314:
253:
thickness), but is also affected by the degree to which the rift basin is filled at each stage, due to the greater density of sediments in contrast to water. The simple 'McKenzie model' of rifting, which considers the rifting stage to be instantaneous, provides a good first order estimate of the amount of crustal thinning from observations of the amount of post-rift subsidence. This has generally been replaced by the 'flexural cantilever model', which takes into account the geometry of the rift faults and the
244:
causing extreme metamorphism at high thermal gradients of greater than 30 °C. The metamorphic products are high to ultrahigh temperature granulites and their associated migmatite and granites in collisional orogens, with possible emplacement of metamorphic core complexes in continental rift zones but oceanic core complexes in spreading ridges. This leads to a kind of orogeneses in extensional settings, which is referred as to rifting orogeny.
665:
2351:
52:
60:
163:
178:
rift bounding fault changes from segment to segment. Segment boundaries often have a more complex structure and generally cross the rift axis at a high angle. These segment boundary zones accommodate the differences in fault displacement between the segments and are therefore known as accommodation zones.
293:. It may also be passive, and driven by far-field tectonic forces that stretch the lithosphere. Margin architecture develops due to spatial and temporal relationships between extensional deformation phases. Margin segmentation eventually leads to the formation of rift domains with variations of the
173:
Most rifts consist of a series of separate segments that together form the linear zone characteristic of rifts. The individual rift segments have a dominantly half-graben geometry, controlled by a single basin-bounding fault. Segment lengths vary between rifts, depending on the elastic thickness of
181:
Accommodation zones take various forms, from a simple relay ramp at the overlap between two major faults of the same polarity, to zones of high structural complexity, particularly where the segments have opposite polarity. Accommodation zones may be located where older crustal structures intersect
252:
Once rifting ceases, the mantle beneath the rift cools and this is accompanied by a broad area of post-rift subsidence. The amount of subsidence is directly related to the amount of thinning during the rifting phase calculated as the beta factor (initial crustal thickness divided by final crustal
177:
Areas of thick colder lithosphere, such as the Baikal Rift have segment lengths in excess of 80 km, while in areas of warmer thin lithosphere, segment lengths may be less than 30 km. Along the axis of the rift the position, and in some cases the polarity (the dip direction), of the main
243:
becomes correspondingly raised. At the same time, the mantle lithosphere becomes thinned, causing a rise of the top of the asthenosphere. This brings high heat flow from the upwelling asthenosphere into the thinning lithosphere, heating the orogenic lithosphere for dehydration melting, typically
304:
Deformation and magmatism interact during rift evolution. Magma-rich and magma-poor rifted margins may be formed. Magma-rich margins include major volcanic features. Globally, volcanic margins represent the majority of passive continental margins. Magma-starved rifted margins are affected by
231:
As the rift evolves, some of the individual fault segments grow, eventually becoming linked together to form the larger bounding faults. Subsequent extension becomes concentrated on these faults. The longer faults and wider fault spacing leads to more continuous areas of fault-related
440:
are deposited. Just over half of estimated oil reserves are found associated with rifts containing marine syn-rift and post-rift sequences, just under a quarter in rifts with a non-marine syn-rift and post-rift, and an eighth in non-marine syn-rift with a marine post-rift.
288:
Rifting may lead to continental breakup and formation of oceanic basins. Successful rifting leads to seafloor spreading along a mid-oceanic ridge and a set of conjugate margins separated by an oceanic basin. Rifting may be active, and controlled by
1577:
Chouhan, A.K., Choudhury, P. & Pal, S.K. New evidence for a thin crust and magmatic underplating beneath the Cambay rift basin, Western India through modelling of EIGEN-6C4 gravity data. J Earth Syst Sci 129, 64 (2020).
856:
Green, Paul F.; Japsen, Peter; Chalmers, James A.; Bonow, Johan M.; Duddy, Ian R. (2018). "Post-breakup burial and exhumation of passive continental margins: Seven propositions to inform geodynamic models".
193:
Rift flanks or shoulders are elevated areas around rifts. Rift shoulders are typically about 70 km wide. Contrary to what was previously thought, elevated passive continental margins (EPCM) such as the
305:
large-scale faulting and crustal hyperextension. As a consequence, upper mantle peridotites and gabbros are commonly exposed and serpentinized along extensional detachments at the seafloor.
