101:
51:
75:
1350:
474:
Cole, Theresa L.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Thomas, Daniel B.; Pan, Hailin; Zhang, Guojie; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Wood, Jamie R.; Bover, Pere; Bouzat, Juan L.; Cooper, Alan; Fiddamanl, Steven; Hart, Tom; Miller, Gary; Ryan, Peter G.; Shepherd, Lara D.; Wilmshurst,
372:
around 1500 CE, and the
Chatham penguin was probably hunted to extinction within 150–200 years along with many other bird species and one species of sea lion. It was almost certainly extinct before Europeans arrived in the Chatham Islands. There has been a suggestion, however, the species persisted
519:
Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Collins, Catherine J.; Anderson, Christian N. K.; Maxwell, Justin J.; Smith, Ian W. G.; Robertson, Bruce C.; Knapp, Michael; Horsburgh, Katherine Ann; Stanton, Jo-Ann L.; Scofield, R. Paul; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2016).
613:"The history of the Chatham Islands' bird fauna of the last 7000 years – a chronicle of change and extinction. Proceedings of the 4th International meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (Washington, D.C., June 1996)"
321:, a pioneering researcher in penguin biology. Based on a comparison of mitochondrial genomes, this species diverged from its closest relative, the erect-crested penguin of the
2348:
313:. The Chatham bones differed sufficiently in their DNA to support the penguin's identity as a truly distinct species, and it was formally described in 2019 and named
520:"Human-mediated extirpation of the unique Chatham Islands sea lion and implications for the conservation management of remaining New Zealand sea lion populations".
958:
2328:
2267:
2333:
405:). Crested penguin species are in fact regular, possibly even annual, visitors to the Chatham Islands. At least three species are recorded from there:
2254:
85:
325:, between 1.1 and 2.5 million years ago. This corresponds to the emergence of the Chatham Islands from the sea about 3 million years ago.
2338:
336:
Bones of the
Chatham penguin have been identified from various subfossil and archaeological sites on mainland New Zealand, including the
294:, but Tennyson and Millener noted in 1994 they differed from both those species, and probably represented a species of crested penguin
951:
681:
352:
areas. These likely represent stray birds from the
Chatham islands arriving on the mainland, not breeding populations. Similarly, the
2343:
2110:
1833:
2061:
2056:
2051:
944:
909:
904:
377:
from the
Chathams is recorded as being kept captive for several weeks around 1871 or 1872. Its species was noted as "
2272:
2181:
1255:
612:
298:
to the
Chathams. It was referred to as the "Chatham Island crested penguin", but not formally described and named.
2323:
2022:
100:
2034:
1601:
1589:
2140:
1654:
1642:
1390:
805:
2222:
2152:
1914:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1443:
1296:
674:
2290:
2193:
2017:
2012:
1902:
1746:
1618:
1577:
1219:
899:
410:
398:
382:
353:
291:
196:
2282:
1843:
1528:
1156:
1055:
983:
967:
529:
583:
477:"Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation"
1973:
1961:
1426:
1414:
1378:
1079:
862:
64:
2120:
2115:
1936:
1887:
1877:
1492:
1366:
1308:
1173:
1168:
1127:
1067:
827:
561:
414:
345:
95:
2295:
2071:
1349:
2318:
2164:
2135:
2125:
2098:
1985:
1729:
1690:
1448:
1190:
1178:
1144:
1115:
1103:
1043:
995:
889:
837:
773:
768:
667:
553:
545:
498:
386:
349:
322:
306:
287:
2198:
2169:
2002:
1758:
1741:
1320:
1031:
919:
832:
704:
644:) on the Chatham Islands, with a review of other crested penguin records from the islands".
