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259:. This was essentially a pile of wooden logs (e.g. seasoned oak) leaning in a circle against a chimney. The chimney consisted of 4 wooden stakes held up by some rope. In the clamp too the logs were completely covered with soil and straw allowing no air to enter. It must be lit by introducing some burning fuel into the chimney. The logs burned slowly and transformed into charcoal over a period of 5 days. If the soil covering became torn or cracked by the fire, additional soil was placed on the cracks. Once the burn was complete, the chimney was plugged to prevent air from entering.
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981:, which is used extensively in the production of fireworks. It is usually ground into a fine powder, with air float grade being the finest particle size available commercially. When used in black powder compositions, it is often ball-milled with other ingredients so that they are intimately mixed together. Certain charcoals perform better when used to make black powder; these include spruce, willow, paulownia and grapevine among others. Charcoal produces fine dark orange/golden
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316:; small-scale production methods often yield only about 50% by volume, while large-scale methods enabled higher yields of about 90% by the 17th century. A strong disadvantage of this production method is the huge amount of emissions that are harmful to human health and the environment (emissions of unburnt methane). As a result of the partial combustion of wood material, the efficiency of the traditional method is low.
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805:; that is, the carbon is sufficiently pure that burning it causes substantially less air pollution than burning the original uncarbonized organic material would. In the 20th century, clean-air legislation mandated smokeless fuels (mostly coke or charcoal) in many areas of Europe. In the 21st century, charcoal has been advocated as a way to improve the health of people burning raw biomass for
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skilled professionals tasked with managing the delicate operation, often lived in isolation to tend their wood piles. Throughout history, the extensive production of charcoal has been a significant contributor to deforestation, particularly in regions like
Central Europe. However, various management practices, such as
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is important; according to J. Percy, wood becomes brown at 220 °C (430 °F), a deep brown-black after some time at 280 °C (540 °F), and an easily powdered mass at 310 °C (590 °F). Charcoal made at 300 °C (570 °F) is brown, soft and friable, and readily inflames
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practice. The bleaching action of the charcoal in solution diminishes as it adsorbs colored contaminants, and it must be reactivated periodically by separate washing and reheating. While wood charcoal effectively removes some pigments and contaminants from solutions, bone charcoal is generally more
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In the 16th century, England had to pass laws to prevent the country from becoming completely denuded of trees due to production of iron. In the 19th century charcoal was largely replaced by coke in steel production due to cost, even though coke usually adds sulphur and sometimes other deleterious
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is made by compressing sawdust without binders or additives. It is the preferred charcoal in Taiwan, Korea, Greece, and the Middle East. It has a round hole through the center, with a hexagonal intersection. It is used primarily for barbecue as it produces no odor, no smoke, little ash, high heat,
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is similar to common charcoal but is manufactured especially for medical use. To produce activated charcoal, common charcoal is heated to about 900 °C (1,700 °F) in the presence of an inert gas (usually argon or nitrogen), causing the charcoal to develop many internal spaces, or "pores",
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However, the production and utilization of charcoal can have adverse environmental impacts, including deforestation and emissions. Illegal and unregulated charcoal production, particularly in regions like South
America and Africa, poses significant challenges to environmental conservation efforts.
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Charcoal has been used since earliest times for a large range of purposes including art and medicine, but by far its most important use has been as a metallurgical fuel. Charcoal is the traditional fuel of a blacksmith's forge and other applications where an intense heat is required. Charcoal was
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is approximately 1,200 to 1,550 °C (2,190 to 2,820 °F). Due to its porosity, it is sensitive to the flow of air and the heat generated can be moderated by controlling the air flow to the fire. For this reason charcoal is still widely used by blacksmiths. Charcoal has been used for the
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Charcoal finds diverse applications, including metallurgical fuel in iron and steel production, industrial fuel, cooking and heating fuel, reducing agent in chemical processes, and as a raw material in pyrotechnics. It is also utilized in cosmetics, horticulture, animal husbandry, medicine, and
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The history of wood charcoal production spans ancient times, rooted in the abundance of wood in various regions. The process typically involves stacking wood billets to form a conical pile, allowing air to enter through openings at the bottom, and igniting the pile gradually. Charcoal burners,
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readily adsorbs a wide range of organic compounds dissolved or suspended in gases and liquids. In certain industrial processes, such as the purification of sucrose from cane sugar, impurities cause an undesirable color, which can be removed with activated charcoal. It is also used to absorb
1385:, argue that while illegal charcoal production causes deforestation, a regulated charcoal industry that required replanting and sustainable use of the forests "would give their people clean efficient energy – and their energy industries a strong competitive advantage".
273:
The true art of this production method was in managing the sufficient generation of heat, by combusting part of the wood material, and the transfer of the heat to the wood in the process of being carbonized. The operation was so delicate that it was generally left to
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Modern methods of charcoal production involve carbonizing wood in retorts, yielding higher efficiencies compared to traditional kilning methods. The properties of charcoal depend on factors such as the material charred and the temperature of carbonization.