219:
The formation of rift basins and strain localization reflects rift maturity. At the onset of rifting, the upper part of the lithosphere starts to extend on a series of initially unconnected
386:
mineral deposits are found mainly in continental rift settings. They form within post-rift sequences when hydrothermal fluids associated with magmatic activity are expelled at the seabed.
223:, leading to the development of isolated basins. In subaerial rifts, for example, drainage at the onset of rifting is generally internal, with no element of through drainage.
1513:
772:
55:
Block view of a rift formed of three segments, showing the location of the accommodation zones between them at changes in fault location or polarity (dip direction)
1190:
PĂ©ron-Pinvidic G.; Manatschal G.; Osmundsen P.T. (May 2013). "Structural comparison of archetypal
Atlantic rifted margins: a review of observations and concepts".
1565:
Chouhan, A.K. Structural fabric over the seismically active
Kachchh rift basin, India: insight from world gravity model 2012. Environ Earth Sci 79, 316 (2020).
1075:
Nøttvedt, A.; Gabrielsen R.H.; Steel R.J. (1995). "Tectonostratigraphy and sedimentary architecture of rift basins, with reference to the northern North Sea".
1688:
1616:
236:
along the rift axis. Significant uplift of the rift shoulders develops at this stage, strongly influencing drainage and sedimentation in the rift basins.
142:
are the result of continental rifting that failed to continue to the point of break-up. Typically the transition from rifting to spreading develops at a
1240:
PĂ©ron-Pinvidic G.; Manatschal G. (2009). "The final rifting evolution at deep magma-poor passive margins from Iberia-Newfoundland: a new point of view".
969:
1608:
592:
363:
Recent studies indicate that post-collisional granites in collisional orogens are the product of rifting magmatism at converged plate margins.
1333:
474:
1931:
1381:
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1129:
1052:
754:
1681:
383:
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1369:
739:
294:
240:
318:
1716:
555:
770:
Ebinger, C.J.; Jackson J.A.; Foster A.N.; Hayward N.J. (1999). "Extensional basin geometry and the elastic lithosphere".
1638:
1405:
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610:
2016:
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2021:
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509:
403:
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topography, including proximal domain with fault-rotated crustal blocks, necking zone with thinning of crustal
269:
101:
with normal faulting and rift-flank uplifts mainly on one side. Where rifts remain above sea level they form a
1721:
1787:
537:
1010:
1530:
992:
561:
199:
31:
239:
During the climax of lithospheric rifting, as the crust is thinned, the Earth's surface subsides and the
150:. Two of these evolve to the point of seafloor spreading, while the third ultimately fails, becoming an
2298:
2102:
1991:
1861:
1841:
1741:
1711:
541:
313:
187:
86:
38:
1152:
Ziegler P.A.; Cloetingh S. (January 2004). "Dynamic processes controlling evolution of rifted basins".
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The sedimentary rocks associated with continental rifts host important deposits of both minerals and
254:
1535:
997:
2308:
2184:
2169:
2146:
2142:
1921:
1846:
1746:
1731:
929:"Regional metamorphism at extreme conditions: Implications for orogeny at convergent plate margins"
701:
426:
418:
407:
195:
425:
environment or in a restricted marine environment, although not all rifts contain such sequences.
2285:
2257:
2154:
2036:
1941:
1856:
1821:
1751:
1697:
1548:
1460:
1265:
1225:
Reston T.J.; Manatschal G. (2011). "Arc-Continent
Collision". In Brown D. & Ryan P.D. (ed.).
1121:
1044:
797:
551:
486:
338:
298:
129:
832:
898:
725:
2293:
2227:
2179:
2174:
2054:
2044:
1986:
1761:
1377:
1341:
1125:
1048:
859:
750:
503:
468:
399:
357:
290:
268:
Some rifts show a complex and prolonged history of rifting, with several distinct phases. The
147:
67:
63:
1511:
Lambiase, J.J.; Morley C.K. (1999). "Hydrocarbons in rift basins: the role of stratigraphy".
