1180:. Cardiac MRI is most sensitive when performed 2–3 weeks after the initial clinical presentation of myocarditis and may be repeated 6–12 months after onset to monitor the evolution of disease or response to treatment. The Lake Louise Criteria (established in 2009) are a commonly used MRI criteria to establish the diagnosis of myocarditis in suspected cases. The Lake Louise Criteria include increased signal intensity after gadolinium contrast enhancement (a sign of hyperemia, or increased blood flow to damaged tissue), increased myocardial T2 relaxation time or an increased T2 signal intensity (which are signs of tissue edema or swelling), and late gadolinium contrast enhancement (which is a sign of tissue necrosis (tissue damage) or fibrosis (scarring)). In 2018, additional radiographic MRI criteria were added, including increased T1 signal intensity and increased extracellular volume (both of which being signs of myocardial injury). The original 2009 Lake Louise Criteria had a 74% sensitivity and 86% specificity in the diagnosis of myocarditis, but when adding the 2018 update to the criteria (in which T1 signal intensity was found to have high diagnostic sensitivity), the sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of myocarditis increased to 88% and 96% respectively. Cardiac MRI, if available, is recommended in all cases of suspected myocarditis.
1001:. This excess release of cytokines may lead to myocardial injury. In addition to direct cardiac myocyte (heart muscle cell) damage due to SARS-CoV-2 viral infiltration and inflammation, there are other suspected mechanisms that Covid-19 may indirectly cause myocarditis. During COVID-19, the other indirect mechanisms thought to contribute to myocarditis include: oxygen supply-demand mismatch to the heart muscle leading to myocardial (heart muscle) injury; microvascular thrombi, or blood clots in the small blood vessels of the heart causing injury; the systemic hyperinflammatory state in Covid-19 leading to heart muscle injury; or the virus causing indirect damage to the heart by inducing auto-immune mediated damage to the heart muscle (and frequently other organs).
1018:
1387:
shown to occur in up to 2.5% of known myocarditis presentations. When looking at different causes of myocarditis, viral infection is the most prevalent, especially in children; however, the prevalence rate of myocarditis is often underestimated as the condition is easily overlooked and is sometimes asymptomatic. Viral myocarditis being an outcome of viral infection depends heavily on genetic host factors and the pathogenicity unique to the virus. If one tests positive for an acute viral infection, clinical developments have discovered that 1-5% of said population may show some form of myocarditis.
1265:. Some of these immune mediated forms of myocarditis require an extended course (maintenance course) of immunosuppressive therapy. It is recommended to rule out drugs and parasites as potential causes of eosinophilic myocarditis as these common causes of the variant can be effectively treated with discontinuation of the offending drug or specific anti-parasitic treatment respectively. Empiric IV glucocorticoids are indicated in acute myocarditis with cardiogenic shock, heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias or high degree AV block that is suspected due to auto-immune disease; but the
1298:(ARBs) can have a protective benefit to the heart, so either are typically used in any patient with symptomatic myocarditis. Simultaneously, beta blockers are used in patients that can tolerate their heart beating at a slower rate. Shortness of breath at rest and swelling can be relieved with diuretics such as furosemide, and the addition of aldosterone receptor blockers can augment the diuresis while preventing the excess loss of potassium. In patients with symptoms while resting, additional medications can be added such as digoxin.
1053:
1026:
1364:
necrosis or edema, and is significantly associated with increases in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events. The association was strongest with any late gadolinium enhancement, but remained true for findings of anterolateral-specific enhancement. A similar relationship was found between a left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%, increased mortality, and increased major adverse cardiovascular events.
1421:
challenging. In one cohort study, comparing the autopsy reports of 277 hearts of people who died from COVID-19, clinically significant myocarditis was seen in approximately 2% of hearts. Other estimates of the incidence of myocarditis in those with COVID-19 range from 2.4 cases of definite/probable myocarditis (based on clinical criteria) per 1,000 people with COVID-19 to 4.1 cases per 1,000 persons in those who are hospitalized with COVID-19.
51:
1010:
965:(DAF). However, other proteins have also been identified that allow Coxsackieviruses to bind to cardiac cells. The natural function of CAR and mechanism that the Coxsackievirus uses to infect the cardiac muscle is still unknown. The mechanism by which coxsackie B viruses (CBVs) trigger inflammation is believed to be through the recognition of CBV virions by
1315:. In people with myocarditis severe enough to cause cardiac arrest, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used to adequately pump blood and provide oxygen if needed. Both ventricular assist devices and ECMO can be used as bridge therapy until heart transplantation in patients that are candidates.
1420:
virus; with the myocarditis being associated with a spectrum of severities from asymptomatic to fulminant. The symptoms for myocarditis following a COVID-19 infection can present as chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and irregular heartbeats which can make the accurate diagnosis of myocarditis
1395:
are due to myocarditis. Young males specifically have a higher incidence rate than any other population due to their testosterone levels creating a greater inflammatory response that increases the chance of cardiac pathologies. While males tend to have a higher risk of developing myocarditis, females
1335:
The prognosis associated with myocarditis is stratified by the severity and time course along which symptoms develop. In addition to symptom severity, there are also several indicators of heart function that can be used to predict patient outcomes, many of which are part of the standard evaluation of
1099:
Myocardial inflammation may also be suspected based on ECG findings, but these findings are not specific to myocarditis. The ECG finding most commonly seen in myocarditis is sinus tachycardia with non-specific ST or T wave changes. But other findings that may be seen in perimyocarditis (a combination
996:
area who had died due to SARS. It was also observed that an already diseased heart has increased expression of ACE2 receptor contrasted to healthy individuals which may lead to greater viral infiltration in the heart muscle. Hyperactive immune responses in COVID-19 patients may lead to the initiation
885:
estimates the risk of myocarditis after the Covid-19 vaccine as 1 case per 100,000 of those who are vaccinated. The risk of myocarditis after Covid-19 vaccination was observed to be highest in males between 16–29 years of age, and after receiving the second dose of the mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. For this
1386:
The prevalence of myocarditis is estimated to be about 1-10 cases per 100,000 persons per year, with higher estimates at 22 cases per 100,000 persons annually. The highest incidence of myocarditis is seen in men between the ages of 20 and 40. Fulminant myocarditis, the most severe subtype, has been
1363:
In cases of acute myocarditis, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can reveal several prognostic indicators that, similar to ECGs, are non-specific and reflect poorer cardiac physiology. Late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac MRI demonstrates perturbations in extracellular volume as a result of cell
1359:
An electrocardiogram is one of the most common screening tools used in cases of suspected cardiac pathology, such as myocarditis. The findings that correlate with poorer outcomes are non-specific and include widened QRS complexes and QT intervals, partial or complete atrial-ventricular heart block,
1095:
cardiac isoenzymes) are elevated. The CRP and ESR are sometimes elevated in myocarditis but they are not specific as they may be elevated due to many other causes. Similarly, CK may be elevated in myocarditis but is also non-specific, as it may be elevated in myositis (skeletal muscle injury). High
1063:
Myocarditis refers to an underlying process that causes inflammation and injury of the heart. It does not refer to inflammation of the heart as a consequence of some other insult. Many secondary causes, such as a heart attack, can lead to inflammation of the myocardium and therefore the diagnosis
1436:
Cases of myocarditis have been documented as early as the 1600s, but the term "myocarditis", implying an inflammatory process of the myocardium, was introduced by German physician Joseph
Friedrich Sobernheim in 1837. However, the term has been confused with other cardiovascular conditions, such as
1306:
Mechanical support is used in cases of myocarditis in which medications alone do not lead to adequate heart function and the body requires additional support to achieve organ perfusion. Myocarditis cases that require mechanical circulatory support are categorized as fulminant by definition. People
1281:
The specific medications that are used to support patients are directly related to the cause of the symptom or sign. Just as the symptoms of myocarditis mirror those of congestive heart failure, so too do the therapies. Additionally, the order in which therapies are used depends on the degree of
506:
Fulminant myocarditis is defined as sudden and severe myocarditis that is associated with signs and symptoms of heart failure while at rest. More specifically, fulminant myocarditis is characterized by a distinct, rapid onset of severe heart failure symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest
960:
infiltration and the formation of antibodies, including possibly auto-antibodies. Over the next few months to years, this process either resolves and concludes with viral clearance or it may progress to cause permanent heart damage such as dilated cardiomyopathy, ventricular dysfunction or other
943:
The pathophysiology of viral myocarditis is not well understood, but it is believed to involve cardiotropic viruses (viruses with a high affinity for the heart muscle) gaining entry to cardiac muscle cells, usually via binding to a transmembrane receptor. Over approximately the next 1–7 days the
1403:
Myocarditis is the third most common cause of death among young adults with a cumulative incidence rate globally of 1.5 cases per 100,000 persons annually. Myocarditis accounts for approximately 20% of sudden cardiac death in a variety of populations, including adults under the age of 40, young
1390:
In regard to the population affected, myocarditis is more common in pregnant women, children, and those who are immunocompromised. Myocarditis, however, has shown to be more common in the male population than in the female. Multiple studies report a 1:1.3-1.7 female-male ratio of prevalence of
1244:
While myocarditis has many etiologies and a variable constellation of signs and symptoms, many causes do not have a specific treatment thus the primary focus is on supportive care and symptom management. In some cases of biopsy-proven myocarditis, the causative cell type may indicate condition
1459:
Although myocarditis is clinically and pathologically clearly defined as "inflammation of the myocardium", its definition, classification, diagnosis, and treatment are subject to continued controversy, but endomyocardial biopsy has helped define the natural history of myocarditis and clarify
1323:(ICD) is sometimes required in those with cardiomyopathy or heart failure caused by myocarditis due to the risk of fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The need for ICD is usually assessed 3–6 months after the onset of myocarditis, after the acute phase of myocarditis has passed, with a temporary,
510:
Acute non-fulminant myocarditis has a less distinct onset in contrast to fulminant myocarditis, and evolves over days to months. While the symptoms of acute myocarditis overlap with those of fulminant myocarditis, they do not typically occur at rest, and treatment does not require the use of
1424:
Although myocarditis is relatively rare in those with COVID-19, when it is present it is likely to follow a severe and fulminant course for those previously hospitalized with COVID-19. Of those with COVID-19 and myocarditis, 39% presented with severe myocarditis associated with hemodynamic
1832:
Tschöpe, Carsten; Ammirati, Enrico; Bozkurt, Biykem; Caforio, Alida L. P.; Cooper, Leslie T.; Felix, Stephan B.; Hare, Joshua M.; Heidecker, Bettina; Heymans, Stephane; Hübner, Norbert; Kelle, Sebastian; Klingel, Karin; Maatz, Henrike; Parwani, Abdul S.; Spillmann, Frank (March 2021).
1360:
and malignant ventricular arrhythmias like sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Electrocardiogram findings of ST elevations with upward concavity and an early repolarization pattern, however, were associated with a better cardiovascular prognosis in general.
538:
The most common causes of myocarditis are infectious organisms. Viral infections are the most common cause in developed countries, with a majority of cases being caused by those with single-stranded RNA genomes, such as
Coxsackie viruses (especially Coxsackie B3 and B5). Globally,
1371:(SCD) in infants, adolescents, and young adults, but the reported rates show wide variation (1 to 14 percent) among young people depending on differences in SCD definition and classification/ definition of myocarditis post-mortem as well as heterogeneity of study populations.
502:
Myocarditis can be distinguished as either fulminant or acute based on the severity of symptoms on presentation, as well as the time course over which symptoms develop and persist. This categorization can help predict the treatment, outcomes, and complications of myocarditis.
1272:
In a majority of cases, the main therapies are used to support patients and are dependent on the severity of symptoms and the time course across which myocarditis develops. Supportive therapies can be divided into two broad categories, medications and mechanical support.
386:
or to the weakness and dysfunction of the heart muscle that is secondary to the inflammation. While myocarditis may develop over periods ranging from hours to months, patients typically present with signs and symptoms that resemble heart failure, including the following:
1104:
and myocarditis) include PR segment depression, PR segment depression with associated ST segment elevation, diffuse ST segment elevation (in a pericarditis pattern). ST segment elevation was seen in 62% of people with myocarditis. The presence of Q waves, a widened
3706:"2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America"
1223:
1205:
1187:
4707:
4688:
1884:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
494:
Children primarily present with the aforementioned symptoms associated with a viral infection. Later stages of the illness can involve the respiratory system and lead to increased work of breathing. These are often mistaken for
1336:
patients presenting with cardiovascular dysfunction. Most people with myocarditis have an uncomplicated, self-limited and mild course while making a full recovery. However, those with myocarditis that present with a decreased
1396:
tend to display more severe signs and symptoms, such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, but do so at an older age. Among patients with HIV, myocarditis is the most common cardiac pathological finding at
1227:
1226:
1209:
1208:
1192:
1190:
1228:
1210:
1191:
519:
While many causes of myocarditis are known, there are many cases in which a causative agent cannot be identified. In Europe and North
America, viruses are common culprits. Worldwide, however, the most common cause is
369:
In 2013, about 1.5 million cases of acute myocarditis occurred. While people of all ages are affected, the young are most often affected. It is slightly more common in males than females. Most cases are mild. In 2015
1404:
athletes, United States Air Force recruits, and elite
Swedish orienteers. With individuals who develop myocarditis, the first year is difficult as a collection of cases have shown there is a 20% mortality rate.
3914:
Yang F, Wang J, Li W, Xu Y, Wan K, Zeng R, Chen Y (May 2020). "The prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in myocarditis and clinically suspected myocarditis: systematic review and meta-analysis".
1136:
is taken and investigated. The cause of the myocarditis can be only identified by a biopsy. Endomyocardial biopsy samples are assessed for histopathology (how the tissue looks like under the microscope):
1225:
1207:
1189:
1736:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1684:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
479:
Since myocarditis is often due to a viral illness, many patients experience symptoms consistent with a recent viral infection including a fever, rash, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting,
1964:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
2796:
1269:
also recommends subsequent viral genome testing of endomyocardial biopsy specimens due to risk of viral activation, which may necessitate discontinuation of immunosuppression therapy.
5501:
1425:
instability, needing mechanical circulation support or other major interventions. Severe myocarditis in COVID-19 is also more likely in those who have COVID-19 pneumonia.
1021:
Lymphocytic myocarditis (white arrow points to a lymphocyte), commonly showing myocyte necrosis (black arrow), seen as hypereosinophilic cytoplasm with loss of striations.
3480:"Diagnostic Performance of Extracellular Volume, Native T1, and T2 Mapping Versus Lake Louise Criteria by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for Detection of Acute Myocarditis"
952:
of cardiac muscle cells (myocytes) and activation of the innate immune system. Over the next 1–4 weeks, viral replication continues with subsequent activation of the
3745:
Aziz KU, Patel N, Sadullah T, Tasneem H, Thawerani H, Talpur S (October 2010). "Acute viral myocarditis: role of immunosuppression: a prospective randomised study".
