353:
17:
292:
137:
407:
feathering, most likely associated with the presence of organic Se, there were no significant performance differences between birds fed inorganic and organic minerals. The authors concluded that the use of organic trace minerals permits a reduction of at least 33% in supplement rates in comparison with inorganic minerals, without compromising performance.
403:(2.5 ppm), Fe, Mn, and Zn (all at 10 ppm). There were no differences in performance between the birds fed the high inorganic minerals and the birds fed the low organic chelates. Faecal concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were 55%, 73%, 46% and 63%, respectively, of control birds fed inorganic minerals.
369:
are not normally supplemented with Mg, but this study indicated positive effects on performance and meat quality. During the first 3 weeks of life, the Mg chelate improved feed efficiency significantly in comparison with both the inorganic MgO and the negative control group (p<0.05). Thigh meat pH
313:
when fed to rats in the presence and absence of elemental Zn or Fe. The data suggest that, unlike inorganic Cu, organic Cu chelates exhibit absorption and excretion mechanisms that do not interfere with Fe. Copper chelate also achieved higher liver Zn, suggesting less interference at gut absorption
402:
The effects of replacing inorganic minerals with organic minerals in broiler chickens have been studied. One group of chickens received inorganic sulfates of Cu (12 ppm), Fe (45 ppm), Mn (70 ppm) and Zn (37 ppm) and their performance was compared to a similar group supplemented with chelates of Cu
349:
Copper chelate in weaned pigs have been compared with inorganic Cu and sulfate. Piglet performance was consistently better with organic Cu at 50 to 100 ppm, in comparison with inorganic Cu at 250 ppm. In addition, organic Cu increased Cu absorption and retention, and decreased Cu excretion 77% and
406:
A study compared inorganic and organic mineral supplementation in broiler chickens. Control birds were fed Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn in inorganic forms (15 ppm Cu from sulfate; 60 ppm Fe from sulfate etc.), and compared with three treatment groups supplemented with organic forms. Apart from improved
121:
are thought to better absorb, digest, and use mineral chelates than inorganic minerals or simple salts. In theory lower concentrations of these minerals can be used in animal feeds. In addition, animals fed chelated sources of essential trace minerals excrete lower amounts in their faeces, and so
341:
concentrations than the corresponding treatments with Zn sulfate (p<0.05) and Cu sulfate (p<0.01). In addition, zinc chelate supplementation resulted in significantly greater hoof and horn Zn content than did Zn sulfate (p<0.05). At the "low" supplementation rate, zinc chelate achieved
345:
In weaned piglets, various supplementation rates of organic Zn in the form of a chelate or as a polysaccharide complex have been evaluated and compared with ZnO, zinc oxide, at 2,000 ppm. Feeding lower concentrations of organic Zn greatly decreased the amount of Zn excreted in comparison with
393:
in broiler chickens. Weight gain and feed intake increased quadratically (p<0.05) with increasing Zn concentrations from the chelate and linearly with Zn sulfate. The relative bioavailability of the Zn chelate was 183% and 157% of Zn sulfate for weight gain and
726:
M.S. Carlson, C.A. Boren, C.Wu, C.E. Huntington, D.W. Bollinger and T.L. Veum (2004) Evaluation of various inclusion rates of organic zinc either as polysaccharide or proteinate complex on the growth performance, plasma and excretion of nursery pigs. J. Anim.
803:
Commission
Regulation (EC) No 1334/2003 of 25 July 2003 amending the conditions for authorisation of a number of additives in feedingstuffs belonging to the group of trace elements. 26.7.2003 EN Official Journal of the European Union
96:, and general ill-thrift. From the 1950s to the 1990s most trace mineral supplementation of animal diets was in the form of inorganic minerals, and these largely eradicated associated deficiency diseases in farm animals. The role in
398:
Zn, respectively. The authors concluded that the supplemental concentration of Zn required in corn-soy diets for broilers from 1–21 days of age would be 9.8 mg/kg diet as Zn chelate and 20.1 mg/kg diet as Zn sulfate,
736:
T.L. Veum, M.S. Carlson, C.W. Wu, D.W. Bollinger and M.R. Ellersieck (2004) Copper proteinate in weanling pig diets for enhancing growth performance and reducing fecal copper excretion compared with copper sulfate. J. Anim.
