
9577:
8657:
8429:
8290:
8217:(historical)
8088:
8069:
8067:
8048:
8040:
8032:
8025:(isiNdebele)
8024:
8003:
7995:
7987:
7978:Sotho–Tswana
7813:
7560:
7556:
7537:
7532:
7527:pp. 157–166.
7524:
7515:
7502:
7497:pp. 157–166.
7494:
7485:
7473:. Retrieved
7453:
7449:
7439:
7427:. Retrieved
7407:
7403:
7393:
7381:. Retrieved
7361:
7357:
7347:
7335:. Retrieved
7315:
7311:
7301:
7289:. Retrieved
7269:
7265:
7255:
7250:pp. 167–190.
7247:
7238:
7226:. Retrieved
7206:
7202:
7192:
7180:. Retrieved
7160:
7156:
7146:
7134:. Retrieved
7130:
7121:
7109:. Retrieved
7099:
7080:
7071:
7035:
7026:
7018:
7013:
7001:
6993:
6988:
6975:
6967:
6325:
6316:
6301:Please help
6289:
6271:
6266:
6264:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6236:
6234:
6225:titekatekani
6224:
6222:
6216:
6209:
6201:
6199:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6157:
6137:
6119:
6099:
6081:
6061:
6043:
6015:
5976:
5968:
5959:
5956:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5868:
5857:
5792:
5741:– trousers (
5675:
5594:– television
5584:
5573:
5147:
4917:
4905:first person
4902:
4899:
4840:"to trust",
4702:yi(n)-, (n)-
4422:
4419:Noun classes
4378:Future tense
4377:
4376:
4346:– To arrive,
4326:
4309:Ndzi karhele
4286:Ku nyamalala
4270:– I forgot,
4263:– to forget,
4237:
4228:– S/He lied,
4183:
4182:
4115:
4114:
4080:
4079:
4050:
4027:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3949:Va ndzi tiva
3942:We you know
3930:You love me
3892:
3885:(Saturday).
3838:postalveolar
3820:
3805:
3801:
2253:
2080:consonants:
2071:
1003:
999:
991:
972:
910:Nguni people
907:
902:
898:
890:
886:
877:
873:
868:
863:
854:
832:South Africa
815:
756:
755:
684:
670:Linguasphere
656:Guthrie code
637:
533:South Africa
498:Signed forms
448:
383:3.4 million
296:South Africa
259:
244:
226:
217:
207:
200:
193:
186:
174:
162:Please help
157:verification
154:
124:
118:January 2009
115:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
8957:Sena-Malawi
8339:Angloromani
8278:LGBTQ slang
8089:(Tshivenḓa)
7272:: 132–155.
5933:(school) –
5827:ku hetelela
5486:Khotavuxika
5462:Dzivamisoko
5450:Nyenyankulu
5438:Nyenyenyani
4852:"ugliness"
4837:ku tshembha
4584:"country",
4509:mu-, m-, n-
4493:"leaders",
4350:U fike tolo
4267:Ndzi rivele
4221:– You lied,
4074:Va ri yini?
4010:To rejoice
3967:infinitives
3965:Almost all
3879:(compose),
3873:(earring),
3676:Approximant
1009:Orthography
888:community.
699:instead of
663:S.53 (S.52)
419:Benue–Congo
414:Volta-Congo
403:Niger–Congo
385:L2 speakers
342:Maputo City
9708:Categories
9537:Nhlangwini
9513:Old Mfengu
9454:Phalaborwa
9250:Dombondola
8985:Ndengereko
8740:Portuguese
8522:Portuguese
8210:Portuguese
8159:Nhlangwini
8122:Indigenous
8107:Recognised
8070:(Xitsonga)
8060:Tswa–Ronga
8041:(isiXhosa)
8004:(Setswana)
7653:Portuguese
7105:"IsiBheqe"
6977:Ethnologue
6959:References
5919:(thing) –
5841:ku ringeta
5813:ku kongoma
5727:– church (
5699:– window (
5685:– sweets (
5661:vamasipala
5580:Portuguese
5570:Borrowings
5527:September
5144:Vocabulary
5005:ndzi, ndza
4846:"to eat",
4744:"houses",
4686:"things",
4551:"arrows",
4490:varhangeri
4461:"leader",
4458:murhangeri
4321:Va karhele
4302:Ku karhala
4232:Va hembile
4184:Past tense
4038:u ri yini?
