743:, with the help of organ builder Dirk Flentrop. Flentrop advised on the design of tonal and mechanical components, while Fisk decided on the final design, voicing, and construction. The name "Flentrop-Andover" was chosen because it was built when Fisk was still the president of the Andover Company. Andrew Johnson, an organist at Mount Calvary Church, described the organ as being "clear" and "responsive". He also wrote that the organ seemed to "shape the player". This organ includes two pedals that may be configured to activate specific
415:"I don't know enough about Hiroshima and Nagasaki to know what was lost there, culturally, but I know what was lost in some of the big cities in Europe, which seems much more tragic to me right now. For instance, I can't get over what an incredible tragedy existed in one particular place: Katharinenkirche—St. Catherine's Church—in Hamburg, where there was an organ that Bach played, that was just perfect. . . . The joys that could have come out of that one particular instrument were such that. . . . I just think of what was lost."
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666:, wrote that Fisk had mixed views on the organ being used along with an orchestra, basing it on this quote from Fisk: "he fortunes of the organ and of the orchestra are to an extent mutually exclusive and my personal view is that the one instrument takes the place of the other There is a human craving, musically speaking, for a towering musical effect. The organ satisfied this craving for hundreds of years before the 19th century orchestra took it over". Still, Fisk studied concert-hall organs ever since 1976.
388:"As for myself, I see no reason why you should not tell people of my association with this project. Despite all the foregoing, there has been introduced into our lives an element of pride, the pride that accompanies the success of a mission. I think I can look a combat soldier in the eye now. If you feel like being a little proud too, that's OK. But bear in mind that this is not basically something to be proud of, and if you feel like offering a prayer for the human race, now is a good time."
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298:“The work I am doing means nothing to me. That is, I don't understand what the object of it is. Of course, the principle of the whole thing is secrecy, and I am just as much in the dark about the project as you are. My official status is ‘Lab helper in the Metallurgical Lab of the University of Chicago.’ Metallurgy and the University of Chicago have about as much to do with the project as a baby elephant.”
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467:, a company that was founded in 1948 by Thomas W. Byers. Like Fisk, Byers was an organ builder who preferred manual organs over electric ones. In 1958, Fisk took full ownership after Byers left the company, and changed the firm's name to C.B. Fisk, Inc., in 1960. In 1961, the firm relocated to a more spacious, recycled factory in
885:, and visual designer Charles Nazarian. Pei suggested that brass highlights be added to make the organ fit better with its surroundings. The Resonance division of the organ, which operates at high pressure, was made easier to play by using Fisk company's servopneumatic lever mechanism. The organ was well regarded by
423:, Laura Matter opined: "I cringe at the way that a mere thing—a musical instrument—took a privileged place over human lives in his late calculations Empathy is fundamentally an act of imagination: we imagine variations on what we know, and so it was the loss of the organ that Charlie most keenly felt".
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In 1984, after Fisk died, a 4-manual organ (op. 85) was completed at
Stanford's Memorial Church. It was originally commissioned in 1973 but was delayed for 25 years because of financial and logistics issues. It is the largest organ in the Memorial Church and is named the "Fisk-Nanney" organ, which is
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Fisk gave his organs opus numbers. Some of these works were never built due to cancellations. Some were merely restorations of, and additions to, existing organs. Additionally, opus numbers 1 through 24 were not built by Fisk. This was because he continued the preexisting opus numbers of the
Andover
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of the
Memorial Church. Despite Fisk's efforts, an organ tuned for the chancel turned out to be unbalanced for the larger chapel, and vice versa. Because of this, it was decided to build a new organ; this time located in the chancel. As for the completed organ, organist Christian Lane said that the
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published an article, written by Fisk and called "The Organ's Breath of Life", in which Fisk argued in favor of using historical organ wind systems. In his essay, he wrote that organs should return to the "warbling" sound of a hand-cranked wind supply with mechanical changes to the electrical wind
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commissioned the
Andover Company to build an organ (opus 25). This is one of the first that Fisk made completely from scratch. Before this project, Fisk only performed repairs and additions to already-built organs. Opus 25 marks the last electric organ Fisk would ever make; all of his later works
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In
September 1987, Fisk wrote an article called "Some Thoughts on Pipe Metal", in which he described the differences between the tonal qualities of metals used in pipes. He described lead pipes as "a darkness, a hollowness, a sound as of deepest antiquity a strength of sound." and that tin pipes
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control of the wind felt "amazing and voluptuous". In 2010, the Fisk organ was relocated to the
Presbyterian church in Austin, Texas, and was replaced by 1929 Skinner Organ Co. organ. Because the Presbyterian church had taller ceilings, it was possible to install full-length 32 ft (~10 m) stops.