1162:
590:
507:
pain, that develop over the course of hours to days. Additionally, treatment requires the use of medications or mechanical devices to improve heart function.
1017:
1290:
drugs such as adenosine or carvedilol. In patients that have stable and adequate heart function, further treatments are based on heart failure guidelines.
5142:
4248:
1682:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
1224:
1206:
1188:
1165:
may be performed to identify particular viruses. Finally, further diagnostic methods like microRNA assays and gene-expression profile may be performed.
5915:
940:. Eosinophilic myocarditis is further distinguished from non-eosinophilic myocarditis by having a different set of causes and recommended treatments.
4832:
1113:, high degree AV nodal blockade, and ventricular tachyarrhythmias are associated with a poor prognosis when seen on ECG in people with myocarditis.
2165:
Sharma AN, Stultz JR, Bellamkonda N, Amsterdam EA (December 2019). "Fulminant
Myocarditis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management".
1882:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of
Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015).
5559:
2466:
Piccirillo F, Watanabe M, Di
Sciascio G (September 2021). "Diagnosis, treatment and predictors of prognosis of myocarditis. A narrative review".
1282:
heart dysfunction, with stabilization of patient blood pressure and breathing taking highest priority when present. This can involve the use of
4876:
1734:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (October 2016).
1320:
374:, including myocarditis, resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990. The initial descriptions of the condition are from the mid-1800s.
76:
4524:
3842:"Prognostic Impact of Late Gadolinium Enhancement by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3275:
2588:
2398:
2022:
1942:
1666:
5554:
5363:
5200:
1962:
Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (January 2015).
2028:
1948:
5368:
5358:
4947:
1445:. Following admonition regarding the indiscriminate use of myocarditis as a diagnosis from authorities such as British cardiologist Sir
1324:
5665:
5496:
5110:
4456:
320:
167:
5536:
961:
cardiomyopathies. Coxsackie B, specifically B3 and B5, has been found to interact with coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and
530:. Overall, myocarditis can be caused by infections, immune conditions, toxins, drug reactions, and physical injuries to the heart.
359:
179:
5531:
2660:
Zhou Z, Ortiz Lopez HI, PĂ©rez GE, Burgos LM, Farina JM, Saldarriaga C, et al. (March 2021). "Toxoplasmosis and the Heart".
5400:
5181:
2951:
491:, and many people with myocarditis present with signs and symptoms that suggest myocarditis and pericarditis at the same time.
1096:
sensitivity troponin is usually elevated in myocarditis and this marker is very specific to myocardial (heart muscle) injury.
553:
Bacteria can also result in myocarditis, although it is rare in patients with normal heart function and without a preexisting
5476:
5471:
5395:
1266:
1072:
5195:
1378:
myocarditis, in which an inflammatory cytokine storm occurs, cardiac functions decline rapidly and the death rate is high.
268:
when there are associated ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction due to chronic inflammation. Symptoms can include
5822:
5698:
5627:
5459:
3550:
916:
Most forms of myocarditis involve the infiltration of heart tissues by one or two types of pro-inflammatory blood cells,
5817:
5610:
5593:
5526:
5446:
4825:
1295:
771:
5660:
3960:"Sudden cardiac death caused by myocarditis in persons aged 1-49 years: a nationwide study of 14 294 deaths in Denmark"
1245:
specific treatments that are beneficial. These treatments typically consist of corticosteroids, or immunosuppressants.
936:
is a subtype of myocarditis in which cardiac tissue is infiltrated by another type of pro-inflammatory blood cell, the
5105:
4295:"Presentations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Post-COVID Viral Myocarditis in the Inpatient Setting: A Narrative Review"
1446:
984:
present in heart muscle may be responsible for direct viral injury leading to myocarditis. In a study done during the
621:
2501:
Estabragh, ZR; Mamas, MA (10 September 2013). "The cardiovascular manifestations of influenza: a systematic review".
3152:
3006:"Myopericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination and non-COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5642:
5130:
5115:
4482:
1450:
1169:
382:
The signs and symptoms associated with myocarditis are varied, and relate either to the actual inflammation of the
355:
211:
5417:
3840:
Georgiopoulos G, Figliozzi S, Sanguineti F, Aquaro GD, di Bella G, Stamatelopoulos K, et al. (January 2021).
5720:
5385:
5312:
5039:
1312:
1308:
1158:
1157:
to determine which types of immune cells are involved in the reaction and how they are distributed. Furthermore,
962:
882:
5670:
1153:. Focal destruction of myocytes explains the myocardial pump failure. In addition samples may be assessed with
5844:
5600:
5390:
5287:
5268:
5098:
4871:
4730:
1474:
1246:
1052:
953:
933:
3055:"Myocarditis Cases Reported After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021"
4442:
2613:"Myocarditis associated with Covid-19 disease: A systematic review of published case reports and case series"
5920:
5877:
5851:
5839:
5827:
5812:
5546:
5488:
5292:
5273:
4925:
4865:
4818:
2752:
Nicholson PJ, Quinn MJ, Dodd JD (December 2010). "Headshop heartache: acute mephedrone 'meow' myocarditis".
1138:
985:
697:
107:
5925:
5466:
5432:
5375:
5353:
5175:
5157:
5093:
4960:
4913:
4841:
1442:
1349:
1345:
1250:
1056:
1033:
988:, SARS viral RNA was detected in the autopsy of heart specimens in 35% of the patients in the
726:
703:
633:
332:
289:
116:
3890:
5230:
5225:
5120:
4930:
3669:
Liu ZL, Liu ZJ, Liu JP, Kwong JS (August 2013). Liu JP (ed.). "Herbal medicines for viral myocarditis".
2198:
1316:
1029:
675:
627:
4395:"Myocarditis is rare in COVID-19 autopsies: cardiovascular findings across 277 postmortem examinations"
1257:
are usually responsive to immunosuppressive treatments; in the form of glucocorticoids with or without
3429:
Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, et al. (April 2009).
1025:
5726:
5254:
5235:
5135:
5046:
4989:
1469:
1392:
1368:
1353:
1287:
1154:
1117:
867:
785:
731:
721:
657:
645:
308:
304:
277:
147:
143:
1172:(cMRI or CMR) has been shown to be very useful in diagnosing myocarditis by visualizing markers for
886:
group, incidence of myocarditis has been reported to be between 1 case in 2500 to 1 case per 10,000.
5731:
5588:
5583:
5506:
5410:
5380:
5339:
4965:
4882:
4711:
4543:
Praktische Diagnostik der innern Krankheiten: mit vorzĂĽglicher RĂĽcksicht auf pathologische Anatomie
4344:
Sawalha K, Abozenah M, Kadado AJ, Battisha A, Al-Akchar M, Salerno C, et al. (February 2021).
1319:
is reserved for those that do not respond to the aforementioned conventional medical therapies. An
1254:
763:
425:
281:
269:
100:
92:
3793:"Diagnostic and prognostic role of electrocardiogram in acute myocarditis: A comprehensive review"
3341:"Diagnostic and prognostic role of electrocardiogram in acute myocarditis: A comprehensive review"
3219:"SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS"
5834:
5632:
5454:
5405:
5030:
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4887:
4638:
4589:
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3940:
3871:
3770:
3610:
3519:
2986:
2827:
2777:
2685:
2642:
2283:
Ammirati E, Veronese G, Bottiroli M, Wang DW, Cipriani M, Garascia A, et al. (August 2021).
