283:(called a "divide" in North America) over which rainfall flows down towards the river traversing the lowest part of the valley, whereas the rain falling on the far slope of the watershed flows away to another river draining an adjacent basin. River basins vary in extent according to the configuration of the country, ranging from the insignificant drainage areas of streams rising on high ground very near the coast and flowing straight down into the sea, up to immense tracts of great continents, where rivers rising on the slopes of mountain ranges far inland have to traverse vast stretches of valleys and plains before reaching the ocean. The size of the largest river basin of any country depends on the extent of the continent in which it is situated, its position in relation to the hilly regions in which rivers generally arise and the sea into which they flow, and the distance between the
473:, and where, in consequence, the drainage is in a great measure artificial, straight channels have been formed for the rivers. Because of the perceived value in protecting these fertile, low-lying lands from inundation, additional straight channels have also been provided for the discharge of rainfall, known as drains in the fens. Even extensive modification of the course of a river combined with an enlargement of its channel often produces only a limited reduction in flood damage. Consequently, such floodworks are only commensurate with the expenditure involved where significant assets (such as a town) are under threat. Additionally, even when successful, such floodworks may simply move the problem further downstream and threaten some other town. Recent floodworks in Europe have included
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a shoal by dredging merely effects a temporary deepening, for it soon forms again from the causes which produced it. The removal, moreover, of the rocky obstructions at rapids, though increasing the depth and equalizing the flow at these places, produces a lowering of the river above the rapids by facilitating the efflux, which may result in the appearance of fresh shoals at the low stage of the river. Where, however, narrow rocky reefs or other hard shoals stretch across the bottom of a river and present obstacles to the erosion by the current of the soft materials forming the bed of the river above and below, their removal may result in permanent improvement by enabling the river to deepen its bed by natural scour.
628:, United States, found that the channelized section of the river contained only 13 species of fish, whereas the natural segment of the stream was home to 21 species of fish. The biomass of fish able to be caught in the dredged segments of the river was 80 percent less than in the natural parts of the same stream. This loss of fish diversity and abundance is thought to occur because of reduction in habitat, elimination of riffles and pools, greater fluctuation of stream levels and water temperature, and shifting substrates. The rate of recovery for a stream once it has been dredged is extremely slow, with many streams showing no significant recovery 30 to 40 years after the date of channelization.
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influence they severally exercise on the height of the floods at these places, can be ascertained. With the help of these records, and by observing the times and heights of the maximum rise of a particular flood at the stations on the various tributaries, the time of arrival and height of the top of the flood at any station on the main river can be predicted with remarkable accuracy two or more days beforehand. By communicating these particulars about a high flood to places on the lower river, weir-keepers are enabled to fully open the movable weirs beforehand to permit the passage of the flood, and riparian inhabitants receive timely warning of the impending inundation.
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only exceptional summer floods have to be excluded from meadows. Occasionally the embankments are raised high enough to retain the floods during most years, while provision is made for the escape of the rare, exceptionally high floods at special places in the embankments, where the scour of the issuing current is guarded against, and the inundation of the neighboring land is least injurious. In this manner, the increased cost of embankments raised above the highest flood-level of rare occurrence is avoided, as is the danger of breaches in the banks from an unusually high flood-rise and rapid flow, with their disastrous effects.
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solution is to restrict the width of the low-water channel, concentrate all of the flow in it, and also to fix its position so that it is scoured out every year by the floods which follow the deepest part of the bed along the line of the strongest current. This can be effected by closing subsidiary low-water channels with dikes across them, and narrowing the channel at the low stage by low-dipping cross dikes extending from the river banks down the slope and pointing slightly up-stream so as to direct the water flowing over them into a central channel.
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river. The fall available in a section of a river approximately corresponds to the slope of the country it traverses; as rivers rise close to the highest part of their basins, generally in hilly regions, their fall is rapid near their source and gradually diminishes, with occasional irregularities, until, in traversing plains along the latter part of their course, their fall usually becomes quite gentle. Accordingly, in large basins, rivers in most cases begin as
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215:(EPA) has defined hydromodification as the "alteration of the hydrologic characteristics of coastal and non-coastal waters, which in turn could cause degradation of water resources." River engineering has often resulted in unintended systematic responses, such as reduced habitat for fish and wildlife, and alterations of water temperature and
539:, despite the clearance of sediment effected by the rush through breaches. Therefore, the completion of the embankments, together with their raising, would only eventually aggravate the injuries of the inundations they have been designed to prevent, as the escape of floods from the raised river must occur sooner or later.