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After graduating, Fisk wished to stay in New Mexico and was offered a position as an assistant in Los Alamos. However, Fisk, due to his father's declining health and his commitment to his would-be future spouse Ann
Lindenmuth, rejected the offer. For a year and a half, Fisk studied
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in physics. At
Stanford, Fisk also studied under the American organist Herbert Nanney and became an apprentice of the organ builder John Swinford. He left Stanford's physics curriculum after only completing one six-week semester, and ended up switching to a music curriculum. The
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To further his understanding of traditional organs, Fisk studied features of historical
European organs. Trips to European countries were commonplace, with the first one being in 1959, where he traveled with Arthur Howes. Fisk was particularly interested in the organ located in
732:. Rückpositiv is a smaller section of organ pipe that can be played separately from the larger main pipe. Though Rückpositiv can be easily seen in old organs, they were essentially extinct in the 1960s when this organ was built. It is also known as the Andover-Fisk Organ.
626:, valves and keys are connected electrically, without the use of mechanical trackers. An organ manual is a set of keys that are played with the hands, similar to the keyboard on a piano. However, unlike a piano, an organ can have multiple manuals, one above another.
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Opus 24 through 27 were built when Byers and Fisk co-owned
Andover, and opus 28 through 35 were built before the rebranding to C. B. Fisk, Inc. Opus 35 through 85 were built by C. B. Fisk, Inc., when Fisk was still alive, and the rest were built after his death.
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to achieve a different tonal qualities. This bypasses having to pull the organ stops manually. These special pedals specifically affect the lower register section, called the Pedal division, of the main keyboard, which is also known as the Great.
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for nearly 3 decades, but it was only diagnosed a few years before his death. Fisk's funeral was held on December 20, 1983, at St. John's Episcopal Church, Gloucester. On January 21, 1984, a memorial service for Fisk was held in the
380:"With only two bombs we have killed between 250,000 and 300,000 Japanese people. Divided evenly over the number of people on the project, each member is responsible for the death of four Japanese. I cannot count this as an honor."
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In 2013, a 60-minute documentary film named "Opus 139: To Hear the Music" by Dennis Lanson was screened. The documentary details the steps C. B. Fisk, Inc. employees take to build organs and the life of Charles Brenton Fisk.
408:, Ohio. Fisk learned various aspects of shop technique under Holtkamp, which was something that his apprenticeship with Swinford had lacked. Eventually, he dropped out of his music degree program to focus on organ building.
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to Gloucester. Employees who did not wish to move stayed in Methuen and established a new Andover Organ Company. After Fisk's death, C. B. Fisk, Inc., continues to manufacture organs to the present day, with it becoming an
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641:, a former collaborator of Fisk, wrote that his works were influenced by German and French organs. His organs were described as having an eclectic nature, as he never stuck to only one style of organ building.
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mechanisms was the prevalent practice in early 20th-century organ building. However, Fisk was among the first builders to break with this practice; he adopted the tracker action and
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On Fisk's 13th birthday, he was given a reed organ, on which he made minor repairs. According to one of Fisk's friends, Fisk fiddled with electromechanical devices and built his own
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Jonathan Ambrosino, an organ historian, wrote that although Fisk was inspired by older organs, he added his own personal touches rather than exactly replicating historical organs.
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THE ORGAN IS…A MACHINE, whose machine-made sounds will always be without interest unless they can appear to be coming from a living organism. The organ has to seem to be alive.
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In October 1950, Fisk wrote to his parents to tell them that he was switching to a career in music. Fisk continued working part-time as an apprentice under John Swinford in
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when he was 14 years old. Fisk later said that organ music was his favorite to play on the amplifiers because it "showed the amplifier off". He was well-versed in creating
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instead argues that attributing his career change solely on moral grounds is an oversimplification. In a letter Fisk sent to his parents on August 12, 1945, he wrote:
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with twenty other people. As a member of the 9812th Special Engineer Detachment, Fisk was part of a unit that collected knowledgeable people to conduct research.
