Charles Edward Stuart - Knowledge (XXG)

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with some of the Scots to become irretrievably damaged. On 6 December, the Jacobites and Charles left Derby and began their march north back to Scotland. Charles's route north was the same as the one that he had taken on the journey south. He returned to Manchester on 9 December and after some light resistance from the local population, Charles demanded £5,000 from the town, eventually receiving £2,500 in payment. Charles then proceeded on through Preston, Lancaster and Kendal, until the Jacobite forces eventually met the government forces at

1664: 45: 6072: 880: 547: 343: 1429:. In Florence, he used the title "Count of Albany" as an alias, and his wife Louise was normally referred to as the "Countess of Albany". Charles's health deteriorated in later life, and he was reported to have suffered from asthma, high blood pressure, swollen legs and ulcers. In 1774, while in Florence, he suffered constantly from his illnesses, which required him to be carried by his servants to and from his carriage. Charles was also known to be an alcoholic, a condition that worsened with age. 1332: 1470: 917:. Charles was said to have been only 50 paces from the front-line of the battle, and he later expressed remorse that the victory involved killing his own subjects. It was reported during the battle that Charles and Lord Murray had argued with each other over the disposition of forces. The historian Hugh Douglas argues this was to result in an ever worsening relationship between the two that would culminate with ultimate defeat later at Culloden. 1453:. Charles also gave her the title "Duchess of Albany" in the peerage of Scotland and the style "Her Royal Highness", but these honours did not give Charlotte any right of succession to the throne. Charlotte lived with her father in Florence and Rome for the next five years. Eventually, she survived her father by less than two years, dying unmarried at Bologna in November 1789. In April 1784, Charles was persuaded by the visiting King 1194: 8138: 1366:, which his father had lived in for over 40 years. Charles wrote to both the Kings of France and Spain on his accession, but recognition as King Charles III was not granted by either monarch. Charles returned to his social life in Rome, making visits to the Pope and indulging in pastimes such as hunting, shooting, balls, concerts, operas and plays. One notable occasion, was when he met and heard 5912: 5640: 6095: 1544: 1072: 1202: 1461:, Louise was thereby legally permitted to live separately from her husband, even though she had been doing so for some time. Charles spent the majority of his last years living between Florence and Rome. However, he left Florence for the last time in 1785 and returned to Rome. It was reported that he was limited to light travelling by his doctors owing to his fragility. 1058:

battlefield. He hoped that Cumberland's army would attack first, and he had his men stand exposed to the accurate fire from government artillery batteries. Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but his messenger was killed before the order could be delivered. The Jacobite attack was uncoordinated, charging into withering musket fire and

1311:. Charles failed to make a good impression, being argumentative and idealistic in his expectations. Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England involving upwards of 100,000 men, to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles. However, he was so little impressed with Charles that he dismissed the prospect of Jacobite assistance. 1437:. Another cause was stated to be Charles himself, who was reported as becoming increasingly irrational and drunk. In November 1780, Louise formally left Charles. After separating, she claimed that Charles had physically abused her. This claim was generally believed by contemporaries. The historian Douglas states that Charles had been drinking following 539:

father continued to rely on foreign aid in his attempts to restore himself to the British and Irish thrones. However, Charles became increasingly supportive of the idea of rebellion unassisted by invasion or by support of any kind from abroad. On 23 December 1743, owing to his limited ability to travel to Britain, James named his son Charles

1386:. Charles returned to Paris in early 1771 with the permission of the French authorities under the Duc de Choiseul, who once again wished to discuss the possibility of a Jacobite invasion. However, on the day of the meeting, Charles was reported to be so intoxicated that he was unable to speak coherently, so the discussions were abandoned. 634: 470:

and Father Vinceguerra, a Catholic priest. He quickly became conversant in English, French and Italian, although it was said that he never fully mastered any language and was partially illiterate. During his childhood, he was reported to enjoy hunting, horsemanship, a form of golf, music and dancing.

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By the time Charles entered his 51st year, concern was raised by his Jacobite supporters and the French that he had not yet married, and that only his brother, a priest sworn to celibacy, remained as the only male heir. The French also wished to continue the Stuart line as a potential weapon against

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decided to return to Scotland given the lack of English Jacobite and French support, as well as rumours that large government forces were being amassed. Charles admitted that he had not heard from the English Jacobites since leaving France despite claiming the contrary; this caused his relationship

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later claimed that his fellow Scots were already concerned by Charles's autocratic style and fears he was overly influenced by his Irish advisors. A "Prince's Council" of senior leaders was established; Charles resented it as an imposition by the Scots on their divinely appointed monarch, while the

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in 1772. In his later life, Charles's health declined greatly and he was said to be an alcoholic. However, his escapades during the 1745 and 1746 uprising, as well as his escape from Scotland, led to his portrayal as a romantic figure of heroic failure. His life and the once possible prospects of a

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celebrations, and after accusing Louise of infidelities, may have attempted to rape her, resulting in her screaming to the extent that the household servants intervened. In the years that followed, the Pope awarded Louise half of Charles's papal pension, and Charles's international reputation was

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In January 1744, his father believed he had managed to obtain the de facto renewed support of the French government. Following this mistaken belief, Charles Edward travelled covertly to France from Rome, initially under the guise of a hunting party. However, neither the French Government nor King

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After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining supporters of the Jacobite cause in England that, accepting the impossibility of his recovering the English and Scottish crowns while he remained a Catholic, he was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protestant. Accordingly, he visited

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29 September] 1746. On his return, he was initially received warmly by King Louis XV, but as far as obtaining additional military or political assistance was concerned, his efforts proved fruitless. However, he became at once the popular hero and idol of many Parisians on account of his

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By the time he had reached 20, he had become a notable member of upper-class society in Rome and had developed a fondness for alcohol and fine clothes, often in excess of his allowance. He had become increasingly distant from his brother due to Henry's devotion to prayer and religious study. His

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the government in Britain. In 1771, while he was in Paris, Charles dispatched Sir Edmund Ryan, an Irish officer in Berwick's regiment, to seek out a bride for him. Despite some potential negotiations with prospective brides, he was unable to find a wife. A few months later, Charles's companion,

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on behalf of intervention, Charles resolved to launch an expedition to Scotland. The ultimate aim was to instigate a rebellion that would place his father on the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. To assist with funding the expedition, Charles borrowed some 180,000 livres from the Paris

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In both Rome and Paris, Charles met numerous supporters of the Stuart cause; he was aware that there were Jacobite representatives in every key European court. He had now taken a considerable share in correspondence and other actual work connected with the promotion of his own and his father's

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was born 5 years later on 6 March 1725. His mother and father were regularly at disagreement with each other, leading to one notable incident in which Clementina left the palace shortly after Henry's birth in 1725 and moved to a convent, not returning until 1727. As the legitimate heirs to the

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After the defeat, Murray managed to lead a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue the fight. Charles thought that he was betrayed, however, and decided to abandon the Jacobite cause. Some 20 miles from the battlefield, Charles rested briefly at Gorthleck, the home of his dubious

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and chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground, where his forces were exposed to superior firepower from government troops. To ensure his safety, his officers requested that Charles command his army from a position behind the front lines, which prevented him from gaining a clear view of the

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chapels. Bishop Robert Gordon, a staunch Jacobite whose house in Theobald's Row was one of Charles's safe-houses for the visit, is the most likely to have celebrated the communion. A chapel in Gray's Inn, used by the nonjurors, was suggested as the venue as early as 1788. This rebuts

503:, his first exposure to war. While at Gaeta, he observed the final stages of the siege and was said to have come under fire in the trenches of the siegeworks. He returned to Rome in late 1734. In January 1735, shortly after his fourteenth birthday, Charles's mother Clementina died of 820:. Previously pardoned for his participation in the 1715 and 1719 risings, Murray took over from O'Sullivan due to his better understanding of Highland military customs, and the Jacobites spent the next week re-organising their forces. On 14 September, Charles and his forces took 1062:

fired from the cannons, and it met with little success. In the centre, the Jacobites reached the first line of government troops, but this attack was eventually repulsed by a second line of soldiers. The remaining Jacobite survivors in the front line then fled. However, the

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did not surrender and was blockaded until Charles later called off the siege owing to a lack of artillery. On 17 September, Charles entered Edinburgh, accompanied by around 2,400 men. During this time, Charles also gave trophies to his supporters, a prominent example being

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to restore the Stuart monarchy under his father. When the French fleet was partly wrecked by storms, Charles resolved to proceed to Scotland following discussion with leading Jacobites. This resulted in Charles landing by ship on the west coast of Scotland, leading to the

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Charles and Louise left Florence in 1777 and returned to Rome. Their relationship had become increasingly quarrelsome. One cause was said to be the speculation regarding Louise's adulterous relationships with the courtiers Carl Bonstetten and the Italian poet Count

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Charles died in Rome of a stroke on 30 January 1788, aged 67. His brother the Cardinal Duke of York, who was present at the death, had the record read that he died on the morning of 31 January, as it was deemed unlucky to have him declared dead on the same date as

6098: 1547: 1021:. However, while the town surrendered immediately, the castle's artillery proved too strong for the Jacobite forces to approach and seize the castle. Government forces also attempted a relief of the siege, which resulted in a victory for Charles in the ensuing 764:. Aware of the potential impact of defeat, they felt that by arriving without French military support, Charles had failed to keep his commitments and were unconvinced by his personal qualities. Undeterred, Charles set sail again and arrived at the bay of 1092:, always barely ahead of the government forces. Many Highlanders aided him during his escape, and none of them betrayed him for the £30,000 reward. While Charles was in the Hebrides, funds had arrived from Spain and France on two ships that called at 1135:

by taking him in a boat disguised as her maid "Betty Burke". Charles remained on Skye until July, when he then crossed back to the mainland. With the aid of a few loyal servants and local supporters, Charles hid from government forces in the western

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cause, and Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. However, receiving a cool reception from the clan leaders there, many of those contacted advised him to return to France, including

499:, passed through Rome. He offered to take Charles on his expedition, and the boy of thirteen was appointed general of artillery by Don Carlos. On 30 July 1734, he departed Rome with an escort and proceeded with his cousin to the French and Spanish 614:, following repeated attempts by the French to encourage him to leave the Paris region. However, Charles continued to travel regularly to Paris during this period, often incognito and frequenting the hotels of the city to meet with supporters. 510:

As Charles grew older, he was introduced by his father and the Pope to Italian society. In 1737, James sent his son on a tour through major Italian cities to complete his education as a prince and man of the world. Charles proceeded to visit

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painted Charles entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse. Charles and the Jacobites would also be depicted in numerous drawings, prints and on objects, his likeness and coat of arms even depicted on objects such as engraved drinking glasses.

