61:
199:
3453:
870:
1002:, in which R1.8 million was stolen. He and the others were later acquitted, with the magistrate finding that the prosecution case had been badly put together and that documents had been falsified by an investigating officer. Makoma was eventually convicted on 16 February 2012 of murder and robbery and sentenced to life and 46 years in prison for his role in a December 2007 cash van heist in
288:
68:
956:(TRC). As a result, Makoma was freed after serving 5½ years of his sentence, and the trial of Mkhumbuzi and Mlambisa was never completed. In this and other APLA amnesty hearings, APLA operatives claimed that they were following their orders and that churches were complicit in taking land from the blacks and oppressing them during
981:
Amnesty in such cases was typically granted in terms of the TRC's mandate because the crimes were considered politically motivated, with the perpetrators following the orders of the APLA commanders, and full disclosure was made to the TRC. Although amnesty was granted to the individual perpetrators,
233:
Members of the congregation killed were Guy Cooper Javens, Richard Oliver O'Kill, Gerhard Dennis Harker, Wesley
Alfonso Harker, Denise Gordon, Mirtle Joan Smith, Marita Ackermann, Andrey Katyl, Oleg Karamjin, Valentin Varaksa and Pavel Valuet. The last four on this list were Russian seamen attending
963:
In statements made to the representatives of St James Church, they added they were unaware the selected target was a church until they arrived in
Kenilworth. Dawie Ackerman, husband of one of the victims, noted that perhaps 35–40% of the congregation were people of colour, with the counsel for the
3536:
234:
the service as part of a church outreach programme. Another
Russian seaman, Dmitri Makogon, lost both legs and an arm in the attack. The attack was seen as particularly shocking as relatively few terrorist attacks happened in the suburbs and the
970:, national director of operations for APLA, took responsibility for ordering the attacks as part of his application for amnesty. He claimed that he had authorised attacks on white civilians following the killing of five school children by the
229:
revolver, wounding one of the attackers. At this point they fled the church. Mkhumbuzi had been ordered to throw four petrol bombs into the church following the shooting, but abandoned this intention as all four fled in the vehicle.
3489:
247:
Makoma was arrested ten days later and convicted for 11 murders. He was sentenced to 23 years in prison. Nonxuba, Mlambisa and
Mkhumbuzi were subsequently arrested and charged in 1996. Mkhumbuzi had in the meantime joined the
238:
area was regarded as relatively peaceful. Furthermore, the Church of
England in South Africa had always been mixed-race and opposed to Apartheid. The attack was seen as harming prospects for future constitutional negotiation.
990:
Several of the church members who were injured or who lost family members in the attacks, as well as Charl van Wyk, who had returned fire on the attackers, later met and publicly reconciled with the APLA attackers.
3953:
3482:
3262:
3943:
936:
3913:
3475:
1403:
3928:
2033:
42:
982:
the TRC found the act itself, and other APLA/PAC attacks specifically targeting civilians, were "a gross violation of human rights" and a "violation of internal humanitarian law".
1125:
2822:
3923:
206:
The attack occurred during the Sunday evening service. Sichumiso
Nonxuba, Bassie Mkhumbuzi, Gcinikhaya Makoma and Tobela Mlambisa approached the church, a congregation of the
1199:
The commission finds that the targeting of civilians for killing was not only a gross violation of human rights of those affected but a violation of internal humanitarian law
3498:
2280:
1984:
1186:
1106:
953:
256:
187:
3432:
3366:
3439:
398:
2927:
2200:
1991:
1396:
3918:
3248:
3227:
3081:
1998:
259:
for amnesty, together with Makoma. They were granted bail pending their appearance before the TRC. Nonxuba died in a car accident while on bail in
November 1996.