4017:ku rhandza
3937:Ha ku tiva
2267:Consonants
1037:IPA Value
1031:IPA Value
1025:IPA Value
1019:IPA Value
975:Tswa-Ronga
865:centuries.
573:Mozambique
444:Tswa–Ronga
347:North West
327:Mpumalanga
291:Mozambique
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
9653:varieties
9644:indicate
9430:Khalaxadi
9262:Kwaluudhi
9238:Ndongwena
9208:Ngandyera
8840:Ndendeule
8425:Afrikaans
8292:IsiNgqumo
8240:Religious
8049:(isiZulu)
8033:(siSwati)
7996:(Sesotho)
7954:Afrikaans
7567:: 38–45,
7475:14 August
7462:0015-587X
7429:14 August
7416:0021-8715
7383:14 August
7370:0323-1119
7337:14 August
7324:0021-8715
7291:14 August
7278:0316-6082
7228:14 August
7215:0015-587X
7182:14 August
7169:0015-587X
7136:15 August
7111:28 August
6290:does not
6140:swikwembu
5950:swikwembu
5939:(schools)
5783:– ghost (
5769:– table (
5755:– idiot (
5713:– spoon (
5576:Afrikaans
5563:December
5551:November
5534:Nhlangula
5474:Mudyaxihi
5443:February
5390:thousand
5318:thirteen
4875:dyiyindlu
4788:"finger"
4712:"house",
4692:"chairs"
4677:Swikwembu
4654:"thing",
4622:"words",
4563:"rivers"
4519:"arrow",
4499:"people"
4467:"person"
4435:Examples
4315:U karhele
4279:Va rivele
4260:ku rivala
4225:U hembile
4218:U hembile
4125:and adds
3882:Mugqivela
3867:(phone),
3861:(kneel),
3338:voiceless
3333:Fricative
3128:aspirated
3057:voiceless
3052:Affricate
2816:aspirated
2732:voiceless
2465:aspirated
2417:voiceless
2068:Phonology
883:Etymology
675:99-AUT-dc
639:Glottolog
623:ISO 639-3
605:ISO 639-2
587:ISO 639-1
362:Ethnicity
220:July 2016
106:verifying
63:talk page
9342:Korekore
9232:Mbalanhu
9190:Kwanyama
8904:Manganja
8613:Chibarwe
8527:Japanese
8456:Shimaore
8319:Fanagalo
8257:Sanskrit
8200:Gujarati
7938:Official
7749:Nathembo
7684:Chitonga
7679:Chichopi
7450:Folklore
7378:26293182
7244:"Songs,"
7203:Folklore
7157:Folklore
7089:Archived
7044:Archived
6350:Meaning
6347:English
6231:Proverbs
6173:Folklore
6122:xikwembu
5947:(God) –
5944:Xikwembu
5925:(things)
5821:ku gcina
5807:ku qonda
5799:riqingho
5696:fasitere
5655:Masipala
5639:Nghilazi
5539:October
5498:Mawuwani
5431:January
5419:English
5402:million
5397:Miliyoni
5378:hundred
5162:English
5152:Numerals
4953:Pronoun
4948:3rd pl.