404:, simultaneously with the gradual reduction in fall, and, consequently, in the transporting force of the current. Accordingly, under ordinary conditions, most of the materials brought down from the high lands by torrential water courses are carried forward by the main river to the sea, or partially strewn over flat
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than normal can reach choke points over a shorter period of time than they otherwise would, with a net effect of flood control in one area coming at the expense of greatly aggravated flooding in another. In addition, studies have shown that stream channelization results in declines of river fish populations.
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needs to be modeled by computer or using scale models, moulded to the configuration of the estuary under consideration and reproducing in miniature the tidal ebb and flow and fresh-water discharge over a bed of very fine sand, in which various lines of training walls can be successively inserted. The
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As rivers flow onward towards the sea, they experience a considerable diminution in their fall, and a progressive increase in the basin which they drain, owing to the successive influx of their various tributaries. Thus, their current gradually becomes more gentle and their discharge larger in volume
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Canalization secures a definite available depth for navigation; and the discharge of the river generally is amply sufficient for maintaining the impounded water level, as well as providing the necessary water for locking. Navigation, however, is liable to be stopped during the descent of high floods,
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Rivers whose discharge is liable to become quite small at their low stage, or which have a somewhat large fall, as is usual in the upper part of rivers, cannot be given an adequate depth for navigation purely by works which regulate the flow; their ordinary summer level has to be raised by impounding
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The major agency involved in the enforcement of this policy is the same Army Corps of
Engineers, which for many years was the primary promoter of wide-scale channelization. Often, in the instances where channelization is permitted, boulders may be installed in the bed of the new channel so that water
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has been cited as a cause contributing to the loss of wetlands. This straightening causes the streams to flow more rapidly, which can, in some instances, vastly increase soil erosion. It can also increase flooding downstream from the channelized area, as larger volumes of water traveling more rapidly
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A most serious objection to the formation of continuous, high embankments along rivers bringing down considerable quantities of detritus, especially near a place where their fall has been abruptly reduced by descending from mountain slopes onto alluvial plains, is the danger of their bed being raised
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Reducing the length of the channel by substituting straight cuts for a winding course is the only way in which the effective fall can be increased. This involves some loss of capacity in the channel as a whole, and in the case of a large river with a considerable flow it is very difficult to maintain
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causes the available rainfall to be much less in hot summer weather than in the winter months, so that the rivers fall to their low stage in the summer and are very liable to be in flood in the winter. In fact, with a temperate climate, the year may be divided into a warm and a cold season, extending
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in the bed of a river is due to deposit from a diminution in velocity of flow, produced by a reduction in fall and by a widening of the channel, or to a loss in concentration of the scour of the main current in passing over from one concave bank to the next on the opposite side. The lowering of such
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in a fairly large river and its tributaries at suitable points, and keeping continuous records for some time of the heights of the water at the various stations, the rise of the floods in the different tributaries, the periods they take in passing down to definite stations on the main river, and the
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Channelization of a stream may be undertaken for several reasons. One is to make a stream more suitable for navigation or for navigation by larger vessels with deep draughts. Another is to restrict water to a certain area of a stream's natural bottom lands so that the bulk of such lands can be made
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of rivers depends mainly upon their fall, also known as the gradient or slope. When two rivers of different sizes have the same fall, the larger river has the quicker flow, as its retardation by friction against its bed and banks is less in proportion to its volume than is the case with the smaller
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rising in steps up-stream, providing still-water navigation comparable to a canal; but it differs from a canal in the introduction of weirs for keeping up the water-level, in the provision for the regular discharge of the river at the weirs, and in the two sills of the locks being laid at the same
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The removal of obstructions, natural or artificial (e.g., trunks of trees, boulders and accumulations of gravel) from a river bed furnishes a simple and efficient means of increasing the discharging capacity of its channel. Such removals will consequently lower the height of floods upstream. Every
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on both sides. By placing these embankments somewhat back from the margin of the river-bed, a wide flood-channel is provided for the discharge of the river as soon as it overflows its banks, while leaving the natural channel unaltered for the ordinary flow. Low embankments may be sufficient where
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respectively; the rivers are low and moderate floods are of rare occurrence during the warm period, and the rivers are high and subject to occasional heavy floods after a considerable rainfall during the cold period in most years. The only exceptions are rivers which have their sources amongst
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The capability of a river to provide a waterway for navigation during the summer or throughout the dry season depends on the depth that can be secured in the channel at the lowest stage. The problem in the dry season is the small discharge and deficiency in scour during this period. A typical
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Engineering works to increase the navigability of rivers can only be advantageously undertaken in large rivers with a moderate fall and a fair discharge at their lowest stage, for with a large fall the current presents a great impediment to up-stream navigation, and there are generally great
820:. River engineering works are only required to prevent changes in the course of the stream, to regulate its depth, and especially to fix the low-water channel and concentrate the flow in it, so as to increase as far as practicable the navigable depth at the lowest stage of the water level.