182:
the rift axis. In the Gulf of Suez rift, the
Zaafarana accommodation zone is located where a
2097:
2092:
2026:
2001:
1996:
1971:
1911:
1871:
1726:
1655:
1540:
1452:
1307:
1257:
1207:
1169:
1094:
1002:
988:
948:
876:
828:
789:
631:
596:
492:
451:
1432:
1113:
2336:
2232:
2132:
2107:
2079:
2064:
1966:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1777:
523:
516:
326:
143:
121:
90:
1284:
1036:
1651:
1526:
1448:
1303:
1253:
1203:
1165:
1090:
944:
872:
785:
2237:
2214:
2199:
2069:
2049:
1961:
1886:
1881:
1851:
1836:
1802:
1792:
1736:
1659:
670:
133:
110:
1173:
394:
Continental rifts are the sites of significant oil and gas accumulations, such as the
2369:
2127:
1552:
1464:
1269:
1098:
1006:
713:
533:
462:
410:
353:
301:, distal domain with deep sag basins, ocean-continent transition and oceanic domain.
203:
125:
1211:
801:
2122:
1782:
1756:
683:
664:
649:
565:
480:
330:
220:
953:
928:
2303:
2189:
2164:
2117:
2112:
2087:
1976:
1896:
1866:
638:
624:
575:
569:
496:
422:
414:
372:
167:
102:
98:
82:
51:
1285:"Magmatism at Rift Zones: The Generation of Volcanic Margins and Flood Basalts"
2331:
2318:
1936:
1826:
1636:
Klemme, H.D (1980). "Petroleum Basins - Classifications and
Characteristics".
1456:
1409:
1261:
660:
614:
547:
406:
are found within such a setting. In 1999 it was estimated that there were 200
342:
277:
233:
183:
1566:
880:
2267:
2247:
2242:
2222:
2204:
2194:
2006:
1951:
1813:
1579:
1311:
817:"Development of Accommodation Zones in the Gulf of Suez-Red Sea Rift, Egypt"
749:. Geological Society, Special Publications. Vol. 28. pp. 139–152.
678:
437:
349:
151:
114:
106:
59:
45:
1544:
793:
2326:
2252:
642:
433:
432:
Effective regional seals may be present within the post-rift sequence if
257:
162:
2059:
2011:
1956:
334:
322:
273:
74:
1926:
1891:
1666:
908:. Special Publications. Vol. 73. Society for Sedimentary Geology
604:
579:
527:
94:
17:
714:
Decompressional
Melting During Extension of Continental Lithosphere
1946:
740:"Sedimentary models for extensional tilt-block/half-graben basins"
600:
417:
are often developed within the sediments filling the active rift (
312:
161:
37:
This article is about the geological concept. For other uses, see
27:
Geological linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart
429:
may be developed in pre-rift, syn-rift and post-rift sequences.
1607:
Kingston, D.R.; Dishroon, C.P.; Williams, P.A. (December 1983).
1670:
1406:"Lake Baikal - A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies"
1185:
1183:
899:"Rift-basin structure and its influence on sedimentary systems"
1114:"Syn-rift sedimentary architectures in the Northern North Sea"
1112:
Ravnås, R.; Nøttvedt A.; Steel R.J.; Windelstad J. (2000).
1594:
Bally, A.W.; Snelson, S. (1980). "Realms of subsidence".
272:
shows evidence of several separate rift phases from the
1037:"Forward and reverse modelling of rift basin formation"
970:"Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins"
648:
The Cambay, Kachchh, and
Narmada rifts in northwestern
745:. In Coward, M.P.; Dewey, J.F.; Hancock, P.L. (eds.).
117:
is a part of many, but not all, active rift systems.
2317:
2284:
2266:
2213:
2141:
2078:
2035:
1811:
1770:
1704:
897:Withjack, M.O.; Schlische R.W.; Olsen P.E. (2002).
317:Volcano-tectonic landforms connected to rifting on
1487:"Tectonic setting of the world's giant oil fields"
1514:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
1035:Kusznir, N.J.; Roberts A.M.; Morley C.K. (1995).
773:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
702:Rift valley: definition and geologic significance
120:Major rifts occur along the central axis of most
1433:"Geodynamic settings of mineral deposit systems"
1120:. Special Publications. Vol. 167. London:
851:
849:
728:, Geology Department at University of Leicester
536:, an ancient buried failed rift underlying the
360:are common products of rift-related magmatism.