602:. With news of this and following the failed invasion, the French attempted to encourage Charles to return to Italy by refusing to pay him a monthly subsidy. However, when he could no longer afford the rent on the house in Montmartre, the 479: 784:, after Charles provided "security for the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive." Thereafter, support continued to grow. It is recorded that during this time, Charles began to take lessons in conversational 319:

With the Jacobite cause lost, Charles spent the remainder of his life on the continent, except for one secret visit to London. On his return, Charles lived briefly in France before he was exiled in 1748 under the terms of the

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with the purpose of accompanying a French Army across to England. The invasion never materialised, as the French fleet was scattered by a storm in the spring equinox, losing 11 ships. By the time it regrouped, the

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units fighting on the north-eastern side of the battlefield, as well as Irish and Scots regulars in the second line, retired in good order, allowing Charles and his personal retinue to escape northwards.

962:. After much discussion, Charles persuaded his council to agree to an invasion of England. By November, Charles was marching south at the head of an army numbering approximately 6,000 men. On 10 November, 1288:(later known as Countess von Alberstrof), whom he met, and may have begun a relationship with, during the 1745 rebellion. She was suspected by many of Charles's supporters of being a spy planted by the 441:. However, Charles was instructed in a regime of exercise and dancing to help improve his constitution, which strengthened his legs by later years. Charles spent much of his early childhood in Rome and 1525:

would later be erected. His mother Maria is also buried nearby at St Peter's. Charles's heart remained in Frascati Cathedral, where it is contained in a small urn beneath the floor, under a monument.

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A Short account of the affairs of Scotland in the years 1744, 1745, 1746 by David, Lord Elcho printed from the original manuscript at Gasford with a memoir and annotations by the Hon. Evan Charteris

929:. Jacobite morale was further boosted in mid-October when the French landed with supplies of money and weapons, together with an envoy, which seemed to validate claims of French backing. However, 365:. Historians differ as to who carried out his baptism ceremony. Kybett reports that it was presided over by Pope Clement, whereas Douglas and Pininski state it was carried out by the Bishop of 462:. While the Pope had raised initial concerns over Charles's religious education under a Protestant governor, James agreed that Charles would be raised as a Catholic. Among his tutors were the 731:

was forced to return to Brest for repairs, taking the majority of Charles's supplies, including some 1,800 broadswords, 8 artillery pieces and most of the 1,500 muskets he had purchased. The

418:. Many Protestants, including a number of prominent parliamentarians, had been worried that King James aimed to return England fully to the Catholic faith. Since the exile of James and the 1395: 1220:, that resulted in a short-lived son named Charles (born 28 July 1748, died 18 January 1749). In December 1748, he was arrested by the French authorities while attending the opera at the 535:" (an historic title adopted by Scottish royals in the 14th century). Despite being Catholic, many European states wished to avoid antagonising Britain, the only exception being Venice. 2500: 4052: 400:). Charles Edward's grandfather, James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland, ruled the kingdoms from 1685 to 1688. He was deposed when the English Parliament invited the 8208: 650:

interests. While in Paris and Soissons, Charles sought funding and support for the restoration of the monarchy. Following conversations with Irish and Scottish exiles such as

8193: 5279: 1186:, but the King rejected the idea of Spain providing help to restore the Stuarts. His relationship with his brother Henry deteriorated during this time, when Henry accepted a 1221: 3235: 1315:, which was Charles's last realistic chance to recover the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval defeats at 5450:

Governments of greater European powers: a comparative study of the governments and political culture of Great Britain, France, Germany, and the Soviet Union, Volume 1

1391: 1296:. Charles's inability to cope with the collapse of the Jacobite cause led to his problem with alcohol, and mother and daughter separated from Charles with his father 2026: 426:" had striven to return the Stuarts to the thrones of England and Scotland, which had been united in 1603 under James VI and I, with the parliaments joined by the 8218: 7202: 6940: 2246:

Charles would stay again at Callendar House before the Battle of Falkirk Muir. The Earl however would later be executed for his support of Charles in August 1746.

531:. The Italian tour was a shock for Charles, who had believed he would be welcomed as a royal prince. Instead, most European courts would only receive him as the " 7313: 6871: 1374:

on 6 April. However, he would periodically shut himself away in his rooms, and was said to have formed no new friendships in his later life. He made visits to

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greatly damaged. He was said to live an increasingly isolated and unhappy life, especially after his brother Henry agreed to house Louise at his estate.

324:. Charles eventually returned to Italy, where he spent much of his later life living in Florence and Rome. He had a number of mistresses before marrying 6523: 1029:, then Inverness. With a halt in operations until the weather improved, Charles forces then rested at Inverness, including a stay of some four days at 688: 458:. Charles spent much of his early years in the company of older men, several of whom acted as his tutors. Charles Edward's governor was the Protestant 291:

Born in Rome to the exiled Stuart court, he spent much of his early and later life in Italy. In 1744, he travelled to France to take part in a planned

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bankers John Waters and George Waters. Part of these funds had been raised through support from loyalists in Britain such as Sir Henry Bedingfield of

563: 507:. She had been in a poor state of declining health for many months; however, Charles was said to have been deeply distressed after his mother passed. 313: 292: 252: 8253: 6583: 5927: 2312: 7065: 6975: 3576: 1308: 6030:

Stewart, James A. Jr. (2001). "Highland Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745–46: 'Forcing Out,' Traditional Documentation and Gaelic Poetry".

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and later Victorian representations of the Jacobites. Charles's departure from Scotland in 1746 is depicted in an engraving of a painting by

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in January 1746. A failure to take the castle, however, resulted in the abandonment of the siege and the Jacobite forces moving northward to

1248:. In the following years, he was reported to have made several visits in secret to Paris, but was not discovered by the French authorities. 8178: 6251: 2220:, however British sources often cite his date of birth as 20 December 1720, as Britain did not switch to the Gregorian calendar until 1752. 943: 829: 607: 5411: 7433: 7138: 6181: 4475: 2146: 1450: 1293: 1205: 1107:

Donald Macleod of Galtrigill and Captain Con O'Neill, who took him to Benbecula. From 16 April until 28 June, Charles travelled through

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did not give Charles the same recognition as "Charles III". However, on 23 January, with the Pope's permission, Charles moved into the

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hat in July 1747. He also deliberately broke off communication with his father in Rome (who had approved of his brother's action).

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who assured him of the strength of the Jacobite movement in Scotland, as well as following receipt of a petition to Charles from

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Charles and his forces reached Glasgow on 26 December where they rested until 3 January 1746. The decision was then made to lay

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agreed to lend him his country estate near Paris where he stayed until January 1745. Charles then moved to the country house of

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By 1783, Charles's health continued to decline, and for a time, he fell seriously ill such to the extent that he was given the

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in May 1744. Owing to his expenditure on his wardrobe, attendants and drinking, Charles became in debt to the amount of 30,000

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The legacy of Charles Stuart and his role in Jacobitism has also influenced songs and music. Examples include the folk songs "

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On his death, a cast of his face was made, and his body was embalmed and placed in a coffin of cypress wood. Adorned with the

1449:. Although Charles recovered, he agreed to create a new will, and signed an act of legitimation for his illegitimate daughter 8243: 8163: 7906: 7148: 6814: 6628: 6598: 6281: 6193: 5348: 1233: 808:, where their control of the pass persuaded advancing government forces to withdraw from the area. Stopping briefly first at 567: 7338: 8141: 7570: 7479: 7217: 6926: 6856: 6809: 6573: 6538: 6533: 6518: 1635: 1518: 1486:. Charles's will left most of his estate to his heir, his daughter Charlotte. There were a few exceptions, including some 1174: 1081: 843:, leaving the south country undefended. On 16 September, Charles and his army encamped outside the city at Gray's Mill in 1033:. Charles and his troops were then required to move after word reached them of the pursuit against them by the forces of 8258: 8008: 7965: 6799: 6633: 6354: 5923: 5567: 1614: 1343: 1054: 947: 817: 768:. He had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was not forthcoming and he decided to raise an army in Scotland. 744: 700:, Charles and his party set sail on 5 July for Scotland. During the voyage north, Charles's squadron were fired upon by 6749: 8213: 7535: 7383: 6892: 6836: 6342: 6152: 2114: 1810: 1297: 959: 385: 265: 221: 75: 671:, which had passed down to him through his mother. He used these extensive funds to purchase weapons and fit out the 5301: 8268: 7970: 7580: 7505: 7443: 7418: 7368: 7308: 6779: 6374: 6298: 5554: 1187: 1140:

for several weeks. He ultimately evaded capture and on 19 September, he left the country aboard the French frigate

1034: 651: 467: 4476:"Gordon, Robert (Bap. 1703, d. 1779), Jacobite sympathizer and the last bishop of the nonjuring Church of England" 3357: 7525: 7232: 7153: 6881: 6866: 6663: 6638: 6588: 6548: 6418: 6369: 2052: 1784: 1145: 884: 857: 852: 777: 393: 231: 1358:

had recognised James as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland as "James III and VIII", but over 40 years later

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to grant Louise a decree of separation. While not a formal divorce, as no such legal procedure existed in the

1277:'s suggestion that it took place at a church in the Strand. and biographers such as Kybett who have suggested 378: 913:. On 21 September, Charles and his forces defeated Cope's army, the only government army in Scotland, at the 8263: 7796: 7786: 7763: 7728: 7510: 7474: 7398: 6861: 6618: 6563: 6498: 6453: 6438: 6408: 1672: 1422: 1367: 1278: 1225: 757: 748: 623: 582:

After the failure of the planned invasion, Charles remained in France, staying at several places, including

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Morale was high following the battle at Prestonpans, and Charles returned to Edinburgh, holding court at

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restored Stuart monarchy have left an enduring historical legend that continues to have a legacy today.