2843:
2193:
365:
3893:
2759:
2675:
2130:
2109:
3220:
2040:
2248:
3457:
2892:
1389:
1869:
3898:
3283:
3144:
3060:
2350:
300:
3908:
3557:
3425:
3213:
2941:
2273:
455:
1751:
1689:
1212:
3206:
3004:
2752:
2633:
2216:
840:
3046:
1366:
3938:
3304:
3269:
2780:
1977:
1698:
756:
505:
490:
1832:
1268:
60:
3868:
3178:
2738:
3394:
3185:
3088:
2710:
310:
249:
530:
3933:
3873:
3573:
3331:
3276:
3192:
3032:
2696:
2259:
1926:
1896:
929:
899:
410:
315:
186:(APLA). Eleven members of the congregation were killed and 58 wounded. In 1998 the attackers were granted amnesty for their acts by the
183:
150:
1809:
3290:
3255:
3199:
2717:
2682:
2371:
1820:
873:
440:
3824:
2086:
2079:
1126:"10 shot dead in Cape Town church: Black gunmen open fire on congregation in attack likely to undermine negotiations in South Africa"
3676:
3067:
2934:
2913:
2871:
2413:
1336:
1306:
1031:
515:
485:
355:
350:
207:
1298:
922:
210:, in a vehicle stolen by Mlambisa and Makoma beforehand. Nonxuba, who commanded the unit, and Makoma entered the church armed with
2997:
2836:
2005:
1919:
1862:
830:
460:
37:
3234:
2990:
2906:
2787:
2773:
2745:
2012:
1956:
1068:
820:
445:
340:
2165:
2976:
2885:
2640:
2399:
1242:
1154:
510:
3863:
3720:
3137:
3116:
3039:
2920:
2878:
2857:
2731:
2294:
2172:
1940:
1662:
663:
540:
525:
500:
1328:
3903:
3401:
3345:
3171:
3053:
3025:
2962:
2654:
2512:
1376:
1111:
805:
420:
2179:
914:
Notable massacres committed during
Operation Great Storm by the Azanian People's Liberation Army between 1990 and 1994.
3888:
3338:
3241:
3109:
3018:
2864:
1014:
678:
520:
465:
370:
211:
1361:
3883:
3641:
3636:
3600:
3552:
2801:
2322:
2230:
2186:
1963:
1841:
1740:
1026:
1010:
708:
380:
3878:
3772:
3352:
2983:
2815:
2808:
2766:
2480:
2427:
2315:
2266:
2047:
1705:
628:
475:
470:
450:
425:
405:
3948:
3802:
3578:
3164:
2420:
2072:
994:
On 27 August 2002, Gcinikhaya Makoma was arrested along with six others following a cash-in-transit heist of a
815:
435:
1712:
638:
3762:
3123:
2794:
2689:
2556:
2406:
2287:
2019:
1802:
892:
845:
613:
3583:
3531:
2364:
2329:
1531:
1036:
545:
3681:
3626:
3621:
2899:
2829:
2724:
2619:
2473:
2123:
1903:
1816:
1611:
1431:
1220:
999:
810:
800:
495:
415:
360:
202:
Saint James Church hall in
Kenilworth. Site of the Saint James Church massacre which took place in 1993.
175:
91:
198:
3782:
3671:
3666:
3651:
2647:
2533:
2301:
2237:
1970:
1733:
1726:
1678:
1461:
777:
578:
535:
385:
325:
1171:
3710:
3686:
3646:
3616:
3102:
3074:
2948:
2466:
2459:
2392:
2357:
2308:
1788:
1595:
1276:
855:
1795:
885:
320:
271:
1371:
563:
218:. They threw the grenades and then opened fire on the congregation, killing 11 and wounding 58.
964:
APLA saying they had assumed all congregants would be white as the church was in a white area.
3595:
3387:
3373:
2703:
2519:
2343:
1933:
1523:
1453:
1017:
ownership group, which is involved in public demonstrations against the
Firearms Control Act.