794:, using casework from an early Thomas Appleton organ. According to an interview in 1975, not having to build entirely new casework lowered the cost of the organ.
842:. Though Fisk was chosen as the builder, he died before the construction, although C.B. Fisk, Inc., continued to build the organ. The design commenced in 1989.
812:; it was installed in 1983. It has 2600 pipes, weighs 9 tons, and cost US$ 300,000. Like many of his organs, it uses manual trackers rather than electric ones.
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Fisk's first marriage was to Ann Warren Lindenmuth, with whom he had a son and a daughter. His second marriage was to Virginia Lee Crist, who was from
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Fisk was a member of the American Pipe Organ Association, the International Society of Organ Builders, the American Institute of Organ Builders, the
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and George Houle. One of the first times that Fisk worked on an organ was when he assisted Swinford in building the organ for Santa Barbara's
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771:, William Gatens wrote that based on a recording of it, the organ sounded "thin and strident" and felt "dry" compared to Fisk's later works.
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organ located in the Jakobikirche church in Lubeck. The four Brustpedal cantus firmus stops were copied from the Compenius organ located in
2369:"Clavier-Übung III: Heinrich Christensen Plays the C.B. Fisk Organ at King's Chapel/Salome's Dance: Robert Parkins plays the Aeolian Organ"
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published an analysis of the organ's tuning system. He found that the organ included tuning discrepancies, with various notes being a few
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of historical European and American organs, making him one of the first modern American organ builders to do so. This was a part of the
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In tracker-action organs, the movement of the keys or pedals is mechanically linked to the valves, enabling air to flow through the
495:. Some of these organists have moved on from C. B. Fisk and created their own organ-building companies, with Noack establishing the
170:, United States on February 7, 1925. His parents were Brenton Kern Fisk, a lawyer, and Amelia Worthington Fisk, a social worker and
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While at Los Alamos, Fisk was assigned as an electronics technician and a lab helper in the Bomb Physics division. He worked under
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1039:"How Certain Musical Differences between the Historic Organs of Germany and France were Achieved by Differences in Construction"
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198:. Fisk reports that at this point in life, his interest in organs had not fully matured yet.He played trumpets and organs.
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His first significant work was constructed in 1961: a two-manual, fully mechanical-action organ (op. 35). It was built in
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778:(op. 46). At first, Fisk made an attempt to renovate a pre-existing E. M. Skinner organ in Appleton Chapel, the smaller
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in part reference to the church's organist, Herbert Nanney. It is designed to accommodate two different tuning systems
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that it provided a "vivid, rich sound, and a crystalline clarity that reveals the color and texture of each stop". In
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and equal temperament. A large iron lever above the manuals allows the organist to switch between the two systems.
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was published two years after Fisk's death. It includes his writings and details about the Fisk organs.
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2332:"The North German Organ Research Project at the School of Music and Musicology, University of Göteborg"
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from 1938, and graduated from the school in 1942. In 1943, when Fisk was 17, he secured a job in the
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951:. Another was published a few decades later, in 2020, when Stephen Kiernan published a novel named
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Fisk has received media attention from various television shows and radio programs, such as NBC's
294:, however, he was not made aware of his involvement until some weeks before the bomb was dropped.
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In 1981, another organ was planned for Palmer Memorial Church, which is a de facto church of
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In 1964, Fisk built the first modern mechanical organ, of three manuals, in King's Chapel on
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supply. This idea was negatively received in its publication but now is an industry-standard.
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attributed Fisk's decision to leave physics to the unease he felt for contributing to the
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for electronic sensors. These sensors were used for detecting the presence of a spherical
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predominantly have tracker actions. A historical feature he adapted in this organ is the
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This article is about the person who founded C.B. Fisk, Inc. For the company itself, see
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2804:. Vol. 1. Easthampton, Massachusetts: Westfield Center for Early Keyboard Studies.
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1182:. Vol. 2. Easthampton, Massachusetts: Westfield Center for Early Keyboard Studies.
