1925:
857:
keep themselves in the desired location in the water layer, and swim actively to catch prey. They all tend to keep the body slightly slanted with the head pointing downwards. They often show a "gliding" behaviour, slowly sinking for a while, and then catching up with a quick movement of their fins. Benthic species usually stay attached to substrates such as rocks, algae or sea grasses, more rarely on top or between sand grains, and act more strictly as ambush predators, staying still until prey passes by. The prey is detected thanks to the ciliary fence and tuft organs, sensing vibrations â individuals of
1011:
4527:
133:
678:, and is divided into one compartment on each side of the trunk, and additional compartments inside the head and tail, all separated completely by septa. Although they have a mouth with one or two rows of tiny teeth, compound eyes, and a nervous system, they have no excretory or respiratory systems. While often said to lack a circulatory system, chaetognaths do have a rudimentary hemal system resembling those of
115:
1569:. Chaetognatha appears close to the base of the protostome tree in most studies of their molecular phylogeny. This may explain their deuterostome embryonic characters. If chaetognaths branched off from the protostomes before they evolved their distinctive protostome embryonic characters, they might have retained deuterostome characters inherited from early
571:
533:
610:
1818:
Missarzhevsky, 1973), are probably grasping spines of chaetognaths rather than teeth of conodonts. Previously chaetognaths in the Early
Cambrian were only suspected from these protoconodont elements, but the more recent discoveries of body fossils have confirmed their presence then. There is evidence
861:
for example will attack a glass or metal probe vibrating at an adequate frequency. To catch prey, arrow worms jump forward with a strong stroke of the tail fin. Once in contact with prey, they withdraw the hood over the grasping spines, so that it forms a cage around the prey and bring it in contact
856:
Little is known of arrow worms' behaviour and physiology, due to the complexity in culturing them and reconstructing their natural habitat. It is known that they feed more frequently with higher temperatures. Planktonic chaetognaths often must swim continuously, with a "hop and sink" behaviour, to
1014:
Hypothesis of the possible homology between the jaw parts of extant and extinct
Chaetognathifera taxa. Putative homologies between jaw parts have the same color. Questionable, and/or, disputable homologies are in grey. Only the anterior part of each organism is represented. Modified from Bekkouche
788:
During mating, each individual places a spermatophore onto the neck of its partner after rupture of the seminal vesicle. The sperm rapidly escape from the spermatophore and swim along the midline of the animal until they reach a pair of small pores just in front of the tail. These pores connect to
634:
nerve ring surrounding the pharynx. The brain is composed of two distinct functional domains: the anterior neuropil domain and the posterior neuropil domain. The former probably controls head muscles moving the spines and the digestive system. The latter is linked to eyes and the corona ciliata. A
3443:
Sielaff, Malte; Schmidt, Hanno; Struck, Torsten H.; Rosenkranz, David; Mark Welch, David B.; Hankeln, Thomas; Herlyn, Holger (2016). "Phylogeny of
Syndermata (syn. Rotifera): Mitochondrial gene order verifies epizoic Seisonidea as sister to endoparasitic Acanthocephala within monophyletic
562:
There are between four and fourteen hooked, grasping spines on each side of their head, flanking a hollow vestibule containing the mouth. The spines are used in hunting, and covered with a flexible hood arising from the neck region when the animal is swimming. Spines and teeth are made of
1875:
belonged to a separate group: «At the moment, it seems most natural to regard the
Sagittas as representatives of a small group of their own that makes the transition from the real annelids (first of all the lumbricines) to the nematodes, and may not be unsuitably named Chaetognathi.»
661:
A significant mechanosensory system, composed of ciliary receptor organs, detects vibrations, allowing chaetognaths to detect the swimming motion of potential prey. Another organ on the dorsal part of the neck, the corona ciliata, is probably involved in chemoreception.
1573:
ancestors. Thus chaetognaths may be a useful model for the ancestral bilaterian. Studies of arrow worms' nervous systems suggests they should be placed within the protostomes. According to 2017 and 2019 papers, chaetognaths either belong to or are the sister group of
4133:
Leuckart, R. NachtrÀge und
Berichtigungen zu dem ersten Bande von J. van Der Hoevenâs Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Systematisch Geordnete Ăbersicht der HauptsĂ€chlichste Neueren Leistungen:ĂŒber die Zoologie der Wirbellosen Thiere; L. Voss: Leipzig, Germany, 1856. (In
550:. Body size, either between individuals in the same species or between different species, seems to increase with decreasing temperature. The body is divided into a distinct head, trunk, and tail. About 80% of the body is occupied by primary longitudinal
599:. Waste materials are simply excreted through the skin and anus. Eukrohniid species possess an oil vacuole closely associated with the gut. This organ contains wax esters which may assist reproduction and growth outside of the production season for
3661:
Rieger V, Perez Y, MĂŒller CH, Lipke E, Sombke A, Hansson BS, Harzsch S (February 2010). "Immunohistochemical analysis and 3D reconstruction of the cephalic nervous system in
Chaetognatha: Insights into the evolution of an early bilaterian brain?".
3911:
Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Nielsen, Morten Lunde; Parry, Luke A.; SĂžrensen, Martin
Vinther; Lee, Mirinae; Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Ahn, Inhye; Park, Changkun; De Vivo, Giacinto; Smith, M. Paul; Harper, David A. T.; Nielsen, Arne T.; Vinther, Jakob (2024).
740:
Chaetognaths swim in short bursts using a dorso-ventral undulating body motion, where their tail fin assists with propulsion and the body fins with stabilization and steering. Muscle movements have been described as among the fastest in
1947:; its site of multiplication is nuclear and the virions (length: 1.25 ÎŒm) are enveloped. In 2019, reanalysis of other previous studies has shown that structures that were taken in 1967 for bristles present on the surface of the species
793:, into which the developed eggs have already passed from the ovaries, and it is here that fertilisation takes place. The seminal receptacles and oviducts accumulate and store spermatozoa, to perform multiple fertilisation cycles. Some
4071:
Quoy, J.R.C.; Gaimard, J.P. "Observations
Zoologiques Faites Ă Bord de lâAstrolabe, en Mai 1826, dans le DĂ©troit de Gibraltar (suite et fin). Description des genres Biphore, Carinaire, Hyale, FlĂšche, ClĂ©odore, Anatife et BriarĂ©e."
635:
putative sensory structure of unknown function, the retrocerebral organ, is also hosted by the posterior neuropil domain. The dorsal ganglion is the largest, but nerves extend from all the ganglia along the length of the body.
918:, spending the day at lower depths to avoid predators, and coming close to the surface at night. Their position in the water column can depend on light, temperature, salinity, age and food supply. They cannot swim against
3393:
Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; SĂžrensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (2015).
933:
but also amphipods, krill and fish larvae. Adults can feed on younger individuals of the same species. Some species are also reported to be omnivores, feeding on algae and detritus. Chaetognaths are known to use the
878:
waters. They inhabit very diverse environments, from hydrothermal vents to deep ocean seafloor, to seagrass beds and marine caves. The majority are planktonic, and they are often the second most common component of
838:
stage, an unusual trait among marine invertebrates; however there are significant morphological differences between the newborn and the adult, with respect to proportions, chitinous structures and fin development.
891:, chaetognaths alone represent ~13% of the zooplankton biomass. As such, they are ecologically relevant and a key food source for fishes and other predators, including commercially relevant fishes such as
4359:
646:
species have unpigmented or absent eyes. In addition, there are a number of sensory bristles arranged in rows along the side of the body, where they probably perform a function similar to that of the
2839:
Sullivan, Barbara K. (1980). "In situ feeding behavior of
Sagitta elegans and Eukrohnia hamata (Chaetognatha) in relation to the vertical distribution and abundance of prey at Ocean Station "P"1".
2419:
4348:
999:, also sequenced in 2004, is even smaller (11,403 bp) and it shows a similar pattern, lacking 21 of the 22 usually present tRNA genes and featuring only 14 of the 37 genes normally present.
970:
has been sequenced in 2004, and at the time it was the smallest metazoan mitochondrial genome known, being 11,905 base pairs long (it has now been surpassed by the mitchondrial genome of the
5125:
4389:
658:
species have "direct" or "everted" eyes. A unique feature of the chaetognath eye is the lamellar structure of photoreceptor membranes, containing a grid of 35â55 nm wide circular pores.
5145:
1783:, first described in 2024, was much larger than modern species, showing that chaetognaths occupied different roles in marine ecosystems compared to today. A more recent chaetognath,
2481:(October 2010). "Bioluminescent organs of two deep-sea arrow worms, Eukrohnia fowleri and Caecosagitta macrocephala, with further observations on Bioluminescence in chaetognaths".