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Modern methods employ retorting technology, in which process heat is recovered from, and solely provided by, the combustion of gas released during carbonization. Yields of retorting are considerably higher than those of kilning, and may reach 35%-40%.
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is obtained from the carbonization of sugar and is particularly pure. It is purified by boiling with acids to remove any mineral matter and is then burned for a long time in a current of chlorine to remove the last traces of hydrogen. It was used by
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is made by extruding either raw ground wood or carbonized wood into logs without the use of a binder. The heat and pressure of the extruding process hold the charcoal together. If the extrusion is made from raw wood material, the extruded
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The production of wood charcoal in locations where there is an abundance of wood dates back to ancient times. It generally began with piling billets of wood on their ends to form a conical pile. Openings were left at the bottom to admit
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resulting in severe environmental, social and medical problems. Charcoal production at a sub-industrial level is one of the causes of deforestation. Charcoal production is now usually illegal and nearly always unregulated, as in
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is often used to "tone" or cover large sections of a drawing surface. Drawing over the toned areas darkens it further, but the artist can also lighten (or completely erase) within the toned area to create lighter
1381:, illegal charcoal trade employs 92,800 workers and is the main source of heat and cooking fuel for 90 percent of the nation's population. Some experts, such as Duncan MacQueen, Principal Researcher–Forest Team,
1096:, but its use in this direction has now greatly diminished. Today it is seldom used for this purpose due to the introduction of more active and easily managed reagents, but it is still employed to some extent in
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Recent assessments of charcoal imported to Europe have shown that many charcoal products are produced from tropical wood, often of undeclared origin. In an analysis of barbecue charcoal marketed in
Germany, the
1066:. Activated charcoal is available without a prescription, so it is used for a variety of health-related applications. For example, it is often used to reduce discomfort and embarrassment due to excessive gas (
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through the reaction of sulfur vapors with hot charcoal. In that case, the wood should be charred at high temperature to reduce the residual amounts of hydrogen and oxygen that lead to side reactions.
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and/or heating. Modern "charcoal" briquettes, widely used for outdoor cooking, are made with charcoal but may also include coal as an energy source as well as accelerants, binders and filler.
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is obtained after drying and carbonization in an oven at elevated temperature. The role of charcoal in cosmetics is based on its highly effective absorbing properties at a microscopic scale.
106:, aimed to maintain a steady supply of wood for charcoal production. The scarcity of easily accessible wood resources eventually led to the transition to fossil fuel equivalents like coal.
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353:, which were cut and regrown cyclically, so that a steady supply of charcoal was available. But the increasing scarcity of easily harvested wood was a major factor behind the switch to
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was consumed in the past for gastric problems. Now it can be consumed in tablet, capsule, or powder form for digestive effects. Research regarding its effectiveness is controversial.
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Charcoal is also incorporated in multiple cosmetic products. It can be produced from regular bamboo cut into small pieces and boiled in water to remove soluble compounds. Raw
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Cheng, Zhilong; Yang, Jian; Zhou, Lang; Liu, Yan; Wang, Qiuwang (1 January 2016). "Characteristics of charcoal combustion and its effects on iron-ore sintering performance".
1318:, which may lead to indigestion, they learned to consume charcoal, which absorbs the cyanide and relieves discomfort. This knowledge is transmitted from mother to infant.
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contaminants to the pig iron. Wooded metallurgical regions devoid of coal like Sweden, the Urals, or
Siberia transitioned from charcoal in the early 20th century.
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removed during the charcoal making; it therefore produces almost no smell or smoke when burned. The traditional charcoal of Japan is classified into three types:
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404:. Tar production led to rapid local deforestation. The end of tar production at the end of the 19th century resulted in rapid re-forestation of affected areas.
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which help the activated charcoal to trap chemicals. Impurities on the surface of the charcoal are also removed during this process, greatly increasing its
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1580:"Roland.V. Siemons, Loek Baaijens, An Innovative Carbonization Retort: Technology and Environmental Impact, TERMOTEHNIKA, 2012, XXXVIII, 2, 131‡138 131"
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at 380 °C (720 °F); made at higher temperatures it is hard and brittle, and does not fire until heated to about 700 °C (1,300 °F).
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Production and utilization of charcoal, like any use of woody biomass as fuel, typically results in emissions and can contribute to deforestation.
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are made by compressing charcoal, typically made from sawdust and other wood by-products, with a binder and other additives. The binder is usually
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The massive production of charcoal (at its height employing hundreds of thousands, mainly in Alpine and neighbouring forests) was a major cause of
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2742:
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Gridneff, Ilya (2018). "Burning
Somalia's Future: The Illegal Charcoal Trade Between the Horn of Africa and the Gulf". In Verhoeven, Harry (ed.).
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and related industries, environmental consequences of the use and production of charcoal, and efforts toward sustainability; narrated in
English
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Charcoal under a microscope. Different colors correspond to different relief. Only a charred skeleton remains of the wood cells after charring.