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2705:"For new novel, Stephen Kiernan delves into moral quandary of building the atomic bomb"
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149:, Fisk made a career change from atomic physics to organ building. He later co-founded
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In 1981, Fisk built an organ (op. 83) for the Downtown United Presbyterian Church of
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In 1970, Fisk installed a three-manual and pedal organ (op. 55) that was inspired by
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1993:
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Faith and Form - Journal of the Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art, and Architecture
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In a later interview by Keith Yocum, when Fisk was 54 years old, Fisk commented:
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atomic bomb, which was dropped onto Nagasaki in 1945. He worked as a part of the
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After Fisk's death, two novels based on his life were published. One is titled
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from Cleveland. Afterward, he became a partner of the Andover Organ Company in
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In addition to building new organs, Fisk restored various historical organs.
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947:). It was inspired by Fisk's life and work as described in his obituary in
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and acquaintances of his parents often requested amplifiers built by Fisk.
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1959:"A Living Organism: Fisk's Breakthrough Instrument Celebrates 60 Years"
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2435:"Harvard's Historic, Controversial Fisk Organ: Last Local Utterances"
471:, Massachusetts. As a result of the move, employees had to move from
1927:"King of Instruments - Organ Concert is Finale to New Bern At Night"
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In 1979, Fisk built a four-manual, mechanical-action instrument for
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and was cited by organists Jonathan M. Gregoire and Hans Davidsson.
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955:. The protagonist of the novel, Charlie Fish, is inspired by Fisk (
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In addition to these literary works, a two-volume biography named
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1511:"After Los Alamos, Fisk helped to spark a pipe-organ renaissance"
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was consulted during the building process. In 1988, musicologist
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From 1980 to 1981, a historical baroque organ (op. 72), tuned in
2069:"The Fisk Organ in Houghton Chapel, an extraordinary instrument"
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Yocum, Keith R. (December 1979). "Charles Fisk, Organ Builder".
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1964 Fisk organ in King's Chapel, Boston, Massachusetts (op. 44)
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1984 Fisk-Nanney organ in the Stanford Memorial Church (op. 85)
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Fisk died on December 16, 1983, aged 58 years, due to a liver
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to function. Those designs were eventually implemented as the
2188:"Bach and the Organs of His Time: Their Influence in America"
439:, Massachusetts. Fisk and Crist had two daughters and a son.
1893:"Making modern pipe organs Johann Sebastian Bach would love"
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and Brombaugh establishing John Brombaugh & Associates.
174:. In the early 1930s, the Fisk family moved to the city of
1285:"Memorial Service at Harvard set for Charles Brenton Fisk"
2802:
Charles Brenton Fisk, Organ Builder - Essays in his honor
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Organ Company, meaning those organs were built by Byers.
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during bomb testing. A spherical implosion is needed for
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in modern organ construction. Originally involved in the
2652:"A Suggested Improvement for the Fisk Organ at Stanford"
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embodied the "sound of refinement". It was published by
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William, Coughlin; Driscoll, Edgar (January 11, 1984).
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Soon after graduating high school, Fisk was drafted to
133:(February 7, 1925 – December 16, 1983) was an American
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Douglass, Fenner; Jander, Owen; Owen, Barbara (1986).
1242:"Charles Brenton Fisk - An Affectionate Remembrance"
819:, was recreated and installed in Houghton Chapel of
609:, of which Fisk was cited as a major participant by
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Regarding this last quote, in an essay published in
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Charles Fisk, letter to his parents in February 1943
862:off from their historical counterparts. (See also:
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260:mechanic. A year later, he was transferred to the
2625:Stanford Office of Religious & Spiritual Life
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1833:"Cover Feature in Celebration of C.B. Fisk, Inc"
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1475:"Charles B. Fisk, at 58; renowned organ builder"
1353:National Museum of Nuclear Science & History
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317:. Continuing his interest in music, he joined a
774:In 1967, Fisk built a pedal instrument for the
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1179:Charles Brenton Fisk, Organ Builder - His Work
2144:(6): 32 – via Academic Search Complete.
1763:"Rice's Pipe Organs: Tradition of Excellence"
483:C. B. Fisk, Inc., employed notable organists
396:, while also studying under music professors
8:
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137:. He was one of the first to use mechanical
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182:. As a soprano, he joined the choir of the
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2495:"9-ton organ's voice on display Thursday"
2433:Greenleaf, Christopher (April 28, 2010).
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1413:
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313:After the war concluded, Fisk studied at
1509:Guerrieri, Matthew (November 29, 2014).
759:organ. Organist George Bozeman wrote in
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869:In 1992, a Fisk organ was installed in
503:Membership in professional associations
240:Military service and work at Los Alamos
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309:College education in physics and music
2736:Killeen, Wendy (September 14, 2014).