650:
in fish. An additional, curved, band of sensory bristles lies over the head and neck. Almost all chaetognaths have "indirect" or "inverted" eyes, according to the orientation of
3691:"A new look at the ventral nerve centre of Sagitta: implications for the phylogenetic position of Chaetognatha (arrow worms) and the evolution of the bilaterian nervous system"
1561:
classification. The similarities between chaetognaths and nematodes mentioned above may support the protostome thesisâin fact, chaetognaths are sometimes regarded as a basal
777:
in the posterior region of the main body cavity. Immature sperm are released from the testes to mature inside the cavity of the tail, and then swim through a short duct to a
1924:
4382:
6758:
4373:
914:
of shallow waters. Larger chaetognath species tend to live deeper in water, but spend their juvenile stages higher in the water column. Arrow worms however engage in
7579:
7363:
5135:
3176:
1028:
remarked that arrow worms were "remarkable for the obscurity of their affinities". Chaetognaths in the past have been traditionally, but erroneously, classed as
7605:
7389:
4313:
Casanova JP, Duvert M, Goto T (October 2003). "Ultrastructural study and ontogenesis of the appendages and related musculature of
Paraspadella (Chaetognatha)".
1839:
also briefly mentioned probable chaetognaths but he understood them as pelagic mollusks. The first description of a currently accepted species of chaetognath,
1740:
Due to their soft bodies, chaetognaths fossilize poorly. Even so, several fossil chaetognath species have been described. Chaetognaths first appear during the
603:
in Arctic seas. Owing to the position of the oil vacuole in the center of the tractus, the organ may also have implications for buoyancy, trim and locomotion.
2407:
2328:"Growth and reproduction of the chaetognaths Eukrohnia hamata and Parasagitta elegans in the Canadian Arctic Ocean: capital breeding versus income breeding"
1257:
Summary of relationships of gnathiferans in recent studies including Chaetognatha within the clade, with disputed relationships represented as polytomies
7684:
7553:
7337:
693:
20 nm long and 50 nm wide, which in turn form conical bodies that contain granules and thread structures. The cone body is derived from a
1912:
or other protostomes were already present as early as 1986. Their affinities with protostomes were clarified in 2004 by sequencing and analysis of
7592:
7376:
6464:
4541:
2081:
1981:, in tribute to Pr J.-P. Casanova who devoted a large part of his scientific life to the study of chaetognaths). The other species has been named
3563:
Marlétaz F, Martin E, Perez Y, Papillon D, Caubit X, Lowe CJ, Freeman B, Fasano L, Dossat C, Wincker P, Weissenbach J, Le Parco Y (August 2006).
5065:
4456:
2940:
2310:
2224:
2186:
3489:
3215:
2738:
Kosobokova, Ksenia N.; Hopcroft, Russell R. (2010). "Diversity and vertical distribution of mesozooplankton in the Arctic's Canada Basin".
907:, or inhabit the immediate vicinity of the substrate. Chaetognaths have been recorded up to 5000 and possibly even 6000 meters of depth.
7689:
3989:
2005:
are present in virions but their origin remains unknown (cellular, viral or only partly viral). To date, giant viruses known to infect
5178:
4420:
1836:
606:
Usually chaetognaths are not pigmented, however the intestines of some deep-sea species contain orange-red carotenoid pigments.
7641:
7448:
5215:
2874:
Grigor, Jordan J.; Schmid, Moritz S.; Caouette, Marianne; St.-Onge, Vicky; Brown, Thomas A.; Barthélémy, Roxane-M. (2020-07-01).
1961:, were in fact enveloped and spindle-shaped giant viruses with a cytoplasmic site of multiplication. The viral species infecting
5210:
2534:
587:, which contains glands to lubricate the passage of food. From here, a straight intestine runs the length of the trunk to an
7597:
7381:
2699:"Sagitta friderici Ritter-ZĂĄhony (Chaetognatha) from South Atlantic waters: Abundance, population structure, and life cycle"
2077:
1010:
5294:
5284:
5267:
3980:
5130:
2643:
Terazaki, M.; Miller, C. B. (1982-11-01). "Reproduction of meso- and bathypelagic chaetognaths in the genus Eukrohnia".
268:
2257:"The Sizes, Growth and Reproduction of Arrow Worms (Chaetognatha) in Light of the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT)"
7694:
7514:
7311:
7298:
6457:
5055:
4566:
4350:
Serendipitous Discovery in a Marine Invertebrate (Phylum Chaetognatha) of the Longest Giant Viruses Reported till Date
3177:"Careful amendment of morphological data sets improves phylogenetic frameworks: re-evaluating placement of the fossil
1850:
4213:"Ultrastructure of Meelsvirus: A nuclear virus of arrow worms (phylum Chaetognatha) producing giant "tailed" virions"
3286:"Bilateral jaw elements in Amiskwia sagittiformis bridge the morphological gap between gnathiferans and chaetognaths"
132:
7610:
3006:"Mitochondrial Genomic Landscape: A Portrait of the Mitochondrial Genome 40 Years after the First Complete Sequence"
1586:
Below is a consensus evolutionary tree of Chaetognatha, based on both morphological and molecular data, as of 2021.
5045:
4546:
4511:
7394:
7679:
6601:
5100:
1769:
723:
3285:
4762:
4634:
4621:
4058:
Natuurkundige Verlustigingen, Behelzende Microscopise Waarneemingen Van de inâEn Uitlandse WaterâEn Land-Dieren
3892:
Hu SX (2005). "Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota from Eastern Yunnan, China".
2369:"The physical properties of lipids and their role in controlling the distribution of zooplankton in the oceans"
1983:
3232:
Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T. C. A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019).
1044:
classification. However, several developmental features are at odds with deuterostomes and are either akin to
6686:
5299:
5040:
5020:
4486:
2216:
1792:
915:
546:
3506:
Matus DQ, Copley RR, Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Eccleston H, Halanych KM, Martindale MQ, Telford MJ (August 2006).
2526:"A model of rapid-start swimming at intermediate Reynolds number: undulatory locomotion in the chaetognath
1967:
966:
7238:
6450:
5171:
5050:
4902:
4413:
3622:"Identification of chaetognaths as protostomes is supported by the analysis of their mitochondrial genome"
2965:"Identification of Chaetognaths as Protostomes is Supported by the Analysis of Their Mitochondrial Genome"
479:
2931:
Thuesen EV (1991). "The Tetrodotoxin Venom of Chaetognaths". In Bone Q, Kapp H, Pierrot-Bults AC (eds.).
816:
7669:
7425:
6914:
6564:
5262:
5095:
4922:
4865:
4600:
4466:
1841:
1554:
995:
807:
3798:
3233:
1935:
In 2018, reanalysis of electron microscopy photographs from the 1980s allowed scientists to identify a
844:
705:
The trunk bears one or two pairs of lateral fins incorporating structures superficially similar to the
2786:"Taxonomic reassessment of chaetognaths (Chaetognatha, Sagittoidea, Aphragmophora) from Korean waters"
1832:
490:
7674:
7620:
7540:
7519:
7404:
7324:
7316:
7285:
6579:
4847:
4647:
4551:
4516:
4279:
4224:
3925:
3813:
3753:
3576:
3519:
3453:
3407:
3349:
3300:
3248:
3080:
3017:
2889:
2876:
2848:
2793:
2747:
2710:
2652:
2589:
2443:
311:
7646:
7453:
5090:
5025:
4792:
4781:
4658:
4641:
718:
576:
4526:
1002:
Chaetognaths show a unique mitochondrial genomic diversity within individual of the same species.
655:
331:
6909:
6591:
5727:
5279:
5257:
5245:
5220:
4295:
4180:
3874:
3602:
3545:
2913:
2676:
2625:
2506:
2459:
1857:
1748:
1575:
1449:
1069:
710:
651:
505:
236:
127:
3486:
3212:
591:
just forward of the tail. The intestine is the primary site of digestion and includes a pair of
290:
7430:
7276:
532:
7628:
7527:
7412:
6701:
6149:
6069:
5419:
5289:
5252:
5240:
5230:
5164:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4797:
4716:
4561:
4481:
4406:
4330:
4270:
Horridge GA, Boulton PS (1967-11-14). "Prey detection by Chaetognatha via a vibration sense".
4252:
4037:
3972:
3953:
3866:
3831:
3779:
3722:
3643:
3594:
3537:
3469:
3425:
3375:
3318:
3266:
3157:
3108:
3045:
2986:
2936:
2905:
2821:
2668:
2617:
2498:
2390:
2349:
2306:
2220:
2182:
2174:
2059:
1995:, although truncated, is 3.9 ÎŒm long, corresponding to about twice the length of the bacteria
729:
714:
7633:
7495:
4393:
842:
The life spans of chaetognaths are variable but short; the longest recorded was 15 months in
536:
Drawing of ten different chaetognath species, showing morphological similarity and diversity.