352:, particularly in the early stages of rifting.
1043:. Special Publications. Vol. 80. London:
1682:
1596:Canadian Society for Petroleum Geology Memoir
499:is the deepest continental rift on the earth.
413:of recoverable oil reserves hosted in rifts.
89:. Typical rift features are a central linear
8:
1340:. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 97.
30:"Chasm" redirects here. For other uses, see
1376:. Cambridge University Press. p. 145.
833:10.1306/61EEDC10-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D
348:Many rifts are the sites of at least minor
85:is being pulled apart and is an example of
1689:
1675:
1667:
1567:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09068-2
1485:Mann, P.; Gahagan L.; Gordon M.B. (2001).
904:. In Renaut R.W. & Ashley G.M. (ed.).
892:
890:
704:, Giacomo Corti, The Ethiopian Rift Valley
1580:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-019-1335-y
1534:
996:
952:
146:where three converging rifts meet over a
105:, which may be filled by water forming a
1404:United States Geological Survey (1993).
550:, in southwestern Germany, known as the
109:. The axis of the rift area may contain
58:
50:
1242:International Journal of Earth Sciences
694:
1372:. In Marti J. & Ernst G.G. (ed.).
738:Leeder, M.R.; Gawthorpe, R.L. (1987).
593:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
280:, a period of over 100 million years.
7:
1609:"Global Basin Classification System"
1431:Groves, D.I.; Bierlein F.P. (2007).
1370:"Volcanoes and the geological cycle"
716:, Jolante van Wijk, MantlePlumes.org
475:West and Central African Rift System
1932:List of tectonic plate interactions
1338:Treatise on Geochemistry: The crust
977:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
128:and lithosphere is created along a
1660:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1980.tb00982.x
1227:Building blocks of later collision
1041:Hydrocarbon habitat in rift basins
927:Zheng, Y.-F.; Chen, R.-X. (2017).
906:Sedimentation in Continental Rifts
25:
1437:Journal of the Geological Society
1283:White, R.S.; McKenzie D. (1989).
747:Continental Extensional Tectonics
645:rift basin in southeastern Canada
2350:
2349:
1118:Dynamics of the Norwegian Margin
815:Younes, A.I.; McClay K. (2002).
663:
522:The rift zone that contains the
260:of the upper part of the crust.
1292:Journal of Geophysical Research
1212:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.02.002
933:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
1229:. Frontiers in Earth Sciences.
1:
1374:Volcanoes and the Environment
1174:10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00041-2
627:rift in central North America
556:European Cenozoic Rift System
1639:Journal of Petroleum Geology
1334:"Continental Basaltic Rocks"
1192:Marine and Petroleum Geology
1099:10.1016/0264-8172(95)98853-W
1078:Marine and Petroleum Geology
1007:10.1016/0012-821x(78)90071-7
954:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.03.009
459:Canadian Arctic Rift System
166:Topographic profile of the
81:is a linear zone where the
2407:
1039:. In Lambiase J.J. (ed.).
726:Plate Tectonics: Lecture 2
611:West Antarctic Rift System
206:, are not rift shoulders.
43:
36:
29:
2345:
2017:Thick-skinned deformation
1457:10.1144/0016-76492006-065
1336:. In Rudnick R.L. (ed.).
1262:10.1007/s00531-008-0337-9
2022:Thin-skinned deformation
1798:Stereographic projection
881:10.1016/j.gr.2017.03.007
650:Deccan volcanic province
621:Midcontinent Rift System
586:Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben
510:Basin and Range Province
404:giant oil and gas fields
276:through to the Earliest
44:Not to be confused with
1788:Orthographic projection
1771:Measurement conventions
1717:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
1312:10.1029/jb094ib06p07685
989:1978E&PSL..40...25M
538:New Madrid Seismic Zone
421:), forming either in a
1545:10.1098/rsta.1999.0356
794:10.1098/rsta.1999.0351
519:in the southwestern US
345:
200:Scandinavian Mountains
170:
70:
56:
32:Chasm (disambiguation)
2299:Paleostress inversion
1992:Strike-slip tectonics
1862:Extensional tectonics
1842:Continental collision
1712:Deformation mechanism
1332:Farmer, G.L. (2005).