2190:
1068:
1067:
Myocardial inflammation can be suspected on the basis of elevated inflammatory markers including
966:
836:
582:
524:, an illness endemic to Central and South America that results from infection with the protozoan
87:
5894:
5745:
5703:
5618:
5436:
5334:
5051:
4994:
4892:
4770:
4741:
4630:
4551:
4520:
4424:
4375:
4326:
4275:
4224:
4175:
4120:
4082:
4041:
3989:
3932:
3863:
3822:
3762:
3727:
3686:
3651:
3602:
3511:
3460:
3411:
3370:
3314:
3271:
3248:
3199:
3133:
3084:
3035:
2978:
2876:
2819:
2769:
2734:
2677:
2634:
2584:
2578:
2559:
2518:
2483:
2448:
2394:
2366:
2314:
2256:
2182:
2078:
2018:
2012:
1993:
1938:
1932:
1913:
1854:
1804:
1765:
1713:
1662:
1656:
1637:
1567:
1453:
1337:
744:
606:
548:
526:
312:
159:
154:
71:
2611:
Rathore SS, Rojas GA, Sondhi M, Pothuru S, Pydi R, Kancherla N, et al. (November 2021).
5867:
5759:
5652:
5348:
4620:
4581:
4512:
4414:
4406:
4365:
4357:
4316:
4306:
4265:
4257:
4214:
4206:
4165:
4157:
4072:
4031:
3979:
3971:
3924:
3853:
3812:
3804:
3754:
3717:
3678:
3641:
3592:
3501:
3491:
3450:
3442:
3401:
3360:
3352:
3304:
3238:
3230:
3189:
3123:
3115:
3074:
3066:
3025:
3017:
2968:
2960:
2866:
2858:
2811:
2761:
2724:
2716:
2669:
2624:
2549:
2510:
2475:
2438:
2430:
2356:
2348:
2304:
2296:
2246:
2238:
2174:
2070:
1983:
1975:
1903:
1895:
1862:
1846:
1812:
1796:
1755:
1747:
1703:
1695:
1627:
1614:
Kindermann I, Barth C, Mahfoud F, Ukena C, Lenski M, Yilmaz A, et al. (February 2012).
1557:
1549:
977:
758:
554:
363:
183:
5889:
5281:
5262:
5249:
5056:
4935:
4787:
3102:
Mevorach D, Anis E, Cedar N, Bromberg M, Haas EJ, Nadir E, et al. (2 December 2021).
1479:
1356:
have a worse prognosis with an increased risk of death or need for heart transplantation.
1092:
651:
586:
570:
351:
300:
207:
139:
4784:
4781:
4660:
3704:
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, et al. (August 2017).
4548:
Practical diagnosis of internal diseases: with special reference to pathological anatomy
4321:
4294:
3630:"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure"
2227:"Fulminant myocarditis: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatments and outcomes"
1009:
5882:
5790:
5688:
5680:
5578:
5088:
5081:
5068:
4419:
4394:
4370:
4346:"Systematic Review of COVID-19 Related Myocarditis: Insights on Management and Outcome"
4345:
4270:
4243:
4219:
4194:
4170:
4145:
3984:
3959:
3817:
3792:
3506:
3479:
3455:
3430:
3365:
3340:
3243:
3218:
3217:
Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, Liu PP, Poutanen SM, Penninger JM, Butany J (July 2009).
3128:
3103:
3079:
3054:
3030:
3005:
2871:
2846:
2729:
2704:
2443:
2418:
2361:
2336:
2309:
2284:
2251:
2226:
1988:
1963:
1908:
1883:
1867:
1817:
1784:
1760:
1735:
1708:
1683:
1562:
1537:
998:
896:
566:
540:
521:
371:
339:
328:
293:
244:
232:
195:
120:
4724:
4716:
4625:
4608:
3309:
3292:
3021:
1979:
1899:
1751:
1699:
1307:
that require additional support with their heart function can benefit from the use of
50:
5909:
5872:
5783:
4918:
4593:
4507:
Schölmerich P (1983). "Myocarditis — Cardiomyopathy Historic Survey and Definition".
3944:
3875:
3614:
3234:
2990:
2831:
2689:
2646:
2194:
1835:"Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions"
1834:
1341:
1291:
806:
797:
752:
748:
715:
662:
574:
343:
285:
199:
112:
4720:
4161:
4094:
3774:
3523:
2781:
2673:
284:. The duration of problems can vary from hours to months. Complications may include
5804:
5778:
5622:
5570:
5243:
5219:
5189:
5166:
5035:
5025:
4642:
3958:
Lynge TH, Nielsen TS, Gregers Winkel B, Tfelt-Hansen J, Banner J (19 August 2019).
3858:
3841:
3682:
3496:
3053:
Oster ME, Shay DK, Su JR, Gee J, Creech CB, Broder KR, et al. (January 2022).
3004:
Ling RR, Ramanathan K, Tan FL, Tai BC, Somani J, Fisher D, MacLaren G (July 2022).
1438:
1262:
1258:
1173:
1101:
1064:
of myocarditis cannot be made by evidence of inflammation of the myocardium alone.
874:
863:
841:
801:
488:
446:
439:
433:
257:
4410:
4036:
4019:
3975:
3597:
3580:
2479:
2178:
2124:
1045:
350:
are often used. A period of no exercise is typically recommended during recovery.
4810:
4735:
4361:
2514:
2434:
2202:
2099:
17:
5739:
5637:
5427:
5344:
5326:
5152:
5125:
5017:
4765:
4541:
4516:
4061:"Viral myocarditis: from experimental models to molecular diagnosis in patients"
3646:
3629:
2797:"Effects of statins on myocarditis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms"
2074:
1129:
1125:
1110:
1106:
1037:
973:
929:
921:
917:
775:
767:
709:
683:
639:
614:
578:
487:, and easily becoming tired. Additionally, myocarditis is often associated with
4261:
4112:
3928:
3722:
3705:
3446:
3406:
3389:
3194:
3177:
2815:
2554:
2537:
2352:
2242:
1850:
1800:
1632:
1615:
5767:
5317:
4798:
4793:
4746:
4701:
4697:
4555:
4077:
4060:
3758:
3542:
3176:
Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB (April 2015).
2795:
Parsamanesh N, Karami-Zarandi M, Banach M, Penson PE, Sahebkar A (July 2021).
2703:
Dinis P, Teixeira R, Puga L, Lourenço C, Cachulo MC, Gonçalves L (June 2018).
2300:
1417:
1177:
1150:
1146:
1133:
1084:
1041:
937:
821:
779:
669:
562:
484:
454:
407:
383:
273:
261:
190:
96:
80:
59:
1858:
1808:
1286:, or medications that make the heart contract with greater force, as well as
4776:
4665:
3070:
2862:
2765:
949:
905:
810:
347:
218:
203:
4634:
4428:
4379:
4330:
4279:
4228:
4179:
4124:
4086:
4045:
3993:
3936:
3867:
3826:
3766:
3731:
3690:
3655:
3606:
3515:
3464:
3415:
3374:
3318:
3252:
3203:
3137:
3088:
3039:
2982:
2880:
2823:
2773:
2738:
2681:
2638:
2563:
2522:
2487:
2452:
2370:
2318:
2260:
2186:
2082:
1997:
1917:
1769:
1717:
1641:
1571:
543:
is the leading cause of myocarditis, which results from infection with the
4210:
3339:
ButtĂ , Carmelo; Zappia, Luca; Laterra, Giulia; Roberto, Marco (May 2020).
3119:
2964:
2536:
Andréoletti L, Lévêque N, Boulagnon C, Brasselet C, Fornes P (June 2009).