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phosphates (80%) and other inorganic material originally present in the bones. It is generally manufactured from the residues obtained in the
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In times of scarce petroleum, automobiles and even buses have been converted to burn wood gas: a gas mixture consisting primarily of diluting
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Brooks, John K.; Bashirelahi, Nasir; Reynolds, Mark A. (7 June 2017). "Charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices: A literature review".
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1435:) features carefully drawn vignettes of the lives and the techniques of charcoal burners at the start of the 20th century, in the
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A concern that activated charcoal might be used unscrupulously to allow livestock to tolerate low quality feed contaminated with
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by grinding it up. In this form charcoal was important to early chemists and was a constituent of formulas for mixtures such as
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and compressed into sticks. The amount of binder determines the hardness of the stick. Compressed charcoal is used in charcoal
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Charcoal burns at temperatures exceeding 1,100 degrees
Celsius (2,010 degrees Fahrenheit). By comparison, the melting point of
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and other impurities that, together with the structure, determine the properties. The approximate composition of charcoal for
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found that most products contain tropical wood. As a notable exception, reference is made to barbecue charcoal imports from
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monkeys in Africa have been observed eating charcoal for self-medication. Because their leafy diets contain high levels of
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Certain types of charcoal, such as wood charcoal, are used for reducing heated metallic oxides to their respective metals:
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resulted in the
Association of American Feed Control Officials banning it in 2012 from use in commercial livestock feeds.
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Two charcoal pencils in paper sheaths that are unwrapped as the pencil is used, and two charcoal pencils in wooden sheaths
985:. Usually, powder with a mesh size from 10 to 325 is used to obtain showers of golden sparks in pyrotechnic compositions.
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2480:, the poverty of the laborers and their families, and the method of constructing and using a clamp for burning the wood.
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278:(professional charcoal burners). They often lived alone in small huts to tend their wood piles. For example, in the
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Charcoal can also be used to reduce super heated steam to hydrogen (along with the formation of carbon monoxide):
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1373:, where it is considered a primary threat to the survival of the mountain gorillas. Similar threats are found in
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785:. Charcoal briquettes can burn up to approximately 1,260 °C (2,300 °F) with a forced air blower forge.
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Ahmad, N; Isa, S.S.M.; Ramli, M.M.; Hambali, N.A.M.A.; Kasjoo, S.R.; Isa, M.M.; Nor, N.I.M.; Khalid, N. (2016).
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M. Kato1, D. M. DeMarini, A. B. Carvalho, M. A. V. Rego, A. V. Andrade1, A. S. V. Bonfim and D. Loomis (2004).
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materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this
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The
Chicken Health Handbook, 2nd Edition: A Complete Guide to Maximizing Flock Health and Dealing with Disease
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obtained by the dry distillation of bones. It contains only about 10% carbon, the remaining being calcium and
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mixtures. The syngas is typically used as fuel, including automotive propulsion, or as a chemical feedstock.
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Charcoal may be used as a source of carbon in chemical reactions. One example of this is the production of
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developed an automobile powered by charcoal, and these cars were popular in China until the 1950s, and in
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was first invented and patented by
Ellsworth B. A. Zwoyer of Pennsylvania in 1897 and was produced by the
1419:(2010) gives a good and long, if poetic, documentation of the traditional method of making charcoal. The
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Charcoal Making at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site in Pennsylvania - U.S. National Park Service
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is based on a Czech legend about a king who gets lost in a forest and is rescued by a charcoal burner.
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Passali, Desiderio (1984). "Experiences in the determination of nasal mucociliary transport time".
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temperature is also important. Charcoal contains varying amounts of hydrogen and oxygen as well as
463:, is extensively practiced where wood is scarce, and also for the recovery of valuable byproducts (
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248:. The firing began at the bottom of the flue, and the fire gradually spread outward and upward.
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2439:"Driving Destruction in the Amazon: How steel production is throwing the forest into the furnace"
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82:, the heat is supplied by burning part of the starting material itself, with a limited supply of
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O. To obtain a coal with high purity, source material should be free of non-volatile compounds.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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is an economic and environmental issue with significant regional-security implications.
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Like many other sources of carbon, charcoal can be used for the production of various
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1235:. The technique may find modern application, both to improve soils and as a means of
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formulas; however, there is no evidence to determine its safety and effectiveness.
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2573:"Market Analysis Barbecue Charcoal 2018 - The Dirty Business of Barbecue Charcoal"
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effective as an adsorption filter due to its increased porosity and surface area.
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1764:"The significance of Early Bronze Age iron objects from Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey"
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Prior to the Industrial Revolution, charcoal was occasionally used as a cooking
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1895:"Adsorption properties and potential applications of bamboo charcoal: A Review"
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industries. Its bleaching power was applied in 1812 by Derosne for clarifying
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The use of charcoal as a smelting fuel has been experiencing a resurgence in
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2316:"Brazil: Enslaved workers make charcoal used to make basic steel ingredient"
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and toxins in gaseous solutions, as in home air purifiers and some types of
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The properties of the charcoal produced depend on the material charred. The
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1486:(1644 – 1714), small coal merchant of London, noted for his singing voice.