7440:
7417:
6977:
6856:
6748:
6691:
6631:
6626:
6554:
6539:
5204:
4927:
4907:
4831:
4705:
4652:
4591:
4322:
4287:
4242:
4232:
4170:
4116:
4056:
4027:
4019:
3943:
3933:
3858:
3821:
3769:
3761:
3712:
3702:
3671:
3633:
3584:
3527:
3461:
3415:
3365:
3357:
3308:
3256:
3195:
3147:
3139:
3098:
3088:
3035:
3025:
2976:
2897:
2856:
2811:
2801:
2755:
2718:
2660:
2607:
2597:
2543:
2490:
2451:
2434:
2380:
2339:
2268:
2049:
2041:
1997:
1611:
926:
802:
498:
392:
348:
251:
7584:
2368:
2327:
7368:
7150:
7055:
7017:
6972:
6904:
6661:
6621:
6606:
6499:
6430:
6336:
6187:
6090:
5947:
5480:
5035:
4912:
4738:
4722:
4710:
4451:
3493:
3219:
1988:
1868:
1352:
1082:
919:
778:
483:
482:. Most chaetognaths are transparent and are torpedo shaped, but some deep-sea species are
3063:
Helfenbein, Kevin G.; Fourcade, H. Matthew; Vanjani, Rohit G.; Boore, Jeffrey L. (2004).
1895:, and classified four families, six genera, for a total of 58 species â plus the extinct
1799:
Chaetognaths were thought possibly to be related to some of the animals grouped with the
6442:
4283:
4228:
3948:
3929:
3913:
3849:
Chen JY, Huang DY (October 2002). "A possible Lower Cambrian chaetognath (arrow worm)".
3817:
3757:
3580:
3523:
3457:
3411:
3353:
3304:
3252:
3222:(select Margulis & Schwartz in 'Classification by')âlast retrieved November 25, 2006
3084:
3021:
2893:
2852:
2797:
2751:
2714:
2656:
2593:
2447:
7210:
7155:
7145:
6987:
6801:
6753:
6666:
6641:
6636:
6616:
6611:
6514:
6504:
6095:
5891:
5803:
5781:
5744:
5235:
5105:
4836:
4751:
4627:
4247:
4212:
4032:
4007:
3774:
3741:
3717:
3690:
3370:
3337:
3152:
3127:
3040:
3005:
2816:
2785:
2478:
2054:
2029:
1884:
1846:
1566:
1427:
1231:
1159:
1104:
1025:
758:
734:
521:
323:
4326:
3126:
Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Le Parco, Yannick; Liu, Shenglin; Peijnenburg, Katja TCA (2017).
3103:
3064:
7663:
7290:
6934:
6919:
6881:
6806:
6742:
6728:
6676:
6671:
6585:
6574:
6569:
6549:
6544:
6519:
6240:
6144:
5643:
5115:
5085:
4970:
4965:
4692:
4669:
4606:
4576:
4571:
3675:
2917:
1905:
1892:
1813:
1808:
1764:
1752:
1377:
1037:
1029:
870:
Chaetognaths are found in all world's oceans, from the poles to tropics, and also in
831:
782:
296:
71:
7303:
4392:. In: Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 7(3), April 2019, pp. 304â315.
4299:
4184:
3606:
3549:
2680:
2629:
2510:
1901:, classified as a true primitive chaetognath in a separate class, Archisagittoidea.
1831:
The first known description of a chaetognath has been published by Dutch naturalist
7532:
7130:
7125:
7100:
7065:
6992:
6861:
6735:
6696:
6681:
6656:
6651:
6596:
6529:
6346:
6341:
6229:
6085:
5971:
5857:
5760:
5609:
5560:
5516:
5497:
5110:
5005:
4932:
4859:
4756:
4732:
4581:
4506:
4476:
4471:
4461:
2463:
1977:
being the Greek name for one of the three Fates whose attribute was a spindle, and
1956:
1888:
1779:
1679:
1626:
1033:
938:
888:
766:
647:
592:
459:
317:
272:
3878:
3199:
3069:
is highly reduced and reveals that chaetognaths are a sister group to protostomes"
2723:
2698:
4237:
4100:
4085:
Darwin, C. "Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the Genus Sagitta."
2901:
493:
in 1775. As of 2021, biologists recognize 133 modern species assigned to over 26
7566:
7489:
7350:
7270:
7185:
7160:
7105:
7080:
7002:
6997:
6962:
6952:
6646:
6559:
6307:
6278:
6264:
6254:
5839:
5655:
5568:
5350:
5075:
5060:
5010:
4875:
4699:
4496:
4491:
4446:
3742:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
3465:
3338:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
1936:
1880:
1804:
1788:
1657:
1550:
1389:
1189:
911:
904:
880:
798:
690:
643:
638:
Chaetognaths have two compound eyes, each consisting of a number of pigment-cup
501:. Despite the limited diversity of species, the number of individuals is large.
439:
303:
177:
46:
7480:
4008:"Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: Evidence from predator arrow worms"
3799:"A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans"
3765:
3496:(select Cavalier-Smith in 'Classification by')âlast retrieved November 25, 2006
3361:
3234:"A new spiralian phylogeny places the enigmatic arrow worms among gnathiferans"
2806:
2759:
2030:"Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms"
1883:
of Chaetognatha begins in 1911 with Ritter-ZĂĄhony and is later consolidated by
922:, and they are used as a hydrological indicator of currents and water masses.
721:. An additional caudal fin covers the post-anal tail. Two chaetognath species,
7218:
7180:
7110:
7090:
7085:
7070:
7040:
7012:
6967:
6957:
6929:
6924:
6866:
6841:
6534:
6509:
6404:
6389:
6384:
6365:
6360:
6288:
6235:
6205:
6197:
6139:
6013:
6005:
5988:
5768:
5680:
5633:
5573:
5535:
5509:
5355:
5340:
4960:
4897:
4826:
4818:
4616:
4611:
4556:
4378:
with a krill in its gut from the Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute
3826:
3589:
3564:
3532:
3507:
3420:
3395:
3313:
3261:
2860:
2697:
Daponte, M.C; Capitanio, F.L; Nahabedian, D.E; Viñas, M.D; Negri, R.M (2004).
2602:
2577:
2525:
2255:
Pauly, Daniel; Liang, Cui; Xian, Weiwei; Chu, Elaine; Bailly, Nicolas (2021).
1803:. The conodonts themselves, however, have been shown to be dental elements of
1774:
1694:
1282:
1174:
971:
935:
900:
713:. Unlike those of vertebrates, these lateral fins are composed of a thickened
686:
671:
627:
513:
213:
91:
56:
7261:
2909:
2672:
2394:
2353:
1991:, the first author of the 1967 article). On a photograph, one of the viruses
540:
Chaetognaths are transparent or translucent dart-shaped animals covered by a
7135:
7115:
7007:
6886:
6821:
6811:
6796:
6791:
6772:
6524:
6370:
6317:
6312:
6283:
6272:
6221:
6216:
6168:
6080:
6073:
5867:
5862:
5824:
5673:
5665:
5594:
5546:
5467:
5454:
5435:
5430:
5389:
5030:
5015:
4955:
4937:
4917:
4892:
4853:
4841:
4681:
4120:
3862:
3638:
3621:
3565:"Chaetognath phylogenomics: a protostome with deuterostome-like development"
3093:
2981:
2964:
2385:
2344:
2006:
1845:, is from 1827. Among the early zoologists describing arrow worms, there is
1570:
1562:
1546:
1402:
1364:
1339:
1144:
930:
875:
822:
746:
517:
203:
190:
164:
144:
96:
17:
4334:
4291:
4256:
4041:
4023:
3957:
3938:
3870:
3835:
3783:
3726:
3707:
3647:
3598:
3541:
3473:
3429:
3379:
3322:
3270:
3161:
3112:
3049:
2990:
2825:
2621:
2502:
2063:
2045:
7506:
3508:"Broad taxon and gene sampling indicate that chaetognaths are protostomes"
2548:
2494:
1744:
Period. Complete body fossils have been formally described from the Lower
609:
114:
7474:
7255:
7190:
7170:
7165:
7140:
7120:
7095:
7060:
7050:
7045:
6876:
6851:
6831:
6491:
6394:
6378:
6301:
6293:
6248:
6211:
6192:
6181:
6163:
6157:
6018:
5959:
5935:
5832:
5713:
5602:
5486:
5377:
5368:
5274:
5080:
4786:
4745:
4727:
4501:
4438:
4429:
4272:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences
4006:
Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoisé, E.; Hu, S.-X; Casanova, J.-P (2007).
3213:
Systema Naturae 2000 Taxon: Phylum Chaetognatha per Margulis and Schwartz
3143:
3030:
2963:
Papillon, Daniel; Perez, Yvan; Caubit, Xavier; Le Parco, Yannick (2004).
2002:
1949:
1909:
1897:
1820:
1800:
1745:
1741:
1414:
1327:
1312:
1297:
1131:
1059:
1045:
1024:
The evolutionary relationships of chaetognaths have long been enigmatic.
896:
892:
871:
742:
679:
631:
544:. They range in length between 1.5 mm to 105 mm in the Antarctic species
475:
451:
443:
223:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
3797:
Marlétaz F, Peijnenburg KT, Goto T, Satoh N, Rokhsar DS (January 2019).
2408:
Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
2273:
2256:
7558:
7195:
7175:
6871:
6846:
6836:
6826:
6782:
6719:
6354:
6330:
6322:
6259:
6173:
5993:
5980:
5913:
5904:
5849:
5774:
5140:
5070:
4947:
4686:
2664:
2432:
Haddock SH, Case JF (20 January 1994). "A bioluminescent chaetognath".