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had officially invited Charles. Nevertheless, by February, the French government had agreed to support

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was bishop. At Henry's death in 1807, Charles's remains (except his heart) were moved to the crypt of

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While back in France, Charles had numerous mistresses. He had a relationship with his first cousin

971: 451: 415: 377:, Louis for the King of France, Casimir after the kings of Poland, and Sylvester as he was born on 5750:"The Drama of Charles Edward Stuart, Jacobite Propaganda, and French Political Protest, 1745–1750" 7881: 7743: 7733: 7718: 7708: 7662: 7550: 7094: 6763: 6754: 6668: 6513: 6488: 6332: 6303: 6288: 6045: 5777: 5769: 5671:

Art and Identity in Scotland. A Cultural History from the Jacobite Rising of 1745 to Walter Scott

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Cope and his army's disastrous defence against the Jacobites was later immortalised in the song "

2217: 1618: 1502: 1137: 1050: 983: 805: 697: 427: 411: 309: 7853: 7373: 7022: 6423: 4855: 1469: 5576:. Translated by des Maizeaux. London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, A. Battesworth. p. 106. 1639:

could be in reference to him as a way to refer to him but also to any woman. It was covered by

1331: 8086: 7927: 7891: 7886: 7848: 7838: 7687: 7603: 7598: 7540: 7388: 7378: 7348: 7143: 7000: 6528: 6478: 6458: 6443: 6364: 6035: 6016: 5997: 5978: 5959: 5896: 5877: 5858: 5839: 5820: 5801: 5736: 5715: 5696: 5674: 5615: 5596: 5571: 5530: 5468: 4968: 1968: 1359: 1245: 1149: 963: 909:, a decision he would soon regret. On 20 September, Charles mustered and joined his forces at 801: 668: 664: 496: 397: 175: 3236:"Sir Henry Bedingfield: National Trust unmasks landowner who spied for Bonnie Prince Charlie" 8091: 7806: 7723: 7703: 7672: 7363: 7328: 7272: 6399: 6313: 6177: 5761: 5522: 5171: 4486: 4419: 2334: 1904: 1487: 1434: 1289: 1269: 1153: 1030: 1003: 967: 785: 389: 312:, which effectively ended the Stuart cause. Although there were subsequent attempts such as 269: 5518: 934:

daily meetings accentuated divisions between the factions. The council was said to include

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Charles has been depicted on stage as well as in film and television. He was portrayed by

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in the company of a small retinue and a close but often argumentative family. His brother

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Charles was said to have suffered from weak legs at an early age, possibly as a result of

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controlled the city, which quickly surrendered, although the castle under the command of

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Although several clan chiefs initially discouraged him, he gained the crucial support of

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realised the diversion that had deceived them and resumed their position in the Channel.

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as a prospective bride. Accordingly, on 28 March 1772, Charles married Princess Louise

1104: 869: 638: 532: 6105:, engraved for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 with a poetical illustration by 5489: 4849: 1533:

Charles has been depicted in painting since the 18th century, much of it belonging to

8157: 8096: 8053: 8023: 8003: 7667: 7593: 7520: 7423: 7353: 7267: 7222: 7207: 7104: 7053: 6271: 5931: 5918: 5781: 5688: 5651: 5646: 5383: 5185: 4053:"Prince Charles Edward Stuart Itinerary and Map (Supplement to the Lyon in Mourning)" 2346:

published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839, with a poetical illustration by

1640: 1626: 1124: 1085: 873: 765: 540: 454:, James and his household lived with a sense of pride, and staunchly believed in the 347: 5549: 4193: 8106: 8101: 8048: 8038: 8013: 7993: 7713: 7682: 7629: 7624: 7408: 7318: 7257: 7237: 7124: 7048: 2256: 2234: 1683: 1569: 1514: 1458: 1371: 1363: 1307:, Charles was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French foreign minister, the 1208:

was the only child of Charles to survive infancy (painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton)

1132: 998: 809: 781: 660: 599: 401: 354: 108: 6086:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Murray Pittock, Stana Nenadic & Allan Macinnes ( 4498: 1241: 835:

Charles's progress onto Edinburgh was helped by the action of the British leader,

4964:

Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth: A Study in Portraiture, 1720–1892

8058: 7843: 7639: 7413: 7252: 7131: 7114: 7109: 7073: 4490: 2230: 1644: 1559: 1551: 1534: 1265: 979: 910: 892: 816:

on 4 September. At Perth, his ranks were joined by more sympathisers, including

5730: 1071: 8063: 8043: 8028: 7998: 7247: 7158: 7015: 6990: 6980: 6308: 6260: 6094: 5740: 1543: 1274: 1261: 1201: 1116: 1112: 987: 975: 793: 752: 708: 595: 583: 576: 423: 404: 57: 361:, Italy, on 31 December 1720, where his father had been given a residence by 7089: 7010: 6143: 6083: 5940:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 940–942. 5302:"For Bonnie Prince Charlie, starring Julia Marlowe & Robert Taber, 1897" 3240: 2395: 1410:

on 17 April 1772, where the marriage was reported to have been consummated.

1335:

Charles Edward Stuart in his later years (painted by Hugh Douglas Hamilton,

1292:

government of Great Britain. On 29 October 1753, the couple had a daughter,

1108: 1059: 876:

and, as of 2016, was on display at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.

840: 797: 5765: 7448: 7043: 7036: 6739: 3358:"The Second Jacobite Rebellion of 1745: Triumph and Tragedy for Scotland" 2390:

Additional Manuscripts, British Library, 30,090, quoted in Frank McLynn,

1676: 1414: 1407: 1375: 1157: 1093: 1089: 1010:

allowing them to continue north through Carlisle and back into Scotland.

751:. Many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant, still supported the 611: 559: 516: 6049: 5773: 5749: 883:

Bonnie Prince Charlie entering the Ballroom at Holyroodhouse flanked by

6918: 5664:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 587. 1237: 966:

surrendered to Charles. Continuing south, Charles and his army reached

821: 736: 571: 524: 442: 438: 206: 5975:

The Road to Culloden Moor. Bonnie Prince Charlie and the 45' Rebellion

5176: 5163: 1264:

the Catholic faith and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving

7119: 5385:

Airs and Melodies peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland and the Isles

1284:

Charles lived for several years in exile with his Scottish mistress,

1252:

London incognito in 1750, staying for several weeks primarily at the

1179: 1049:

Government forces caught up with Charles and his army at the ensuing

1026: 906: 528: 504: 1473:

Tomb of Charles, his father and brother in St Peter's Basilica, Rome

747:, an Irish exile and former French officer, and Charles's secretary 633: 5272:"Outlander' Q&A: Andrew Gower on Playing Bonnie Prince Charlie" 1490:

for his brother Henry, as well as some annuities for his servants.

868:

while he was in Edinburgh, which survived in the collection of the

7005: 5917:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

5693:

Charles Edward Stuart: The Life and Times of Bonnie Prince Charlie

5645:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

1662: 1654: 1468: 1330: 1200: 1192: 1070: 994: 878: 804:

by the last week of August. Charles's forces continued on via the

687: 632: 591: 545: 520: 512: 478: 341: 5612:

The Love of a Prince – Bonnie Prince Charlie in France, 1744–1748

1617:". Charles's subsequent flight from Scotland is commemorated in " 796:

and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march towards

308:

in January 1746. However, by April 1746, Charles was defeated at

6379: 5798:

Valour does not wait. The rise and fall of Charles Edward Stuart

4097:(Edinburgh: HMSO, The National Library of Scotland, 1995), p. 27 1379: 358: 346:

Charles painted as a five year old in 1725 by the court painter

7179: 6960: 6922: 6233: 3850: 3848: 1383: 6229: 5527:

Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

4105: 4103: 3787: 3785: 2324:

The title is frequently used for him in European publications

1178:

exploits in Scotland. In March 1747, he travelled briefly to

692:

A 1907 illustration of Prince Charles seen on the battlefield

3577:"Unique Bonnie Prince Charlie painting secured for Scotland" 2268:

A first-hand account of these events is given by James, the

978:

on the 29 November. His army progressed as far south as the

316:

in 1759, Charles was unable to restore the Stuart monarchy.

26:"Bonnie Prince Charlie" redirects here. For other uses, see 5817:

Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography of Charles Edward Stuart

5208:

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "poetical illustration".