967:
766:
480:
1064:
3792:
3741:
3631:
3311:
2668:
2378:
2158:
1848:
1603:
1571:
1507:
1003:
718:
668:
598:
215:
2626:
2540:
2434:
2102:
2026:
1947:
1671:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1515:
1158:
1130:
835:
825:
335:
3380:
3095:
2969:
2612:
2526:
2209:
2151:
2144:
2137:
1855:
1781:
1627:
1587:
698:
688:
658:
643:
623:
618:
608:
583:
3467:
3857:
3297:
3011:
2116:
2095:
2065:
2058:
1767:
995:
850:
723:
673:
345:
330:
33:
1381:
3523:
3515:
2955:
2564:
2385:
2336:
1499:
1413:
751:
713:
703:
693:
593:
179:
95:
1151:
221:
One member of the congregation, Charl van Wyk, who wrote a book about the event (
3656:
2548:
1491:
653:
648:
633:
568:
226:
3130:
2661:
1774:
1719:
1579:
1563:
761:
728:
603:
588:
573:
430:
3839:
3826:
17:
3588:
2582:
2573:
2504:
1910:
1887:
1876:
957:
782:
746:
683:
287:
279:
235:
123:
160:
Sichumiso Nonxuba, Bassie Mkhumbuzi, Gcinikhaya Makoma and Tobela Mlambisa
3359:
2850:
2495:
1619:
1476:
971:
255:
In 1997, while on trial, Nonxuba, Mlambisa and Mkhumbuzi appealed to the
171:
1760:
949:
2487:
1643:
1422:
975:
772:
27:
1993 mass killing by militants in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa
1635:
197:
3471:
1385:
1367:
Churchgoer Charl van Wyk recounts meeting APLA attacker in 2002
1065:"Churches were used to oppress blacks, says amnesty applicant"
174:
perpetrated on St James Church of England in South Africa in
1112:
Department of Justice and Constitutional Development website
1009:
In October 2004, Charl Van Wyk became a founding member of
3954:
Racially motivated violence against white people in Africa
1179:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report
3944:
Reformed Evangelical Anglican Church of South Africa
1299:"Ex-Apla man gets life in prison for cash van heist"
3914:
Attacks on buildings and structures in South Africa
3754:
3733:
3702:
3695:
3609:
3566:
3545:
3505:
3415:
3321:
3154:
2602:
2593:
2451:
2247:
1886:
1831:
1750:
1688:
1661:
1654:
1420:
1103:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa
156:
146:
138:
130:
119:
101:
87:
50:
1187:Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)
1107:Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)
223:Shooting Back: the right and duty of self defense
3929:Terrorist incidents in South Africa in the 1990s
948:Makoma, Mkhumbuzi and Mlambisa were all granted
2201:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1213:"Gang fled R1,8m heist 'at speed of lightning'"
1269:"'Badly presented' case frees 8 heist accused"
1161:, Forachange.co.uk; accessed 20 December 2016.
3483:
1397:
1329:"New gun lobby to fight weapons restrictions"
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
930:
893:
8:
1372:Frontline Fellowship response to the attacks
1172:"The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990"
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
3924:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1993
1243:"St James killer gets life for heist death"
3699:
3490:
3476:
3468:
2599:
1658:
1404:
1390:
1382:
937:
923:
900:
886:
266:
182:, on 25 July 1993 by four members of the
47:
3558:Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
2274:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1870:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1114:, doj.gov.za; accessed 3 December 2017.
1049:
841:Music in the movement against apartheid
278:
2351:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
952:for the St James Church attack by the
3919:Terrorist incidents in Africa in 1993
7:
1211:Witbooi, Mzolisi (31 October 2005).
250:South African National Defence Force
3499:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2281:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1927:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
954:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
316:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
257:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
188:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1275:. 29 November 2005. Archived from
67:
25:
3440:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3068:South African Party (Cape Colony)
1032:List of massacres in South Africa
208:Church of England in South Africa
3899:Events associated with apartheid
3894:Azanian People's Liberation Army
3574:Azanian People's Liberation Army
3452:
3451:
869:
868:
831:Internal resistance to apartheid
286:
184:Azanian People's Liberation Army
66:
59:
3909:1990s massacres in South Africa
3082:South African Party (1977–1980)
3075:South African Party (1911–1934)
2991:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
2788:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1069:South African Press Association
341:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
2400:2019 service delivery protests
2386:#FeesMustFall student protests
2131:1983 constitutional referendum
1152:"Hands that unleashed Thunder"
142:59 (including one perpetrator)
1:
3939:Military history of Cape Town
3721:A Human Being Died That Night
2858:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2087:Israel–South Africa Agreement
1480:
1465:
1442:
1435:
1124:Carlin, John (26 July 1993).