537:
488:
2093:
1707:
1630:
1207:
879:
867:
842:
747:
700:
374:
341:
278:
257:
249:
172:
2066:
1438:
533:
1924:
1804:
1775:
1763:
1465:
1231:
894:
817:
799:
778:
406:
390:
283:
640:
Miskelly, Colin M.; Bell, Mike (2004). "An unusual influx of Snares crested penguins (
50:
2312:
1897:
1892:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1799:
914:
565:
2076:
1919:
1787:
1666:
1540:
1402:
1267:
1091:
742:
1882:
1717:
1504:
732:
369:
318:
265:
2245:
17:
2130:
1678:
1606:
1019:
853:
758:
245:
79:
1545:
549:
1816:
1516:
1243:
789:
493:
476:
337:
302:
261:
112:
1291:
1202:
1139:
557:
502:
434:
2239:
2039:
295:
253:
132:
41:
2259:
584:"Bird extinctions and fossil bones from Mangere Island, Chatham Islands"
301:
As part of a study of the recent evolution of numerous penguin species,
1332:
936:
722:
690:
162:
152:
541:
1279:
1007:
122:
2216:
360:
bones from the
Chatham Islands, which also likely represent strays.
714:
1997:
1460:
142:
2220:
940:
663:
2007:
1550:
309:
fully extracted, sequenced, and compared to other species of
264:
bones and probably became extinct within 150–200 years after
659:
417:
group. The captured bird was likely one of these three.
333:
The
Chatham penguin was endemic to the Chatham Islands.
282:) have been recorded from subfossil deposits on main
2229:
1952:
1832:
1706:
1481:
1357:
974:
877:
851:
815:
787:
756:
730:
712:
389:. At the time, the name could also refer to the
373:as recently as the late 19th century, because a
305:bones from Chatham Island and the mainland had
268:arrived in the Chatham Islands around 1500 CE.
707:: Spheniscidae · subfamily: Spheniscinae)
952:
675:
8:
2202:
2185:
2173:
2156:
2144:
2102:
2080:
2043:
2026:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1940:
1928:
1906:
1869:
1847:
1820:
1808:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1750:
1733:
1721:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1469:
1452:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1194:
1182:
1160:
1148:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
2217:
959:
945:
937:
682:
668:
660:
606:
604:
73:
49:
31:
620:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
582:Tennyson, A.J.D.; Millener, P.R. (1994).
492:
215:Cole, Tennyson, Ksepka & Thomas, 2019
2349:Species made extinct by human activities
426:
286:for years. They had been identified as
475:Janet M.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2019).
260:of New Zealand. It is known only from
7:
2329:Extinct birds of the Chatham Islands
635:
633:
577:
575:
514:
512:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
368:The Chatham Islands were settled by
25:
2334:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
276:Bones of crested penguins (genus
2111:North Island little spotted kiwi
1348:
99:
481:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2283:chatham-island-crested-penguin
2062:North Island stout-legged wren
2057:South Island stout-legged wren
58:Reconstruction by Sean Murtha
1:
808:(or northern little penguin)
2339:Bird extinctions since 1500
910:Northern rockhopper penguin
905:Southern rockhopper penguin
2365:
2182:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
1256:South Island oystercatcher
2023:Auckland Island merganser
1346:
703:: Sphenisciformes ·
697:
272:Discovery and description
202:
195:
96:Scientific classification
94:
71:
62:
57:
48:
34:
2035:Chatham Island merganser
1602:Northern royal albatross
1590:New Zealand storm petrel
802:(or little blue penguin)
611:Millener, P. R. (1999).
356:was among the subfossil
2344:Birds described in 2019
1655:South Island saddleback
1643:North Island saddleback
1619:Orange-fronted parakeet
1391:North Island brown kiwi
806:White-flippered penguin
762:(brush-tailed penguins)
238:Chatham Islands penguin
234:Chatham crested penguin
27:Extinct species of bird
2203:
2186:
2174:
2157:
2145:
2103:
2081:
2044:
2027:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1941:
1929:
1907:
1870:
1848:
1821:
1809:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1751:
1734:
1722:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1566:New Zealand fairy tern
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1470:
1453:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1297:Variable oystercatcher
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1195:
1183:
1161:
1149:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
597:(supplement): 165–178.