1154:Earth-Science Reviews
968:McKenzie, D. (1978).
588:in Ontario and Quebec
542:Mississippi embayment
316:
188:Arabian-Nubian Shield
165:
97:, or more commonly a
93:depression, called a
87:extensional tectonics
62:
54:
39:Rift (disambiguation)
1877:Fold and thrust belt
1368:Cas, R.A.F. (2005).
1124:. pp. 133–177.
402:. Thirty percent of
248:Post-rift subsidence
2309:Section restoration
2185:Rock microstructure
1847:Convergent boundary
1747:Strain partitioning
1732:Overburden pressure
1722:Mohr–Coulomb theory
1652:1980JPetG...3..187K
1527:1999RSPTA.357..877L
1449:2007JGSoc.164...19G
1304:1989JGR....94.7685W
1254:2009IJEaS..98.1581P
1204:2013MarPG..43...21P
1166:2004ESRv...64....1Z
1091:1995MarPG..12..881N
945:2017JAESc.145...46Z
873:2018GondR..53...58G
786:1999RSPTA.357..741E
562:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
454:in Eastern Paraguay
367:Economic importance
319:Reykjanes Peninsula
284:Rifting to break-up
196:Brazilian Highlands
2381:Structural geology
2286:Kinematic analysis
1942:Mountain formation
1857:Divergent boundary
1822:Accretionary wedge
1698:Structural geology
1122:Geological Society
1047:. pp. 33–56.
1045:Geological Society
552:Upper Rhine valley
487:Gulf of California
346:
264:Multiphase rifting
174:the lithosphere.
171:
130:divergent boundary
71:
68:extensional faults
57:
2376:Rifts and grabens
2363:
2362:
2294:3D fold evolution
2180:Pressure solution
2175:Oblique foliation
2055:Exfoliation joint
2045:Columnar jointing
1705:Underlying theory
1521:(1753): 877–900.
1491:WorldOil Magazine
1298:(B6): 7685–7729.
860:Gondwana Research
780:(1753): 741–765.
504:Gulf of Suez Rift
469:East African Rift
400:Gulf of Suez Rift
358:bimodal volcanism
350:magmatic activity
339:subglacial origin
291:mantle convection
227:Mature rift stage
64:Gulf of Suez Rift
16:(Redirected from
2398:
2353:
2352:
2098:Detachment fault
2093:Cataclastic rock
2027:Thrust tectonics
1997:Structural basin
1972:Pull-apart basin
1912:Horst and graben
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1663:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1613:
1603:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1538:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1408:. Archived from
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1009:. Archived from
1000:
974:
965:
959:
958:
956:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
903:
894:
885:
884:
853:
844:
843:
841:
839:
827:(6): 1003–1026.
812:
806:
805:
767:
761:
760:
744:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
673:
668:
667:
597:British Columbia
512:in North America
495:, the bottom of
493:Baikal Rift Zone
379:Mineral deposits
210:Rift development
190:meets the rift.
122:mid-ocean ridges
21:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2386:Plate tectonics
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2341:
2313:
2280:
2262:
2233:Detachment fold
2209:
2137:
2133:Transform fault
2108:Fault mechanics
2074:
2031:
1967:Plate tectonics
1917:Intra-arc basin
1807:
1778:Brunton compass
1766:
1700:
1695:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1624:(12): 2175–2193
1611:
1606:
1593:
1590:
1588:Further reading
1585:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1536:10.1.1.892.6422
1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1412:on 29 June 2012
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1016:on 1 March 2014
1013:
998:10.1.1.459.4779
972:
967:
966:
962:
926:
925:
921:
911:
909:
901:
896:
895:
888:
855:
854:
847:
837:
835:
814:
813:
809:
769:
768:
764:
757:
742:
737:
736:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
700:
696:
692:
669:
662:
659:
524:Gulf of Corinth
517:Rio Grande Rift
508:Throughout the
447:
427:Reservoir rocks
392:
381:
369:
311:
286:
266:
250:
229:
217:
215:Rift initiation
212:
160:
144:triple junction
134:tectonic plates
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2200:Tectonic phase
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Passive margin
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Foreland basin
1884:
1882:Fold mountains
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:Back-arc basin
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1803:Strike and dip
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Rock mechanics
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1646:(2): 187–207.