2468: 2466: 1053:

on 16 April. Charles ignored the advice of his subordinate

450:

thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland—according to the

5069: 5067: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5008: 5006: 4993: 4991: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4891: 4889: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4816: 4814: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4760: 4758: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4690: 4688: 4267: 4265: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4223: 4221: 4135: 4133: 4059:. XXIII 1897: 46 – via National Library of Scotland. 3998: 3996: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3724: 3722: 3720: 2207:

Charles may have also been given the middle name Severino.

1682:

During his pretence as Prince of Wales, Charles claimed a

1228:, he was then expelled from France under the terms of the 905:

Meanwhile, Sir John Cope had brought his forces by sea to

264:(31 December 1720 – 30 January 1788) was the elder son of 5084: 5082: 5023: 5021: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4342: 4340: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 2827: 2825: 2800: 2798: 2761: 2759: 2516: 2514: 2333:

John Hay Allen and Charles Manning Allen, later known as

663:. As security for the loans, Charles was able to use the 5836:

Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603–1945

5529:(2nd ed.). London: Little, Brown. pp. 27, 50. 4603: 4601: 3647: 3645: 3462: 3460: 3435: 3433: 3303: 3301: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3218: 3216: 3122: 3120: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 2935: 2933: 2533: 2531: 2529: 1501:

and the Cross of St George, Charles was first buried in

1256:

London residence of Lady Primrose, the widow of the 3rd

938:, Lord George Murray, Thomas Sheridan, John O'Sullivan, 715:, with Charles on board, made sail to escape, while the 262:

Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart

197:

Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart

5947:

The Life and Adventures of Prince Charles Edward Stuart

5593:

Kings over the water: the saga of the Stuart pretenders

3546:"Lost Bonnie Prince Charlie portrait found in Scotland" 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2681: 2679: 2642: 2640: 2615: 2613: 2409:"Britain's new monarch to be known as King Charles III" 1006:

in Cumbria on 18 December. The Jacobite forces won the

739:

on 23 July 1745. The group would later be known as the

4124:

A Selection of Arms Authorised by the Laws of Heraldry

2576: 2574: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 1173:

Charles landed back in France on 10 October [

1160:

from which he made his final departure from Scotland.

550:

Charles, painted in 1742, by the French court painter

414:, King James's eldest daughter, to replace him in the 4854:(Second ed.). London: Methuen & Co. p. 2303:

Charlotte went on to have illegitimate children with

1686:

consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a

1406:. The couple met shortly after for the first time at 637:

Charles Edward as the Jacobite leader (a painting in

369:. Regardless, he was given the names Charles for his 1084:, before retreating to Invergarry Castle, by way of 696:

Encouraged by the French victory in May 1745 at the

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Prince Charles Edward, bidding adieu to his friends