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by deposit, producing a rise in the flood-level, and necessitating a raising of the embankments if inundations are to be prevented. Longitudinal sections of the Po River, taken in 1874 and 1901, show that its bed was materially raised during this period from the confluence of the
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and less subject to abrupt variations; and, consequently, they become more suitable for navigation. Eventually, large rivers, under favorable conditions, often furnish important natural highways for inland navigation in the lower portion of their course, as, for instance, the
612:. Wetlands are an excellent habitat for many forms of wildlife, and additionally serve as a "filter" for much of the world's surface fresh water. Another is the fact that channelized streams are almost invariably straightened. For example, the channelization of Florida's
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available for agriculture. A third reason is flood control, with the idea of giving a stream a sufficiently large and deep channel so that flooding beyond those limits will be minimal or nonexistent, at least on a routine basis. One major reason is to reduce natural
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The irregular flow of rivers throughout their course forms one of the main difficulties in devising works for mitigating inundations or for increasing the navigable capabilities of rivers. In tropical countries subject to periodical rains, the rivers are in
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Where portions of a riverside town are situated below the maximum flood-level, or when it is important to protect land adjoining a river from inundations, the overflow of the river must be diverted into a flood-dam or confined within continuous
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which have permitted development on floodplains. This exposes the properties on the floodplain to flood, and the substitution of concrete for natural strata speeds the run-off of water, which increases the danger of flooding downstream. In the
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impediment to the flow, in proportion to its extent, raises the level of the river above it so as to produce the additional artificial fall necessary to convey the flow through the restricted channel, thereby reducing the total available fall.
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Human intervention sometimes inadvertently modifies the course or characteristics of a river, for example by introducing obstructions such as mining refuse, sluice gates for mills, fish-traps, unduly wide piers for bridges and solid
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Beginning in the late 20th century, the river engineering discipline has been more focused on repairing hydromodified degradations and accounting for potential systematic response to planned alterations by considering fluvial
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from the outside corners where it flows rapidly due to a change in direction. Unlike sand and gravel, the topsoil that is eroded does not get deposited on the inside of the next corner of the river. It simply washes away.
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Improvements can be divided into those that are aimed at improving the flow of the river, particularly in flood conditions, and those that aim to hold back the flow, primarily for navigation purposes, although
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are proportionate to the extent of their basins and the amount of rain which, after falling over these basins, reaches the river channels in the bottom of the valleys, by which it is conveyed to the sea.
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above its tidal limit, have been rendered navigable by canalization, and several fairly large rivers have thereby provided a good depth for vessels for considerable distances inland. Thus the canalized
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and raise the flood-level in the channel just below its termination. Nevertheless, where the available fall is exceptionally small, as in land originally reclaimed from the sea, such as the
English
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which in many cases rise above the locks; and it is necessarily arrested in cold climates on all rivers by long, severe frosts, and especially by ice. Many small rivers, like the
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variations in water level, and when the discharge becomes very small in the dry season. It is impossible to maintain a sufficient depth of water in the low-water channel.
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gave the Army Corps a specific mandate to include environmental protection in its mission, and in 1996 it authorized the Corps to undertake restoration projects. The U.S.
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which joins it below. But even these rivers are liable to have their flow modified by the influx of tributaries subject to different conditions, so that the Rhone below
227:. Fluvial geomorphology is the study of how rivers change their form over time. Fluvial geomorphology is the cumulation of a number of sciences including open channel
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with the intention of producing some defined benefit. People have intervened in the natural course and behaviour of rivers since before recorded history—to manage the
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of wetlands" policy, whereby a stream channelization project in one place must be offset by the creation of new wetlands in another, a process known as "mitigation."