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or the impossibility of increasing production to match growing demand. In
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1568:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 856.
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166: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Am J Gastroenterology 2005 Feb 100(2)397–400 and 1999 Jan 94(1) 208–12
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Warts and all: straight talking advice on life's embarrassing problems
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To start the charcoal burning is harder than starting a wood fire and
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2347:"World at work: Charcoal producing industries in northeastern Brazil"
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The modern process of carbonizing wood, either in small pieces or as
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1833:"Charcoal Is Not the Cause of Haiti's Deforestation | Haiti Liberte"
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environmental sustainability efforts, such as carbon sequestration.
2094:"Biochar: Helping Everything from Soil Fertility to Odor Reduction"
1358:, where charcoal production is a large illegal industry for making
1207:. Although American gardeners have used charcoal for a short time,
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Four sticks of vine charcoal and four sticks of compressed charcoal
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2542:"Is charcoal the key to sustainable energy consumption in Malawi?"
2417:"U.S. car manufacturers linked to Amazon destruction, slave labor"
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777:(where it also provided the necessary carbon) since at least 2000
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2601:"From Bush to Charcoal: the Greenest Charcoal Comes from Namibia"
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2121:"Charcoal supplemented diet reduces ammonia in chickens' litter"
1684:"Kilning vs. Retorting: the cause of emissions of unburnt gases"
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Massive forest destruction has been documented in areas such as
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used for outdoor cooking may contain many other additives, e.g.
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1777:. Tokyo: Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology: 313–320.
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International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
781:, with artifacts having been found in Proto-Hittite layers at
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One additional use of charcoal was rediscovered recently for
308:. Under average conditions wood yields about 60% charcoal by
2026:
Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology
1725:
Updated April 26, 2018 By Gabriella Munoz (26 April 2018).
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may be used. A small Japanese charcoal grill is known as a
812:
To contain the charcoal and use it for cooking purposes, a
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material. It usually produces far less ash than briquettes.
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is made from peat, coal, wood, coconut shell, or petroleum.
826:
is a container used to burn charcoal or other solid fuel.
389:. The residual charcoal was widely used as substitute for
304:
The success of the operation depends upon the rate of the
1255:. Poultry benefits from using charcoal in this manner.
1150:. It usually must be preserved by the application of a
1058:. The medical use of activated charcoal is mainly the
2634:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–148.
1146:, and is one of the possible media used for making a
78:
process, called charcoal burning, often by forming a
2494:
2119:
Schupska Site=CAES News, Stephanie (10 March 2011).
1154:. Artists generally utilize charcoal in four forms:
641:) is hard and produces a metallic sound when struck.
244:. The whole pile was covered with turf or moistened
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1638:. Inventors.about.com. 15 June 2010. Archived from
841:are tools to help with starting to light charcoal.
1073:Animal charcoal or bone black is the carbonaceous
475:), which the process permits. The question of the
2709:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 856.
2314:Michael Smith; David Voreacos (21 January 2007).
1994:"charcoal: powdered, compressed, willow and vine"
926:, but also containing combustible gasses (mostly
659:is a more recent type made from hardened sawdust.
2753:documenting the charcoal production industry in
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
701:and has a long burning time (exceeding 4 hours).
2735:Experiments with varied techniques, illustrated
2293:"Clever Monkeys: Monkeys and Medicinal Plants"
1853:Kenneth L. Kosanke; Bonnie J. Kosanke (1999),
86:. The material can also be heated in a closed
3538:
2780:
2517:"Living on Earth: Zambia's Vanishing Forests"
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1598:"Energy economics — a random walk in history"
678:(heat source), mineral carbon (heat source),
615:is a traditional charcoal made directly from
8:
2397:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2066:Gerlach, Achim; Schmidt, Hans-Peter (2014),
930:) released by burning charcoal or wood in a
738:also used historically as a source of black
514:Wood charcoal is obtained as the residue by
424:, who used wood and sawdust byproducts from
1747:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1293:Charcoal has been used in combination with
1045:to increase its effectiveness as a filter.
49:Packaging of charcoal for export in Namibia
3545:
3531:
3523:
2787:
2773:
2765:
2401:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2251:Journal of the American Dental Association
2632:Environmental Politics in the Middle East
2536:
2534:
2370:
1951:
1936:"Activated charcoal: a spoonful of sugar"
1304:Charcoal has also been incorporated into
553:, Japanese high grade charcoal made from
420:. The process was further popularized by
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
2714:Simple technologies for charcoal making
2351:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1831:Lea, John Dale Zach (25 January 2017).
1501:
571:, charcoal briquettes made from sawdust
503:is sometimes empirically described as C
385:, thus pinewoods were cut down for tar
2740:"Charcoal - An Environmental Disaster"
2390:
2177:. London: Murdoch Books. p. 333.