4869:dyimunhu
4817:vululami
4808:"life",
4750:"dogs",
4747:timbyana
4741:tiyindlu
4680:"gods",
4660:"chair"
4645:Xikwembu
4628:"names"
4590:"word",
4557:"legs",
4531:"river"
4487:"boys",
4273:U rivele
4177:va hemba
4163:Wa hemba
4156:Wa hemba
4149:Ma hemba
4022:to love
4005:ku tsaka
3998:To fear
3993:ku chava
3986:English
3906:English
3849:(mind),
3816:whistled
2306:alveolar
2294:Alveolar
845:Eswatini
818:, as an
816:Xitsonga
750:Xitsonga
747:Language
741:Vatsonga
732:Mutsonga
705:Help:IPA
646:tson1249
546:Zimbabwe
301:Zimbabwe
286:Eswatini
272:Xitsonga
9642:Italics
9596:Hlengwe
9378:Kalanga
9366:Karanga
9354:Manyika
9244:Kwankwa
9226:Mbandja
9149:Nyaneka
9137:Umbundu
9038:Makonde
8997:Matumbi
8933:Nyungwe
8869:Tumbuka
8822:Matengo
8781:Narrow
8735:Chinese
8725:Punjabi
8638:Ndebele
8618:Kalanga
8537:Russian
8517:Chinese
8502:Italian
8492:Spanish
8487:Punjabi
8477:English
8404:English
8183:Foreign
8139:Khoisan
8068:Tsonga
8002:Tswana
7959:English
7845:Punjabi
7840:English
7794:Swahili
7769:Nyungwe
7744:Manyika
7734:Makonde
7729:Makhuwa
7704:Kimwani
7699:Gitonga
7689:Chuwabu
7470:1259601
7223:1257063
7177:1257246
6996:, 14:78
6344:Tsonga
6311:removed
6296:sources
6196:Riddles
6102:swikolo
5936:swikolo
5835:ku zama
5802:– phone
5702:venster
5688:lekkers
5647:Tliloko
5642:– glass
5634:– socks
5602:– Radio
5515:August
5510:Mhawuri
5426:Sunguti
5416:Tsonga
5342:thirty
5330:twenty
5306:twelve
5294:eleven
5217:Ntlhanu
5159:Tsonga
4945:2nd pl.
4942:1st pl.
4939:3rd sg.
4936:2nd sg.
4933:1st sg.
4849:ku biha
4811:vumunhu
4785:rintiho
4782:"rib",
4779:rivambu
4776:"jaw",
4773:rihlaya
4756:"cows"
4718:"dog",
4689:switulu
4648:"God",
4596:"name"
4560:milambu
4554:milenge
4525:"leg",
4455:"boy",
4432:Prefix
4343:Ku fika
3983:Tsonga
3903:Tsonga
3889:Grammar
3864:riqingo
3846:ngqondo
3749:breathy
3623:breathy
3517:breathy
3270:breathy
2984:breathy
2659:breathy
2316:Glottal
2299:Lateral
2123:Central
2092:), and
1034:Letter
1028:Letter
1022:Letter
1016:Letter
851:History
822:, is a
820:endonym
809:(T)SONG
701:Unicode
424:Bantoid
322:Limpopo
317:Gauteng
204:scholar
100:Please
9714:Tsonga
9623:[S611
9594:[S511
9584:Tsonga
9578:Gwamba
9531:Phuthi
9511:[S401
9472:Pulana
9460:Kutswe
9452:[S301
9442:Lobedu
9424:Ngwatu
9418:Kgatla
9412:Tswana
9348:Zezuru
9327:Zone S
9289:[R311
9285:Herero
9256:Esinga
9214:Kafima
9212:[R211
9202:Kwambi
9196:Ndonga
9161:Kuvale
9159:[R101
9155:Khumbi
9143:Ndombe
9122:Zone R
9109:Moniga
9097:Sakati
9089:[P311
9050:Mabiha
9044:Ndonde
9009:Mbunga
9003:Ngindo