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For the reasons cited above, in recent years stream channelization has been greatly curtailed in the U.S., and in some instances even partially reversed. In 1990 the
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plains during floods; the size of the materials forming the bed of the river or borne along by the stream is gradually reduced on proceeding seawards, so that in the
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has to be provided alongside the weir, or in a side channel, to provide for the passage of vessels. A river is thereby converted into a succession of fairly level
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they bring down in flood-time, derived mainly from the disintegration of the surface layers of the hills and slopes in the upper parts of the valleys by glaciers,
489:. By impeding flow these measures can raise the flood-level upstream. Regulations for the management of rivers may include stringent prohibitions with regard to
212:
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Congdon, James C. (1971). "Fish populations of channelized and unchannelized sections of the
Chariton River, Missouri". In Schneberger, E.; Funk, J.E. (eds.).
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The needs of navigation may also require that a stable, continuous, navigable channel is prolonged from the navigable river to deep water at the mouth of the
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models should be capable of furnishing valuable indications of the respective effects and comparative merits of the different schemes proposed for works.
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The possibility to secure uniformity of depth in a river by lowering the shoals obstructing the channel depends on the nature of the shoals. A soft
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ecology. River engineering practitioners attempt to understand fluvial geomorphology, implement a physical alteration, and maintain public safety.
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has a more uniform discharge than most rivers, as the summer floods of the Arve are counteracted to a great extent by the low stage of the
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level instead of the upper sill being raised above the lower one to the extent of the rise at the lock, as usual on canals.
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In the UK, problems of flooding of domestic properties around the turn of the 21st century have been blamed on inadequate
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encompasses the systematic response to alterations to riverine and non-riverine water bodies such as coastal waters (
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906:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1993. pp. 6–90. EPA-840-B-92-002B.
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concerns broader than immediate human benefit. Some river engineering projects have focused exclusively on the
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flowing into the Rhone at Lyon, which has its floods in the winter when the Arve, on the contrary, is low.
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of natural floodplains and winding courses, so that floodwater is held back and released more slowly.
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with a very variable flow, and end as gently flowing rivers with a comparatively regular discharge.
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1985, 151, 1, 63–69, The Royal
Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).
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channel. Even if the cut is preserved by protecting the banks, it is liable to produce changes
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1062:"The Ecological Effects of Channelization (The Impact of River Channelization)." Brooker, M.P.
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feet (3.2 metres) from its tidal limit up to Paris, a distance of 135 miles, and a depth of 6
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Another serious obstacle encountered in river engineering consists in the large quantity of
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Guidance
Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters
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National
Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification
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a straight cut owing to the tendency of the current to erode the banks and form again a
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velocity is slowed, and channels may be deliberately curved as well. In 1990 the U.S.
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1077:"Memorandum of Agreement regarding Mitigation under CWA Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines"
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and filling operations. Permits are issued by the Army Corps with EPA participation.
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regulates certain aspects of channelization by requiring non-Federal entities (i.e.
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Channelization has several predictable and negative effects. One of them is loss of
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and the compulsory raising of their gates for the passage of floods, the removal of
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1079:. U.S. Department of the Army and Environmental Protection Agency. 6 February 1990.
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on the inside of the corners where the water flows slowly, and cuts sand, gravel,
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in Italy, for instance, pebbles and gravel are found for about 140 miles below
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1008:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 374–385.
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Study of human intervention in the course, characteristics, or flow of rivers
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Hinnant, Lee (1970). "Kissimmee River". In Marth, Del; Marth, Marty (eds.).
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regions, where the rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year,
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River morphology and stream restoration references - Wildland
Hydrology
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1052:. North Central Division, American Fisheries Society. pp. 52–62.
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when rebuilt, and the substitution of movable weirs for solid weirs.
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562:. One of the most heavily channelized areas in the United States is
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which studies human intervention in the course, characteristics, or
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Much of it was done under the auspices or overall direction of the
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is often an important factor. The former is known in the US as
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and have hardly any flow during the rest of the year, while in
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the flow with weirs at intervals across the channel, while a
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and the
Southern United States the term for this measure is
918:"Nonpoint Source: Hydromodification and Habitat Alteration"
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feet (2.06 metres) up to
Montereau, 62 miles higher up.