1904:
Chaetognaths were for a while considered as belonging or affine to the
1536:
986:
982:
899:. 58% of known species are pelagic, while about a third of species are
884:
794:
790:
706:
584:
541:
471:
455:
101:
76:
7571:
7355:
5156:
3128:"Extreme Mitogenomic Variation in Natural Populations of Chaetognaths"
2612:
7035:
7027:
6896:
6399:
6133:
5423:
5333:
5320:
5191:
5188:
4802:
4773:
2455:
2305:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 1046â1050.
1973:
1040:
and K. V. Schwartz placed chaetognaths in the deuterostomes in their
943:
770:
694:
675:
639:
564:
551:
486:. They range in size from 2 to 120 millimetres (0.1 to 4.7 in).
435:
154:
7232:
3004:
Formaggioni, Alessandro; Luchetti, Andrea; Plazzi, Federico (2021).
2578:"Phylogeny: The Continuing Classificatory Conundrum of Chaetognaths"
595:
near the anterior end. Materials are moved about the body cavity by
570:
4175:
4158:
3396:"Spiralian phylogeny informs the evolution of microscopic lineages"
2326:
Grigor, Jordan J.; Schmid, Moritz S.; Fortier, Louis (2017-11-01).
2028:
Vannier J, Steiner M, Renvoisé E, Hu SX, Casanova JP (March 2007).
7342:
6944:
6816:
3487:
Systema Naturae 2000 Taxon: Phylum Chaetognatha per Cavalier-Smith
1923:
1913:
1835:
in the 1770s; he also coined the name "arrow worm". The zoologist
1009:
990:
961:
835:
774:
745:. Muscles are directly excitable by electrical currents or strong
608:
596:
569:
531:
509:
494:
467:
463:
830:. Eggs usually hatch after 1-3 days. Chaetognaths do not undergo
7545:
6982:
6474:
5120:
1887:
in 1965 and Robert Bieri in 1991. Tokioka introduced the orders
978:
827:
814:
The eggs are mostly planktonic, except in a few species such as
762:
749:
solutions; the main neuromuscular transmitter is acetylcholine.
588:
7236:
6446:
5452:
5160:
4402:
1856:
and in 1844 dedicated a paper to them. In the following year,
1539:
tree of life, when considered the sister group of Gnathifera.
504:
Arrow worms are strictly related to and possibly belonging to
401:
354:
7329:
2173:
Perez, Yvan; MĂŒller, Carsten H.G.; Harzsch, Steffen (2021).
1928:
Comparison of size between various viruses and the bacteria
626:
The nervous system is reasonably simple and shows a typical
419:
375:
4398:
3973:"New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths"
3620:
Papillon D, Perez Y, Caubit X, Le Parco Y (November 2004).
1819:
that chaetognaths were important components of the oceanic
929:, preying on other planktonic animals, mostly copepods and
378:
372:
2740:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
407:
363:
2420:
EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
489:
Chaetognaths were first recorded by the Dutch naturalist
416:
410:
366:
4211:
Shinn GL, Bullard BL (2018-09-19). San Martin C (ed.).
4012:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2034:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
910:
The highest density of chaetognaths is observed in the
567:, and the head is protected by a chitinous armature.
4390:
Specific mitochondrial ss-tRNAs in phylum Chaetognatha
4143:
Ritter-ZĂĄhony R. (1911) "Revision der Chaetognathan."
4197:
Bieri, Robert. "Systematics of the Chaetognatha." in
4163:
Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory
422:
413:
398:
369:
351:
4347:
Roxane-Marie Barthélémy, Eric Faure, Taichiro Goto:
883:, with a biomass ranging between 10 and 30% that of
470:. They are found in all marine waters, from surface
404:
360:
7464:
7245:
7208:
7026:
6943:
6895:
6780:
6771:
6718:
6490:
6123:
6004:
5979:
5970:
5946:
5924:
5889:
5848:
5823:
5816:
5801:
5753:
5726:
5711:
5664:
5642:
5622:
5593:
5586:
5559:
5544:
5533:
5496:
5465:
5388:
5349:
5318:
4998:
4946:
4874:
4817:
4772:
4668:
4590:
4534:
4436:
2784:Choo, Seohwi; Jeong, Man-Ki; Soh, Ho Young (2022).
395:
357:
122:Chaetognatha and some examples of their diversity.
2875:
1871:. He was also the first to propose that the genus
1867:The term "chaetognath" has been coined in 1856 by
1965:, whose maximum length is 3.1 ÎŒm, has been named
1036:due to deuterostome-like features in the embryo.
6759:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
3175:Bekkouche, Nicolas; GÄ
siorowski, Ludwik (2022).
2877:"Non-carnivorous feeding in Arctic chaetognaths"
826:, eggs develop in marsupial sacs or attached to
3073:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2418:"Photoreception". EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica from
2211:Bone Q, Kapp H, Pierrot-Bults AC, eds. (1991).
862:with the mouth. They swallow their prey whole.
2692:
2690:
2177:. In Schierwater, Bernd; DeSalle, Rob (eds.).
977:, which is 10,326 bp long). All mitochondrial
6458:
5172:
4414:
2179:Invertebrate Zoology: A Tree of Life Approach
2023:
2021:
1860:published an early anatomical description of
8:
4103:Anatomical and physiological observations on
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
574:The jaw organ of a chaetognath of the genus
2935:. Oxford University Press. pp. 55â60.
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
7233:
6777:
6715:
6487:
6483:
6465:
6451:
6443:
6120:
5976:
5952:
5928:
5897:
5820:
5813:
5809:
5732:
5723:
5719:
5648:
5626:
5619:
5590:
5556:
5552:
5541:
5530:
5502:
5473:
5462:
5449:
5361:
5326:
5315:
5179:
5165:
5157:
4880:
4674:
4421:
4407:
4399:
3336:Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (2017).
113:
31:
4246:
4236:
4174:
4159:"The Taxonomical Outline of Chaetognatha"
4031:
3947:
3937:
3825:
3773:
3716:
3706:
3637:
3588:
3531:
3419:
3369:
3312:
3260:
3151:
3102:
3092:
3039:
3029:
2980:
2815:
2805:
2722:
2611:
2601:
2576:Ball, Eldon E.; Miller, David J. (2006).
2547:
2384:
2343:
2272:
2261:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
2053:
1908:, but suspects of their affinities among
5517:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
941:to subdue prey, possibly synthesized by
820:that attaches eggs to the substrate. In
3284:Vinther, Jakob; Parry, Luke A. (2019).
2082:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2017:
1849:, who took notes about them during the
5511:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
5481:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
4145:Deutsche Sudpolar Expedition 1901â1903
4109:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
3894:Berliner PalÀobiologische Abhandlungen
2206:
2204:
1954:, and in 2003, for bacteria infecting
1557:places them in the protostomes in his
1549:shows that Chaetognatha are, in fact,
4388:Eric Fauré, Roxane-Marie Barthélémy:
3446:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2078:"Sagittoidea Claus and Grobben, 1905"
474:waters and shallow tide pools to the
7:
7621:9eb65278-2a1b-4799-a387-3d166a2b2c31
7405:761628c0-9718-4c8f-8f2f-9579a21b9969
5782:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
4147:. Band 13, Zoologie 5. Hft. 1: 1â72.
4061:. Haarlem: J. Bosch. pp. 46â48.
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
1787:Schram, has been described from the
3188:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1672:
1650:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1442:
1420:
1395:
1370:
1345:
1275:
1267:
1137:
1097:
1075:
1065:
1055:
5379:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
4385:â last retrieved December 13, 2006
3740:Fröbius AC, Funch P (April 2017).
1837:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
769:. Each animal possesses a pair of
674:, and therefore represents a true
642:fused together; some deep-sea and
25:
7685:Extant Cambrian first appearances
3689:Harzsch S, MĂŒller CH (May 2007).
709:of fish, with which they are not
454:; however about 20% of the known
6423:Phyla with â„1000 extant species
4525:
3995:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3914:"A giant stem-group chaetognath"
3676:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00189.x
834:nor they possess a well-defined
583:The mouth opens into a muscular
391:
347:
131:
3626:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2969:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2535:Journal of Experimental Biology
1823:already in the Early Cambrian.
805:before copulation, for example
781:where they are packaged into a
773:within the tail, and a pair of
5610:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
2703:ICES Journal of Marine Science
442:that are a major component of
1:
4457:High lipid content microalgae
4327:10.1016/S0040-8166(03)00055-7
3981:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3200:10.1080/14772019.2022.2109217
3065:"The mitochondrial genome of
2724:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.03.006
2367:Pond, David W. (2012-06-01).
516:that do not belong to either
446:worldwide. Commonly known as
6222:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
4238:10.1371/journal.pone.0203282
3132:Genome Biology and Evolution
2902:10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102388
2373:Journal of Plankton Research
2332:Journal of Plankton Research
1763:Hu) and the Middle Cambrian
989:genes are also missing. The
801:are known to have elaborate
670:The body cavity is lined by
6279:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
6019:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
5834:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
5745:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
5634:Loricifera (corset animals)
5056:Fish diseases and parasites
4567:Photosynthetic picoplankton
4199:The biology of chaetognaths
3466:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.017
2933:The Biology of chaetognaths
2213:The Biology of Chaetognaths
1048:or unique to Chaetognatha.