8970:Zone P
8955:[N441
8921:Nsenga
8892:Nyanja
8873:[N201
8838:[N101
8795:Zone N
8720:French
8663:Tswana
8658:Tsonga
8628:Nambya
8623:Koisan
8542:Danish
8532:Romani
8512:Arabic
8497:German
8482:French
8430:Tsonga
8329:Scamto
8252:Hebrew
8247:Arabic
8226:Telugu
8190:German
8169:Phuthi
8087:Venda
8039:Xhosa
8031:Swazi
7814:Tsonga
7804:Tawara
7774:Phimbi
7764:Nsenga
7724:Maindo
7468:
7460:
7424:538969
7422:
7414:
7376:
7368:
7332:539152
7330:
7322:
7286:767499
7284:
7276:
7221:
7213:
7175:
7167:
6972:Tsonga
6084:xikolo
5953:(gods)
5930:xikolo
5908:sweswi
5780:xipuku
5766:tafula
5738:buruku
5724:kereke
5710:lepula
5682:lekere
5672:– keys
5631:Sokisi
5607:Xitulu
5578:, and
5546:Hukuri
5522:Ndzati
5467:April
5455:March
5366:fifty
5354:forty
5258:eight
5253:Nhungu
5246:seven
5241:Nkombo
5229:Ntsevu
5198:three
5193:Nharhu
5181:Mbirhi
5033:mi, ma
5026:hi, ha
4986:n'wina
4843:ku dya
4805:vutomi
4753:tihomu
4724:"cow"
4715:mbyana
4709:yindlu
4657:xitulu
4625:mavito
4619:marito
4613:matiko
4548:miseve
4484:vafana
4452:mufana
4429:Class
3831:dental
3681:voiced
3570:voiced
3434:voiced
3199:voiced
2900:voiced
2576:voiced
2518:voiced
2359:wstld.
2289:Dental
2284:dental
2282:Labio-
2277:Labial
2108:Vowels
985:Xonga.
757:Tsonga
737:People
729:Person
724:Tsonga
570:
543:
530:
449:Tsonga
379:
366:Tsonga
310:Region
265:Tsonga
206:
199:
192:
185:
177:
9625:Lenge
9619:Tonga
9590:Ronga
9553:S408
9547:S407
9541:S406
9535:S405
9529:S404
9525:Hlubi
9523:S403
9519:Bhaca
9517:S402
9501:Swati
9489:Xhosa
9470:S304
9464:S303
9458:S302
9448:Sotho
9440:S32b
9434:S32a
9428:S31d
9422:S31c
9416:S31b
9410:S31a
9395:Venda
9358:S13b
9352:S13a
9295:R312
9266:R242
9260:R241
9254:R218
9248:R217
9242:R216
9236:R215
9230:R214
9224:R213
9220:Evale
9218:R212
9173:Mbali
9171:R103
9167:Kwisi
9165:R102
9107:P341
9101:P331
9095:P312
9085:Cuabo
9079:Ngulu
9073:Lomwe
9067:Makua
9032:Mwera
8991:Ruihi
8951:Podzo
8927:Kunda
8902:N31c
8896:N31b
8890:N31a
8850:N121
8846:Nindi
8844:N102
8834:Tonga
8828:Mpoto
8816:Ngoni
8810:Manda
8730:Hindi
8694:Kunda
8673:Xhosa
8668:Venda
8653:Tonga
8648:Sotho
8643:Shona
8608:Chewa
8547:Dutch
8507:Hindi
8344:Kaaps
8302:Other
8286:Gayle
8270:Other
8221:Tamil
8215:Malay
8205:Hindi
8195:Greek
8129:Bhaca
8080:Venda
8047:Zulu
8015:Nguni
7850:Hindi
7799:Swati
7789:Shona
7779:Ronga
7759:Ngoni
7739:Makwe
7719:Lomwe
7714:Kunda
7674:Chewa
7669:Barwe
7563:(1),
7466:JSTOR
7420:JSTOR
7374:JSTOR
7328:JSTOR
7282:JSTOR
7219:JSTOR
7173:JSTOR
6179:Songs
6167:Tales
6064:swilo
6019:sintu
6005:Amen.