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from May to
October and from November to April in the
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and the outlet into the sea of the river draining it.
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is extensively channelized with concrete embankments.
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governments, private parties) to obtain permits for
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676:"Canalization" redirects here. For other uses, see
566:, where every major stream with one exception (the
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1143:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – Civil Works Program
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337:mountains clad with perpetual snow and are fed by
279:of a river is the expanse of country bounded by a
570:) has been partially or completely channelized.
717:An early large channelization was performed by
702:A channelized section of the South Fork of the
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177:times, rivers have been used as a source of
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1122:United States. Clean Water Act. Sec. 404,
994:Vernon-Harcourt, Leveson Francis (1911). "
271:basin is the largest in the United States.
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1779:International scale of river difficulty
1103:Water Resources Development Act of 1996
1091:Water Resources Development Act of 1990
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376:to transport materials varies with its
1154:Web Archives (archived 2002-08-13)
937:(Report). EPA. 2007. EPA 841-B-07-002.
7:
848:. The interaction of river flow and
60:adding citations to reliable sources
752:has secured a navigable depth of 10
255:limit and their average freshwater
632:Modern policy in the United States
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1050:Stream Channelization–A Symposium
1027:. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press.
384:, which are by degrees ground by
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306:Flood control structures at the
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1936:Flooded grasslands and savannas
213:Environmental Protection Agency
193:of natural characteristics and
47:needs additional citations for
1:
687:A channelized section of the
678:Canalization (disambiguation)
493:, requirements for enlarging
251:The size of rivers above any
2446:Hydrology and urban planning
2102:Universal Soil Loss Equation
2052:Hydrological transport model
1946:Storm Water Management Model
388:in their onward course into
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2451:Water resources management
1606:Antecedent drainage stream
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2426:Environmental engineering
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2342:River valley civilization
2225:Riparian-zone restoration
1064:The Geographical Journal,
372:and rain. The power of a
247:Characteristics of rivers
2405:Countries without rivers
2380:Rivers by discharge rate
2092:Runoff model (reservoir)
2057:Infiltration (hydrology)
708:Meeker County, Minnesota
638:United States Government
549:Midwestern United States
239:, physical geology, and
2077:River Continuum Concept
1842:Agricultural wastewater
1005:Encyclopædia Britannica
920:. EPA. 24 October 2016.
18:Channelization (rivers)
2400:River name etymologies
2327:Hydraulic civilization
2185:Floodplain restoration
1961:Point source pollution
1736:Sedimentary structures
804:
726:
719:Johann Gottfried Tulla
710:
695:
672:Canalization of rivers
457:
455:Danville, Pennsylvania
311:
272:
211:) and lakes. The U.S.
143:
2012:Discharge (hydrology)
1974:Industrial wastewater
1455:Sedimentary processes
1023:The Rivers of Florida
783:
716:
701:
686:
448:
305:
266:
165:, to protect against
137:
2117:Volumetric flow rate
1701:Riffle-pool sequence
620:A 1971 study of the
449:Channelized stream (
56:improve this article
2291:Whitewater kayaking
2286:Whitewater canoeing
2087:Runoff curve number
1931:Flood pulse concept
1152:Library of Congress
334:Northern hemisphere
149:is a discipline of
71:"River engineering"
2317:Aquatic toxicology
2230:Stream restoration
2195:Infiltration basin
2047:Hydrological model
1563:Sediment transport
1386:Estavelle/Inversac
1264:Subterranean river
805:
727:
711:
696:
560:Corps of Engineers
557:United States Army
458:
312:
273:
233:sediment transport
217:sediment transport
144:
2413:
2412:
2390:Whitewater rivers
2296:Whitewater slalom
2127:River engineering
2027:Groundwater model
1988:River measurement
1916:Flood forecasting
1731:Sedimentary basin
1588:Fluvial landforms
1493:Bed material load
1269:River bifurcation
996:River Engineering
544:planning controls
269:Mississippi River
201:Hydromodification
151:civil engineering
147:River engineering
140:Los Angeles River
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2458:
2441:River regulation
2375:Rivers by length
2210:River morphology
2112:Wetted perimeter
2017:Drainage density
1528:Headward erosion
1357:Perennial stream
1229:Blackwater river
1182:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1130:
1120:
1114:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1009:
987:
985:
984:
978:
939:
938:
931:
922:
921:
914:
908:
907:
900:
873:
868:
867:
771:
770:
766:
761:
760:
756:
693:Sioux City, Iowa
427:power generation
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2385:Drainage basins
2366:
2300:
2239:
2215:Retention basin
2175:Erosion control
2170:Detention basin
2121:
2037:Hjulström curve
1989:
1983:
1955:
1899:Non-water flood
1856:
1828:
1774:Helicoidal flow
1760:
1661:Fluvial terrace
1656:Floating island
1582:
1457:
1449:
1440:Rhythmic spring
1374:
1366:
1347:Stream gradient
1288:
1274:River ecosystem
1239:Channel pattern
1207:
1199:
1186:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1117:
1089:United States.