1553:
338:
Treatment depends on both the severity and the cause. Medications such as
5693:
4850:
4311:
2973:
2720:
1413:
1283:
1088:
1080:
945:
925:
594:
544:
480:
316:
163:
3628:
McDonagh, Theresa A; Metra, Marco; Adamo, Marianna (21 September 2021).
1013:
Diffuse ST elevation in a young male due to myocarditis and pericarditis
4585:
3808:
3356:
3178:"Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects"
2629:
2612:
1428:
Myocarditis is a rare adverse side effect from mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.
1397:
989:
825:
815:
691:
63:
4680:
4146:"Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy"
3431:"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: A JACC White Paper"
1783:
Suresh, Abhilash; Martens, Pieter; Tang, W. H. Wilson (October 2022).
5773:
5753:
4908:
4692:
1121:
993:
957:
845:
496:
324:
3104:"Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine against Covid-19 in Israel"
1142:
1051:
1024:
1016:
1008:
901:
415:
3579:
Tschöpe C, Cooper LT, Torre-Amione G, Van Linthout S (May 2019).
3478:
Pan, Jonathan A.; Lee, Yoo Jin; Salerno, Michael (1 July 2018).
981:
849:
4814:
2705:"Eosinophilic Myocarditis: Clinical Case and Literature Review"
1076:
878:
1934:
Cellular and Molecular Pathobiology of Cardiovascular Disease
557:. A list of the most relevant infectious organisms is below.
4511:. International Boehringer Mannheim Symposia. pp. 1–5.
3581:"Management of Myocarditis-Related Cardiomyopathy in Adults"
3388:
Skouri HN, Dec GW, Friedrich MG, Cooper LT (November 2006).
1785:"Biomarkers for Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy"
358:(IVIG) may be useful in certain cases. In severe cases an
4457:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines side effects and safety"
4018:
Fung G, Luo H, Qiu Y, Yang D, McManus B (February 2016).
4609:"Myocarditis: current trends in diagnosis and treatment"
1391:
myocarditis. In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of
610:(causing Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis, respectively)
331:
is important to rule out other potential causes such as
2061:
Feldman AM, McNamara D (November 2000). "Myocarditis".
1234:
Ultrasound showing cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis
1216:
Ultrasound showing cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis
1198:
Ultrasound showing cardiogenic shock due to myocarditis
4244:"Acute myocarditis associated with COVID-19 infection"
4242:
BeĹźler, Muhammed Said; Arslan, Halil (November 2020).
473:
Seen as elevated troponin and inflammation on imaging
420:
Especially when infectious, e.g., from parvovirus B19
4144:
Fairweather D, Cooper LT, Blauwet LA (January 2013).
3270:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 414–416.
3153:"Do Vaccines Cause Myocarditis and/or Myocardopathy?"
2845:
Keinath K, Church T, Kurth B, Hulten E (March 2018).
2225:
Hang W, Chen C, Seubert JM, Wang DW (December 2020).
1367:
Myocarditis has been reported to be a major cause of
1124:
of the myocardium, in general done in the setting of
944:
virus replicates and causes inflammation leadings to
4670:
3791:
ButtĂ C, Zappia L, Laterra G, Roberto M (May 2020).
3293:"Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria"
5860:
5803:
5712:
5679:
5651:
5609:
5568:
5545:
5519:
5487:
5445:
5426:
5325:
5311:
5211:
5165:
5151:
5067:
5016:
5009:
4946:
4901:
4858:
4849:
4756:
4674:
438:Muffling occurs with inflammation, especially with
239:
227:
217:
189:
174:
153:
134:
126:
106:
86:
70:
40:
35:
4293:Sayegh MN, Goins AE, Hall MA, Shin YM (May 2023).
2949:Basso, Cristina (20 October 2022). "Myocarditis".
3266:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (2007).
873:Myocarditis can be a side-effect of the Covid-19
4483:"Risk of Myocarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccine"
1449:and American cardiologist and co-founder of the
1327:acting as a temporary treatment in the interim.
924:plus two respective descendants of these cells,
4119:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2847:"Myocarditis secondary to smallpox vaccination"
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
866:can be a side effect of some vaccines like the
591:severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
467:Can reflect inadequate blood flow to the brain
451:Feeling like one's heart is beating forcefully
412:Often described as sharp or stabbing in nature
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
4826:
4393:Halushka MK, Vander Heide RS (January 2021).
3710:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3435:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3394:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2014:Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine
1620:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
430:Worse when lying down or in a prone position
66:in a person with acute onset of heart failure
8:
4550:] (in German). Hirschwald. p. 117.
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
4567:
4565:
3671:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1729:
1727:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
5442:
5322:
5162:
5143:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
5013:
4855:
4833:
4819:
4811:
4671:
4249:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
3223:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
2617:International Journal of Clinical Practice
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
1655:Stouffer G, Runge MS, Patterson C (2010).
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
49:
32:
4624:
4572:Olsen EG (1985). "What is myocarditis?".
4418:
4369:
4350:Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine
4320:
4310:
4269:
4218:
4169:
4076:
4035:
3983:
3857:
3816:
3721:
3645:
3596:
3505:
3495:
3454:
3405:
3364:
3308:
3242:
3193:
3127:
3078:
3029:
2972:
2870:
2728:
2628:
2553:
2442:
2360:
2308:
2250:
1987:
1931:Willis M, Homeister JW, Stone JR (2013).
1907:
1866:
1816:
1759:
1707:
1661:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 181.
1631:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1561:
4059:Pankuweit S, Klingel K (November 2013).
3537:
3535:
3533:
2583:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 197.
2231:Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
389:
44:Inflammatory cardiomyopathy (infectious)
3797:Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology
3345:Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology
1491:
1182:
4877:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
3786:
3784:
2412:
2410:
2335:Blauwet LA, Cooper LT (January 2010).
2330:
2328:
1321:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
1083:) against viruses known to affect the
459:Determined using an electrocardiogram
4106:
4104:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2094:
2092:
1145:and inflammatory infiltrate, rich in
311:. A diagnosis may be supported by an
7:
5201:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
4607:Magnani JW, Dec GW (February 2006).
3390:"Noninvasive imaging in myocarditis"
2104:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1400:, with a prevalence of 50% or more.
4199:The New England Journal of Medicine
3846:Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging
3484:Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging
3182:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2804:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
2709:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
2542:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2538:"Viral causes of human myocarditis"
2503:International Journal of Cardiology
2341:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
2063:The New England Journal of Medicine
1542:The New England Journal of Medicine
1456:, myocarditis was under-diagnosed.
1325:wearable cardioverter-defibrillator
299:Myocarditis is most often due to a
5497:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
3543:"UOTW #7 - Ultrasound of the Week"
2580:Practical Cardiovascular Pathology
2167:The American Journal of Cardiology
1460:clinicopathological correlations.
1059:, with multinucleated giant cells.
307:, certain medications, toxins and
25:
4626:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584532
3310:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.589663
2289:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
360:implantable cardiac defibrillator
180:implantable cardiac defibrillator
99:, decreased ability to exercise,
5916:Chronic rheumatic heart diseases
3235:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02153.x
2031:from the original on 2017-11-05.
1951:from the original on 2017-11-05.
1221:
1203:
1185:
1087:. Markers of myocardial damage (
511:mechanical circulatory support.
27:Inflammation of the heart muscle
5182:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
4162:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2012.07.003
3553:from the original on 8 May 2017
3108:New England Journal of Medicine
2952:New England Journal of Medicine
2674:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100741
2423:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
2393:. Academic Press. p. 416.
