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378:. In his research, Turner became the first person to prove that insects can hear and can distinguish pitch. In addition, he first discovered that cockroaches can learn by trial and error and that honeybees can see visual patterns. Although he attempted to demonstrate that bees were endowed with color vision capabilities, his experiments could not prove this as he used red cardboards to this end, which bees do not see as a color. Yet, in doing these experiments, he advanced important principles of associative learning such as stimulus substitution, the fact that a conditioning stimulus becomes a reliable predictor of an unconditioned stimulus. Turner's work was different from the majority of scientists of his time as he clearly adopted a cognitive perspective to analyze animal behavior. He used concepts such as learning, memory and expectation, in a time when most scientists believed that animals such as insects were exclusively driven by reflexive
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255:. His father had moved from Alberta to Cincinnati. He married Leontine Troy in 1886. They had three children; Henry Owen Turner (1892–1956), Louise Mae Turner (1892,1894-?), and Darwin Romanes Turner (1894–1983). Leontine died in 1895, and Turner married Lillian Porter in 1907 or 1908. Lillian survived her husband, who died in Chicago at his son Darwin's home on 14 February 1923, from
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spider web construction that the details in the construction involved intelligence rather than mere instinct as then attributed. Much of his research was conducted while he was teaching high school classes at Sumner; while there, he published 41 papers between 1908 and his death. Notably, Turner published three times in the journal
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In 1908, Turner gained a teaching position at Sumner High School, where he remained until his retirement in 1922 due to ill health. It is somewhat contested whether Turner chose to teach in high school or if he was unable to find a permanent position in academia. Between 1893 and 1908, Turner applied
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in St. Louis. Turner was one of the first scientists to systematically examine the question of whether animals display complex cognition, studying arthropods such as spiders and bees. He also examined differences in behavior between individuals within a species, a precursor to the study of animal
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Scientific contribution Turner published 49 papers on invertebrates, including "Habits of Mound-Building Ants", "Experiments on the Color Vision of the
Honeybee", "Hunting Habits of an American Sand Wasp", and "Psychological Notes on the Gallery Spider". He concluded from the variations seen in
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After his time at Clark
University, Turner had his first career experience at a high school in 1906 when he obtained a position as the principal of College Hill High School in Cleveland, Tennessee. He then resigned the position in order to pursue a professorship in biology and chemistry at
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in
Atlanta, Georgia, where he also served as Chair of the Science Department. The Turner-Tanner Hall at Clark University is now named in his honor. Sources fail to determine his length of service, but it is estimated that he was at Clark sometime between 1893 until 1905.
604:. Two years after his death, The Charles Henry Turner Open Air School for Crippled Children was founded; it was later renamed as Turner Middle School. To honor Turner, the Animal Behavior Society named its undergraduate diversity program after him.
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in 1907. He was the third
African American person to receive an advanced degree from the University of Chicago, and among the first African Americans to receive a doctorate from that university (older doctorates included
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under his undergraduate advisor, Herrick. After receiving his degree, he remained at the university as assistant instructor in the biology laboratory until 1893. Turner studied for a
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Charles Henry Turner was born in
Cincinnati, Ohio on February 3, 1867. He was born to parents Thomas Turner, a church custodian, and Addie Campbell, a nurse from
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Abramson, Charles I. (January 2009). "A Study in
Inspiration: Charles Henry Turner (1867–1923) and the Investigation of Insect Behavior".
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Turner, C H (1892). "Psychological notes upon the gallery spider—illustrations of intelligent variations in the construction of the web".
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Besides his scientific work, Turner was active in the struggle to obtain social and educational services for
African Americans in
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346:(1895) from Harvard). During the Seventh International Zoological Congress, Turner was a delegate. He was advised by zoologists
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950:"The little-known Black high-school science teacher who revolutionized the study of insect behavior in the early 20th century"
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in
Augusta, Georgia in 1907. While he was teaching, he continued to study insect behavior, and also pursued a Ph.D. at the
382:, innate reactions to external stimuli. This cognitive view would only reemerge much later in studies of animal behavior.
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The Untold
Stories of Excellence: From a Life of Despair and Uncertainty to One that Offers Hope and a New Beginning
333:. He spent the 1906–1907 academic year and the summer of 1906 working on his doctoral degree before graduating
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Giurfa, Martin; Giurfa de Brito, Anaclara; Giurfa de Brito, Tiziana; de Brito
Sanchez, Maria Gabriela (2021).
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from 1893 to 1894, but the program was discontinued. He attained a professorship in the Science Department at
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Giurfa, Martin; Giurfa de Brito, Anaclara; Giurfa de Brito, Tiziana; de Brito Sanchez, Gabriela (2021).