2068:"The use of biochar in cattle farming"
1740:
1512:. Geoarch. 31 May 1999. Archived from
1247:Charcoal is mixed with feed, added to
977:Charcoal is used in the production of
733:Grill charcoal made from coconut shell
432:. Ford Charcoal went on to become the
1875:from the original on 16 December 2017
1219:has discovered the widespread use of
62:residue produced by strongly heating
7:
3495:
1167:is created by burning willow sticks.
844:Approximately 75% of fuel burned in
750:, charcoal can be used as a filter,
694:(ignition aid), and other additives.
518:of wood such that the products are:
300:Low efficiency and harmful emissions
240:, with a central shaft serving as a
164:adding citations to reliable sources
3507:
1698:"Pyroligneous Acid or Wood Vinegar"
1227:natives to ameliorate unproductive
2000:. 7 September 2011. Archived from
1180:is charcoal powder mixed with gum
1161:is created by burning grape vines.
904:compositions; i.e., various CO + H
896:Syngas production, automotive fuel
25:
2751:Deutsche Welle television program
2719:"On Charcoal" by Peter J F Harris
369:By-product of wood tar production
3506:
3494:
3485:
3484:
2685:
2419:. News.mongabay.com. 14 May 2012
1771:Anatolian Archaeological Studies
1636:"Barbeque – History of Barbecue"
1542:
535:Residual product – wood charcoal
341:) about shortages may stem from
140:
27:Lightweight black carbon residue
3580:Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)
3034:Oriented structural straw board
2607:. 17 March 2020. Archived from
1429:(particularly the second book,
1403:Charcoal trafficking in Somalia
1272:Activated charcoal (medication)
989:Cosmetic use of bamboo charcoal
973:Mangrove charcoal burning video
592:in his early attempt to create
220:Wood pile before covering with
151:needs additional citations for
2023:Johannes Lehmann, ed. (2009).
1855:"Pyrotechnic Spark Generation"
1810:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.095
1251:, or used in the treatment of
674:. Briquettes may also include
337:. Complaints (as early as the
320:Peak of production and decline
1:
2447:. 11 May 2012. Archived from
2096:. Acres U.S.A. Archived from
1413:The last section of the film
349:, many woods were managed as
225:
3937:Biologically based therapies
2493:. Gorilla.cd. Archived from
2092:Yarrow, David (March 2015).
1953:10.18773/austprescr.1997.008
1622:10.1016/0140-9883(79)90044-6
1371:Democratic Republic of Congo
1322:Environmental sustainability
712:are subsequently carbonized.
2548:. July 2013. Archived from
1013:Purification and filtration
690:(ash-whitening agent), raw
3978:
3911:Aggregated diamond nanorod
3425:Non-timber forest products
3049:Structural insulated panel
2605:Forest Stewardship Council
2263:10.1016/j.adaj.2017.05.001
1269:
1196:
1124:
1070:) in the digestive tract.
761:
698:Sawdust briquette charcoal
325:Deforestation and scarcity
296:which still exist today.
266:
251:The traditional method in
210:An abandoned charcoal kiln
198:
125:
29:
3709:(cyclo[18]carbon)
3480:
2656:"Le quattro volte (2010)"
2228:10.3109/00016488409130995
2171:Stearn, Margaret (2007).
1923:– via edp sciences.
1662:"Carbonisation processes"
946:, where they were called
839:electric charcoal starter
412:The American form of the
32:Charcoal (disambiguation)
3693:(cyclo[6]carbon)
3677:Linear acetylenic carbon
3390:Destructive distillation
2295:. PBS. 13 September 2011
1902:MATEC Web of Conferences
1446:King and Charcoal Burner
1399:woody plant encroachment
1338:Bagged Charcoal in Bole
1286:Charcoal in the form of
793:Cooking and heating fuel
516:destructive distillation
224:or soil, and firing it (
212:near Walker, Arizona, US
3410:Green building and wood
2706:Encyclopædia Britannica
2519:. Loe.org. 4 March 1994
2491:"Virunga National Park"
2478:deforestation in Brazil
2363:10.1136/oem.2004.015172
2150:. Storey. p. 391.
1934:Dawson, Andrew (1997).
1859:Journal of Pyrotechnics
1762:Akanuma, Hideo (2008).
1727:"How Hot Is a Bonfire?"
1596:Ray, G.F. (July 1979).
1565:Encyclopædia Britannica
1297:in research to measure
773:production of iron and
58:is a lightweight black
3737:Carbide-derived carbon
3619:(buckminsterfullerene)
3054:Wood–plastic composite
2980:Glued laminated timber
2975:Cross-laminated timber
2745:29 August 2019 at the
2146:Damerow, Gail (2015).