413:, and a member of the
411:erect-crested penguins
379:Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
292:erect-crested penguins
2291:Paleobiology Database
2194:New Zealand musk duck
2141:Scarlett's shearwater
2018:South Island adzebill
2013:North Island adzebill
1903:Erect-crested penguin
1747:Chatham oystercatcher
1578:New Zealand king shag
1220:New Zealand rock wren
900:Erect-crested penguin
494:10.1093/molbev/msz017
399:erect-crested penguin
354:erect-crested penguin
232:), also known as the
40:Temporal range: Late
1844:Antipodean albatross
1834:Subantarctic islands
1157:New Zealand dotterel
1056:Double-banded plover
968:Birds of New Zealand
2153:North Island takahē
2028:rakiraki maungahuka
1974:New Zealand bittern
1962:South Island piopio
1915:Reischek's parakeet
1561:South Island kōkako
1556:North Island kōkako
1444:South Island takahē
1427:Yellow-eyed penguin
1415:Southern brown kiwi
1379:Little spotted kiwi
863:Yellow-eyed penguin
534:2016MolEc..25.3950R
65:Conservation status
2121:South Island snipe
2116:North Island snipe
1937:Subantarctic snipe
1888:Campbell albatross
1878:Antipodes parakeet
1822:kawau o rangihaute
1493:Black-fronted tern
1367:Great spotted kiwi
1309:White-fronted tern
1174:North Island robin
1169:South Island robin
1128:Long-tailed cuckoo
1068:New Zealand falcon
883:(crested penguins)
828:Magellanic penguin
415:rockhopper penguin
2306:
2305:
2223:Taxon identifiers
2214:
2213:
2165:New Zealand goose
1986:New Zealand quail
1730:Chatham albatross
1449:Fiordland penguin
1191:Paradise shelduck
1179:New Zealand scaup
1116:Sacred kingfisher
1104:Grey-faced petrel
996:Black-billed gull
934:
933:
890:Fiordland penguin
838:Galapagos penguin
821:(banded penguins)
793:(little penguins)
774:Chinstrap penguin
642:Eudyptes robustus
542:10.1111/mec.13726
528:(16): 3950–3961.
522:Molecular Ecology
387:Fiordland penguin
323:Antipodes Islands
307:mitochondrial DNA
220:
219:
89:
82: (1650–1700)
16:(Redirected from
2356:
2324:Extinct penguins
2299:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2231:Eudyptes warhami
2218:
2206:
2199:New Zealand swan
2189:
2177:
2160:
2148:
2106:
2084:
2052:Long-billed wren
2047:
2030:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1944:
1932:
1910:
1873:
1851:
1824:
1812:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:Chatham parakeet
1754:
1742:Chatham gerygone
1737:
1725:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1473:
1456:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1198:
1186:
1164:
1152:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1032:Buff-banded rail
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
961:
954:
947:
938:
920:Macaroni penguin
833:Humboldt penguin
736:(great penguins)
684:
677:
670:
661:
654:
653:
637:
628:
627:
617:
608:
599:
598:
588:
579:
570:
569:
516:
507:
506:
496:
471:
454:
453:
451:
449:
437:Eudyptes warhami
431:
242:Warham's penguin
229:Eudyptes warhami
211:
209:Eudyptes warhami
207:
104:
103:
83:
77:
76:
53:
36:Eudyptes warhami
32:
21:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2094:Waitaha penguin
2089:Chatham penguin
1954:
1948:
1836:
1828:
1710:
1708:Chatham Islands
1702:
1631:Red-billed gull
1624:kākāriki karaka
1485:
1483:
1477:
1359:
1353:
1344:
976:
970:
965:
935:
930:
925:Chatham penguin
873:
868:Waitaha penguin
847:
843:African penguin
811:
783:
769:Adélie penguin
752:
748:Emperor penguin
726:
708:
693:
688:
658:
657:
639:
638:
631:
615:
610:
609:
602:
586:
581:
580:
573:
518:
517:
510:
473:
472:
457:
447:
445:
433:
432:
428:
423:
407:Snares penguins
383:scientific name
375:crested penguin
366:
342:Banks Peninsula
331:
274:
258:Chatham Islands
250:crested penguin
224:Chatham penguin
216:
213:
205:
204:
191:
188:E. warhami
153:Sphenisciformes
98:
90:
78:
74:
67:
44:
38:
28:
23:
22:
18:Chatham penguin
15:
12:
11:
5:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2287:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2136:Imber's petrel
2133:
2128:
2126:Forbes's snipe
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2099:Eyles' harrier
2096:
2091:
2086:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2037:
2032:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1934:
1925:Snares penguin
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:tawaki nana hī
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1805:Magenta petrel
1802:
1797:
1785:
1776:Chatham pigeon
1773:
1764:Chatham petrel
1761:
1756:
1744:
1739:
1727:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1458:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1232:Shining cuckoo
1229:
1217:
1205:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
980:
978:
972:
971:
966:
964:
963:
956:
949:
941:
932:
931:
929:
928:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
895:Snares penguin
892:
886:
884:
875:
874:
872:
871:
865:
859:
857:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
824:
822:
813:
812:
810:
809:
803:
800:Little penguin
796:
794:
785:
784:
782:
781:
779:Gentoo penguin
776:
771:
765:
763:
754:
753:
751:
750:
745:
739:
737:
728:
727:
720:
718:
710:
709:
698:
695:
694:
689:
687:
686:
679:
672:
664:
656:
655:
629:
600:
571:
508:
487:(4): 784–797.
455:
425:
424:
422:
419:
391:Snares penguin
381:", the modern
365:
362:
330:
327:
284:Chatham Island
273:
270:
218:
217:
214:
200:
199:
193:
192:
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2361:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2170:Finsch's duck
2168:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Haast's eagle
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:Campbell teal
1896:
1894:
1893:Campbell shag
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:tētē kākāriki
1867:
1866:Auckland teal
1864:
1862:
1861:Auckland shag
1859:
1857:
1856:Auckland rail
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1823:
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1800:Chatham snipe
1798:
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1484:endemic birds
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1384:kiwi pukupuku
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1237:pīpīwharauroa
1233:
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1008:Brown creeper
1006:
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962:
957:
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915:Royal penguin
913:
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652:(4): 235–237.
651:
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197:Binomial name
194:
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43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2230:
2088:
2077:Laughing owl
2072:Chatham kākā
2067:Lyall's wren
1920:Snares snipe
1788:Chatham shag
1667:Shore plover
1541:Foveaux shag
1466:Blue penguin
1403:Okarito kiwi
1268:Spotted shag
1196:pūtangitangi
1092:Grey warbler
924:
878:
852:
816:
788:
757:
743:King penguin
731:
721:
713:
649:
645:
641:
623:
619:
594:
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525:
521:
484:
480:
446:. Retrieved
443:nztcs.org.nz
442:
436:
429:
402:
394:
378:
367:
357:
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332:
314:
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300:
277:
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241:
237:
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228:
227:
223:
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208:
203:
187:
186:
173:
163:Spheniscidae
35:
29:
2187:ruru hinapō
1883:Bounty shag
1718:Black robin
1505:Black stilt
1338:ngutuparore
1302:tōrea pango
1213:tītipounamu
1162:tūturiwhatu
1037:moho-pererū
733:Aptenodytes
403:E. sclateri
395:E. robustus
370:Polynesians
350:Paekākāriki
346:Marlborough
319:John Warham
266:Polynesians
252:previously
248:species of
2313:Categories
2175:manutahora
2131:Snipe-rail
2045:mātuhituhi
1691:Yellowhead
1679:Stitchbird
1607:Otago shag
1595:takahikare
1482:Endangered
1358:Flightless
1273:pārekareka
1085:pīwakawaka
1020:Brown teal
854:Megadyptes
818:Spheniscus
759:Pygoscelis
421:References
397:) and the
364:Extinction
315:E. warhami
1930:pokotiwha
1817:Pitt shag
1672:tūturuatu
1636:tarāpunga
1583:kawau tūī
1517:Blue duck
1498:tarapiroe
1326:pōpokotea
1321:Whitehead
1244:Silvereye
927:(extinct)
870:(extinct)
790:Eudyptula
626:: 85–109.