1937:. Academic Press. p. 135.
1412:Myocarditis can be seen during
1128:. A small tissue sample of the
4150:Current Problems in Cardiology
3859:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.011492
3683:10.1002/14651858.CD003711.pub5
3497:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.007598
2662:Current Problems in Cardiology
1267:European Society of Cardiology
1073:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
264:. Myocarditis can progress to
1:
5699:Pulseless electrical activity
5628:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
5502:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
4411:10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107300
4037:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306573
3976:10.1080/20961790.2019.1595352
3891:"Late gadolinium enhancement"
3598:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313578
3022:10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00059-5
2480:10.1016/j.carpath.2021.107362
2285:"Update on acute myocarditis"
2179:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.09.017
1980:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1900:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
1789:Current Heart Failure Reports
1752:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
1700:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1296:Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
972:The binding of many types of
278:decreased ability to exercise
4362:10.1016/j.carrev.2020.08.028
3291:Baughman KL (January 2006).
3157:Institute for Vaccine Safety
2515:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.274
2435:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303
1416:, the disease caused by the
1340:, or those who present with
4517:10.1007/978-3-642-68608-5_1
2075:10.1056/NEJM200011093431908
622:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
323:, and occasionally a heart
266:inflammatory cardiomyopathy
5942:
5643:Wandering atrial pacemaker
5190:non-infective endocarditis
5131:Endocardial fibroelastosis
4509:Myocarditis Cardiomyopathy
4262:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.100
3964:Forensic Sciences Research
3929:10.1007/s00330-019-06643-5
3723:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025
3447:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.007
3407:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.017
3195:10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006
2816:10.1016/j.pcad.2021.02.008
2555:10.1016/j.acvd.2009.04.010
2353:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.11.006
2243:10.1038/s41392-020-00360-y
2017:. CRC Press. p. 263.
1851:10.1038/s41569-020-00435-x
1801:10.1007/s11897-022-00569-8
1658:Netter's Cardiology E-Book
1633:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.074
1451:American Heart Association
1313:intra-aortic balloon pumps
1309:ventricular assist devices
1170:magnetic resonance imaging
356:intravenous immunoglobulin
212:intravenous immunoglobulin
5721:hexaxial reference system
5666:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
5196:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
4078:10.1007/s10741-012-9357-4
3759:10.1017/S1047951110000594
3647:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
2301:10.1016/j.tcm.2020.05.008
1839:Nature Reviews Cardiology
1036:infiltrate involving the
963:decay-accelerating factor
883:European Medicines Agency
792:Drug reactions and toxins
57:
48:
5601:Ventricular fibrillation
4872:Coronary artery aneurysm
4399:Cardiovascular Pathology
4193:Cooper LT (April 2009).
2468:Cardiovascular Pathology
1536:Cooper LT (April 2009).
1475:Eosinophilic myocarditis
1408:Myocarditis and COVID-19
1247:Eosinophilic myocarditis
1032:specimen with extensive
934:Eosinophilic myocarditis
62:image of myocarditis at
5878:Diastolic heart failure
5852:Athletic heart syndrome
5813:Ventricular hypertrophy
5547:Pre-excitation syndrome
5401:Left posterior fascicle
4926:Acute coronary syndrome
4866:Coronary artery disease
3747:Cardiology in the Young
3268:Robbins Basic Pathology
3151:tproveau (2022-10-14).
3071:10.1001/jama.2021.24110
2863:10.1136/bcr-2017-223523
2766:10.1136/hrt.2010.209338
2391:Post-Genomic Cardiology
2389:MarĂn-GarcĂa J (2007).
1616:"Update on myocarditis"
1354:hemodynamic instability
1350:ventricular arrhythmias
1139:myocardial interstitium
1075:(ESR), or an increased
986:2002-2004 SARS outbreak
698:Echinococcus granulosus
329:ultrasound of the heart
303:. Other causes include
146:, certain medications,
5396:Left anterior fascicle
5176:infective endocarditis
4961:Hibernating myocardium
4842:Cardiovascular disease
4540:Sobernheim JF (1837).
4487:Science-Based Medicine
4443:"COVID-19 Vaccination"
3634:European Heart Journal
3547:Ultrasound of the Week
1443:ischemic heart disease
1346:atrioventricular block
1251:giant cell myocarditis
1109:, prolongation of the
1060:
1057:Giant-cell myocarditis
1049:
1022:
1014:
954:acquired immune system
727:visceral larva migrans
704:Paragonimus westermani
634:Haemophilus influenzae
470:Damage to heart cells
464:Dizziness or fainting
290:dilated cardiomyopathy
117:dilated cardiomyopathy
5560:Wolff–Parkinson–White
5520:Premature contraction
5418:Adams–Stokes syndrome
5121:Loeffler endocarditis
4931:Myocardial infarction
4211:10.1056/NEJMra0800028
4111:Kang M, An J (2020).
4065:Heart Failure Reviews
3120:10.1056/NEJMoa2109730
3012:(Systematic review).
2965:10.1056/NEJMra2114478
2417:Rose NR (July 2016).
1554:10.1056/nejmra0800028
1317:Heart transplantation
1055:
1046:hematoxylin and eosin
1030:Endomyocardial biopsy
1028:
1020:
1012:
780:systemic vasculitides
676:Mycoplasma pneumoniae
628:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
593:(SARS‑CoV‑2, causing
585:, hepatitis C virus,
455:Abnormal heart rhythm
5727:Right axis deviation
5689:Sudden cardiac death
5047:Pericardial effusion
4990:Ventricular aneurysm
4312:10.7759/cureus.39338
4024:Circulation Research
3585:Circulation Research
2721:10.5935/abc.20180089
1746:(10053): 1459–1544.
1694:(10053): 1545–1602.
1470:Viral cardiomyopathy
1369:sudden cardiac death
1155:immunohistochemistry
786:Toxic shock syndrome
732:Wuchereria bancrofti
722:Trichinella spiralis
658:Borrelia burgdorferi
366:may be recommended.
333:heart valve problems
309:autoimmune disorders
305:bacterial infections
148:autoimmune disorders
144:bacterial infections
5732:Left axis deviation
5589:Atrial fibrillation
5584:Ventricular flutter
5507:Torsades de pointes
5381:Bundle branch block
5340:Sick sinus syndrome
5126:Cardiac amyloidosis
5111:Tachycardia-induced
4966:Myocardial stunning
4914:Prinzmetal's angina
4883:Coronary thrombosis
4445:. 11 February 2020.
4113:"Viral Myocarditis"
2577:Sheppard M (2011).
2419:"Viral myocarditis"
1255:cardiac sarcoidosis
967:Toll-like receptors
820:Stimulants such as
800:and other forms of
646:Tropheryma whipplei
426:Shortness of breath
282:irregular heartbeat
270:shortness of breath
101:irregular heartbeat
93:Shortness of breath
5835:Atrial enlargement
5633:Pacemaker syndrome
5555:Lown–Ganong–Levine
5477:Junctional ectopic
5472:AV nodal reentrant
4978:Myocardial rupture
4888:Coronary vasospasm
4757:External resources
4586:10.1007/BF02072348
4463:. 21 February 2022
3917:European Radiology
3809:10.1111/anec.12726
3357:10.1111/anec.12726
2630:10.1111/ijcp.14470
1302:Mechanical support
1141:may show abundant
1069:C-reactive protein
1061:
1050:
1023:
1015:
583:Epstein-Barr virus
378:Signs and symptoms
77:Infectious disease
5903:
5902:
5895:Obstructive shock
5799:
5798:
5746:Short QT syndrome
5713:Other / ungrouped
5704:Sinoatrial arrest
5619:Ectopic pacemaker
5515:
5514:
5335:Sinus bradycardia
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5052:Cardiac tamponade
5005:
5004:
4995:Dressler syndrome
4893:Myocardial bridge
4808:
4807:
4574:Heart and Vessels
4526:978-3-540-11617-2
4256:(11): 2489.e1–2.