753:Reproduction and life cycle
622:Nervous and sensory systems
7711:
7690:Taxa named by Karl Grobben
6169:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
5915:Annelida (segmented worms)
5740:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
5656:Onychophora (velvet worms)
5046:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
4547:Heterotrophic picoplankton
4055:Slabber, Martinus (1778).
3766:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
3492:November 27, 2005, at the
3362:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
3218:November 27, 2005, at the
2841:Limnology and Oceanography
2807:10.3897/zookeys.1106.80184
2760:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.08.009
2301:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
2181:. CRC Press. p. 231.
2175:"Chapter 15: Chaetognatha"
1920:Infection by giant viruses
613:Anatomy of a chaetognath (
6714:
6486:
6482:
6477:phyla/divisions by domain
6419:
6217:Asterozoans inc. starfish
6119:
6112:
6063:
6014:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
5995:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
5955:
5931:
5900:
5840:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
5812:
5735:
5722:
5651:
5629:
5618:
5569:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
5555:
5529:
5505:
5476:
5461:
5448:
5413:
5364:
5341:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
5329:
5314:
5198:
5101:Marine primary production
4883:
4677:
4523:
4383:Chaetognatha of the World
3827:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042
3590:10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.016
3533:10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.017
3421:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068
3314:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.052
3262:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042
2861:10.4319/lo.1980.25.2.0317
2603:10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.006
1984:Megaklothovirus horridgei
1807:. It is now thought that
1770:Capinatator praetermissus
1757:Eognathacantha ercainella
1692:
1677:
1670:
1655:
1648:
1624:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1462:
1447:
1440:
1425:
1418:
1400:
1393:
1375:
1368:
1350:
1343:
1325:
1310:
1295:
1280:
1273:
1229:
1187:
1172:
1157:
1142:
1135:
1117:
1102:
1095:
1080:
1073:
1063:
724:Caecosagitta macrocephala
630:anatomy, consisting of a
558:Head and digestive system
285:
280:
128:Scientific classification
126:
121:
112:
34:
5775:Rotifera (wheel animals)
5574:Priapulida (penis worms)
5021:Algal nutrient solutions
4763:Thalassiosira pseudonana
4635:Flavobacterium columnare
4622:Enteric redmouth disease
4157:Tokioka, Takasi (1965).
2882:Progress in Oceanography
2009:are exceptionally rare.
1785:Paucijaculum samamithion
6687:Thermodesulfobacteriota
5989:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
5961:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
5682:Tardigrada (waterbears)
5675:Arthropoda (arthropods)
5041:Diel vertical migration
4557:Microphyte (microalgae)
4542:Eukaryotic picoplankton
4487:Paradox of the plankton
4121:10.1080/037454809496523
3863:10.1126/science.1075059
3094:10.1073/pnas.0400941101
2483:The Biological Bulletin
2217:Oxford University Press
916:diel vertical migration
737:organs on their fins.
6164:Anthozoans inc. corals
5863:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
4903:Gelatinous zooplankton
4376:Pseudosagitta gazellae
4292:10.1098/rspb.1967.0072
4024:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761
3939:10.1126/sciadv.adi6678
3708:10.1186/1742-9994-4-14
3179:Amiskwia sagittiformis
2477:Thuesen EV, Goetz FE,
2046:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761
1932:
1016:
981:genes are absent. The
618:
580:
547:Pseudosagitta gazellae
537:
27:Phylum of marine worms
7426:Paleobiology Database
6915:Neocallimastigomycota
6294:Hexapods inc. insects
5604:Nematoda (roundworms)
5096:Marine microorganisms
4866:Velvet (fish disease)
4601:Aeromonas salmonicida
4467:Marine microorganisms
3971:Szaniawski H (2002).
3746:Nature Communications
3639:10.1093/molbev/msh229
3342:Nature Communications
2982:10.1093/molbev/msh229
2549:10.1242/jeb.163.1.119
2495:10.1086/BBLv219n2p100
2386:10.1093/plankt/fbs027
2345:10.1093/plankt/fbx045
1968:Klothovirus casanovai
1945:Adhesisagitta hispida
1927:
1767:of British Columbia (
1759:Chen & Huang and
1555:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
1015:and GÄ
siorowski 2022.
1013:
967:Spadella cephaloptera
925:All chaetognaths are
859:Spadella cephaloptera
615:Spadella cephaloptera
612:
573:
535:
42:Lower CambrianâRecent
6580:Coprothermobacterota
5487:Chordata (chordates)
4848:Pfiesteria piscicida
4648:Marine bacteriophage
4552:Marine microplankton
4099:Krohn, M.A. (1845).
4087:Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
3695:Frontiers in Zoology
3664:Invertebrate Biology
3031:10.3390/life11070663
2303:Invertebrate Zoology
1761:Protosagitta spinosa
1535:Chaetognaths in the
956:Mitochondrial genome
462:, and can attach to
5937:Mollusca (molluscs)
5422:of the animal root
5091:Ocean acidification
5026:Artificial seawater
4793:Coscinodiscophyceae
4659:Streptococcus iniae
4642:Pelagibacter ubique
4284:1967RSPSB.168..413H
4229:2018PLoSO..1303282S
4105:Sagitta bipunctata"
3930:2024SciA...10I6678P
3818:2019CBio...29E.312M
3758:2017NatCo...8....9F
3581:2006CBio...16.R577M
3524:2006CBio...16.R575M
3458:2016MolPE..96...79S
3412:2015CBio...25.2000L
3354:2017NatCo...8....9F
3305:2019CBio...29E.881V
3253:2019CBio...29E.312M
3085:2004PNAS..10110639H
3079:(29): 10639â10643.
3022:2021Life...11..663F
2894:2020PrOce.18602388G
2853:1980LimOc..25..317S
2798:2022ZooK.1106..165C
2752:2010DSRII..57...96K
2715:2004ICJMS..61..680D
2657:1982MarBi..71..193T
2594:2006CBio...16.R593B
2448:1994Natur.367..225H
2274:10.3390/jmse9121397
947:bacterial species.
817:Ferosagitta hispida
717:extending from the
7695:Gnathifera (clade)
6910:Blastocladiomycota
6150:Calcareous sponges
5335:Porifera (sponges)
3144:10.1093/gbe/evx090
3067:Paraspadella gotoi
2665:10.1007/BF00394629
2524:Jordan CE (1992).
1933:
1862:Sagitta bipunctata
1858:August David Krohn
1842:Sagitta bipunctata
1749:Maotianshan shales
1017:
996:Paraspadella gotoi
964:of the arrow worm
808:Paraspadella gotoi
619:
581:
538:
450:, they are mostly
7657:
7656:
7629:Open Tree of Life
7413:Open Tree of Life
7239:Taxon identifiers
7230:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7204:
7203:
6767:
6766:
6710:
6709:
6702:Verrucomicrobiota
6440:
6439:
6415:
6414:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5582:
5581:
5525:
5524:
5444:
5443:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5154:
5153:
4994:
4993:
4981:Siphonostomatoida
4976:Poecilostomatoida
4928:Crustacean larvae
4832:Choanoflagellates
4813:
4812:
4803:Bacillariophyceae
4798:Fragilariophyceae
4717:Emiliania huxleyi
4562:Nanophytoplankton
4482:Milky seas effect
4315:Tissue & Cell
4278:(1013): 413â419.
4076:1827, 10, 225â239
4018:(1610): 627â633.
3812:(2): 312â318.e3.
3406:(15): 2000â2006.
3299:(5): 881â888.e1.
3247:(2): 312â318.e3.
2975:(11): 2122â2129.
2942:978-0-19-857715-7
2792:(1106): 165â211.
2588:(15): R593âR596.
2442:(6460): 225â226.
2312:978-0-03-056747-6
2226:978-0-19-857715-7
2188:978-1-4822-3582-1
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1637:
1636:
1543:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
975:Mnemiopsis leidyi
845:Sagitta friderici
803:courtship rituals
730:Eukrohnia fowleri
715:basement membrane
689:are derived from
654:cells; only some
340:
339:
276:
255:
16:(Redirected from
7702:
7680:Protostome phyla
7650:
7649:
7637:
7636:
7624:
7623:
7614:
7613:
7601:
7600:
7588:
7587:
7575:
7574:
7562:
7561:
7549:
7548:
7536:
7535:
7523:
7522:
7510:
7509:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7457:
7456:
7444:
7443:
7434:
7433:
7421:
7420:
7408:
7407:
7398:
7397:
7385:
7384:
7372:
7371:
7359:
7358:
7346:
7345:
7333:
7332:
7320:
7319:
7307:
7306:
7294:
7293:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7234:
6978:Anthocerotophyta
6857:Hemimastigophora
6778:
6749:Nitrososphaerota
6716:
6692:Thermomicrobiota
6632:Kiritimatiellota
6627:Ignavibacteriota
6592:Deferribacterota
6555:Campylobacterota
6540:Bdellovibrionota
6488:
6484:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6444:
6121:
6077:
5977:
5953:
5929:
5898:
5894:
5821:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5733:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5649:
5627:
5620:
5591:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5503:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5450:
5427:
5362:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5227:
5207:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5158:
4908:Hunting copepods
4881:
4706:Chaetocerotaceae
4675:
4592:Bacterioplankton
4529:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4400:
4362:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4240:
4208:
4202:
4201:(1991): 122â136.