2507:from the original on February 8, 2023
2311:from the original on February 4, 2022
2255:(6): 32 – via Internet Archive.
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1952:
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1872:from the original on January 13, 2014
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1817:: 49–50 – via Internet Archive.
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1669:from the original on February 8, 2023
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1563:from the original on February 9, 2023
538:Memorial Church of Harvard University
323:Memorial Church of Harvard University
224:with the aid of his physicist uncle,
7:
2445:from the original on October 7, 2022
2023:Dyer, Richard (September 27, 1981).
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
688:Charles Fisk, Organ's Breath of Life
325:. He graduated from Harvard with an
248:Charles Fisk's US army ID from 1945.
16:American organ builder and physicist
2703:Hallenbeck, Brent (July 29, 2020).
1957:Johnson, Andrew (October 1, 2021).
1807:"C.B. Fisk, Inc., how it all began"
968:Charles Brenton Fisk, Organ Builder
2684:from the original on March 1, 2023
2367:Bozeman, George (September 2020).
2339:Swedish Society for Music Research
2289:"Organbuilding and Sustainability"
1721:"Andover's Founder Dies at Age 89"
368:bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
14:
1831:Pike, David C. (September 2011).
1697:. December 18, 1983. p. 80.
864:Stanford Memorial Church § Organs
454:
370:. However, an opinion essay from
341:. From 1950 to 1951, he lived in
2439:The Boston Musical Intelligencer
2118:– via MasterFILE Complete.
2098:Ambrosino, Jonathan (May 1999).
2035:Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC
1925:Palmer, Amy (November 9, 1989).
1549:Walsh, Colleen (April 5, 2012).
1240:Schuneman, Robert (April 1984).
577:on the Fisk-Nanney organ at the
2503:. December 4, 1982. p. 7.
1625:Owens, Barbara (July 1, 2011).
1422:Coffey, Mark Daryl (May 1984).
2826:List of C.B. Fisk, Inc. organs
999:"The Architect as Organ Maker"
889:, the former president of the
737:Mount Calvary Episcopal Church
529:Massachusetts General Hospital
339:Brookhaven National Laboratory
262:Los Alamos National Laboratory
214:The Cambridge School of Weston
1:
2402:"Fisk Organ at King's Chapel"
2400:Gatens, William (July 2005).
2247:Bragg, Chris (October 2019).
2132:Jones, Boyd (December 1995).
1854:Brown, Joel (June 17, 2010).
1118:Matter, Laura (Spring 2017).
1061:Glossary of music terminology
1025:"Some Thoughts on Pipe Metal"
575:Fantasia and Fugue in G minor
2556:Jones, Boyd (January 1996).
2155:Ambrosino, Jonathan (2008).
1994:"Organ Types and Components"
1665:. July 7, 1950. p. 22.
985:"The Organ's Breath of Life"
662:Jones Boyds, an organist at
194:was the choirmaster and the
2656:Performance Practice Review
2558:"C.B. Fisk in the Nineties"
2287:Gregoire, Jonathan (2015).
1973:American Guild of Organists
1866:Boston Globe Media Partners
1551:"Piping up, to good effect"
1425:Charles Fisk: Organ Builder
1066:List of pipe organ builders
891:American Guild of Organists
513:American Guild of Organists
274:His job included soldering
2897:
2669:10.5642/perfpr.198801.01.8
2465:"History & Fisk Organ"
2271:February 21, 2023, at the
2266:The Organ's Breath of Life
2025:"Historic Box of Whistles"
1964:American Organist Magazine
1837:American Organist Magazine
1030:American Organist Magazine
1016:American Organist Magazine
776:Memorial Church of Harvard
459:In 1955, Fisk returned to
452:
446:
435:. He and Crist married at
153:, an organ building firm.
103:Building historical organs
18:
2134:"Looking & listening"
349:, intending on getting a
143:electro-pneumatic actions
2851:Manhattan Project people
2330:Davidsson, Hans (1993).
2249:"Treading the Tightrope"
2186:Brombaugh, John (1985).
1897:University of Cincinnati
993:: 18–19. September 1969.