1633:
1604:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1570:
1558:
1503:
1477:
1423:
1396:
1382:
1360:
1346:
1324:
1275:
1232:
1217:
1179:
1144:
1130:
1104:
1085:(8): 881–901.
1067:
1053:
1027:
960:
919:
886:
845:
807:
762:
755:
730:
718:
706:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
681:
675:
674:
671:Geology portal
658:
655:
654:
653:
646:
635:
632:Midland Valley
628:
617:
607:
589:
582:
572:
558:
554:, part of the
544:
530:
520:
513:
506:
500:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
455:
446:
443:
391:
388:
380:
377:
368:
365:
354:Alkali basalts
341:, postglacial
310:
307:
285:
282:
270:North Sea rift
265:
262:
249:
246:
228:
225:
216:
213:
211:
208:
159:
156:
111:volcanic rocks
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2403:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Transfer zone
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Mohr's circle
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1617:AAPG Bulletin
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1385:
1383:9781139445108
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1349:
1347:9780080448473
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:(1–2): 1–50.
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1133:
1131:9781862390560
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1056:
1054:9781897799154
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
964:
961:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
907:
900:
893:
891:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:
852:
850:
846:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:AAPG Bulletin
818:
811:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:
766:
763:
758:
756:9780632016051
752:
748:
741:
734:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
710:
707:
703:
698:
695:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
666:
661:
656:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
581:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
534:Reelfoot Rift
531:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
488:
484:
482:
478:
476:
472:
470:
466:
464:
463:North America
460:
456:
453:
452:AsunciĂłn Rift
449:
448:
444:
442:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:Viking Graben
389:
387:
385:
378:
376:
374:
366:
364:
361:
359:
355:
351:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
308:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
263:
261:
259:
256:
247:
245:
242:
237:
235:
226:
224:
222:
221:normal faults
214:
209:
207:
205:
204:Western Ghats
201:
197:
191:
189:
185:
179:
175:
169:
164:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:oceanic crust
123:
118:
116:
113:, and active
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
69:
66:showing main
65:
61:
53:
47:
40:
33:
19:
2123:Thrust fault
1981:
1812:Large-scale
1783:Inclinometer
1757:Stress field
1643:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1621:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1573:
1561:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1443:(1): 19–30.
1440:
1436:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1373:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1337:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1295:
1291:
1278:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1195:
1191:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1040:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1011:the original
983:(1): 25–32.
980:
976:
963:
936:
932:
922:
910:. Retrieved
905:
864:
858:
836:. Retrieved
824:
820:
810:
777:
771:
765:
746:
733:
721:
709:
697:
684:Wilson Cycle
566:North Island
481:Red Sea Rift
461:in northern
431:
415:Source rocks
393:
382:
373:hydrocarbons
370:
362:
347:
333:, elongated
303:
287:
267:
251:
238:
230:
218:
202:and India's
192:
180:
176:
172:
140:Failed rifts
139:
138:
132:between two
124:, where new
119:
78:
72:
2391:Rift basins
2304:Paleostress
2190:Slickenside
2165:Crenulation
2118:Fault trace
2113:Fault scarp
2103:Disturbance
2088:Cataclasite
1977:Rift valley
1897:Half-graben
1867:Fault block
1852:DĂ©collement
1248:(7): 1581.
639:Fundy Basin
634:in Scotland
625:Precambrian
576:Oslo Graben
570:New Zealand
497:Lake Baikal
390:Oil and gas
343:lava fields
168:Malawi Lake
103:rift valley
99:half-graben
91:downfaulted
83:lithosphere
2370:Categories
2332:Pure shear
2319:Shear zone
2276:Competence
2160:Compaction
2037:Fracturing
1832:Autochthon
1827:Allochthon
1628:2017-06-23
1496:27 October
1470:27 October
1416:28 October
1389:28 October
1353:28 October
1317:27 October
1137:28 October
1060:25 October
1020:25 October
912:28 October
838:29 October
690:References
615:Antarctica
548:Rhine Rift
438:evaporites
423:lacustrine
278:Cretaceous
234:subsidence
184:shear zone
2268:Boudinage
2248:Monocline
2243:Homocline
2223:Anticline
2205:Tectonite
2195:Stylolite
2170:Fissility
2147:lineation
2143:Foliation
2007:Syneclise
1952:Obduction
1922:Inversion
1814:tectonics
1553:129564482
1531:CiteSeerX
1465:129680970
1270:129442856
1198:: 21–47.