4195:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4154:
4148:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4115:(106): 289â304.
4096:
4090:
4083:
4077:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3977:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3941:
3918:Science Advances
3908:
3902:
3901:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3803:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3592:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3535:
3503:
3497:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3290:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3238:
3229:
3223:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3185:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3138:(6): 1374â1384.
3123:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3096:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2879:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2781:
2764:
2763:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2615:
2605:
2573:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2456:10.1038/367225a0
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2252:
2231:
2230:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2170:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2040:(1610): 627â33.
2025:
1998:Escherichia coli
1833:Martinus Slabber
1811:elements (e.g.,
1673:
1651:
1612:Heterokrohniidae
1605:
1598:
1590:
1443:
1421:
1396:
1371:
1346:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1138:
1098:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1050:
927:ambush predators
920:oceanic currents
761:, carrying both
757:All species are
601:Eukrohnia hamata
491:Martinus Slabber
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
267:
250:
136:
135:
117:
107:
106:
43:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7645:
7640:
7632:
7627:
7619:
7617:
7609:
7604:
7596:
7591:
7583:
7578:
7570:
7565:
7557:
7552:
7544:
7539:
7531:
7526:
7518:
7513:
7505:
7503:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7460:
7452:
7447:
7439:
7437:
7429:
7424:
7416:
7411:
7403:
7401:
7393:
7388:
7380:
7375:
7367:
7362:
7354:
7349:
7341:
7336:
7328:
7323:
7315:
7310:
7302:
7297:
7289:
7284:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7241:
7231:
7222:
7200:
7151:Gnathostomulida
7056:Xenacoelomorpha
7022:
7018:Flowering plant
6973:Marchantiophyta
6939:
6905:Chytridiomycota
6891:
6763:
6706:
6662:Planctomycetota
6622:Gemmatimonadota
6607:Elusimicrobiota
6500:Acidobacteriota
6478:
6471:
6441:
6436:
6411:
6337:Phylactolaemata
6125:
6115:
6114:
6100:
6091:Xenambulacraria
6067:
6023:
6000:
5966:
5948:Kryptotrochozoa
5942:
5920:
5890:
5877:
5868:Monoblastozoa (
5844:
5802:
5789:
5761:Micrognathozoa
5749:
5712:
5687:
5660:
5638:
5614:
5578:
5545:
5534:
5521:
5492:
5466:
5457:
5440:
5417:
5401:
5384:
5353:
5345:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5225:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5155:
5150:
5081:Marine mucilage
5036:Biological pump
4990:
4942:
4913:Ichthyoplankton
4870:
4837:Dinoflagellates
4809:
4768:
4739:Nannochloropsis
4723:Eustigmatophyte
4711:Coccolithophore
4664:
4586:
4530:
4521:
4452:CLAW hypothesis
4432:
4427:
4370:
4365:
4346:
4342:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4223:(9): e0203282.
4210:
4209:
4205:
4196:
4192:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3924:(1): eadi6678.
3910:
3909:
3905:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3806:Current Biology
3801:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3569:Current Biology
3562:
3561:
3557:
3512:Current Biology
3505:
3504:
3500:
3494:Wayback Machine
3485:
3481:
3444:Hemirotifera".
3442:
3441:
3437:
3400:Current Biology
3392:
3391:
3387:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3293:Current Biology
3288:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3241:Current Biology
3236:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3220:Wayback Machine
3211:
3207:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2943:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2783:
2782:
2767:
2746:(1â2): 96â110.
2737:
2736:
2732:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2582:Current Biology
2575:
2574:
2557:
2528:Sagitta elegans
2523:
2522:
2518:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2282:
2254:
2253:
2234:
2227:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2172:
2171:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2015:
1989:Adrian Horridge
1987:(in tribute to
1922:
1869:Rudolf Leuckart
1829:
1798:
1791:biota from the
1738:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1638:
1584:
1567:lophotrochozoan
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1353:Xenacoelomorpha
1252:
1243:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1083:Gnathostomulida
1022:
1008:
958:
953:
868:
854:
779:seminal vesicle
755:
703:
685:The arrow worm
668:
666:Internal organs
624:
560:
530:
394:
390:
350:
346:
266:
249:
130:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
41:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7708:
7706:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7662:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7638:
7625:
7615:
7602:
7589:
7576:
7563:
7550:
7537:
7524:
7511:
7501:
7486:
7470:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7445:
7435:
7422:
7409:
7399:
7386:
7373:
7360:
7347:
7334:
7321:
7308:
7295:
7282:
7267:
7251:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7216:
7214:
7211:Incertae sedis
7206:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7156:Micrognathozoa
7153:
7148:
7146:Acanthocephala
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7032:
7030:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6988:Lycopodiophyta
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6949:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6802:Ancyromonadida
6799:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6754:Thermoproteota
6751:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6724:
6722:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6667:Pseudomonadota
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6642:Mycoplasmatota
6639:
6637:Lentisphaerota
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6617:Fusobacteriota
6614:
6612:Fibrobacterota
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6515:Armatimonadota
6512:
6507:
6505:Actinomycetota
6502:
6496:
6494:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6447:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6302:Platyhelminths
6298:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6129:
6127:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6096:Centroneuralia
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5901:
5895:
5892:Lophotrochozoa
5887:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5865:
5860:
5854:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5829:
5827:
5818:
5807:
5804:Platytrochozoa
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5766:
5763:(Limnognathia)
5757:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5717:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5624:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5599:
5597:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5550:
5539:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:(Triploblasts)
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5375:
5373:and relatives)
5365:
5359:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5330:
5324:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:Mesomycetozoea
5297:
5292:
5282:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5236:Diaphoretickes
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5161:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Pseudoplankton
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4999:Related topics
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4948:Copepod orders
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
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4878:
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4863:
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4851:
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4808:
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4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4752:Prasinophyceae
4749:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4628:Flavobacterium
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
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4509:
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4433:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4380:
4369:
4368:External links
4366:
4364:
4363:
4340:
4305:
4262:
4203:
4190:
4176:10.5134/175381
4169:(5): 335â357.
4149:
4136:
4126:
4091:
4089:1844, 13, 1â6.
4078:
4074:Ann. Sci. Nat.
4064:
4047:
3998:
3988:(3): 405â419.
3963:
3903:
3884:
3841:
3789:
3732:
3681:
3653:
3632:(11): 2122â9.
3612:
3575:(15): R577-8.
3555:
3518:(15): R575-6.
3498:
3479:
3435:
3385:
3328:
3276:
3224:
3205:
3167:
3118:
3055:
2996:
2948:
2941:
2923:
2866:
2847:(2): 317â326.
2831:
2765:
2730:
2709:(4): 680â686.
2686:
2651:(2): 193â196.
2645:Marine Biology
2635:
2555:
2542:(1): 119â137.
2516:
2469:
2424:
2411:
2400:
2379:(6): 443â453.
2359:
2338:(6): 910â929.
2318:
2311:
2280:
2232:
2225:
2200:
2187:
2094:
2069:
2016:
2014:
2011:
1921:
1918:
1885:Takasi Tokioka
1851:voyage of the
1847:Charles Darwin
1828:
1825:
1795:of Illinois.
1773:.) A Cambrian
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
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1721:
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1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:Lophotrochozoa
1424:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
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1259:
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1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:Platytrochozoa
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:Acanthocephala
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:Micrognathozoa
1101:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1026:Charles Darwin
1021:
1018:
1007:
1004:
957:
954:
952:
949:
867:
864:
853:
850:
759:hermaphroditic
754:
751:
735:bioluminescent
702:
699:
667:
664:
623:
620:
559:
556:
529:
526:
522:Lophotrochozoa
338:
337:
336:
335:
327:
324:Protoconodonta
320:
315:
312:Eognathacantha
307:
299:
294:
283:
282:
278:
277:
261:
257:
256:
244:
240:
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234:
227:
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221:
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207:
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138:
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123:
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118:
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109:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
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70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
44:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7707:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
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7683:
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7678:
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7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7648:
7643:
7639:
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7616:
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7568:
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7512:
7508:
7502:
7497:
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7471:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7455:
7450:
7446:
7442:
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7432:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7378:
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7370:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7352:
7348:
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7339:
7335:
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7326:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7283:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7263:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7235:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7197:
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7182:
7179:
7177:
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7169:
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7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
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7149:
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7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6935:Basidiomycota
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6920:Glomeromycota
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6882:Stramenopiles
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:Apusomonadida
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6743:Nanoarchaeota
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6729:Euryarchaeota
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6677:Spirochaetota
6675:
6673:
6672:Rhodothermota
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6602:Dictyoglomota
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6586:Cyanobacteria
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6575:Chrysiogenota
6573:
6571:
6570:Chloroflexota
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:Calditrichota
6548:
6546:
6545:Caldisericota
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6520:Atribacterota
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6468:
6463:
6461:
6456:
6454:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6432:
6431:dubious phyla
6428:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6230:Hemichordates
6227:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:Glass sponges
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6122:
6118:
6111:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:Deuterostomia
6084:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:of Bilateria
6071:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5905:Cycliophora (
5903:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5800:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5710:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:Panarthropoda
5641:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:Stramenopiles
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5226:(major groups
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5182:
5177:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Tychoplankton
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Microbial mat
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:Monstrilloida
4969:
4967:
4966:Harpacticoida
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Marine larvae
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4774:Diatom orders
4771:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4693:Bacteriastrum
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:Phytoplankton
4667:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Cyanobacteria
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Picoeukaryote
4575:
4573:
4572:Picobiliphyte
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4321:(5): 339â51.