1088:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1035:
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1017:
1013:
993:
982:
980:
979:
942:
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925:
916:
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911:
902:
901:
897:
892:
869:
862:
859:
842:
840:Estuarine works
778:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
753:
681:
674:
654:Clean Water Act
634:
614:Kissimmee River
606:
595:, and precious
576:
553:channelization.
528:
443:
422:
249:
163:water resources
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2464:
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2454:
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2314:
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2301:
2299:
2298:
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2283:
2278:
2276:Stone skipping
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:Drop structure
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Balancing lake
2137:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Playfair's law
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2022:Exner equation
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:Bradshaw model
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1894:Urban flooding
1886:
1881:
1879:Crevasse splay
1876:
1874:100-year flood
1870:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1834:Surface runoff
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1814:Stream capture
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Rock-cut basin
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
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1698:
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1608:
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1598:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:Suspended load
1565:
1560:
1558:Secondary flow
1555:
1550:
1548:Retrogradation
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:Dissolved load
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1445:Spring horizon
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Mineral spring
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:list in the US
1408:
1398:
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1382:
1380:
1368:
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1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:Stream channel
1334:
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1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:Drainage basin
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Alluvial river
1215:
1213:
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1200:
1187:
1185:
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1177:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1138:
1137:External links
1135:
1132:
1131:
1124:33 U.S.C.
1115:
1107:33 U.S.C.
1095:33 U.S.C.
1082:
1068:
1055:
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1011:
1000:Chisholm, Hugh
940:
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841:
838:
777:
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673:
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633:
630:
622:Chariton River
605:
602:
575:
572:
564:West Tennessee
527:
524:
508:By installing
442:
441:Channelization
439:
431:channelization
421:
418:
347:Lake of Geneva
308:Thames Barrier
248:
245:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2463:
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2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Riparian zone
2429:
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2337:Riparian zone
2335:
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2271:Riverboarding
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1992:
1990:and modelling
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1951:Return period
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1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
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1911:Flood control
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1906:Flood barrier
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1900:
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1538:Palaeochannel
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1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
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1511:
1509:
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1501:
1499:
1498:Granular flow
1496:
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1244:Channel types
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1237:
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1227:
1225:
1224:Braided river
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1034:0-910923-70-1
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1024:
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990:public domain
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884:Flood control
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811:
802:
798:
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793:Vistula River
790:
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640:published a "
639:
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623:
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615:
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604:Disadvantages
603:
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568:Hatchie River
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2395:Flash floods
2347:River cruise
2244:River sports
2126:
2097:Stream gauge
2082:Rouse number
2072:Relief ratio
1921:Flood-meadow
1852:Urban runoff
1766:Fluvial flow
1751:River valley
1721:River island
1686:Meander scar
1601:Alluvial fan
1543:Progradation
1418:Karst spring
1362:Winterbourne
1317:Chalk stream
1279:River source
1254:Distributary
1118:
1085:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1022:
1014:
1003:
912:
898:
879:Bridge scour
871:Water portal
843:
834:
826:
822:
806:
741:
728:
646:
635:
624:in northern
619:
607:
577:
552:
541:
529:
515:
507:
483:
479:
459:
435:canalization
434:
430:
423:
363:
321:rainy season
313:
292:rate of flow
289:
274:
250:
221:
200:
199:
171:Yuan Dynasty
146:
145:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2256:Fly fishing
2180:Fish ladder
2165:Daylighting
1884:Flash flood
1847:First flush
1794:Plunge pool
1518:Downcutting
1503:Debris flow
1478:Aggradation
1352:Stream pool
1128:§ 1344
1111:§ 2330
1099:§ 1252
818:Mississippi
723:Upper Rhine
689:Floyd River
642:no net loss
519:embankments
495:sluice-ways
475:restoration
451:Sechler Run
329:evaporation
319:during the
187:restoration
2420:Categories
2362:Wild river
2042:Hydrograph
2032:Hack's law
1997:Baer's law
1941:Inundation
1926:Floodplain
1866:stormwater
1824:Whitewater
1696:Oxbow lake
1533:Knickpoint
1508:Deposition
1401:Hot spring
1342:Streamflow
1332:Stream bed
1249:Confluence
890:References
784:A suction
704:Crow River
574:Advantages
499:fish traps
349:, and the
345:above the
310:in London.