1417:in 1774, where he was provided with a residence by 1382:in 1770, where he took to the waters at the city's 792:. On 19 August, he raised his father's standard at 247: 237: 227: 217: 205: 191: 174: 142: 129: 115: 95: 91: 81: 71: 63: 56: 37: 4474: 19:For other people named Charles Edward Stuart, see 5855:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World 3945:"Battle of Culloden (showing Duke of Cumberland)" 3534:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 27 December 2023. 5800:. Prestonpans: Prestoungrange University Press. 2548: 2546: 735:successfully landed him and seven companions at 1103:Charles was assisted by supporters such as the 997:, despite Charles's objections, his council at 543:, giving him the authority to act in his name. 5490:"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family" 5349:"New Pretender avoids toll with boat crossing" 2335:John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Edward Stuart 483:Portrait by William Mosman, painted circa 1737 6934: 6245: 5874:Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts 5324:"Finding glory in the tale of Prince Charlie" 5199:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1838). "picture". 4165:"Charles Edward Stewart: The Young Pretender" 2392:Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts 772:Early stages and victory at Prestonpans: 1745 276:. During his lifetime, he was also known as " 8: 8209:Peers created by James Francis Edward Stuart 7063: 7034: 7020: 6032:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 5994:Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion 4485:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4095:The 'Forty-Five. The Last Jacobite Rebellion 2027:Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien 1152:marks the traditional spot on the shores of 396:, a Polish noblewoman (the granddaughter of 7129: 2272:in his "Memoir of the Rebellion 1745–1746". 1598: 1413:They lived first in Rome and then moved to 1236:. He moved first to the Papal territory at 566:, hoping to remove British forces from the 8194:Collection of Derby Museum and Art Gallery 7187: 7176: 6968: 6957: 6941: 6927: 6919: 6729: 6404: 6252: 6238: 6230: 6112: 6070: 2495: 2493: 1707: 1698: 1268:communion, likely at one of the remaining 800:. The force proceeded eastwards, reaching 629:Preparations and journey to Scotland: 1745 384:Charles was the son of the Old Pretender, 43: 34: 6343:"James III & VIII", The Old Pretender 6064:Portraits of Prince Charles Edward Stuart 5735:. Edinburgh: Published by David Douglas. 5673:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5513: 5511: 5435: 5398: 5369: 5175: 1354:Charles's father died on 1 January 1766. 5073: 4805: 4749: 4520: 4394: 4382: 4331: 4203:ALBA – The Escape of the Young Pretender 3919: 3883: 3866: 3412: 2855: 2831: 2804: 2777: 2709: 2658: 2520: 2313:Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart 2281:The Duchy was annexed to France in 1766. 1342: 675:, an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the 5224: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5058: 5039: 5012: 4997: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4912: 4895: 4880: 4832: 4820: 4793: 4781: 4764: 4732: 4711: 4694: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4556: 4544: 4482:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4420:"The visit of Prince Charles to London" 4406: 4370: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4256: 4239: 4227: 4212: 4139: 4069: 4038: 4026: 4002: 3987: 3968: 3854: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3699: 3663: 3651: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3514: 3490: 3466: 3451: 3439: 3424: 3400: 3343: 3319: 3222: 3195: 3159: 3075: 3044: 2975: 2939: 2900: 2888: 2789: 2765: 2697: 2670: 2631: 2604: 2537: 2484: 2472: 2445: 2362: 2200: 1659:Arms used by Charles as Prince of Wales 388:(himself son of the exiled Stuart King 5895:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 5258: 5211:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 5202:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 5088: 5027: 4843: 4841: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4532: 4460: 4443: 4358: 4346: 4319: 4307: 4151: 4109: 4081: 4014: 3931: 3907: 3895: 3803: 3791: 3711: 3675: 3478: 3388: 3331: 3307: 3292: 3273: 3261: 3207: 3183: 3171: 3138: 3126: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3056: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2963: 2951: 2924: 2912: 2876: 2843: 2816: 2750: 2738: 2721: 2685: 2646: 2619: 2592: 2580: 2457: 2433: 2378: 2068: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1826: 1716: 1712: 719:, with her greater firepower, engaged 667:crown jewels of his great-grandfather 188: 28:Bonnie Prince Charlie (disambiguation) 21:Charles Edward Stuart (disambiguation) 8219:People of the Jacobite rising of 1745 6080:at the National Galleries of Scotland 5573:The works of Monsieur de St. Evremond 4175:from the original on 25 November 2007 3687: 3556:from the original on 21 February 2014 3528:"Charles Edward, the Young Pretender" 3502: 2144: 2134: 2130: 2118: 2112: 2102: 2086: 2076: 2072: 2056: 2050: 2040: 2024: 2014: 2010: 1998: 1992: 1982: 1966: 1956: 1952: 1928: 1918: 1902: 1892: 1888: 1876: 1870: 1860: 1844: 1834: 1830: 1814: 1808: 1798: 1782: 1772: 1768: 1756: 1750: 1740: 1724: 1720: 1667:Coat of arms of The Young Pretender ( 1398:suggested the latter's sister-in-law 460:James Murray, Jacobite Earl of Dunbar 284:"; in popular memory, he is known as 7: 5463:Publications, Wise (30 March 2011). 5282:from the original on 1 December 2017 4194:Queen Anne and the 1707 Act of Union 3370:from the original on 8 November 2021 990:, arriving there on the 4 December. 4848:Mayne, Ethel Colburn (6 May 1909). 4511:Royal Stuart Journal Number 1, 2009 2216:Charles was born in Rome under the 2147:Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 1562:in the 1948 semi-biographical film 1206:Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany 1127:. On 28 June, Charles was aided by 1045:Culloden and return to France: 1746 181:Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany 8229:Italian people of Scottish descent 6348:"Charles III", The Young Pretender 5496:from the original on 13 March 2017 5164:"Victorian Representations of War" 2307:, an ecclesiastical member of the 1702:Ancestors of Charles Edward Stuart 1572:in the historical dramatic series 1400:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 1348:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 1214:Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne 1039:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 338:Childhood and education: 1720–1734 326:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 149:Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern 14: 8189:Scottish people of Polish descent 6750:Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1715 6068:National Portrait Gallery, London 5633:. London: Williams & Norgate. 5168:Cahiers Victoriens et Édouardiens 3575:Ferguson, Brian (30 March 2016). 3356:Oestman, Olivia (19 April 2019). 1847:Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena 812:, Charles and his forces reached 495:in his struggle for the crown of 164: 8184:18th-century Jacobite pretenders 8137: 8136: 6795:Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1746 6712: 6093: 5910: 5638: 2089:Philip William, Elector Palatine 1568:. Charles was also portrayed by 1542: 790:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair 251: 125:Palazzo Muti, Rome, Papal States 67:1 January 1766 – 30 January 1788 8254:Violence against women in Italy 8234:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica 6674:Raids on Lochaber and Shiramore 5695:. London: Thames & Hudson. 889:Alexander Forbes, Lord Pitsligo 160: 6815:Old military roads of Scotland 6629:War of the Austrian Succession 6599:Capture of Eilean Donan Castle 6282:Independent Highland Companies 6202:Reason for succession failure: 5465:The Beatles: Music Roots (PVG) 5351:. Herald Scotland. 29 May 1996 4093:Michael Hook and Walter Ross, 3949:National Galleries of Scotland 2229:The name was later adopted by 1497:, the Cross of St Andrew, the 1303:In 1759, at the height of the 1234:War of the Austrian Succession 1182:via Lyon for an audience with 921:Invasion of England: 1745–1746 849:Lord Provost Archibald Stewart 641:, attributed to the circle of 568:War of the Austrian Succession 50:Portrait by Allan Ramsay, 1745 16:Jacobite pretender (1720–1788) 1: 8199:Earls in the Jacobite peerage 6810:Traitors Transported Act 1746 6574:War of the Quadruple Alliance 5956:Bonnie Prince Charlie. A Life 5924:Vaughan, Herbert Millingchamp 5629:Chidsey, Donald Barr (1928). 4967:. Bucknell University Press. 1636:My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean 1519:monument to the Royal Stuarts 1505:near Rome, where his brother 1336: 1131:, who helped him sail to the 896: 594:, leasing a hilltop house in 564:a planned invasion of England 491:, who was proceeding to join 7066:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 6365:Sophie, Electress of Hanover 6078:Prince Charles Edward Stuart 5729:Elcho, David Wemyss (1907). 4499:UK public library membership 1688:label argent of three points 1224:. Briefly imprisoned at the 570:. Charles then travelled to 475:Travels in Europe: 1734–1745 8179:18th-century British people 7035: 6805:Treason Outlawries Act 1748 6207:Grandfather deposed in 1688 6153:James Francis Edward Stuart 5992:Riding, Jacqueline (2016). 2415:. Reuters. 8 September 2022 2115:Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg 1811:James Francis Edward Stuart 1611:Wha'll be King but Charlie? 1260:. While in London, Charles 386:James Francis Edward Stuart 268:making him the grandson of 266:James Francis Edward Stuart 222:James Francis Edward Stuart 8285: 6299:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 5754:Eighteenth-Century Studies 5568:de Saint-Évremond, Charles 5412:"Charlie, he's my darling" 2062: 1946: 1820: 1714: 1631:Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill 1482:of his great-grandfather, 1197:Clementina Walkinshaw 1760 621: 304:in September 1745 and the 25: 18: 8123: 7186: 7175: 7080:Methodological skepticism 6971: 6967: 6956: 6710: 6419:Williamite War in Ireland 6267: 6211: 6164: 6149: 6142: 6115: 6011:Silverman, Jerry (2010). 5834:Longmate, Norman (1993). 5815:Kybett, Susan M. (1988). 5610:Bongie, Laurence (1986). 5102:"Monument to the Stuarts" 4961:Nicholson, Robin (2002). 2132: 2124: 2096: 2074: 2070: 2053:Maria Klementyna Sobieska 2034: 2012: 2004: 1976: 1954: 1950: 1912: 1890: 1882: 1854: 1832: 1828: 1792: 1785:Henrietta Maria of France 1770: 1762: 1734: 1718: 1601:Óró sé do bheatha abhaile 1599: 1584:For Bonnie Prince Charlie 1396:Charles Fitz-James Stuart 1230:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1169:Life in Europe: 1746–1766 885:Donald Cameron of Lochiel 828:, where he persuaded the 778:Donald Cameron of Lochiel 394:Maria Clementina Sobieska 322:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 314:a planned French invasion 232:Maria Clementina Sobieska 196: 187: 42: 6785:Act of Proscription 1746 6584:Marquess of Tullibardine 6107:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 5954:Pininski, Peter (2010). 