871:Meyerson Symphony Center
799:Hope Presbyterian Church
755:(op. 44) superseding an
624:electro-pneumatic action
599:electro-pneumatic action
579:Stanford Memorial Church
509:Organ Historical Society
402:Trinity Episcopal Church
394:Redwood City, California
222:Metallurgical Laboratory
162:Early life and education
2881:American businesspeople
2621:"The Fisk-Nanney Organ"
1805:Owens, Barbara (2020).
1434:Eastman School of Music
1430:University of Rochester
256:, where he worked as a
2856:Harvard College alumni
2650:Lindley, Mark (1988).
2576:– via EBSCOhost.
2500:Democrat and Chronicle
2422:– via EBSCOhost.
2389:– via EBSCOhost.
2175:– via EBSCOhost.
2100:"Diplomatic Relations"
1982:– via EBSCOhost.
1645:– via EBSCOhost.
1627:"A Very American Firm"
1589:Matter, Laura (2014).
1176:Owen, Barbara (1986).
1043:L'Orgue à notre Époque
713:
691:
603:stop-action mechanisms
586:
558:
533:sclerosing cholangitis
531:. Fisk had lived with
478:employee-owned company
465:Methuen, Massachusetts
417:
390:
382:
306:
249:
2710:Burlington Free Press
2407:American Record Guide
1761:Bynog, David (2013).
1130:University of Georgia
925:The Rest of the Story
825:Friederich Stellwagen
817:mean-tone temperament
768:American Record Guide
711:
697:The American Organist
612:The American Organist
607:Organ Reform Movement
589:In contrast with the
569:
556:
247:
218:University of Chicago
112:Organ Reform Movement
69:Boston, Massachusetts
1932:New Bern Sun Journal
1293:. January 10, 1984.
913:Sunday Morning with
829:Frederiksborg Castle
583:Stanford, California
527:, at Philips House,
525:autoimmune condition
329:in physics in 1949.
327:undergraduate degree
131:Charles Brenton Fisk
31:Charles Brenton Fisk
2861:American physicists
2770:"To Hear the Music"
1727:. January 5, 2013.
1657:"People and Places"
897:Appearance in media
810:Rochester, New York
803:St. Paul, Minnesota
632:Jakobikirche church
497:Noack Organ Company
455:§ Noted organs
347:Stanford University
2866:American organists
2606:– via Issuu.
2594:: 9. Spring 2011.
2592:Wellesley Magazine
2588:"A Star is Reborn"
2236:– via JSTOR.
1290:The New York Times
1125:The Georgia Review
949:The New York Times
714:
664:Stetson University
587:
559:
421:The Georgia Review
373:The Georgia Review
315:Harvard University
250:
135:pipe organ builder
2562:Choir & Organ
2253:Choir & Organ
2193:The Musical Times
2161:Choir & Organ
2157:"Fusing the Tone"
2138:Choir & Organ
2104:Choir & Organ
2073:Wellesley College
1811:Choir & Organ
1631:Choir & Organ
1596:Stanford Magazine
1591:"Power and Glory"
1428:(Doctor thesis).
1348:"Charles B. Fisk"
1120:"Hell and Reason"
1047:McGill University
933:The Organ Builder
852:Manuel J. Rosales
821:Wellesley College
788:Johann Silbermann
571:Robert Huw Morgan
567:
292:Manhattan Project
166:Fisk was born in
147:Manhattan Project
128:
127:
92:Years active
61:December 16, 1983
2888:
2815:
2787:
2786:
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2743:The Boston Globe
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1480:The Boston Globe
1470:
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1445:on March 7, 2023
1444:
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1436:. Archived from
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449:C. B. Fisk, Inc.
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212:Fisk studied at
188:Cambridge Common
122:Joyce C. Stearns
76:Other names
64:
51:Washington, D.C.
47:February 7, 1925
46:
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21:C. B. Fisk, Inc.
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1011:"Pipe Flueways"
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953:Universe of Two
899:
883:Russell Johnson
840:Rice University
792:Old West Church
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718:Rice University
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443:C.B. Fisk, Inc.
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284:plutonium bombs
242:
207:tube amplifiers
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157:Life and career
151:C.B. Fisk, Inc.
139:tracker actions
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2831:Photos of Fisk
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2820:External links
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2811:978-0961675509
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2756:Newspapers.com
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1483:. p. 36.
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593:organs of the
591:tracker-action
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493:John Brombaugh
447:Main article:
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398:Putnam Aldrich
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168:Washington, DC
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