5963:byela
5922:swilo
5911:(now)
5890:/t͡ʃ/
5786:spook
5772:tafel
5744:broek
5716:lepel
5503:July
5491:June
5373:Dzana
5277:Khume
5270:nine
5265:Nkaye
5222:five
5210:four
5019:u, wa
5012:u, wa
4683:swilo
4576:, Ø-
4528:nambu
4522:nenge
4516:nseve
4496:vanhu
4464:munhu
4031:ku ri
3961:Verbs
3876:qamba
3852:gqoka
3565:Trill
2571:Nasal
2412:Click
2395:plain
2385:plain
2375:plain
2365:plain
2343:plain
2333:plain
2323:plain
2311:Velar
2304:Post-
2135:Close
2118:Front
2074:modal
1910:n'hw
1776:tlhw
1380:dzhw
903:thuma
899:rhuma
894:Chopi
840:Ronga
796:
484:Latin
434:Bantu
211:JSTOR
197:books
9660:The
9617:S62
9613:Copi
9611:S61
9588:S54
9582:S53
9576:S52
9572:Tswa
9570:S51
9543:Lala
9505:S44
9499:S43
9495:Zulu
9493:S42
9487:S41
9446:S33
9436:Pedi
9393:S21
9376:S16
9372:Ndau
9370:S15
9364:S14
9360:Tebe
9346:S12
9340:S11
9312:R41
9283:R31
9206:R24
9200:R23
9194:R22
9188:R21
9153:R14
9147:R13
9141:R12
9135:R11
9091:Koti
9083:P34
9077:P33
9071:P32
9065:P31
9048:P25
9042:P24
9036:P23
9030:P22
9024:P21
9007:P15
9001:P14
8995:P13
8989:P12
8983:P11
8949:N46
8943:N45
8939:Sena
8937:N44
8931:N43
8925:N42
8919:N41
8898:Cewa
8867:N21
8832:N15
8826:N14
8820:N13
8814:N12
8808:N11
8704:Lozi
8699:Tswa
8633:Ndau
8435:Zulu
8231:Urdu
8154:Nama
8149:Lozi
8144:Lala
8134:Khoe
7819:Tswa
7809:Tewe
7784:Sena
7754:Ndau
7709:Koti
7694:Dema
7477:2024
7458:ISSN
7431:2024
7412:ISSN
7385:2024
7366:ISSN
7339:2024
7320:ISSN
7293:2024
7274:ISSN
7230:2024
7211:ISSN
7184:2024
7165:ISSN
7138:2024
7113:2015
6294:any
6292:cite
6046:xilo
6016:The
5969:The
5916:xilo
5882:xilo
5879:and
5752:domu
5730:kerk
5479:May
5385:Gidi
5282:ten
5234:six
5205:Mune
5186:two
5174:one
5169:N'we
4993:vona
4979:hina
4972:yena
4965:wena
4958:mina
4862:dyi-
4721:homu
4670:swi-
4651:xilo
4593:vito
4587:rito
4581:tiko
4253:-ale
4247:-ele
4241:-ala
4198:-ile
3870:qiqi
3858:guqa
3841:,,,,
3836:and
3834:,,,,
3812:,,,,
3808:,,,,
3298:dzʷʱ
3280:b̪vʱ
3181:tʃʷʰ
3164:tsᶲʰ
3156:tsʷʰ
3138:p̪fʰ
2869:tˡʷʰ
2727:Stop
2484:ᵏǀʷʰ
2405:pal.
2400:lab.
2390:lab.
2380:lab.
2370:lab.
2353:pal.
2348:lab.
2338:lab.
2328:pal.