5796:Johnston, Arran (2010). 5417:. Royal Collection Trust 5388:. Edinburgh. p. 47. 4199:14 February 2007 at the 4057:Scottish History Society 2554:"Bonnie Prince Charlies" 2348:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 1623:Sir Harold Edwin Boulton 1621:" by the English author 1218:Jules, Prince of Guéméné 608:Anne, Duchess of Berwick 432:Kingdom of Great Britain 353:Charles was born in the 8224:British Roman Catholics 6589:General Joseph Wightman 6454:Battle of Killiecrankie 6015:. Melbay Publications. 5973:Preston, Diana (1995). 5945:Norie, William (1907). 5937:Encyclopædia Britannica 5819:. London: Unwin Hyman. 5748:Kaiser, Thomas (1997). 5669:Coltman, Viccy (2019). 5661:Encyclopædia Britannica 5555:Encyclopædia Britannica 5304:. Vanderbilt University 5240:. The National Archives 5238:"Jacobite wine glasses" 5214:. Fisher, Son & Co. 5205:. Fisher, Son & Co. 5162:Teulié, Gilles (2007). 4491:10.1093/ref:odnb/105934 1673:Palazzo di San Clemente 1625:and in the Irish song " 1427:Palazzo del Pretendente 1423:Palazzo di San Clemente 1368:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1279:St Martin-in-the-Fields 1222:Théâtre du Palais-Royal 974:on the 26 November and 788:under the tutorship of 685:), a 16-gun privateer. 624:Jacobite rising of 1745 298:Jacobite rising of 1745 8239:Knights of the Thistle 7130: 7064: 7030:Enlightened absolutism 7021: 6659:Battle of Falkirk Muir 6474:Declaration of Finglas 6360:Act of Settlement 1701 6117:Charles Edward Stuart 6103:Francis William Topham 6084:The Jacobite Rebellion 5891:McLynn, Frank (1985). 5872:McLynn, Frank (1988). 5853:McLynn, Frank (2005). 5710:Douglas, Hugh (1975). 5591:Aronson, Theo (1979). 5382:Fraser, Simon (1816). 2270:Chevalier de Johnstone 1679: 1660: 1539:Francis William Topham 1474: 1351: 1340: 1240:, and then in 1749 to 1209: 1198: 1076: 1023:Battle of Falkirk Muir 902: 858:Prince Charlie's Targe 824:and Charles stayed at 693: 646: 554: 484: 350: 306:Battle of Falkirk Muir 8244:Knights of the Garter 8164:Charles Edward Stuart 6996:Counter-Enlightenment 6649:Battle of Prestonpans 6609:Battle of Coille Bhan 6594:Anglo-French Alliance 6554:Battle of Sheriffmuir 6519:1715 general election 6215:Henry Benedict Stuart 6167:— TITULAR — 6159:as James III and VIII 6099:Prince Charles Edward 5876:. London: Routledge. 5766:10.1353/ecs.1997.0035 5712:Charles Edward Stuart 5631:Bonnie Prince Charlie 5467:. Wise Publications. 5448:Herman Finer (1956). 4473:Robb, Steven (2013). 2311:. Their only son was 1995:Jakub Ludwik Sobieski 1931:Charles Edward Stuart 1669:Royal Arms of England 1666: 1658: 1615:Charlie is my darling 1565:Bonnie Prince Charlie 1472: 1346: 1334: 1286:Clementina Walkinshaw 1204: 1196: 1184:Ferdinand VI of Spain 1074: 1008:Clifton Moor Skirmish 970:on 21 November, then 915:Battle of Prestonpans 882: 839:, who had marched to 837:General Sir John Cope 691: 636: 604:Archbishop of Cambrai 549: 487:In 1734, his cousin, 482: 456:divine right of kings 447:Henry Benedict Stuart 428:Acts of Union in 1707 379:Saint Sylvester's Day 345: 302:Battle of Prestonpans 286:Bonnie Prince Charlie 38:Charles Edward Stuart 6950:Age of Enlightenment 6837:"James III and VIII" 6604:Battle of Glen Shiel 6389:Royal Stuart Society 6385:Neo-Jacobite Revival 6329:William III & II 5452:. Holt. p. 178. 4122:Burke, Sir Bernard. 3552:. 22 February 2014. 2507:on 10 November 2015. 2292:Gentleman's Magazine 1727:Charles I of England 1495:Order of the Thistle 1455:Gustav III of Sweden 1392:the Duc d'Aiguillion 1350:(1752–1824), c. 1772 1327:Pretender: 1766–1788 1258:Viscount of Primrose 1226:Château de Vincennes 741:Seven Men of Moidart 375:Edward the Confessor 163: 1772; 111:, Rome, Papal States 76:"James VIII and III" 8259:Jacobite pretenders 7956:Feijóo y Montenegro 7907:Vorontsova-Dashkova 6829:Jacobite succession 6469:Battle of the Boyne 6464:Massacre of Glencoe 6449:General Hugh Mackay 6338:Jacobite succession 6324:Glorious Revolution 6294:Union of the Crowns 6194:Jacobite succession 5857:. London: Pimlico. 5595:. London: Cassell. 5488:Francois R. Velde. 5106:St Peter's Basilica 3934:, pp. 377–378. 3910:, pp. 328–329. 3898:, pp. 209–216. 3806:, pp. 304–305. 3794:, pp. 299–300. 3714:, pp. 175–176. 3481:, pp. 123–125. 3391:, pp. 465–467. 3346:, pp. 152–153. 1753:James II of England 1633:. The popular song 1529:Cultural depictions 1511:St Peter's Basilica 1499:Order of the Garter 1425:, now known as the 1313:The French invasion 940:Murray of Broughton 866:portrait of Charles 652:Sir Thomas Sheridan 468:Sir Thomas Sheridan 452:Jacobite succession 282:the Young Chevalier 278:the Young Pretender 135:St Peter's Basilica 8214:Nobility from Rome 7095:Natural philosophy 6764:Indemnity Act 1717 6755:Disarming Act 1715 6669:Battle of Culloden 6664:Siege of Inverness 6644:Duke of Cumberland 6634:Lord George Murray 6549:Siege of Inverness 6489:Treaty of Limerick 6429:King William's War 6319:James II & VII 6144:Titles in pretence 6034:. 20/21: 141–173. 5227:, p. 149-158. 4424:The National Trust 4112:, p. 216-217. 3857:, p. 135-136. 2558:The Jacobite Trail 2218:Gregorian calendar 1680: 1661: 1619:The Skye Boat Song 1503:Frascati Cathedral 1475: 1439:Saint Andrew's Day 1352: 1341: 1210: 1199: 1138:Grampian Mountains 1077: 1055:Lord George Murray 1051:Battle of Culloden 984:Swarkestone Bridge 903: 830:Earl of Kilmarnock 818:Lord George Murray 806:Corrieyairack Pass 758:MacDonald of Sleat 698:Battle of Fontenoy 694: 681:(sometimes called 656:Sir Hector Maclean 647: 555: 485: 416:Revolution of 1688 351: 58:Jacobite pretender 8269:Scottish folklore 8151: 8150: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8114: 7171: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7144:Scientific method 7001:Critical thinking 6916: 6915: 6877:"Robert I and IV" 6823: 6822: 6800:Sheriffs Act 1747 6718:a Jacobite banner 6708: 6707: 6654:Siege of Carlisle 6544:Battle of Preston 6484:Siege of Limerick 6479:Battle of Aughrim 6459:Battle of Dunkeld 6444:Patrick Sarsfield 6228: 6227: 6224: 6221:as Henry IX and I 6212:Succeeded by 6169: 6162: 6013:Songs of Scotland 5965:978-1-84868-194-1 5838:. HarperCollins. 5536:978-0-316-84820-6 5523:Maclagan, Michael 5492:. Heraldica.org. 5474:978-1-78323-981-8 5177:10.4000/cve.10379 4851:Enchanters of Men 4497:(Subscription or 3334:, pp. 83–84. 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 1969:John III Sobieski 1394:, and his cousin 1360:Pope Clement XIII 1246:Duchy of Lorraine 802:Invergarry Castle 669:John III Sobieski 489:the Duke of Liria 420:Act of Settlement 398:John III Sobieski 371:great-grandfather 259: 258: 201: 200: 8276: 8140: 8139: 7188: 7177: 7135: 7069: 7040: 7026: 6969: 6958: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6920: 6847:"Henry IX and I" 6730: 6726:and later events 6716: 6439:Sir Ewen Cameron 6405: 6400:Jacobite risings 6314:The Killing Time 6254: 6247: 6240: 6231: 6218: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6165: 6156: 6150:Preceded by 6138: 6131: 6130:31 December 1720 6113: 6097: 6074: 6053: 6026: 6007: 5988: 5969: 5950: 5941: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5906: 5887: 5868: 5849: 5830: 5811: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5744: 5725: 5714:. London: Hale. 5706: 5684: 5665: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5634: 5625: 5606: 5578: 5577: 5564: 5558: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5276:Access Hollywood 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5206: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5016: 5010: 5001: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4899: 4893: 4884: 4878: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4845: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4768: 4762: 4753: 4747: 4736: 4730: 4715: 4709: 4698: 4692: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4494: 4478: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4260: 4254: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3991: 3985: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3296: 3290: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2503:. Archived from 2497: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2475:, p. 13–19. 2470: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2405: 2399: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2301: 2295: 2290:Reported in the 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2266: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2227: 2221: 2214: 2208: 2205: 1905:Laura Martinozzi 1708: 1699: 1604: 1603: 1546: 1465:Death and burial 1435:Vittorio Alfieri 1338: 1305:Seven Years' War 1031:Kilravock Castle 1017:to Stirling and 901: 898: 464:Chevalier Ramsay 390:James II and VII 270:James VII and II 255: 189: 168: 166: 162: 122: 106:31 December 1720 105: 103: 86:"Henry IX and I" 47: 35: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8249:Sobieski family 8204:House of Stuart 8154: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8133: 8111: 8073: 7975: 7932: 7911: 7858: 7827: 7823:Carvalho e Melo 7811: 7758: 7692: 7644: 7608: 7575: 7494: 7453: 7297: 7182: 7163: 7149:Spanish America 7023:Encyclopédistes 6986:Civil liberties 6963: 6952: 6947: 6917: 6912: 6819: 6780:Jurors Act 1745 6768: 6725: 6719: 6717: 6704: 6678: 6620: 6613: 6565: 6558: 6500: 6493: 6434:Viscount Dundee 6424:Nine Years' War 6410: 6394: 6263: 6258: 6217: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6191: 6190: 6174:King of England 6170: 6155: 6137:31 January 1788 6132: 6126: 6125: 6122:House of Stuart 6118: 6060: 6042: 6029: 6023: 6010: 6004: 5991: 5985: 5972: 5966: 5953: 5944: 5922: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5890: 5884: 5871: 5865: 5852: 5846: 5833: 5827: 5814: 5808: 5795: 5786: 5784: 5747: 5728: 5722: 5709: 5703: 5687: 5681: 5668: 5654:, ed. (1911). " 5650: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5622: 5609: 5603: 5590: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5278:. 15 May 2016. 5270: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4902: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4771: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4739: 4731: 4718: 4710: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4201:Wayback Machine 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4131: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4101: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035:Longmate p. 149 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990:, p. xvii. 