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to earn a PhD from the University of Chicago. He spent most of his career as a high school teacher in
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Low, Isabel I C; Giocomo, Lisa M (4 November 2021). "Fifty years of the brain's sense of space".
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1223:"Black Lives Matter: Revisiting Charles Henry Turner's experiments on honey bee color vision"
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Behavioral Evolution and Integrative Levels: The T.c. Schneirla Conferences Series, Volume 1
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degree in biology in 1891. Turner's mentor, early comparative psychologist and biologist,
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Dewsbury, Donald A.; Benjamin, Ludy T. Jr.; Wertheimer, Michael (3 June 2014).
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217:, Turner was the first African American to receive a graduate degree at the
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Abramson, Charles I. (2 February 2017). "Charles Henry Turner remembered".
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Kessler, James H.; Morin, Katherine A; Kidd, J S; Kidd, Renee A. (1996).
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in 1891, making him the first African American to be so recognized.
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African American zoologist, educator, and comparative psychologist
403:"A Grape Vine Produces Two Sets of Leaves During the Same Season"
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website by Dr. Charles I. Abramson, of Oklahoma State University
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Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Diane; Long, Douglas (14 May 2014).
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Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century
366:. Charles I. Abramson, in his 2003 article on Turner for the
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Dona, Hiruni Samadi Galpayage; Chittka, Lars (2020-10-30).
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1331:"Charles Henry Turner and the cognitive behavior of bees"
1272:"Charles Henry Turner and the cognitive behavior of bees"
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The Homing of Ants: An Experimental Study of Ant Behavior
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Turner conducted a large majority of his bee research at
201:(February 3, 1867 – February 14, 1923) was an American
1221:Giurfa, Martin; de Brito Sanchez, Gabriela (2020).
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847:"Charles Henry Turner, Animal Behavior Scientist"
1165:"Charles H. Turner, pioneer in animal cognition"
1026:. Psychology Press blss=beautiful black people.
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1537:Woodward High School (Cincinnati, Ohio) alumni
1050:American Neuroscience in the Twentieth Century
1047:Magoun, H. W.; Marshall, L. (1 January 2003).
789:Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology: Volume VI
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263:. Charles Henry Turner was the grandfather of
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1020:Greenberg, G.; Tobach, E. (22 May 2014).
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154: 1886; died 1895)
1402:Works by or about Charles Henry Turner
877:Biology: The People Behind the Science
327:Haines Normal and Industrial Institute
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814:"Charles "Chuck" Turner's Biography"
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726:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews
720:Katsnelson, Alla (2 August 2023).
247:Charles Henry Turner aged about 35
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1074:Shaw, Charles E. (14 July 2011).
948:Edward D Melillo (29 July 2022).
1532:University of Cincinnati faculty
1477:20th-century American zoologists
1452:19th-century American zoologists
1396:Charles Henry Turner (zoologist)
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851:Scientific American Blog Network
444:Journal of Comparative Neurology
160:Lillian Porter (m. 1907 or 1908)
1527:University of Cincinnati alumni
1462:20th-century American academics
1442:19th-century American academics
554:Turner, C H (22 October 1909).
396:Selected publications include:
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1112:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
901:Turner, C H (1 January 1892).
471:Turner, Charles Henry (1907).
419:10.1126/science.ns-20.493.39.a
401:Turner, C H (1 January 1892).
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874:Cullen, Katherine E. (2006).
259:. He was buried in Chicago's
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654:Annual Review of Entomology
477:University of Chicago Press
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519:10.1038/d41586-021-03010-7
221:and most likely the first
1507:Denison University alumni
1497:Comparative psychologists
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735:10.1146/knowable-080223-1
556:"The Behavior of a Snake"
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267:and community organizer
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211:comparative psychologist
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1512:Scientists from Chicago
1502:Deaths from myocarditis
1181:10.1126/science.abd8754
1142:. Infobase Publishing.
1080:. Xlibris Corporation.
880:. Infobase Publishing.
1487:American entomologists
766:psychology.okstate.edu
691:"Charles Henry Turner"
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456:10.1002/cne.910020112
342:(1876) from Yale and
331:University of Chicago
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368:American Bee Journal
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23:Charles Henry Turner
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281:Woodard High School
253:Lexington, Kentucky
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314:Denison University
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1394:Media related to
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1119:978-0-89774-955-8
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818:The HistoryMakers
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304:in 1892 from the
300:Turner earned an
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71:Chicago, Illinois
59:February 14, 1923
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