190:"Essential metals" usually refers to ions that are components of enzymes that are required for growth. Only small amounts are typically required, but their deficiency leads to disease and death. Some trace elements are
420:
is concerned about possible detrimental effects of excess supplementation with trace minerals on the environment or human and animal health, and in 2003 legislated a reduction in permitted feed concentrations of several
782:
Commission
Regulation (EC) No 1334/2003 of 25 July 2003 amending the conditions for authorisation of a number of additives in feedingstuffs belonging to the group of trace elements. 26.7.2003 EN Official Journal of the
176:
were first developed in the early 1970s, but saw more growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Trace mineral chelates have been shown in some cases to be more efficient than inorganic minerals in meeting the nutritional needs of
370:
and oxidative deterioration during storage were also studied. The Mg chelate increased thigh meat pH in comparison with the negative control (p<0.05). Mg supplementation significantly reduced chemical indicators (
342:
better hoof quality than Zn sulfate (p<0.05). The data suggest that Cu and Zn chelates are more readily absorbed and more easily deposited in key tissues such as hooves, in comparison with inorganic Zn forms.
336:
of Cu and Zn chelates in sheep have been compared to the inorganic sulfate forms, at "low" and "high" supplementation rates. Copper and Zn chelates at the lower rates caused significantly greater increases in
717:
J. P. Ryan, P. Kearns and T. Quinn (2002) Bioavailability of dietary copper and zinc in adult Texel sheep: A comparative study of the effects of sulfate and
Bioplex supplementation. Irish Veterinary Journal
31:
is jargon for metalloorganic compounds added to animal feed. The compounds provide sources of various metals that improve the health or marketability of the animal. Typical metals salts are derived from
755:
T. Ao, J.L. Pierce, R. Power, K.A. Dawson, A.J. Pescatore, A.H. Cantor and M.J. Ford (2006) Investigation of relative bioavailability value and requirement of organic zinc for chicks. J. Poultry. Sci
699:
Z. Du, R.W. Hemken, J.A. Jackson and D.S. Trammell (1996) Utilization of copper in copper proteinate, copper lysine and cupric sulfate using the rat as an experimental model.Journal of animal science
88:
quality in mammals, enzyme structure and functions, and appetite. Deficiency of trace minerals affect many metabolic processes and so may be manifested by different symptoms, such as poor growth and
746:
Y. Guo, Zhang, Yuan and W. Nie.et al., 2003, Effects of source and level of magnesium and
Vitamin E on prevention of hepatic peroxidation and oxidative deterioration of broiler meat., Sci.Tech.
317:
The effects of organic zinc sources on performance, zinc status, carcass, meat, and claw quality in fattening bulls has been studied. Livestock Prod. compared a Zn chelate, a Zn
613:
Apgar, G. A.; Kornegay, E. T.; Lindemann, M. D.; Notter, D. R. (1995). "Evaluation of Copper
Sulfate and a Copper Lysine Complex as Growth Promoters for Weanling Swine".
237:"Mineral" is jargon for compounds that contain metal ions, more specifically "inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amts. from less than 1 to 2500 mg per day".
539:
577:
Solans, X.; Font Altaba, M.; GarcĂa
Oricain, J. (1984). "Crystal Structures of Ethylenediaminetetraacetato Metal Complexes. V. Structures Containing the Anion".
382:(p<0.01), with Mg chelate significantly more efficient than MgO (p<0.01). The data suggest that organic Mg in the form of a chelate is capable of reducing
540:"Greater bioavailability of chelated compared with inorganic zinc in broiler chicks in the presence or absence of elevated calcium and phosphorus"
72:, and are essential for optimum health, growth and productivity. For example, supplementary minerals help ensure good growth, bone development,
648:
Soetan, K. O.; Olaiya, C. O.; Oyewole, O. E. (2010). "The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants - a review".
506:
452:
810:
D. Wilde (2006). Influence of macro and micro minerals in the peri-parturient period on fertility in dairy cattle. Animal
Reproduction.
462:
Górniak, Wanda; Popiela, Ewa; Szuba-Trznadel, Anna; Konkol, Damian; Korczyński, Mariusz (2022). "Smart feed additives for livestock".