3869:1993 murders in South Africa
2513:Black Consciousness Movement
2267:Government of National Unity
806:Apartheid in popular culture
3662:Saint James Church massacre
3529:National Research Director:
2224:Saint James Church massacre
2110:Weapons of mass destruction
1013:(GOSA), an online civilian
376:Saint James Church massacre
371:Assassination of Chris Hani
168:Saint James Church massacre
51:Saint James Church massacre
3970:
3934:Church massacres in Africa
3874:July 1993 events in Africa
3642:Heidelberg Tavern massacre
3637:Durban beach-front bombing
3553:Amy Biehl Foundation Trust
1964:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
1842:South West Africa campaign
1741:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1706:French Huguenot settlement
1027:Heidelberg Tavern massacre
1011:Gun Owners of South Africa
381:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
3449:
3426:African National Congress
2879:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2217:1992 apartheid referendum
629:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
80:Kenilworth (South Africa)
55:
3579:Civil Cooperation Bureau
2872:Labour Party (1969–1994)
2865:Labour Party (1910–1958)
2421:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
2379:#RhodesMustFall protests
1978:1960 republic referendum
1157:30 December 2003 at the
816:Cape Qualified Franchise
225:), returned fire with a
3677:Bombing of Khotso House
3324:terrorist organisations
3124:National Party of Venda
2407:2019 Johannesburg riots
2020:Constructive engagement
1985:International isolation
1803:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
1362:St James Church Website
1101:"Decision AC/98/0018".
846:Nostalgia for apartheid
124:Vektor R4 assault rifle
38:Infobox civilian attack
3840:33.992845°S 18.47697°E
3584:State Security Council
3532:Charles Villa-Vicencio
2330:Attack on Kennedy Road
1941:Congress of the People
1532:South African Republic
1037:Navaly Church massacre
972:Transkei Defence Force
821:Disinvestment campaign
546:State Security Council
203:
107:; 31 years ago
43:considered for merging
3682:Trojan Horse Incident
3627:Church Street bombing
3622:Battle of Ventersdorp
2900:Natal Indian Congress
2620:Afrikaner Broederbond
2474:Afrikaner nationalism
2260:1994 general election
2231:Bophuthatswana crisis
2124:Church Street bombing
1904:Apartheid legislation
1897:1948 general election
1817:South Africa Act 1909
1612:Union of South Africa
1432:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1412:Political history of
1000:Constantia, Cape Town
811:Apartheid legislation
801:Afrikaner nationalism
361:Cape Town peace march
351:Trojan Horse Incident
311:1948 general election
201:
176:Kenilworth, Cape Town
92:Kenilworth, Cape Town
3864:1993 in Christianity
3845:-33.992845; 18.47697
3672:Shell House massacre
3667:Sharpeville massacre
2534:Greater South Africa
2372:2014 platinum strike
2238:Shell House massacre
2166:Transkei coup d'état
1971:Sharpeville massacre
1734:Battle of Blaauwberg
1727:Battle of Muizenberg
1679:Battle of Salt River
1462:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1377:TRC Amnesty findings
709:Eugène Terre'Blanche
579:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
386:Shell House massacre
356:Khotso House bombing
326:Sharpeville massacre
3904:Mass murder in 1993
3836: /
3711:Country of My Skull
3687:Queenstown Massacre
3647:The Gugulethu Seven
3617:Amanzimtoti bombing
3433:Democratic Alliance
2603:Civic and political
2467:Afrikaner Calvinism
2460:African nationalism
2309:African Renaissance
1999:UNSC Resolution 591
1920:Internal resistance
1821:National Convention
1789:Transvaal Civil War
1713:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
1596:Orange River Colony
1279:on 15 February 2009
1223:on 15 February 2009
856:Sullivan Principles
3889:1990s in Cape Town
2173:Ciskei coup d'état
1992:UN Resolution 1761
1957:Women's March 1956
1810:South African Wars
1796:Mineral Revolution
1337:Independent Online
1309:. 20 February 2006
1307:Independent Online
1249:. 17 February 2012
986:Later developments
441:Conservative Party
321:1956 Treason Trial
204:
3884:Massacres in 1993
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3798:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3747:
3726:
3716:
3703:Non-fiction books
3596:Umkhonto we Sizwe
3465:
3464:
3418:political parties
3411:
3410:
3388:Orde van die Dood
2998:Progressive Party
2704:Congress Alliance
2520:Cape Independence
2452:Political culture
2447:
2446:
2414:COVID-19 pandemic
2344:Marikana massacre
2180:Venda coup d'état
1934:Defiance Campaign
1524:Orange Free State
1454:Dutch Cape Colony
1339:. 26 January 2006
1067:(Press release).