993:CiteSeerX
939:: 46–73.
867:: 58–81.
679:Rift zone
623:, a late
434:mudstones
335:volcanoes
309:Magmatism
152:aulacogen
115:volcanism
107:rift lake
46:rift zone
2355:Category
2327:Mylonite
2258:Vergence
2253:Syncline
2155:Cleavage
2080:Faulting
802:91719117
657:See also
652:of India
643:Triassic
445:Examples
419:syn-rift
398:and the
331:fissures
299:basement
258:isostasy
255:flexural
158:Geometry
2228:Chevron
2215:Folding
2060:Fissure
2012:Terrane
1957:Orogeny
1937:MĂ©lange
1872:Fenster
1762:Tension
1648:Bibcode
1602:: 9–94.
1523:Bibcode
1445:Bibcode
1300:Bibcode
1250:Bibcode
1200:Bibcode
1162:Bibcode
1087:Bibcode
985:Bibcode
941:Bibcode
869:Bibcode
782:Bibcode
564:in the
540:in the
411:barrels
408:billion
323:Iceland
274:Permian
186:in the
148:hotspot
75:geology
2002:Suture
1987:Saddle
1927:Klippe
1892:Graben
1752:Stress
1742:Strain
1551:
1533:
1463:
1380:
1344:
1268:
1128:
1051:
995:
800:
753:
605:Alaska
580:Norway
528:Greece
327:faults
198:, the
95:graben
2337:Shear
2065:Joint
1947:Nappe
1907:Horst
1902:Horse
1612:(PDF)
1549:S2CID
1461:S2CID
1288:(PDF)
1266:S2CID
1014:(PDF)
973:(PDF)
902:(PDF)
798:S2CID
743:(PDF)
601:Yukon
384:SedEx
18:Chasm
2238:Dome
2145:and
2070:Vein
2050:Dike
1982:Rift
1793:Rake
1498:2012
1472:2012
1418:2012
1391:2012
1378:ISBN
1355:2012
1342:ISBN
1319:2012
1139:2012
1126:ISBN
1062:2012
1049:ISBN
1022:2012
914:2012
840:2012
751:ISBN
641:, a
637:The
630:The
619:The
609:The
603:and
591:The
584:The
574:The
560:The
546:The
532:The
515:The
502:The
491:The
485:The
479:The
473:The
467:The
457:The
450:The
356:and
295:Moho
241:Moho
79:rift
77:, a
1656:doi
1541:doi
1519:357
1453:doi
1441:164
1308:doi
1258:doi
1208:doi
1170:doi
1095:doi
1003:doi
949:doi
937:145
877:doi
829:doi
790:doi
778:357
613:in
595:in
578:in
568:of
526:in
436:or
337:of
73:In
2372::
1654:.
1642:.
1622:67
1620:.
1614:.
1598:.
1547:.
1539:.
1529:.
1517:.
1489:.
1459:.
1451:.
1439:.
1435:.
1306:.
1296:94
1294:.
1290:.
1264:.
1256:.
1246:98
1244:.
1206:.
1196:43
1194:.
1182:^
1168:.
1158:64
1156:.
1116:.
1093:.
1083:12
1081:.
1001:.
991:.
981:40
979:.
975:.
947:.
935:.
931:.
889:^
875:.
865:53
863:.
848:^
825:86
823:.
819:.
796:.
788:.
776:.
599:,
375:.
329:,
325::
321:,
154:.
136:.
1690:e
1683:t
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1662:.
1658::
1650::
1644:3
1631:.
1600:6
1555:.
1543::
1525::
1500:.
1474:.
1455::
1447::
1420:.
1393:.
1357:.
1321:.
1310::
1302::
1272:.
1260::
1252::
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1210::
1202::
1176:.
1172::
1164::
1141:.
1101:.
1097::
1089::
1064:.
1024:.
1005::
987::
957:.
951::
943::
916:.
883:.
879::
871::
842:.
831::
804:.
792::
784::
759:.
48:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