229:hydraulics
219:patterns.
191:protection
179:hydropower
82:newspapers
2332:Limnology
2281:Triathlon
2251:Canyoning
2220:Revetment
2150:Check dam
2062:Main stem
1819:Waterfall
1706:Point bar
1691:Mouth bar
1631:Billabong
1578:Water gap
1573:Wash load
1553:Saltation
1473:Anabranch
1396:Holy well
1284:Tributary
1101:, 2316.
537:Caranella
535:to below
491:pollution
386:attrition
325:temperate
281:watershed
257:discharge
237:hydrology
205:estuaries
2135:Aqueduct
2002:Baseflow
1969:Effluent
1646:Cut bank
1611:Avulsion
1488:Bed load
1468:Abrasion
857:See also
816:and the
666:dredging
650:Congress
626:Missouri
610:wetlands
471:Fenlands
410:Po River
406:alluvial
378:velocity
366:detritus
339:glaciers
297:torrents
241:riparian
195:habitats
167:flooding
112:May 2010
2312:Aquifer
2305:Related
2261:Rafting
1789:Meander
1784:Log jam
1746:Thalweg
1651:Estuary
1523:Erosion
1460:erosion
1372:Springs
1327:Current
1294:Streams
1234:Channel
1197:springs
1193:streams
1150:at the
1002:(ed.).
992::
846:estuary
791:on the
767:⁄
757:⁄
736:reaches
721:on the
597:topsoil
593:subsoil
581:erosion
526:Effects
463:sinuous
420:Methods
374:current
96:scholar
2436:Rivers
2107:WAFLEX
1979:Sewage
1862:Floods
1804:Riffle
1799:Rapids
1741:Strath
1711:Ravine
1636:Canyon
1391:Geyser
1322:Coulee
1307:Bourne
1302:Arroyo
1205:Rivers
1189:Rivers
1126:
1109:
1097:
1031:
998:". In
986:
814:Danube
812:, the
801:Poland
797:Warsaw
786:dredge
745:Thames
589:gravel
533:Ticino
510:gauges
467:shoals
394:gravel
382:stones
285:source
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2205:Levee
2190:Flume
2145:Canal
1889:Flood
1809:Shoal
1676:Gully
1671:Gulch
1641:Chine
1626:Bayou
1483:Armor
1435:Ponor
1210:lists
829:shoal
810:Rhine
789:barge
750:Seine
662:local
658:state
503:piers
487:weirs
453:) in
414:Turin
390:slate
370:frost
359:SaĂ´ne
343:RhĂ´ne
317:flood
277:basin
253:tidal
159:river
157:of a
103:JSTOR
89:books
2235:Weir
2200:Leat
1864:and
1756:Wadi
1716:Rill
1681:Glen
1666:Gill
1616:Bank
1458:and
1423:list
1406:list
1377:list
1312:Burn
1195:and
1029:ISBN
850:tide
732:lock
660:and
587:and
585:sand
402:silt
400:and
398:sand
355:Lyon
351:Arve
290:The
275:The
267:The
209:bays
207:and
173:and
155:flow
138:The
75:news
2155:Dam
1621:Bar
1596:Ait
706:in
691:in
189:or
58:by
2422::
1191:,
1105:,
1093:,
943:^
926:^
799:,
795:,
437:.
396:,
392:,
235:,
231:,
197:.
1379:)
1375:(
1212:)
1208:(
1181:e
1174:t
1167:v
1113:.
1037:.
803:.
769:4
765:3
759:2
755:1
725:.
680:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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