479:
256:, normally consisting of 2 organic parts with an essential trace mineral occupying a central position and held in place by
168:(Se), and zinc (Zn). Initially, such supplementation was in the form of inorganic salts of these trace elements, e.g.
104:
highlights that organic forms of Zn are retained better than inorganic sources and so may provide greater benefit in
824:
271:. Metal chelate formulations often contain 10-20% of the metal. A variety of chelating agents are used, such as
829:
797:
SCAN (2003a) Opinion of the
Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition on the use of copper in feedingstuffs.
61:
800:
SCAN (2003b), Opinion of the
Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition on the use of zinc in feedingstuffs.
807:
E. McCartney (2008) Trace minerals in poultry nutrition–sourcing safe minerals, organically? World
Poultry
834:
267:
that bind metal ions through more than one bond. Most chelating agents are organic compounds, e.g.,
512:
284:
280:
169:
105:
53:
21:
630:
502:
475:
448:
173:
113:
622:
586:
551:
494:
467:
440:
253:
207:
362:
333:
245:
145:
93:
538:
Richards, James D.; Fisher, Paula M.; Evans, Joseph L.; Wedekind, Karen J. (2015-06-25).
329:, and concluded that the organic forms resulted in some improvement in hoof claw quality.
667:
471:
417:
352:
318:
310:
818:
516:
257:
241:
153:
390:
338:
101:
498:
422:
326:
211:
52:. The objective of supplementation with trace minerals is to avoid a variety of
291:
590:
444:
322:
276:
191:
161:
57:
383:
178:
97:
45:
16:
634:
626:
361:
The effects of an Mg chelate in broiler chickens have been compared with
249:
231:
230:), and magnesium (as Mg). Some trace elements are not metals, such as
165:
131:
109:
89:
556:
206:(Cu). Illustrative enzymes containing these elements are, respectively,
366:
272:
223:
152:
Since the 1950s, animal feeds have been supplemented with a variety of
141:
136:
73:
69:
379:
306:
264:
227:
215:
203:
199:
157:
118:
65:
37:
33:
489:
Saha, Subodh Kumar; Pathak, Nitya Nand (2021). "Mineral Nutrition".
395:
375:
371:
290:
268:
219:
85:
81:
77:
49:
41:
56:. Trace minerals carry out key functions in relation to many
365:
and an unsupplemented control group. Diets for fattening
435:
P. Schlegel; S. Durosoy; A. W. Jongbloed, eds. (2008).
181:. In some cases, chelates offer no advantage however.
350:
61% respectively, compared with 250 ppm inorganic Cu.
305:
The utilisation of chelated copper, including copper-
218:. Some metals are more abundant in nature, such as
346:inorganic Zn, without loss of growth performance.
464:Smart Agrochemicals for Sustainable Agriculture
314:sites in comparison with the other forms of Cu.
309:formulations, is higher than that of inorganic
8:
437:Trace elements in Animal Production Systems
122:there is less environmental contamination.
389:A Zn chelate supplement was compared with
555:
351:
295:Chelates are incorporated into the feed.
135:
15:
530:
144:compound, illustrating how the organic
386:, and so improve chicken meat quality.
7:
472:10.1016/B978-0-12-817036-6.00008-X
140:Structure of a typical metal–edta
92:, reproductive failures, impaired
14:
650:-African Journal of Food Science
579:Acta Crystallographica Section C
491:Fundamentals of Animal Nutrition
374:) of oxidative deterioration in
156:such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe),
148:(edta) wraps around the metal.
1:
544:Open Access Animal Physiology
100:and reproductive diseases of
499:10.1007/978-981-15-9125-9_9
321:complex and ZnO (inorganic
851:
764:quote by Nollet et al.2007
129:
24:in the absence of chelate.
615:Journal of Animal Science
591:10.1107/S0108270184005151
445:10.3920/978-90-8686-638-0
425:(Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn).
240:"Chelate" is jargon for
690:quote by Du et al.,1996
281:hydrolysed soy proteins
263:"Chelating agents" are
126:History and terminology
29:Chelates in animal feed
668:"Chelated Ingredients"
357:
296:
149:
25:
627:10.2527/1995.7392640x
355:
294:
160:(I), manganese (Mn),
139:
20:Structure of typical
19:
493:. pp. 113–131.