4205:(15): 1526–1538.
3640:(36): 3599–3726.
3591:(11): 1568–1583.
3441:(17): 1475–1487.
3400:(10): 2085–2093.
3277:978-1-4160-2973-1
3010:Lancet Respir Med
2959:(16): 1488–1500.
2760:(24): 2051–2052.
2590:978-0-340-98193-1
2400:978-0-12-373698-7
2173:(12): 1954–1960.
2024:978-1-4200-1960-5
2011:Cunha BA (2009).
1974:(9963): 117–171.
1944:978-0-12-405525-4
1894:(9995): 743–800.
1668:978-1-4377-3650-2
1548:(15): 1526–1538.
1348:, with sustained
1338:ejection fraction
1229:
1211:
1193:
891:Physical injuries
745:Allergic reaction
739:Immune conditions
607:Toxoplasma gondii
602:Trypanosoma cruzi
549:Trypanosoma cruzi
527:Trypanosoma cruzi
477:
476:
434:Dull heart sounds
315:(ECG), increased
313:electrocardiogram
251:
250:
231:2.5 million with
160:Electrocardiogram
155:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
18:Acute myocarditis
16:(Redirected from
5933:
5868:Cardiac fibrosis
5760:T wave alternans
5653:Long QT syndrome
5447:Supraventricular
5443:
5376:Intraventricular
5323:
5163:
5014:
4859:Coronary disease
4856:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4812:
4672:
4647:
4646:
4628:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4314:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4080:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4015:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3923:(5): 2616–2626.
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3861:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3600:
3576:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3549:. 30 June 2014.
3539:
3528:
3527:
3509:
3499:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2976:
2946:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2851:BMJ Case Reports
2842:
2836:
2835:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2632:
2608:
2595:
2594:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2548:(6–7): 559–568.
2533:
2527:
2526:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2280:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2222:
2207:
2206:
2162:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2058:
2033:
2032:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1611:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1533:
1231:
1230:
1213:
1212:
1195:
1194:
978:SARS-CoV-2 virus
976:, including the
868:smallpox vaccine
862:Myocarditis and
759:Kawasaki disease
555:immunodeficiency
390:
364:heart transplant
184:heart transplant
53:
33:
21:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5890:Rheumatic fever
5856:
5795:
5708:
5675:
5647:
5605:
5564:
5541:
5511:
5483:
5430:
5422:
5316:
5299:
5207:
5156:
5147:
5063:
5057:Hemopericardium
5001:
4942:
4936:Unstable angina
4909:Angina pectoris
4902:Active ischemia
4897:
4845:
4839:
4809:
4804:
4803:
4788:article/1612533
4752:
4751:
4683:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4492:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4129:
4127:
4110:
4109:
4102:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4017:
4016:
4001:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3677:(8): CD003711.
3668:
3667:
3663:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3578:
3577:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3541:
3540:
3531:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3338:
3337:
3326:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2948:
2947:
2888:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2509:(6): 2397–403.
2500:
2499:
2495:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2282:
2281:
2268:
2224:
2223:
2210:
2164:
2163:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2069:(19): 1388–98.
2060:
2059:
2036:
2025:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1613:
1612:
1579:
1535:
1534:
1493:
1488:
1480:Myopericarditis
1466:
1434:
1410:
1384:
1333:
1304:
1279:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1186:
1093:creatine kinase
1007:
914:
893:
859:
833:Carbon monoxide
794:
741:
652:Vibrio cholerae
587:influenza virus
571:coxsackie virus
536:
517:
380:
352:Corticosteroids
301:viral infection
208:corticosteroids
140:viral infection
130:Hours to months
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5939:
5937:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5921:Heart diseases
5918:
5908:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5883:Cardiac asthma
5880:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5809:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5791:Strain pattern
5788:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5685:
5683:
5681:Cardiac arrest
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5661:Andersen–Tawil
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5579:Atrial flutter
5575:
5573:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5451:
5449:
5440:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5378:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5351:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5320:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5171:
5169:
5160:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5089:Cardiomyopathy
5086:
5085:
5084:
5082:Chagas disease
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5033:
5022:
5020:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4869:
4862:
4860:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4790:
4785:article/890740
4782:article/156330
4773:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4738:
4727:
4704:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:Classification
4669:
4668:
4655:
4654:External links
4652:
4649:
4648:
4619:(6): 876–890.
4599:
4561:
4532:
4525:
4499:
4474:
4448:
4434:
4385:
4336:
4285:
4234:
4185:
4136:
4100:
4071:(6): 683–702.
4051:
4030:(3): 496–514.
3999:
3970:(3): 247–256.
3950:
3906:
3881:
3852:(1): e011492.
3832:
3780:
3753:(5): 509–515.
3737:
3716:(6): 776–803.
3696:
3661:
3620:
3564:
3529:
3490:(7): e007598.
3470:
3421:
3380:
3324:
3303:(4): 593–595.
3283:
3276:
3258:
3229:(7): 618–625.
3209:
3188:(4): 258–268.
3168:
3143:
3114:(23): 2140–9.
3094:
3065:(4): 331–340.
3045:
3016:(7): 679–688.
2996:
2886:
2837:
2787:
2744:
2715:(6): 597–599.
2695:
2652:
2623:(11): e14470.
2596:
2589:
2569:
2528:
2493:
2458:
2429:(4): 383–389.
2406:
2399:
2376:
2347:(4): 274–288.
2324:
2295:(6): 370–379.
2266:
2208:
2142:
2131:. 23 July 2020
2125:"Pericarditis"
2116:
2088:
2034:
2023:
2003:
1954:
1943:
1923:
1874:
1845:(3): 169–193.
1824:
1795:(5): 346–355.
1775:
1723:
1674:
1667:
1647:
1626:(9): 779–792.
1577:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1433:
1430:
1409:
1406:
1383:
1380:
1332:
1329:
1303:
1300:
1292:ACE inhibitors
1288:antiarrhythmic
1278:
1275:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1184:
1006:
1003:
999:cytokine storm
982:ACE2 receptors
913:
910:
909:
908:
899:
897:Electric shock
892:
889:
888:
887:
871:
858:
855:
854:
853:
839:
834:
831:
828:
818:
813:
807:Antipsychotics
804:
798:Anthracyclines
793:
790:
789:
788:
783:
761:
756:
740:
737:
736:
735:
687:
679:
611:
598:
567:parvovirus B19
541:Chagas disease
535:
532:
522:Chagas disease
516:
513:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
460:
457:
452:
449:
443:
442:
436:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
413:
410:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
379:
376:
372:cardiomyopathy
340:ACE inhibitors
294:cardiac arrest
256:is defined as
249:
248:
245:cardiomyopathy
241:
237:
236:
233:cardiomyopathy
229:
225:
224:
221:
215:
214:
196:ACE inhibitors
193:
187:
186:
176:
172:
171:
170:, heart biopsy
157:
151:
150:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
121:cardiac arrest
110:
104:
103:
90:
84:
83:
74:
68:
67:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5938:
5927:
5926:Inflammations
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5873:Heart failure
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5784:ST depression
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5411:Trifascicular
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5314:
5310:
5294:
5293:regurgitation
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5274:regurgitation
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5255:regurgitation
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5236:regurgitation
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4919:Stable angina
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4536:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4500:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4305:(5): e39338.