550:1365-294X
338:Wairarapa
303:subfossil
288:Fiordland
262:subfossil
181:Species:
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
2319:Eudyptes
2260:10356996
2246:Q3206559
2240:Wikidata
2040:Bushwren
1942:tutukiwi
1571:tara-iti
1529:Fernbird
1486:(flying)
1285:miromiro
1225:pīwauwau
1208:Rifleman
1150:pīhoihoi
1097:riroriro
1073:kārearea
1061:pohowera
1044:Dabchick
1001:tarāpuka
989:korimako
984:Bellbird
880:Eudyptes
691:Penguins
646:Notornis
591:Notornis
566:25866513
558:27289078
503:30722030
439:. NZTCS"
385:for the
358:Eudyptes
317:, after
311:Eudyptes
279:Eudyptes
244:, is an
174:Eudyptes
159:Family:
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
42:Holocene
2273:2517238
2104:kērangi
1979:kaoriki
1953:Extinct
1769:ranguru
1420:tokoeka
1333:Wrybill
1184:pāpango
1133:koekoeā
1080:Fantail
723:Species
530:Bibcode
448:1 April
296:endemic
256:to the
254:endemic
246:extinct
206:†
185:†
169:Genus:
149:Order:
139:Class:
84: (
80:Extinct
2296:436381
2280:NZBO:
2146:ōiruki
2082:whēkau
1991:koreke
1967:piopio
1723:karure
1612:Matapo
1534:mātātā
1471:kororā
1454:tawaki
1439:Kākāpō
1280:Tomtit
1249:tauhou
1203:Pūkeko
1140:Kererū
1121:kōtare
1049:weweia
1025:pāteke
1013:pipipi
975:Common
705:family
564:
556:
548:
501:
348:, and
86:NZ TCS
2204:poūwa
1955:birds
1849:Toroa
1837:birds
1810:tāiko
1793:papua
1781:parea
1752:tōrea
1735:toroa
1711:birds
1696:mōhua
1660:tīeke
1648:tīeke
1432:hoiho
1396:roroa
1372:roroa
1360:birds
1261:tōrea
1145:Pipit
977:birds
715:Genus
701:order
616:(PDF)
587:(PDF)
562:S2CID
329:Range
240:, or
2268:NCBI
2255:GBIF
2158:moho
1998:Huia
1684:hihi
1546:Kākā
1522:whio
1510:kakī
1461:Weka
1408:rowi
1314:tara
554:PMID
546:ISSN
499:PMID
450:2023
222:The
143:Aves
2008:Moa
1551:Kea
1292:Tūī
538:doi
489:doi
290:or
2315::
2293::
2270::
2257::
2242::
1109:ōi
650:51
648:.
632:^
624:89
622:.
618:.
603:^
595:41
593:.
589:.
574:^
560:.
552:.
544:.
536:.
526:25
524:.
511:^
497:.
485:36
483:.
479:.
458:^
441:.
409:,
344:,
340:,
236:,
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2201:(
2190:)
2184:(
2178:)
2172:(
2161:)
2155:(
2149:)
2143:(
2107:)
2101:(
2085:)
2079:(
2048:)
2042:(
2031:)
2025:(
1994:)
1988:(
1982:)
1976:(
1970:)
1964:(
1945:)
1939:(
1933:)
1927:(
1911:)
1905:(
1874:)
1868:(
1852:)
1846:(
1825:)
1819:(
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1807:(
1796:)
1790:(
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1778:(
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1766:(
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1749:(
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1732:(
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1720:(
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568:.
540::
532::
505:.
491::
452:.
435:"
401:(
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226:(
88:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