968:Letlapa Mphahlele
910:
909:
767:South-West Africa
216:R4 assault rifles
212:M26 hand grenades
164:
163:
105:25 July 1993
16:(Redirected from
3961:
3879:July 1993 crimes
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3806:
3796:
3793:Zulu Love Letter
3786:
3776:
3766:
3745:
3724:
3714:
3700:
3632:The Cradock Four
3521:Deputy chairman:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3455:
3454:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3322:Paramilitary and
3314:
3312:Umkosi Wezintaba
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3157:social movements
3155:Trade unions and
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2669:Boerestaat Party
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2600:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2440:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2159:Dakar Conference
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2082:
2080:Israeli alliance
2075:
2068:
2061:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2034:Sporting boycott
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2006:Academic boycott
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1863:Great Depression
1858:
1851:
1849:Maritz rebellion
1844:
1824:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1699:Dutch settlement
1681:
1674:
1672:Bantu migrations
1659:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1604:Transvaal Colony
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1572:Nieuwe Republiek
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1508:Natalia Republic
1503:
1495:
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1477:Ndwandwe Kingdom
1472:
1470:
1467:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1444:
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1437:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1349:
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1316:
1314:
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1284:
1265:
1259:
1258:
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1254:
1239:
1233:
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1230:
1228:
1219:. Archived from
1208:
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1201:
1196:
1194:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1149:
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1142:
1140:
1138:
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1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1061:
1004:Parow, Cape Town
939:
932:
925:
919:
902:
895:
888:
872:
871:
669:Albertina Sisulu
664:Benjamin Moloise
599:Arthur Goldreich
290:
267:
243:Arrest and trial
115:
113:
108:
70:
69:
63:
48:
21:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3949:Crime in Durban
3854:
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3842:
3838:
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3827:
3825:
3823:
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3729:
3691:
3605:
3562:
3541:
3501:
3496:
3466:
3461:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
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3233:
3226:
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3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
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3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
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3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
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2989:
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2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2816:HNP (Herstigte)
2814:
2809:HNP (Herenigde)
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
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2627:Afrikaner Party
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2541:Honorary whites
2539:
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2377:
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2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2302:Soweto bombings
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
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2199:
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2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2103:Soweto Uprising
2101:
2094:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2027:Tar Baby Option
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:Freedom Charter
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
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1548:Griqualand West
1546:
1540:Griqualand East
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1159:Wayback Machine
1150:
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1131:The Independent
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1109:. 11 June 1998.