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2536: 2527: 2519: 2512: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2267: 2263: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 1696: 1653: 1588:Young Pretender 1531: 1467: 1370:perform at the 1356:Pope Clement XI 1329: 1309:Duc De Choiseul 1300:'s assistance. 1232:that ended the 1171: 1166: 1144:, commanded by 1129:Flora MacDonald 1047: 1019:Stirling Castle 927:Holyrood Palace 923: 899: 826:Callendar House 774: 745:John O'Sullivan 631: 626: 620: 477: 373:, Edward after 363:Pope Clement XI 340: 335: 170: 167: 1780) 158: 154: 151: 138: 124: 120: 119:30 January 1788 107: 101: 99: 52: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8282: 8280: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8264:Exiled royalty 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8156: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8083: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7942: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7868: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7293:Wollstonecraft 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7032: 7027: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6790:Dress Act 1746 6787: 6782: 6776: 6774: 6773:The Forty-Five 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6619:The Forty-Five 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6579:Earl Marischal 6576: 6570: 6568: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6415: 6413: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6335: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6272:Scottish clans 6268: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6226: 6225: 6213: 6210: 6163: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6119: 6116: 6111: 6110: 6091: 6090:, 8 May 2003). 6081: 6075: 6059: 6058:External links 6056: 6055: 6054: 6041:978-0674023833 6040: 6027: 6022:978-1609749316 6021: 6008: 6003:978-1408819128 6002: 5996:. Bloomsbury. 5989: 5984:978-0094761704 5983: 5970: 5964: 5951: 5942: 5932:Chisholm, Hugh 5928:Charles Edward 5907: 5902:978-0710201652 5901: 5888: 5883:979-8646825446 5882: 5869: 5864:978-0099526391 5863: 5850: 5845:978-0091748371 5844: 5831: 5826:978-0044403876 5825: 5812: 5807:978-0850111248 5806: 5793: 5760:(4): 365–381. 5745: 5726: 5721:978-0709148159 5720: 5707: 5701: 5689:Daiches, David 5685: 5679: 5666: 5652:Chisholm, Hugh 5635: 5626: 5621:978-0774802581 5620: 5607: 5602:978-0304303243 5601: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5559: 5550:Mary of Modena 5542: 5535: 5507: 5480: 5473: 5455: 5440: 5436:Silverman 2010 5428: 5403: 5399:Silverman 2010 5391: 5374: 5370:Silverman 2010 5362: 5340: 5315: 5293: 5263: 5251: 5229: 5217: 5191: 5170:(66 Automne). 5154: 5152:, p. 147. 5142: 5130: 5128:, p. 272. 5118: 5093: 5091:, p. 446. 5078: 5063: 5061:, p. 269. 5044: 5042:, p. 361. 5032: 5030:, p. 311. 5017: 5015:, p. 267. 5002: 5000:, p. 263. 4987: 4973: 4953: 4951:, p. 942. 4941: 4939:, p. 353. 4929: 4927:, p. 122. 4917: 4915:, p. 262. 4900: 4898:, p. 260. 4885: 4883:, p. 258. 4868: 4837: 4835:, p. 256. 4825: 4823:, p. 257. 4810: 4798: 4796:, p. 307. 4786: 4784:, p. 255. 4769: 4767:, p. 251. 4754: 4737: 4735:, p. 250. 4716: 4714:, p. 249. 4699: 4697:, p. 247. 4684: 4682:, p. 246. 4672: 4670:, p. 406. 4660: 4658:, p. 242. 4648: 4646:, p. 241. 4636: 4634:, p. 450. 4624: 4612: 4597: 4585: 4583:, p. 375. 4573: 4571:, p. 344. 4561: 4559:, p. 265. 4549: 4547:, p. 254. 4537: 4525: 4513: 4504: 4465: 4463:, p. 268. 4448: 4446:, p. 267. 4436: 4411: 4409:, p. 307. 4399: 4387: 4375: 4373:, p. 210. 4363: 4351: 4349:, p. 365. 4336: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4298:, p. 211. 4288: 4286:, p. 203. 4276: 4274:, p. 201. 4261: 4259:, p. 200. 4244: 4242:, p. 226. 4232: 4230:, p. 196. 4217: 4215:, p. 192. 4205: 4186: 4156: 4154:, p. 233. 4144: 4142:, p. 169. 4129: 4126:. p. 113. 4114: 4099: 4086: 4084:, p. 239. 4074: 4072:, p. 170. 4062: 4051:Blaikie, W B. 4043: 4041:, p. 201. 4031: 4029:, p. 165. 4019: 4017:, p. 427. 4007: 4005:, p. 163. 3992: 3990:, p. 162. 3973: 3971:, p. 160. 3961: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3871: 3859: 3844: 3842:, p. 133. 3832: 3830:, p. 132. 3820: 3818:, p. 130. 3808: 3796: 3781: 3779:, p. 131. 3769: 3767:, p. 127. 3757: 3755:, p. 126. 3745: 3743:, p. 125. 3733: 3731:, p. 127. 3716: 3704: 3702:, p. 119. 3692: 3690:, p. 289. 3680: 3678:, p. 185. 3668: 3666:, p. 112. 3656: 3641: 3639:, p. 105. 3629: 3627:, p. 103. 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581:Edinburgh News 3567: 3537: 3519: 3517:, p. 111. 3507: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3456: 3444: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3310:, p. 105. 3297: 3295:, p. 117. 3278: 3276:, p. 116. 3266: 3264:, p. 115. 3254: 3227: 3212: 3210:, p. 112. 3200: 3188: 3186:, p. 104. 3176: 3174:, p. 103. 3164: 3162:, p. 941. 3143: 3141:, p. 108. 3131: 3129:, p. 107. 3116: 3114:, p. 101. 3104: 3102:, p. 100. 3092: 3080: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2821: 2809: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2768:, p. 940. 2755: 2743: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2636: 2624: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2570: 2542: 2525: 2510: 2489: 2477: 2462: 2450: 2448:, p. 305. 2438: 2436:, p. 449. 2426: 2400: 2383: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2339: 2326: 2317: 2296: 2283: 2274: 2261: 2248: 2239: 2222: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873:Mary of Modena 1869: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1652: 1649: 1607:Bonnie Charlie 1580:Diana Gabaldon 1530: 1527: 1523:Antonio Canova 1484:King Charles I 1466: 1463: 1419:Prince Corsini 1328: 1325: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1150:Prince's Cairn 1146:Richard Warren 1046: 1043: 922: 919: 870:Earl of Wemyss 853:George Preston 773: 770: 762:Norman MacLeod 727:withdrew, the 639:Traquair House 630: 627: 622:Main article: 619: 616: 533:Duke of Albany 501:siege of Gaeta 476: 473: 424:Jacobite Cause 410:and his wife, 339: 336: 334: 331: 257: 256: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 209: 203: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 185: 184: 183:(illegitimate) 178: 172: 171: 156: 152: 147: 146: 144: 140: 139: 137:, Vatican City 133: 131: 127: 126: 123:(aged 67) 117: 113: 112: 97: 93: 92: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 54: 53: 48: 40: 39: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8281: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8143: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8122: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8079:United States 8076: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7839:Budai-Deleanu 7837: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7203:Ashley-Cooper 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7174: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105:Progressivism 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7054:Individualism 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6937: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6842:"Charles III" 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745:Clan Act 1715 6743: 6741: 6740:Riot Act 1714 6738: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6722: 6715: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6539:Baronet Munro 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289:The Highlands 6287: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6216: 6208: 6196: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5977:. Constable. 5976: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5919:public domain 5908: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5893:The Jacobites 5889: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5702:0-500-25034-0 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5680:9781108278133 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5647:public domain 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5456: 5451: 5444: 5441: 5438:, p. 65. 5437: 5432: 5429: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5401:, p. 66. 5400: 5395: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5378: 5375: 5372:, p. 69. 5371: 5366: 5363: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5261:, p. xv. 5260: 5255: 5252: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5203: 5195: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5143: 5140:, p. 43. 5139: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5119: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5076:, p. 97. 5075: 5074:Pininski 2010 5070: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4976: 4974:9780838754955 4970: 4966: 4965: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4808:, p. 80. 4807: 4806:Pininski 2010 4802: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4752:, p. 81. 4751: 4750:Pininski 2010 4746: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4625: 4622:, p. 81. 4621: 4616: 4613: 4610:, p. 84. 4609: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4595:, p. 82. 4594: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4538: 4535:, p. 78. 4534: 4529: 4526: 4523:, p. 70. 4522: 4521:Pininski 2010 4517: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4400: 4397:, p. 65. 4396: 4395:Pininski 2010 4391: 4388: 4385:, p. 63. 4384: 4383:Pininski 2010 4379: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4364: 4361:, p. 35. 4360: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4334:, p. 61. 4333: 4332:Pininski 2010 4328: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3962: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3920:Chisholm 1911 3916: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3889: 3886:, p. 42. 3885: 3884:Pininski 2010 3880: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3869:, p. 41. 3868: 3867:Pininski 2010 3863: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3654:, p. 99. 3653: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3615:, p. 86. 3614: 3609: 3606: 3603:, p. 98. 3602: 3597: 3594: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3505:, p. 54. 3504: 3499: 3496: 3493:, p. 90. 3492: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3469:, p. 87. 3468: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3454:, p. 73. 3453: 3448: 3445: 3442:, p. 70. 3441: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3427:, p. 79. 3426: 3421: 3418: 3415:, p. 32. 3414: 3413:Pininski 2010 3409: 3406: 3403:, p. 77. 3402: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3322:, p. 74. 3321: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3225:, p. 44. 3224: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3198:, p. 65. 3197: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3090:, p. 98. 3089: 3084: 3081: 3078:, p. 63. 3077: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3059:, p. 97. 3058: 3053: 3050: 3047:, p. 58. 3046: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3026:, p. 92. 3025: 3020: 3017: 3014:, p. 90. 3013: 3008: 3005: 3002:, p. 89. 