4320:
4316:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3857:(5591): 187.
3856:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3670:(1): 77â104.
3669:
3665:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:(2): 100â11.
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:deuterostomes
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1893:Aphragmophora
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1814:Protohertzina
1810:
1809:protoconodont
1806:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1793:Pennsylvanian
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1777:chaetognath,
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1765:Burgess Shale
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:Yunnan, China
1750:
1747:
1743:
1736:Fossil record
1735:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1593:Chaetognatha
1592:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:Deuterostomia
1373:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Lynn Margulis
1035:
1034:embryologists
1031:
1030:deuterostomes
1027:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
969:
968:
963:
955:
950:
948:
946:
945:
940:
937:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
865:
863:
860:
851:
849:
847:
846:
840:
837:
833:
832:metamorphosis
829:
825:
824:
819:
818:
812:
810:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
784:
783:spermatophore
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
750:
748:
744:
738:
736:
732:
731:
726:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
665:
663:
659:
657:
653:
652:photoreceptor
649:
645:
641:
636:
633:
629:
621:
616:
611:
607:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
578:
572:
568:
566:
557:
555:
553:
549:
548:
543:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
480:polar regions
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:of predatory
437:
433:
427:
389:
383:
345:
334:
333:
328:
325:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:
308:
306:
305:
300:
298:
297:Aphragmophora
295:
293:
292:
287:
286:
284:
279:
274:
270:
265:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
120:
116:
111:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
33:
30:
19:
7670:Chaetognatha
7465:
7304:Chaetognatha
7291:Chaetognatha
7277:Chaetognatha
7247:Chaetognatha
7246:
7217:
7209:
7131:Orthonectida
7126:Gastrotricha
7101:Nematomorpha
7076:Chaetognatha
7075:
7066:Hemichordate
6993:Pteridophyta
6862:Malawimonada
6736:Korarchaeota
6697:Thermotogota
6682:Synergistota
6657:Nitrospirota
6652:Nitrospinota
6597:Deinococcota
6530:Bacteroidota
6429:Potentially
6424:
6377:
6353:
6347:Gymnolaemata
6342:Stenolaemata
6331:Ectoproctans
6329:
6300:
6271:
6247:
6241:Pterobranchs
6228:
6204:
6180:
6156:
6132:
6126:within phyla
6124:Major groups
5994:
5981:Bryozoa s.l.
5972:Lophophorata
5960:
5936:
5914:
5906:
5869:
5858:Orthonectida
5833:
5780:
5773:
5762:
5739:
5681:
5674:
5603:
5561:Scalidophora
5510:
5498:Ambulacraria
5485:
5398:(see belowâ)
5378:
5370:
5334:
5285:Opisthokonta
5111:Stromatolite
5006:Aeroplankton
4933:Salmon louse
4888:Chaetognatha
4887:
4860:Symbiodinium
4858:
4846:
4761:
4757:Raphidophyte
4744:
4737:
4733:Stramenopile
4715:
4698:
4691:
4657:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4599:
4582:Picoplankton
4507:Spring bloom
4477:Mycoplankton
4472:Meroplankton
4462:Holoplankton
4394:hal-02130653
4375:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4198:
4193:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4144:
4139:
4129:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4081:
4073:
4067:
4057:
4050:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3985:
3979:
3966:
3921:
3917:
3906:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3809:
3805:
3792:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3482:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3403:
3399:
3388:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3296:
3292:
3279:
3244:
3240:
3227:
3208:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3170:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3058:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2972:
2968:
2932:
2926:
2885:
2881:
2869:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2789:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2706:
2702:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2585:
2581:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2403:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2302:
2267:(12): 1397.
2264:
2260:
2212:
2192:. Retrieved
2178:
2085:. Retrieved
2072:
2037:
2033:
1996:
1993:M. horridgei
1992:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1957:Paraspadella
1955:
1952:cephaloptera
1948:
1944:
1943:) infecting
1940:
1934:
1929:
1903:
1896:
1889:Phragmophora
1878:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1852:
1840:
1830:
1812:
1797:
1784:
1780:Timorebestia
1778:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1739:
1693:
1680:Krohnittidae
1678:
1656:
1627:Eukrohniidae
1625:
1610:
1585:
1558:
1544:
1465:Chaetognatha
1464:
1463:
1448:
1426:
1401:
1376:
1351:
1326:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1230:
1188:
1173:
1158:
1143:
1120:Chaetognatha
1119:
1118:
1103:
1081:
1042:Five Kingdom
1041:
1023:
1001:
994:
974:
965:
959:
942:
939:tetrodotoxin
924:
909:
889:Canada Basin
869:
858:
855:
843:
841:
821:
815:
813:
806:
787:
756:
739:
728:
722:
704:
691:microtubules
684:
669:
660:
656:Eukhroniidae
648:lateral line
637:
632:ganglionated
625:
614:
605:
600:
582:
575:
561:
545:
539:
503:
488:
447:
440:marine worms
432:bristle-jaws
431:
388:chaetognaths
387:
344:Chaetognatha
343:
341:
332:Protosagitta
330:
318:Phragmophora
310:
302:
289:
275:, 1905
263:
247:Chaetognatha
246:
230:
220:(unranked):
210:(unranked):
197:
184:
171:
161:Subkingdom:
29:
18:Chaetognaths
7675:Planktology
7567:iNaturalist
7496:Sagittoidea
7490:Wikispecies
7466:Sagittoidea
7351:iNaturalist
7271:Wikispecies
7186:Brachiopoda
7161:Cycliophora
7106:Onychophora
7081:Kinorhyncha
7003:Ginkgophyta
6998:Cycadophyta
6963:Chlorophyta
6953:Glaucophyta
6647:Myxococcota
6565:Chlorobiota
6560:Chlamydiota
6405:Tusk shells
6390:Cephalopods
6361:Polychaetes
6308:Turbellaria
6289:Crustaceans
6265:Secernentea
6255:Chromadorea
6236:Acorn worms
6206:Echinoderms
6198:Vertebrates
6140:Demosponges
6074:is disputed
5536:Protostomia
5424:is disputed
5351:ParaHoxozoa
5076:Manta trawl
5061:Heterotroph
5011:Algaculture
4876:Zooplankton
4819:Flagellates
4700:Chaetoceros
4653:SAR11 clade
4512:Thin layers
4497:Planktology
4492:Planktivore
4447:Algal bloom
2087:February 8,
1937:giant virus
1881:systematics
1879:The modern
1805:vertebrates
1789:Mazon Creek
1658:Spadellidae
1559:Six Kingdom
1551:protostomes
1390:Protostomia
1190:Monogononta
931:cladocerans
912:photic zone
905:meiobenthic
881:zooplankton
799:Spadellidae
797:members of
687:rhabdomeres
644:troglobitic
593:diverticula
514:protostomes
448:arrow worms
304:Capinatator
264:Sagittoidea
214:Protostomia
178:ParaHoxozoa
35:Arrow worms
7664:Categories
7219:Parakaryon
7181:Entoprocta
7116:Arthropoda
7111:Tardigrada
7091:Priapulida
7086:Loricifera
7071:Echinoderm
7041:Ctenophora
7013:Gnetophyta
6968:Charophyta
6958:Rhodophyta
6930:Ascomycota
6925:Zygomycota
6867:Metamonada
6842:Euglenozoa
6827:Ciliophora
6535:Balneolota
6510:Aquificota
6385:Gastropods
6366:Clitellata
6273:Arthropods
6212:Sea lilies
6158:Cnidarians
6076:; see also
6006:Brachiozoa
5769:Syndermata
5728:Gnathifera
5426:; see also
5371:Trichoplax
5369:Placozoa (
5356:Planulozoa
5071:Macroalgae
5031:Autotrophs
4961:Cyclopoida
4898:Ctenophora
4827:Brevetoxin
4617:Cyanotoxin
4612:Cyanobiont
3016:(7): 663.
2888:: 102388.