2074:, Arbaz, Switzerland,
1343:
1283:
1122:
1114:
1038:
1022:
974:
831:charcoal lighter fluid
734:
726:
572:
559:
449:
426:automobile fabrication
232:
213:
50:
42:
3127:Corrugated fiberboard
3029:Oriented strand board
2469:The documentary film
1968:"Treating flatulence"
1940:Australian Prescriber
1908:: 1–7. Archived from
1367:Virunga National Park
1337:
1279:
1120:
1112:
1028:
1020:
972:
801:. It is counted as a
732:
724:
565:
547:
447:
219:
208:
132:Fossil record of fire
126:Further information:
48:
40:
3947:Allotropes of carbon
3554:Allotropes of carbon
3512:WikiProject Forestry
2694:at Wikimedia Commons
2476:shows in detail the
2387:on 22 November 2012.
2326:on 16 September 2012
1426:Swallows and Amazons
1237:carbon sequestration
883:O (1000 °C) → H
365:for industrial use.
357:equivalents, mainly
160:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3273:Ramial chipped wood
2471:The Charcoal People
2072:The Biochar Journal
2047:on 11 December 2017
1998:Muse Art and Design
1802:2016ApEn..161..364C
1703:Scientific American
1614:1979EneEc...1..139R
1423:children's series
1391:World Wildlife Fund
1178:Compressed charcoal
833:may be employed. A
529:Gaseous products –
418:Zwoyer Fuel Company
3832:(cyclopropatriene)
3813:hypothetical forms
3634:Fullerene whiskers
3190:Cellulosic ethanol
2730:Illustrated how-to
2571:Zahnen, Johannes.
2029:. Stephen Joseph.
1706:. 14 November 1857
1459:Biomass briquettes
1409:In popular culture
1344:
1284:
1231:into soil rich in
1123:
1115:
1047:Activated charcoal
1039:
1023:
975:
932:wood gas generator
758:Metallurgical fuel
746:. Due to its high
735:
727:
601:Activated charcoal
594:synthetic diamonds
573:
560:
522:Liquid products –
450:
440:Production methods
414:charcoal briquette
408:Charcoal briquette
233:
214:
90:. Modern charcoal
51:
43:
3962:Pyrotechnic fuels
3919:
3918:
3787:(diatomic carbon)
3719:mixed sp/sp forms
3520:
3519:
3455:Wood preservation
3400:Engineered bamboo
3220:Pyroligneous acid
2690:Media related to
2552:on 11 August 2013
2497:on 3 October 2008
2184:978-1-921259-84-5
2040:978-1-84407-658-1
2004:on 31 August 2012
1868:978-1-889526-12-6
1335:
1288:charcoal biscuits
1171:Powdered charcoal
1007:carbon disulphide
970:
860:ZnO + C → Zn + CO
705:Extruded charcoal
627:pyroligneous acid
623:Japanese charcoal
524:pyroligneous acid
469:pyroligneous acid
434:Kingsford Company
343:over-exploitation
286:lived in conical
192:
191:
184:
16:(Redirected from
3969:
3891:Activated carbon
3847:
3846:
3845:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3727:Amorphous carbon
3708:
3707:
3706:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3524:
3510:
3509:
3498:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3445:Timber recycling
3440:Reclaimed lumber
3430:Natural building
3395:Dry distillation
3349:Split-rail fence
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2710:
2702:
2700:"Charcoal"
2689:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2487:
2481:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2388:
2383:. Archived from
2374:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2322:. Archived from
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2216:Acta Otolaryngol
2211:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2123:. Archived from
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2043:. Archived from
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1899:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1602:Energy Economics
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1516:on 15 March 2004
1506:
1469:Charcoal in food
1441:AntonĂn Dvořák's
1416:Le Quattro Volte
1336:
1301:transport time.
1243:Animal husbandry
1041:Charcoal may be
1035:air purification
1031:dehumidification
1021:Activated carbon
971:
871:+ 3C → 2Fe + 3CO
754:, or adsorbent.
725:Charcoal burning
686:(ignition aid),
653:
333:, especially in
284:charcoal burners
263:Charcoal burners
230:
227:
187:
180:
176:
173:
167:
144:
136:
21:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3877:
3868:Metallic carbon
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3807:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3771:(atomic carbon)
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3746:
3732:Carbon nanofoam
3713:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3663:
3628:
3618:
3584:
3574:Diamond (cubic)
3556:
3551:
3521:
3516:
3476:
3460:Wood processing
3368:
3302:
3249:
3156:
3108:
3065:
2995:parallel strand
2966:
2959:
2807:
2798:
2793:
2747:Wayback Machine
2726:(YouTube video)
2697:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2611:on 27 July 2020
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2389:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2222:(3–4): 319–23.