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2978:, p. 56. 2977: 2972: 2969: 2966:, p. 80. 2965: 2960: 2957: 2954:, p. 76. 2953: 2948: 2945: 2942:, p. 53. 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2927:, p. 60. 2926: 2921: 2918: 2915:, p. 47. 2914: 2909: 2906: 2903:, p. 47. 2902: 2897: 2894: 2891:, p. 30. 2890: 2885: 2882: 2879:, p. 45. 2878: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2858:, p. 24. 2857: 2856:Johnston 2010 2852: 2849: 2846:, p. 40. 2845: 2840: 2837: 2834:, p. 29. 2833: 2832:Johnston 2010 2828: 2826: 2822: 2819:, p. 38. 2818: 2813: 2810: 2807:, p. 28. 2806: 2805:Johnston 2010 2801: 2799: 2795: 2792:, p. 40. 2791: 2786: 2783: 2780:, p. 26. 2779: 2778:Pininski 2010 2774: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2753:, p. 37. 2752: 2747: 2744: 2741:, p. 31. 2740: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2724:, p. 33. 2723: 2718: 2715: 2712:, p. 25. 2711: 2710:Pininski 2010 2706: 2703: 2700:, p. 37. 2699: 2694: 2691: 2688:, p. 32. 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673:, p. 30. 2672: 2667: 2664: 2661:, p. 23. 2660: 2659:Pininski 2010 2655: 2652: 2649:, p. 28. 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2634:, p. 29. 2633: 2628: 2625: 2622:, p. 30. 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2607:, p. 16. 2606: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2540:, p. 25. 2539: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523:, p. 22. 2522: 2521:Pininski 2010 2517: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2381:, p. 20. 2380: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641:Tony Sheridan 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1627:Mo Ghile Mear 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1578:, based upon 1577: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:the execution 1471: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1384:thermal baths 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1345: 1333: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1154:Loch nan Uamh 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:Isle of Lewis 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:Fort Augustus 1083: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1065:Jacobite Army 1061: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 928: 920: 918: 916: 912: 908: 894: 891:, painted by 890: 886: 881: 877: 875: 874:Gosford House 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 832:to join him. 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 771: 769: 767: 766:Loch nan Uamh 763: 759: 754: 750: 746: 743:and included 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 705: 699: 690: 686: 684: 680: 679: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 653: 644: 640: 635: 628: 625: 618:1745 uprising 617: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 577:British fleet 573: 569: 565: 561: 553: 548: 544: 542: 541:prince regent 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 481: 474: 472: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:Princess Mary 409: 406: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367:Montefiascone 364: 360: 356: 349: 348:Antonio David 344: 337: 332: 330: 327: 323: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 289: 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Amberley. 5955: 5946: 5935: 5892: 5873: 5854: 5835: 5816: 5797: 5785:. Retrieved 5757: 5753: 5731: 5711: 5692: 5670: 5659: 5630: 5611: 5592: 5572: 5562: 5553: 5545: 5526: 5498:. Retrieved 5483: 5464: 5458: 5449: 5443: 5431: 5419:. Retrieved 5406: 5394: 5384: 5377: 5365: 5353:. Retrieved 5343: 5331:. Retrieved 5318: 5306:. Retrieved 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5275: 5266: 5254: 5242:. Retrieved 5232: 5225:Coltman 2019 5220: 5210: 5201: 5194: 5167: 5157: 5150:Coltman 2019 5145: 5138:Douglas 1975 5133: 5126:Douglas 1975 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5105: 5096: 5059:Douglas 1975 5040:Aronson 1979 5035: 5013:Douglas 1975 4998:Douglas 1975 4978:. Retrieved 4963: 4956: 4949:Vaughan 1911 4944: 4937:Aronson 1979 4932: 4925:Douglas 1975 4920: 4913:Douglas 1975 4896:Douglas 1975 4881:Douglas 1975 4859:. Retrieved 4850: 4833:Douglas 1975 4828: 4821:Douglas 1975 4801: 4794:Douglas 1975 4789: 4782:Douglas 1975 4765:Douglas 1975 4733:Douglas 1975 4712:Douglas 1975 4695:Douglas 1975 4680:Douglas 1975 4675: 4668:Aronson 1979 4663: 4656:Douglas 1975 4651: 4644:Douglas 1975 4639: 4627: 4615: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4557:Douglas 1975 4552: 4545:Douglas 1975 4540: 4528: 4516: 4507: 4480: 4468: 4439: 4427:. Retrieved 4414: 4407:Aronson 1979 4402: 4390: 4378: 4371:Douglas 1975 4366: 4354: 4327: 4322:, p. 2. 4315: 4310:, p. 1. 4303: 4296:Douglas 1975 4291: 4284:Douglas 1975 4279: 4272:Douglas 1975 4257:Douglas 1975 4240:Preston 1995 4235: 4228:Douglas 1975 4213:Douglas 1975 4208: 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4169:The Scotsman 4168: 4159: 4147: 4140:Douglas 1975 4123: 4117: 4094: 4089: 4077: 4070:Douglas 1975 4065: 4056: 4046: 4039:Preston 1995 4034: 4027:Douglas 1975 4022: 4010: 4003:Douglas 1975 3988:Douglas 1975 3969:Douglas 1975 3964: 3952:. Retrieved 3948: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3862: 3855:Douglas 1975 3840:Douglas 1975 3835: 3828:Douglas 1975 3823: 3816:Douglas 1975 3811: 3799: 3777:Preston 1995 3772: 3765:Preston 1995 3760: 3753:Preston 1995 3748: 3741:Preston 1995 3736: 3729:Douglas 1975 3707: 3700:Douglas 1975 3695: 3683: 3671: 3664:Douglas 1975 3659: 3652:Douglas 1975 3637:Douglas 1975 3632: 3625:Douglas 1975 3620: 3613:Preston 1995 3608: 3601:Douglas 1975 3596: 3584:. Retrieved 3580: 3570: 3558:. Retrieved 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3515:Douglas 1975 3510: 3498: 3491:Douglas 1975 3486: 3474: 3467:Douglas 1975 3452:Preston 1995 3447: 3440:Preston 1995 3425:Douglas 1975 3420: 3408: 3401:Douglas 1975 3396: 3384: 3372:. Retrieved 3351: 3344:Stewart 2001 3339: 3327: 3320:Douglas 1975 3315: 3269: 3257: 3245:. Retrieved 3239: 3230: 3223:Preston 1995 3203: 3196:Douglas 1975 3191: 3179: 3167: 3160:Vaughan 1911 3134: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3076:Douglas 1975 3052: 3045:Douglas 1975 3040: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2976:Douglas 1975 2971: 2959: 2947: 2940:Douglas 1975 2920: 2908: 2901:Douglas 1975 2896: 2889:Preston 1995 2884: 2851: 2839: 2812: 2790:Douglas 1975 2785: 2773: 2766:Vaughan 1911 2746: 2717: 2705: 2698:Douglas 1975 2693: 2671:Douglas 1975 2666: 2654: 2632:Douglas 1975 2627: 2605:Douglas 1975 2600: 2595:, p. 8. 2588: 2583:, p. 6. 2563:17 September 2561:. Retrieved 2557: 2538:Douglas 1975 2505:the original 2487:, p. x. 2485:Douglas 1975 2480: 2473:Preston 1995 2460:, p. 8. 2453: 2446:Aronson 1979 2441: 2429: 2417:. Retrieved 2412: 2403: 2391: 2386: 2342: 2329: 2320: 2309:Rohan family 2299: 2291: 2286: 2277: 2264: 2257:Johnnie Cope 2251: 2242: 2235:Elizabeth II 2225: 2212: 2203: 1930: 1687: 1684:coat of arms 1681: 1634: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1586:(1897), the 1583: 1573: 1570:Andrew Gower 1563: 1557: 1532: 1492: 1476: 1459:Papal States 1444: 1431: 1426: 1412: 1388: 1372:Chigi Palace 1364:Palazzo Muti 1353: 1317:Quiberon Bay 1302: 1283: 1254:Essex Street 1250: 1211: 1172: 1141: 1133:Isle of Skye 1102: 1078: 1048: 1012: 999:Exeter House 992: 924: 904: 862:Allan Ramsay 834: 810:Blair Castle 782:Clan Cameron 775: 749:George Kelly 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 703: 695: 682: 677: 672: 661:Oxburgh Hall 648: 643:Louis Tocqué 581: 556: 552:Louis Tocqué 537: 509: 486: 436: 383: 355:Palazzo Muti 352: 318: 290: 285: 281: 277: 273: 261: 260: 121:(1788-01-30) 109:Palazzo Muti 32: 8174:1788 deaths 8169:1720 births 8129:Romanticism 7951:Charles III 7792:Poniatowski 7729:Leeuwenhoek 7709:de la Court 7697:Netherlands 7541:Mendelssohn 7536:Lichtenberg 7414:Montesquieu 7132:Sapere aude 7115:Rationalism 7110:Rationality 7100:Objectivity 6867:"Francis I" 6524:Earl of Mar 6514:…in England 6499:The Fifteen 6309:Covenanters 6304:Restoration 6088:In Our Time 5519:Louda, Jiří 5259:Kybett 1988 5244:29 December 5089:McLynn 1988 5028:Kybett 1988 4632:McLynn 1988 4620:McLynn 2005 4608:McLynn 2005 4593:McLynn 2005 4581:McLynn 1985 4569:McLynn 1988 4533:McLynn 2005 4461:Kybett 1988 4444:Kybett 1988 4359:McLynn 1985 4347:Kaiser 1997 4320:Bongie 1986 4308:Bongie 1986 4152:McLynn 1988 4110:Kybett 1988 4082:McLynn 1988 4015:Riding 2016 3932:Riding 2016 3908:Riding 2016 3896:Riding 2016 3804:Riding 2016 3792:Riding 2016 3712:Riding 2016 3676:Riding 2016 3586:15 February 3560:23 February 3479:Riding 2016 3389:Riding 2016 3332:Riding 2016 3308:McLynn 1988 3293:Kybett 1988 3274:Kybett 1988 3262:Kybett 1988 3208:Kybett 1988 3184:Kybett 1988 3172:Kybett 1988 3139:Kybett 1988 3127:Kybett 1988 3112:Kybett 1988 3100:Kybett 1988 3088:Kybett 1988 3057:Kybett 1988 3024:Kybett 1988 3012:Kybett 1988 3000:Kybett 1988 2988:Kybett 1988 2964:Kybett 1988 2952:Kybett 1988 2925:Kybett 1988 2913:Kybett 1988 2877:Kybett 1988 2844:Kybett 1988 2817:Kybett 1988 2751:Kybett 1988 2739:Kybett 1988 2722:Kybett 1988 2686:Kybett 1988 2647:Kybett 1988 2620:Kybett 1988 2593:Kybett 1988 2581:Kybett 1988 2458:McLynn 1988 2434:McLynn 1988 2419:8 September 2398:, 1988), 8. 2379:Kybett 1988 2231:Charles III 1645:the Beatles 1590:(1996) and 1560:David Niven 1552:John Pettie 1550:. In 1892, 1535:Romanticism 980:River Trent 942:, Lochiel, 911:Duddingston 900: 1892 893:John Pettie 780:, Chief of 408:William III 274:Charles III 242:Catholicism 72:Predecessor 64:Pretendence 8158:Categories 7971:Villarroel 7966:Jovellanos 7902:Radishchev 7849:Micu-Klein 7787:Niemcewicz 7754:Swammerdam 7744:Nieuwentyt 7734:Mandeville 7589:Farmakidis 7475:Burlamaqui 7384:La Mettrie 7359:Fontenelle 7314:d'Argenson 7309:d'Alembert 7233:Harrington 7159:Utopianism 7059:Liberalism 7016:Empiricism 6991:Classicism 6981:Capitalism 6872:"Mary III" 6534:Lord Lovat 6355:Queen Anne 6277:Clan chief 6261:Jacobitism 5741:1033725714 5421:27 January 4501:required.) 3954:8 November 3688:Elcho 1907 3532:Britannica 3503:Norie 1907 3374:8 November 2357:References 1447:Sacraments 1290:Hanoverian 1275:David Hume 1270:non-juring 1216:, wife of 1188:cardinal's 1164:Later life 1123:, and the 1117:North Uist 1113:South Uist 1082:Lord Lovat 1080:supporter 988:Derbyshire 976:Manchester 948:Clanranald 931:Lord Elcho 864:painted a 794:Glenfinnan 733:Du Teillay 713:Du Teillay 709:Celtic Sea 678:Du Teillay 596:Montmartre 584:Gravelines 493:Don Carlos 405:Protestant 333:Early life 102:1720-12-31 8092:Jefferson 8034:Hutcheson 7923:Obradović 7892:Lomonosov 7887:Kheraskov 7797:Śniadecki 7561:Weishaupt 7556:Thomasius 7546:Pufendorf 7389:Lavoisier 7374:d'Holbach 7369:Helvétius 7349:Descartes 7344:Condorcet 7339:Condillac 7273:Priestley 7090:Modernity 7011:Democracy 6862:"Mary II" 6375:George II 6199:1766–1788 5949:. Caxton. 5926:(1911). 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