2613:1885/26305
2479:Haddock SH
2215:. London:
2194:2023-08-14
2013:References
1941:Meelsvirus
1775:stem-group
1695:Sagittidae
1576:Gnathifera
1571:bilaterian
1563:ecdysozoan
1545:Molecular
1450:Gnathifera
1283:Ctenophora
1175:Bdelloidea
1070:Gnathifera
972:ctenophore
936:neurotoxin
901:epibenthic
887:. In the
711:homologous
701:Locomotion
672:peritoneum
628:protostome
506:Gnathifera
497:and eight
291:Ankalodous
237:Gnathifera
7136:Dicyemida
7008:Pinophyta
6887:Telonemia
6822:Cryptista
6812:Breviatea
6797:Amoebozoa
6792:Alveolata
6773:Eukaryote
6525:Bacillota
6371:Sipuncula
6318:Monogenea
6313:Trematoda
6284:Myriapods
6249:Nematodes
6193:Tunicates
6188:Lancelets
6182:Chordates
6174:Myxozoans
6081:Nephrozoa
6070:phylogeny
5870:Salinella
5825:Rouphozoa
5666:Tactopoda
5595:Nematoida
5547:Ecdysozoa
5468:Bilateria
5455:Bilateria
5436:Benthozoa
5431:Eumetazoa
5420:phylogeny
5390:Bilateria
5280:Amoebozoa
5258:Alveolata
5246:Cryptista
5221:Eukaryota
5016:Algal mat
4956:Calanoida
4938:Sea louse
4918:Jellyfish
4893:Ciguatera
4854:Saxitoxin
4842:Flagellum
4791:Classes:
4782:Centrales
4682:Auxospore
4374:Image of
3452:: 79â92.
2918:225636394
2910:0079-6611
2673:1432-1793
2395:0142-7873
2354:0142-7873
2007:metazoans
2003:ribosomes
1979:casanovai
1816:anabarica
1801:conodonts
1547:phylogeny
1403:Ecdysozoa
1365:Nephrozoa
1340:Bilateria
1145:Seisonida
1006:Phylogeny
876:estuarine
852:Behaviour
823:Eukrohnia
743:metazoans
719:epidermis
518:Ecdysozoa
430:(meaning
204:Nephrozoa
191:Bilateria
165:Eumetazoa
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
7504:BioLib:
7481:Q2356636
7475:Wikidata
7256:Wikidata
7196:Annelida
7191:Mollusca
7171:Phoronid
7166:Nemertea
7141:Rotifera
7121:Flatworm
7096:Nematoda
7061:Chordate
7051:Cnidaria
7046:Placozoa
6877:Rhizaria
6852:Haptista
6832:Cercozoa
6492:Bacteria
6395:Bivalves
6379:Molluscs
6355:Annelids
5714:Spiralia
5321:Animalia
5275:Amorphea
5253:Rhizaria
5241:Hacrobia
5231:Excavata
5216:Bacteria
4787:Pennales
4746:Navicula
4728:Frustule
4502:Red tide
4439:plankton
4430:Plankton
4360:Abstract
4358:, 2019,
4335:14517101
4300:86422882
4257:30231047
4217:PLOS ONE
4185:81053929
4101:"XXXI.â
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3990:Archived
3958:38170772
3949:10796117
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3871:12364798
3836:30639106
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3727:17511857
3648:15306659
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3162:28854623
3113:15249679
3050:34357035
2991:15306659
2826:36760822
2681:84519862
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2622:16890517
2511:14502203
2503:20972255
2064:17254986
1963:P. gotoi
1950:Spadella
1910:Spiralia
1898:Amiskwia
1821:food web
1746:Cambrian
1742:Cambrian
1582:Internal
1537:metazoan
1415:Spiralia
1328:Placozoa
1313:Cnidaria
1298:Porifera
1271:Metazoa
1132:Rotifera
1060:Spiralia
1046:Spiralia
1020:External
951:Genetics
897:sardines
893:mackerel
885:copepods
872:brackish
791:oviducts
707:fin rays
680:annelids
499:families
476:deep sea
472:tropical
452:nektonic
444:plankton
434:) are a
252:Leuckart
243:Phylum:
224:Spiralia
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
7634:5257446
7611:1421718
7559:7920181
7546:2773637
7262:Q192416
7176:Bryozoa
6872:Provora
6847:Jakobea
6837:Discoba
6783:Protist
6720:Archaea
6473:Extant
6400:Chitons
6323:Cestoda
6260:Enoplea
6134:Sponges
5907:Symbion
5850:Mesozoa
5290:Animals
5211:Archaea
5187:Extant
5141:MOCNESS
5051:f-ratio
4986:More...
4687:Axodine
4535:By size
4517:More...
4356:Biology
4280:Bibcode
4248:6145532
4225:Bibcode
4134:German)
4033:2197202
3926:Bibcode
3851:Science
3814:Bibcode
3775:5431905
3754:Bibcode
3718:1885248
3577:Bibcode
3520:Bibcode
3454:Bibcode
3408:Bibcode
3371:5431905
3350:Bibcode
3301:Bibcode
3249:Bibcode
3153:5470650
3081:Bibcode
3041:8303319
3018:Bibcode
2890:Bibcode
2849:Bibcode
2817:9848744
2794:Bibcode
2790:ZooKeys
2748:Bibcode
2711:Bibcode
2653:Bibcode
2590:Bibcode
2464:4362422
2444:Bibcode
2422:. 2009.
2055:2197202
2001:. Many
1930:E. coli
1873:Sagitta
1827:History
987:MT-ATP6
983:MT-ATP8
866:Ecology
795:benthic
775:ovaries
733:, have
585:pharynx
577:Sagitta
552:muscles
542:cuticle
528:Anatomy
460:benthic
456:species
281:Orders
273:Grobben
260:Class:
7618:NZOR:
7598:158655
7572:246116
7507:401558
7441:253505
7438:uBio:
7418:570366
7402:NZOR:
7382:158650
7356:151827
7036:Sponge
7028:Animal
6425:bolded
5268:Plants
5205:Domain
5189:animal
5136:AusCPR
5126:C-MORE
4437:About
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1853:Beagle
944:Vibrio
836:larval
771:testes
695:cilium
676:coelom
640:ocelli
565:chitin
495:genera
484:orange
436:phylum
271:&
254:, 1854
7642:WoRMS
7580:IRMNG
7533:62276
7449:WoRMS
7431:30727
7395:10229
7364:IRMNG
6945:Plant
6897:Fungi
6817:CRuMs
5587:N+L+P
5295:Fungi
5192:phyla
4296:S2CID
4181:S2CID
3993:(PDF)
3976:(PDF)
3875:S2CID
3802:(PDF)
3603:S2CID
3546:S2CID
3289:(PDF)
3237:(PDF)
3184:(PDF)
2914:S2CID
2677:S2CID
2626:S2CID
2507:S2CID
2460:S2CID
1959:gotoi
1914:mtDNA
991:mtDNA
962:mtDNA
828:algae
767:sperm
597:cilia
510:clade
468:rocks
464:algae
269:Claus
231:Clade
198:Clade
185:Clade
172:Clade
7647:5949
7606:NCBI
7593:ITIS
7585:1244
7554:GBIF
7515:BOLD
7454:2081
7390:NCBI
7377:ITIS
7338:GBIF
7330:1740
7312:BOLD
6983:Moss
6475:life
6068:The
5418:The
5146:SCAR
5121:Zoid
5066:HNLC
4354:In:
4331:PMID
4253:PMID
4038:PMID
3954:PMID
3867:PMID
3832:PMID
3780:PMID
3723:PMID
3644:PMID
3595:PMID
3538:PMID
3470:PMID
3426:PMID
3376:PMID
3319:PMID
3267:PMID
3158:PMID
3109:PMID
3046:PMID
3010:Life
2987:PMID
2937:ISBN
2906:ISSN
2822:PMID
2669:ISSN
2618:PMID
2499:PMID
2391:ISSN
2350:ISSN
2307:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2089:2012
2060:PMID
1891:and
985:and
979:tRNA
960:The
874:and
789:the
765:and
763:eggs
727:and
589:anus
554:.
508:, a
478:and
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458:are
342:The
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7541:EoL
7528:CoL
7369:237
7325:EoL
7299:AFD
7286:ADW
5925:M+K
5817:R+M
5754:M+S
5623:L+P
5131:CPR
4323:doi
4288:doi
4276:168
4243:PMC
4233:doi
4171:doi
4117:doi
4028:PMC
4020:doi
4016:274
3944:PMC
3934:doi
3859:doi
3855:298
3822:doi
3770:PMC
3762:doi
3713:PMC
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3668:129
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3077:101
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2886:186
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2802:doi
2756:doi
2719:doi
2661:doi
2608:hdl
2598:doi
2544:doi
2540:163
2491:doi
2487:219
2452:doi
2440:367
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2050:PMC
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367:ÉĄ
364:É
361:t
358:Ë
352:k
349:/
329:â
326:?
322:â
309:â
301:â
288:â
102:N
92:K
87:J
82:T
77:P
72:C
67:D
62:S
57:O
52:ê
20:)
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