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988:
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906:
861:
860:
836:Kairos Document
826:Freedom Charter
796:
788:
787:
771:
742:
734:
733:
564:Vernon Berrangé
559:
551:
550:
511:Security Branch
401:
391:
390:
336:Soweto uprising
306:
305:
265:
245:
196:
111:
109:
106:
83:
82:
81:
78:
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71:
46:
28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3398:
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3381:Ossewabrandwag
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3319:
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3168:
3160:
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3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3117:Unionist Party
3113:
3106:
3099:
3096:Torch Commando
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
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3015:
3008:
3001:
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2970:Orde Boerevolk
2966:
2959:
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2819:
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2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2746:DP (1989–2000)
2742:
2739:DP (1973–1977)
2735:
2732:Dominion Party
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2613:Afrikaner Bond
2608:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2537:
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2527:Day of the Vow
2523:
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2500:
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2463:
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2368:
2361:
2354:
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2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2295:Floor crossing
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2210:Bisho massacre
2206:
2205:
2204:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2152:Operation Vula
2148:
2145:Rubicon speech
2141:
2138:Langa massacre
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1884:
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1856:Rand Rebellion
1852:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
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1782:Boer Republics
1778:
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1624:
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1600:
1592:
1588:Klein Vrystaat
1584:
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1357:
1356:External links
1354:
1351:
1350:
1320:
1290:
1273:The Cape Argus
1260:
1234:
1217:The Cape Argus
1203:
1163:
1144:
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795:Related topics
794:
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769:
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759:
754:
749:
743:
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732:
731:
726:
721:
719:H. F. Verwoerd
716:
711:
706:
701:
699:Adelaide Tambo
696:
691:
689:Robert Sobukwe
686:
681:
679:J. G. Strijdom
676:
671:
666:
661:
659:Raymond Mhlaba
656:
651:
646:
644:Nelson Mandela
641:
636:
631:
626:
624:Albert Luthuli
621:
619:Ahmed Kathrada
616:
611:
609:Bantu Holomisa
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601:
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591:
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584:F. W. de Klerk
581:
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501:National Party
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3773:In My Country
3770:
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3546:Organisations
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3298:Die Spoorbund
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3138:Workers Party
3135:
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3016:
3013:
3012:Radio Freedom
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
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2978:
2974:
2971:
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2963:Oranjewerkers
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2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:organisations
2601:
2598:
2596:organisations
2592:
2585:
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2013:Disinvestment
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1071:. 9 July 1997
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18:Charl van Wyk
3821:
3803:The Forgiven
3801:
3791:
3781:
3771:
3761:
3740:
3719:
3709:
3661:
3652:Mthatha Raid
3528:
3524:Alex Boraine
3520:
3516:Desmond Tutu
3512:
3456:
3416:Histories of
3110:United Party
3019:Reform Party
2956:Orangia Unie
2581:
2572:
2565:Swart gevaar
2563:
2547:
2503:
2494:
2435:
2337:Blikkiesdorp
2223:
1663:Pre-colonial
1516:Natal Colony
1500:Zulu Kingdom
1414:South Africa
1341:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1302:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1272:
1263:
1253:10 September
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1216:
1206:
1198:
1191:. Retrieved
1182:
1178:
1166:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1129:
1119:
1102:
1073:. Retrieved
1008:
998:cash van in
993:
989:
980:
966:
962:
947:
752:District Six
714:Desmond Tutu
704:Oliver Tambo
694:Helen Suzman
594:Bram Fischer
375:
254:
246:
232:
222:
220:
205:
180:South Africa
167:
165:
147:Perpetrators
96:South Africa
36:
29:
3843: /
3763:Forgiveness
3657:Pebco Three
3601:Third Force
2549:Rooi gevaar
2428:2021 unrest
2358:Nkandlagate
2187:Third Force
2048:Rugby union
1646:(1981–1994)
1638:(1979–1994)
1630:(1977–1994)
1622:(1976–1994)
1614:(1910–1961)
1606:(1902–1910)
1598:(1902–1910)
1590:(1886–1891)
1582:(1885–1887)
1574:(1884–1888)
1566:(1882–1885)
1558:(1882–1883)
1550:(1870–1873)
1542:(1861–1879)
1534:(1856–1902)
1526:(1854–1902)
1518:(1843–1910)
1510:(1839–1843)
1502:(1816–1897)
1494:(1795–1910)
1492:Cape Colony
1484: 1780
1469: 1780
1456:(1652–1806)
1446: 1220
1439: 1075
1343:19 February
1313:19 February
1227:20 December
1137:21 December
1075:1 September
1039:, Sri Lanka
654:Thabo Mbeki
649:Govan Mbeki
639:D. F. Malan
634:Mac Maharaj
569:P. W. Botha
496:Broederbond
227:.38 special
32:‹ The
3858:Categories
3831:18°28′37″E
3828:33°59′34″S
3367:Greyshirts
3131:Volksparty
2662:Black Sash
2323:Xenophobia
2316:Travelgate
2073:Border War
1877:Bantustans
1775:Great Trek
1720:Xhosa Wars
1580:Upingtonia
1564:Stellaland
1193:3 December
1044:References
1015:gun rights
918:This map:
762:Sophiatown
729:Jacob Zuma
614:Joel Joffe
604:Chris Hani
589:Ruth First
574:Steve Biko
431:Black Sash
157:Assailants
126:, grenades
112:1993-07-25
74:Kenilworth
3589:Vlakplaas
3537:testimony
3513:Chairman:
2583:Volkstaat
2574:Uitlander
2505:Boerehaat
2481:Anarchism
2288:Arms Deal
2251:apartheid
1911:Pass laws
1888:Apartheid
1833:1910–1948
1752:1815–1910
1690:1652–1815
1333:Iol.co.za
958:apartheid
783:Vlakplaas
747:Bantustan
684:Joe Slovo
280:Apartheid
236:Cape Town
41:is being
3783:Red Dust
3742:Red Dust
3610:Massacre
3458:Category
3360:Boeremag
2851:Jeugkrag
2802:Het Volk
2496:Baasskap
2438:incident
2041:Olympics
1620:Transkei
1423:polities
1421:Defunct
1303:The Star
1155:Archived
1021:See also
874:Category
778:Sun City
272:a series
270:Part of
194:Massacre
172:massacre
88:Location
45:. ›
34:template
3263:SAAPAWU
2594:Defunct
2557:Slavery
1761:Mfecane
950:amnesty
263:Amnesty
139:Injured
120:Weapons
110: (
3807:(2017)
3797:(2004)
3787:(2004)
3777:(2004)
3767:(2004)
3746:(2000)
3734:Novels
3725:(2003)
3715:(1998)
3506:People
3214:FOSATU
3061:SAYRCO
3033:SADECO
2949:Occupy
2488:Azania
2436:Lady R
2365:Racism
2194:CODESA
1655:Events
1644:Ciskei
1556:Goshen
1486:–1819)
1471:–1817)
1283:3 June
1247:News24
976:Umtata
773:Soweto
741:Places
558:People
506:COSATU
456:FOSATU
366:CODESA
301:Events
170:was a
131:Deaths
3755:Films
3696:Media
3395:PAGAD
3291:SATUC
3284:SARHU
3270:SACTU
3249:NURHS
3207:FNETU
3193:CTSWU
3186:CNETU
3179:BLATU
3054:SAYCO
2942:NUSAS
2823:IDASA
2634:AITUP
2249:Post-
1636:Venda
1189:: 692
1175:(PDF)
3567:Army
3402:SANF
3332:APLA
3277:SAIF
3256:PAWE
3242:NEUM
3235:MUSA
3200:FCWU
3145:WOSA
3089:TNIP
3047:SASO
3040:SAIC
3026:SABP
2977:PAVN
2711:COSG
2690:CTEG
2683:CNIP
1345:2019
1315:2019
1285:2008
1255:2019
1229:2016
1195:2017
1139:2016
1077:2008
938:edit
931:talk
924:view
541:SACP
531:SAMA
526:SAIC
521:SADF
516:SACC
411:APLA
214:and
166:The
151:APLA
102:Date
3353:BBB
3346:AWB
3339:ARM
3305:UDF
3228:IWW
3221:ICU
3172:BCM
3165:APF
3103:UFP
3005:PRP
2984:PFP
2935:NRP
2928:NPP
2914:NNP
2907:NLP
2893:NCP
2844:ISL
2795:GNP
2767:ECC
2760:DSM
2753:DPP
2725:DLF
2697:COD
2676:CDA
2655:BPC
2648:AVF
2641:APO
974:in
536:SAP
491:UDF
486:PAC
476:HNP
471:PFP
451:ECC
436:CCB
426:BBB
421:AWB
416:IFP
406:ANC
3860::
3374:MK
2921:NP
2886:NA
2837:IP
2830:ID
2781:FD
2774:FA
2718:CP
1481:c.
1466:c.
1443:c.
1436:c.
1335:.
1331:.
1305:.
1301:.
1271:.
1245:.
1215:.
1197:.
1185:.
1181:.
1177:.
1128:.
1105:.
1085:^
1052:^
1006:.
978:.
960:.
481:MK
466:RP
461:PP
446:DP
274:on
252:.
190:.
178:,
134:11
94:,
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1819:(
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1464:(
1448:)
1441:–
1434:(
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1347:.
1317:.
1287:.
1257:.
1231:.
1183:2
1141:.
1079:.
901:e
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114:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