2224:Open
2128:Back
2076:and
2048:ghw
2040:gqw
1992:ᵏǀʷʰ
1988:qhw
1944:khw
1884:n'w
1858:n'h
1836:dlw
1798:nyw
1780:tˡʷʰ
1746:tlw
1738:nhw
1712:tlh
1626:hhw
1588:tʃʷʰ
1584:chw
1508:thy
1500:rhw
1448:dhl
1440:thw
1414:dzw
1388:hlw
1384:dzʷʱ
1346:dzh
1304:bhy
1274:tsw
1240:tsᶲʰ
1232:tsh
1164:b̪vʱ
1160:bvh
1152:phy
1096:p̪fʰ
1092:pfh
838:and
836:Tswa
679:-dcg
183:news
9605:S60
9564:S50
9481:S40
9466:Pai
9404:S30
9387:S20
9334:S10
9314:Yei
9306:R40
9277:R30
9182:R20
9129:R10
9059:P30
9026:Yao
9018:P20
8977:P10
8945:Rue
8913:N40
8884:N30
8861:N20
8802:N10
8174:Tuu
7824:Yao
7569:doi
7523:in
7493:in
7246:in
6974:at
6305:by
5897:/ɬ/
5871:/ʃ/
5758:dom
4857:21
4830:ku-
4825:15
4798:vu-
4793:14
4766:ri-
4761:11
4729:10
4638:xi-
4606:ma-
4573:ri-
4541:mi-
4477:va-
4445:mu-
4250:or
3646:rʷʱ
3313:dʒʱ
3291:dzʱ
3252:dʒʷ
3230:dzᵝ
3209:b̪v
3174:tʃʰ
3149:tsʰ
3110:tʃʷ
3093:tsᶲ
3085:tsʷ
3067:p̪f
3038:ɡʷʱ
2997:bʲʱ
2953:dˡʷ
2886:kʷʰ
2864:tˡʰ
2856:tʲʰ
2849:tʷʰ
2829:pʲʰ
2785:tˡʷ
2713:ŋʷʱ
2687:nʷʱ
2537:ᶢǀʷ
2477:ᵏǀʰ
2261:/u/
2259:or
2257:/i/
2191:),
2185:, (
2176:Mid
2150:),
2144:, (
2102:/ɲ/
2096:vs
2090:/ɮ/
2084:vs
2052:ɡʷʱ
2044:ᶢǀʷ
2022:gw
2014:gq
1996:gh
1966:ᵏǀʰ
1962:qh
1948:kʷʰ
1918:kw
1914:ŋʷʱ
1892:kh
1844:yw
1840:dˡʷ
1828:n'
1814:yh
1806:dl
1784:wh
1768:ny
1750:tˡʷ
1742:nʷʱ
1728:hy
1716:tˡʰ
1704:nw
1694:hw
1690:dʒʷ
1686:jw
1678:tl
1670:nh
1656:dʒʱ
1652:jh
1644:dy
1610:dw
1602:my
1592:hh
1576:dh
1568:mh
1558:xj
1554:tʃʷ
1550:cw
1524:xw
1520:tʃʰ
1516:ch
1512:tʲʰ
1504:rʷʱ
1474:ty
1466:rw
1456:lw
1444:tʷʰ
1432:rh
1418:dzᵝ
1406:tw
1372:th
1364:uu
1354:hl
1350:dzʱ
1320:zw
1312:dz
1308:bʲʱ
1296:oo
1282:tsᶲ
1278:tsʷ
1266:by
1244:sw
1236:tsʰ
1224:bh
1216:ii
1198:ts
1168:vh
1156:pʲʰ
1144:ee
1130:b̪v
1126:bv
1118:py
1084:ph
1076:aa
1066:ff
1062:p̪f
1058:pf
830:of
811:-gə
687:IPA
630:tso
613:tso
377:3.7
166:by
104:by
9710::
7559:,
7464:.
7454:90
7452:.
7448:.
7418:.
7408:87
7406:.
7402:.
7372:.
7362:12
7360:.
7356:.
7326:.
7316:86
7314:.
7310:.
7280:.
7268:.
7264:.
7217:.
7207:48
7205:.
7201:.
7171:.
7161:48
7159:.
7155:.
7129:.
7054:^
6239::
5885:.
5040:va
4922:.
4888:yi
4697:9
4665:8
4633:7
4601:6
4568:5
4536:4
4504:3
4472:2
4440:1
4384:ta
4171:va
4060:ku
4054:ri
3977:.
3971:ku
3788:wʱ
3777:jʱ
3726:jʷ
3712:lʷ
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