466:. pp. 103–138.
285:amino acid complexes
791:Topics of the works
773:by Peric et al.2007
557:10.2147/OAAP.S83845
58:metabolic processes
54:deficiency diseases
358:
297:
222:(as Zn), iron (as
170:copper(II) sulfate
150:
106:disease prevention
60:, most notably as
26:
603:(McCartney, 2008)
508:978-981-15-9124-2
454:978-90-8686-061-6
254:organic molecules
174:Chelated minerals
842:
825:Animal nutrition
784:
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
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747:
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738:
734:
728:
724:
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715:
709:
708:Sci. 81:161-171.
706:
700:
697:
691:
688:
682:
681:
679:
678:
664:
658:
657:
645:
639:
638:
621:(9): 2640–2646.
610:
604:
601:
595:
594:
574:
568:
567:
565:
564:
559:
535:
520:
485:
458:
356:Magnesium sample
258:covalent bonding
246:chelating agents
208:xanthine oxidase
94:immune responses
850:
849:
845:
844:
843:
841:
840:
839:
815:
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813:
788:
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598:
576:
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560:
537:
536:
532:
527:
509:
488:
482:
461:
455:
434:
431:
429:Further reading
414:
363:magnesium oxide
334:bioavailability
302:
242:metal complexes
197:
187:
146:chelating agent
134:
128:
12:
11:
5:
848:
846:
838:
837:
832:
830:Animal testing
827:
817:
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811:
808:
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757:
748:
739:
729:
719:
710:
701:
692:
683:
659:
640:
605:
596:
585:(4): 635–638.
569:
529:
528:
526:
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522:
521:
507:
486:
480:
459:
453:
430:
427:
418:European Union
413:
410:
409:
408:
404:
400:
387:
359:
347:
343:
330:
319:polysaccharide
315:
311:copper sulfate
301:
298:
289:
288:
261:
238:
235:
195:
186:
183:
154:trace minerals
127:
124:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
847:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
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733:
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723:
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669:
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481:9780128170366
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399:respectively.
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283:, which form
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279:derived from
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18:
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695:
686:
675:. Retrieved
671:
662:
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618:
614:
608:
599:
582:
578:
572:
561:. Retrieved
547:
543:
533:
490:
463:
436:
423:trace metals
415:
391:zinc sulfate
339:blood plasma
179:farm animals
151:
117:
102:dairy cattle
28:
27:
835:Animal feed
327:beef cattle
277:amino acids
212:vitamin B12
185:Terminology
819:Categories
677:2019-12-20
672:Watson Inc
656:: 200–222.
563:2019-12-20
550:: 97–110.
525:References
412:Regulation
378:and thigh
325:) in bull
323:zinc oxide
202:(Co), and
192:molybdenum
162:molybdenum
130:See also:
108:, notably
76:in birds,
74:feathering
517:242315515
384:oxidation
114:lameness.
98:fertility
62:cofactors
46:manganese
22:metal ion
300:Research
273:peptides
250:Chelates
232:selenium
166:selenium
132:Minerals
110:mastitis
90:appetite
70:hormones
727:Science
635:8582853
367:chicken
265:ligands
142:chelate
119:Animals
66:enzymes
633:
515:
505:
478:
451:
380:muscle
307:lysine
216:azurin
214:, and
204:copper
200:cobalt
164:(Mo),
158:iodine
48:, and
38:copper
34:cobalt
513:S2CID
396:tibia
376:liver
372:TBARS
198:), [
783:E.U.
631:PMID
503:ISBN
476:ISBN
449:ISBN
416:The
332:The
275:and
269:edta
252:are
226:and
220:zinc
194:(MoO
112:and
86:hair
84:and
82:skin
78:hoof
68:and
64:for
50:zinc
42:iron
737:Sci
623:doi
587:doi
552:doi
495:doi
468:doi
441:doi
248:. *
244:of
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670:.
652:.
629:.
619:73
617:.
583:40
581:.
546:.
542:.
511:.
501:.
474:.
447:.
439:.
228:Fe
224:Fe
210:,
172:.
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804:.
680:.
654:4
637:.
625::
593:.
589::
566:.
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548:7
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497::
484:.
470::
457:.
443::
287:.
260:.
234:.
196:4
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