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:"Myocarditis"
4189:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4137:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4020:"Myocarditis"
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3907:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2974:11577/3479721
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:(3): 100741.
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:"Myocarditis"
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2105:
2101:
2100:"Myocarditis"
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:"Myocarditis"
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:heart failure
1339:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1219:
1201:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:gold standard
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:coronaviruses
970:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
911:
907:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
884:
880:
876:
875:mRNA vaccines
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
823:
819:
817:
814:
812:
808:
805:
803:
799:
796:
795:
791:
787:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:
760:
757:
754:
753:amitriptyline
750:
749:acetazolamide
746:
743:
742:
738:
734:
733:
728:
724:
723:
718:
717:
716:Taenia solium
712:
711:
706:
705:
700:
699:
694:
693:
688:
686:
685:
680:
678:
677:
672:
671:
666:
665:
660:
659:
654:
653:
648:
647:
642:
641:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
623:
618:
617:
612:
609:
608:
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:rubella virus
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:
558:
556:
552:
550:
546:
542:
533:
531:
529:
528:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
492:
490:
486:
482:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
458:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
441:
437:
435:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:
377:
375:
373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:beta blockers
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:heart failure
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
246:
243:354,000 with
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:beta blockers
197:
194:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:Medications,
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
113:Heart failure
111:
109:
108:Complications
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
5805:Cardiomegaly
5779:ST elevation
5766:
5752:
5738:
5719:
5623:Ectopic beat
5571:fibrillation
5406:Bifascicular
5280:
5261:
5242:
5218:
5188:
5174:
5167:Endocarditis
5106:Hypertrophic
5076:
5040:Constrictive
5026:Pericarditis
4984:
4972:
4955:
4792:
4775:
4764:
4740:
4729:
4706:
4687:
4659:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4577:
4573:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4508:
4502:
4491:. Retrieved
4489:. 2022-11-02
4486:
4477:
4465:. Retrieved
4460:
4451:
4437:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4253:
4247:
4237:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4128:. Retrieved
4116:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4027:
4023:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:
3884:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3800:
3796:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3588:
3584:
3555:. Retrieved
3546:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3348:
3344:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3267:
3261:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3160:. Retrieved
3156:
3146:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2956:
2950:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2807:
2803:
2790:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2620:
2616:
2579:
2572:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2426:
2422:
2390:
2344:
2340:
2292:
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1458:
1447:Thomas Lewis
1439:hypertension
1435:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1402:
1393:sudden death
1389:
1385:
1382:Epidemiology
1375:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1334:
1305:
1280:
1271:
1263:cyclosporine
1259:azathioprine
1243:
1174:inflammation
1167:
1115:
1102:pericarditis
1098:
1066:
1062:
1034:eosinophilic
971:
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864:pericarditis
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764:Autoimmunity
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440:pericarditis
381:
368:
337:
298:
265:
258:inflammation
253:
252:
5671:Romano–Ward
5638:Parasystole
5537:Ventricular
5489:Ventricular
5428:Tachycardia
5345:Heart block
5327:Bradycardia
5153:Endocardium
5116:Restrictive
5077:Myocarditis
5018:Pericardium
4799:Myocarditis
4766:MedlinePlus
4661:Myocarditis
4613:Circulation
4580:(1): S1-3.
4356:: 107–113.
4156:(1): 7–46.
3895:Radiopaedia
3297:Circulation
1344:, advanced
1151:macrophages
1147:lymphocytes
1130:endocardium
1126:angiography
1111:QT interval
1107:QRS complex
1038:endocardium
956:leading to
930:macrophages
922:macrophages
918:lymphocytes
857:Vaccination
837:Snake venom
776:sarcoidosis
768:scleroderma
710:Schistosoma
689:Parasitic:
684:Aspergillus
640:Actinomyces
613:Bacterial:
600:Protozoan:
579:polio virus
485:joint pains
254:Myocarditis
41:Other names
36:Myocarditis
5910:Categories
5569:Flutter /
5532:Junctional
5467:Junctional
5460:Multifocal
5433:paroxysmal
5349:Sinoatrial
5318:arrhythmia
5313:Conduction
5069:Myocardium
4794:Patient UK
4742:DiseasesDB
4556:1157448380
4493:2022-11-04
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2203:2317270452
1486:References
1454:Paul White
1418:SARS-CoV-2
1277:Medication
1178:myocardium
1134:myocardium
1085:myocardium
1042:myocardium
980:, through
938:eosinophil
822:mephedrone
809:including
747:(e.g., to
670:Rickettsia
664:Leptospira
563:adenovirus
534:Infections
408:Chest pain
384:myocardium
274:chest pain
262:myocardium
191:Medication
97:chest pain
81:cardiology
60:microscope
5828:Pulmonary
5611:Pacemaker
5282:pulmonary
5263:tricuspid
5099:Alcoholic
4777:eMedicine
4666:eMedicine
4594:189916609
3945:211074818
3889:Feger J.
3876:231606373
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2991:240234869
2832:232037014
2810:: 53–64.
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2647:235768792
2195:204061292
2135:11 August
2109:11 August
1859:1759-5002
1809:1546-9530
1376:fulminant
1331:Prognosis
1284:inotropes
1240:Treatment
1005:Diagnosis
950:apoptosis
912:Mechanism
906:radiation
811:clozapine
545:protozoan
393:Symptoms
348:diuretics
321:heart MRI
280:, and an
228:Frequency
219:Prognosis
204:diuretics
175:Treatment
168:heart MRI
72:Specialty
5694:Asystole
5594:Familial
5288:stenosis
5269:stenosis
5250:stenosis
5231:stenosis
5226:prolapse
4948:Sequelae
4851:Ischemia
4635:16476862
4429:33132119
4380:32847728
4331:37378093
4322:10292156
4280:32507570
4229:19357408
4180:23158412
4125:29083732
4095:36633104
4087:23070541
4046:26846643
3994:31489390
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3827:31778001
3775:46176024
3767:20584348
3732:28461007
3691:23986406
3656:34447992
3607:31120823
3551:Archived
3524:51673628
3516:30012826
3465:19389557
3416:17112998
3375:31778001
3319:16449736
3253:19453650
3204:25858537
3138:34614328
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2782:36684597
2774:21062771
2739:30226920
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2564:19664576
2523:23474244
2488:34192559
2453:27166925
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2319:32497572
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2199:ProQuest
2187:31679645
2129:Lecturio
2083:11070105
2029:Archived
1998:25530442
1949:Archived
1918:26063472
1770:27733281
1718:27733282
1642:22361396
1572:19357408
1464:See also
1414:COVID-19
1352:or with
1168:Cardiac
1089:troponin
1081:serology
946:necrosis
926:NK cells
681:Fungal:
616:Brucella
595:COVID-19
481:diarrhea
317:troponin
223:Variable
164:troponin
162:, blood
138:Usually
127:Duration
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4844:(heart)
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1868:7548534
1818:9340754
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1709:5055577
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1432:History
1398:autopsy
1176:of the
1161:and/or
1120:is the
1071:(CRP),
997:of the
990:Toronto
830:Arsenic
826:cocaine
816:Alcohol
692:Ascaris
561:Viral:
288:due to
260:of the
142:, also
115:due to
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5774:J wave
5527:Atrial
5455:Atrial
5244:aortic
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399:Signs
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247:(2015)
240:Deaths
235:(2015)
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5861:Other
5845:Right
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