2213:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2127:on 30 July 2020
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1915:on 24 July 2018
1912:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1869:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1642:on 10 July 2012
1634:
1633:
1629:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1558:, ed. (1911). "
1554:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1455:
1411:
1326:
1324:
1274:
1268:
1245:
1201:
1195:
1165:Willow charcoal
1138:, making rough
1129:
1107:
1015:
1003:
995:bamboo charcoal
991:
960:
958:
940:occupied France
928:carbon monoxide
915:
911:
907:
898:
886:
882:
870:
866:
854:
835:chimney starter
795:
783:Kaman-Kalehöyük
766:
760:
719:
647:
577:Common charcoal
542:
510:
506:
442:
410:
371:
327:
322:
302:
271:
269:Charcoal burner
265:
228:
203:
197:
188:
177:
171:
168:
157:
145:
134:
124:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3975:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Soil improvers
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3873:Penta-graphene
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3626:
3616:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3492:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Certified wood
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3359:Timber framing
3356:
3351:
3346:
3344:Sawdust brandy
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Sandalwood oil
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Particle board
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2695:
2681:
2680:External links
2678:
2675:
2674:
2647:
2640:
2622:
2592:
2563:
2530:
2508:
2482:
2462:
2451:on 20 May 2012
2430:
2408:
2357:(2): 128–132.
2337:
2306:
2284:
2257:(9): 661–670.
2241:
2206:
2197:
2183:
2163:
2157:978-1612120133
2156:
2138:
2111:
2100:on 9 June 2019
2084:
2058:
2039:
2015:
1985:
1959:
1926:
1878:
1867:
1845:
1823:
1790:Applied Energy
1780:
1754:
1717:
1689:
1675:
1653:
1627:
1608:(3): 139–143.
1588:
1571:
1556:Chisholm, Hugh
1527:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1484:Thomas Britton
1481:
1479:Slash-and-char
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1421:Arthur Ransome
1410:
1407:
1323:
1320:
1267:
1264:
1244:
1241:
1197:Main article:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1127:Charcoal (art)
1125:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1014:
1011:
1002:
999:
990:
987:
957:
954:
936:Tang Zhongming
913:
909:
905:
897:
894:
893:
892:
884:
880:
873:
872:
868:
864:
861:
853:
852:Reducing agent
850:
814:barbecue grill
803:smokeless fuel
794:
791:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
718:
715:
714:
713:
702:
695:
684:sodium nitrate
665:Pillow shaped
662:
661:
660:
654:
645:Black charcoal
642:
633:White charcoal
620:
610:
597:
584:Sugar charcoal
580:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
527:
508:
504:
441:
438:
409:
406:
398:blast furnaces
370:
367:
335:Central Europe
326:
323:
321:
318:
301:
298:
280:Harz Mountains
267:Main article:
264:
261:
199:Main article:
196:
193:
190:
189:
148:
146:
139:
123:
120:
26:
24:
18:Charcoal maker
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3974:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:(prismane C8)
3835:
3833:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3790:
3788:
3774:
3772:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3696:
3694:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3659:Glassy carbon
3657:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:List of woods
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Billet (wood)
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Hemicellulose
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Railroad ties
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:Wood products
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2641:9780190916688
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2325:
2321:
2320:Seattle Times
2317:
2310:
2307:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1551:public domain
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1437:Lake District
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1351:South America
1347:
1341:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1281:Charcoal pile
1278:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:pre-Columbian
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:Vine charcoal
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1029:Charcoal for
1027:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1001:Carbon source
1000:
998:
996:
988:
986:
984:
980:
955:
953:
951:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
917:
903:
895:
890:
878:
877:
876:
862:
859:
858:
857:
851:
849:
848:is charcoal.
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
820:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
792:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
731:
723:
716:
711:
706:
703:
699:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
658:
655:
651:
646:
643:
640:
639:
634:
631:
630:
628:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:Lump charcoal
611:
608:
603:
602:
598:
595:
591:
590:Henri Moissan
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
574:
570:
569:
564:
558:
557:
552:
551:
546:
539:
534:
532:
528:
525:
521:
520:
519:
517:
512:
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
482:
481:carbonization
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
455:
446:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
392:
391:metallurgical
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Stuart period
336:
332:
331:deforestation
324:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
270:
262:
260:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
223:
218:
211:
207:
202:
201:Charcoal pile
195:Charcoal pile
194:
186:
183:
175:
172:November 2010
165:
161:
155:
154:
149:This section
147:
143:
138:
137:
133:
129:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:charcoal kiln
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
39:
33:
19:
3906:Carbon fiber
3900:
3896:Carbon black
3882:
3863:Cubic carbon
3812:
3751:
3718:
3668:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3623:
3613:
3612:, including
3597:
3589:
3572:
3561:
3499:
3469:
3364:Wooden masts
3334:Dugout canoe
3319:Bavin (wood)
3268:Black liquor
3205:Liquid smoke
3076:
2955:Utility pole
2940:Timber truss
2860:Log building
2704:
2667:16 September
2665:. Retrieved
2659:
2650:
2631:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2609:the original
2604:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:the original
2546:UNEARTH News
2545:
2521:. Retrieved
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:the original
2485:
2470:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:the original
2442:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2411:
2393:cite journal
2385:the original
2354:
2350:
2340:
2330:16 September
2328:. Retrieved
2324:the original
2319:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2287:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2173:
2166:
2147:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2087:
2071:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2025:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1997:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1971:
1962:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1905:
1901:
1858:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1826:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1757:
1731:. Retrieved
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1630:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1574:
1563:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1504:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1387:
1364:
1348:
1345:
1310:
1303:
1292:
1285:
1257:
1246:
1205:horticulture
1202:
1193:Horticulture
1177:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1134:is used for
1130:
1072:
1042:
1040:
1004:
992:
979:black powder
976:
956:Pyrotechnics
947:
944:World War II
918:
899:
874:
855:
843:
828:
817:
811:
796:
787:
767:
748:surface area
744:black powder
736:
704:
697:
664:
636:
622:
612:
599:
582:
576:
566:
554:
548:
526:and wood tar
513:
490:
486:
451:
411:
372:
328:
312:, or 25% by
303:
291:
282:of Germany,
275:
272:
250:
234:
178:
169:
158:Please help
153:verification
150:
116:
112:
108:
100:
55:
54:
52:
3858:Haeckelites
3803:(tricarbon)
3752:other forms
3652:Nanoscrolls
3465:Woodworking
3450:Wood drying
3435:Papermaking
3255:By-products
3161:Derivatives
3099:Pellet fuel
2840:Flitch beam
2523:28 December
2051:30 December
1796:: 364–374.
1733:13 November
1729:. Sciencing
1646:28 December
1439:of the UK.
1432:Swallowdale
1312:Red colobus
1299:mucociliary
1213:Terra preta
1037:in bathroom
934:. In 1931,
921:atmospheric
648: [
477:temperature
465:wood spirit
379:Scandinavia
355:fossil fuel
229: 1890
3926:Categories
3610:Fullerenes
3307:Historical
3288:Wood flour
3137:Paperboard
3007:Fiberboard
2965:Engineered
2825:Bressummer
2444:Greenpeace
1919:3 February
1496:References
1464:Char cloth
1306:toothpaste
1270:See also:
1260:aflatoxins
1098:laboratory
1068:flatulence
1060:absorption
676:brown coal
667:briquettes
607:adsorption
501:gunpowders
422:Henry Ford
363:brown coal
306:combustion
92:briquettes
66:(or other
3640:Nanotubes
3329:Clapboard
3298:Woodchips
3293:Wood wool
3173:Cellulose
3168:Birch-tar
3122:Cardboard
3104:Wood fuel
3012:hardboard
2915:Reclaimed
2880:Panelling
2870:Log house
2865:Log cabin
2749:, a 2019
2556:10 August
2271:1943-4723
2080:2297-1114
2031:Earthscan
1946:: 14–16.
1861:: 49–62,
1818:0306-2619
1510:"Geoarch"
1490:Tortillon
1295:saccharin
1215:soils in
1148:parsemage
1079:magnesium
1043:activated
949:gazogènes
889:Water gas
819:shichirin
688:limestone
638:BinchĹŤtan
609:capacity.
556:ubame oak
550:BinchĹŤtan
458:cast iron
430:feedstock
387:pyrolysis
104:coppicing
76:pyrolysis
3957:Barbecue
3932:Charcoal
3901:Charcoal
3742:Q-carbon
3669:sp forms
3646:Nanobuds
3605:Graphene
3599:Graphite
3590:sp forms
3490:Category
3471:Yakisugi
3405:Forestry
3373:See also
3314:Axe ties
3283:Tall oil
3263:Barkdust
3245:Wood gas
3225:Pine tar
3215:Methanol
3147:Pulpwood
3094:Firewood
3077:Charcoal
3070:Fuelwood
3017:Masonite
2945:Treenail
2845:Flooring
2743:Archived
2692:Charcoal
2381:15657196
2279:28599961
1974:. NHS UK
1873:archived
1743:cite web
1710:14 March
1560:Charcoal
1453:See also
1360:pig iron
1266:Medicine
1217:Amazonia
1209:research
1152:fixative
1144:painting
1140:sketches
1132:Charcoal
1056:gas mask
924:nitrogen
764:Smelting
752:catalyst
625:has had
617:hardwood
531:wood gas
493:charring
473:wood tar
402:smelting
351:coppices
276:colliers
56:Charcoal
41:Charcoal
3883:related
3853:Chaoite
3501:Commons
3380:Biomass
3354:Tanbark
3278:Sawdust
3089:Firelog
3082:biochar
3044:Plywood
3002:I-joist
2920:Shingle
2875:Molding
2473:(2000)
2372:1740946
2236:6539042
2131:7 March
2104:7 March
1838:16 July
1798:Bibcode
1610:Bibcode
1553::
1395:Namibia
1369:in the
1342:, Ghana
1316:cyanide
1221:biochar
1199:Biochar
1186:pencils
1136:drawing
1087:gelatin
1075:residue
1064:poisons
942:during
824:brazier
807:cooking
740:pigment
692:sawdust
479:of the
461:retorts
454:sawdust
375:Finland
347:England
290:called
255:used a
253:Britain
122:History
3339:Potash
3240:Tannin
3200:Lignin
3114:Fibers
3059:lumber
2985:veneer
2925:Siding
2905:Rafter
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