110:
166:, which is usually made from wood or stone. In some locations, women may stay isolated from their family in a separate room attached to the house, such as a shed used for storing tools. Furnishings are sparse, so the women often sleep on the floor with only a small rug for warmth. They may not touch family members, especially male family members, and food and water is passed to them in such a way as to prevent touching. Menstruating women are also restricted from participating in family, religious or social functions, such as attending the temple or going to weddings, and girls are prevented from going to school.
20:
426:
in 2005, but the tradition has been slow to change. In 2017, Nepal passed a law punishing people who force women into exile during menstruating with up to three months in jail or a fine of 3,000 Nepalese rupees. However, in the five months since the new law went into effect (in August 2018), no cases
404:
In this way, the
Supreme Court has spoken against chhaupadi. The government of Nepal declared this custom as evil on 26th of Baisakh 2062 and has implemented the guidelines and conducted various programs. But this kind of bad practice, which has been rooted in the society for years, will not end only
293:
While exact numbers are not available, women and girls die every year while performing chhaupadi. Particularly in the far and mid-western regions of Nepal, a number of deaths have been directly related to the use of these huts. Causes range from being attacked by animals, to being bitten by scorpions
276:
Women are exposed to multiple health and safety risks while practising chhaupadi. Huts are often poorly constructed and lack heat or ventilation, leaving women exposed to the elements as well as extreme temperatures during different times of year. Women are at risk of developing illnesses such as
169:
Women who are menstruating are barred from consuming milk, yogurt, butter, meat, and other nutritious foods, for fear that their impurity will cause cows to become ill. The typical diet during menstruation includes dry foods, salt, and rice. Menstruating women are also barred from using community
330:
Community and organizational actions exist to combat the practice. In
January 2019, local authorities demanded the destruction of chhaupadi huts in Bajura, the municipality in which a woman and her two young sons died in a hut. This resulted in the removal of 60 sheds, and the deployment of law
289:
is high if a woman starts a fire in the hut to keep warm during the winter. Women have also been raped while practising chhaupadi. In addition, a study by
Ranabhat et al. of women aged 12–49 in the Bardiya and Kailali provinces of Nepal showed that the practice of chhaupadi is significantly
413:
Various public awareness programs have been conducted at the community level against
Chhaupadi custom. Various individuals, organizations and victims have also started speaking openly against this crime. As a collective effort of all of them, the Chhaupadi custom has started to loosen.
427:
have been filed against those enforcing the practice. In late 2018, district governments in the far west of the country began denying state support services to citizens still enforcing the practice of chhaupadi, in an effort to reduce the practice.
393:
Establishing an egalitarian society by guaranteeing the human rights of women through the legal system. In addition to that, committees have been formed to conduct programs under the leadership of local bodies at the district, city, and village
298:
An 11-year-old girl died in
January 2010 from diarrhea and dehydration from being kept in a menstruation hut. Her family and neighbours refused to bring her to the hospital because they believed that they would become impure should they touch
364:
Based on the above judgment of the
Supreme Court, the government has implemented a guideline against chhaupadi. The program to be implemented by the Government of Nepal to eradicate chhaupadi system is mentioned in the said guide as follows:
158:. The girls and women living in the cities also follow the practice by living separately within the same room or house. Additionally, women who have just given birth must stay in the shed with their children for up to two weeks.
1131:
662:
1411:
1298:
593:
935:
334:
Sangita Rokaya, a 26 year old Nepali woman climbed Mount
Everest to spread awareness about this practice, and to give a voice to the "women and girls unable to speak up" over harmful menstrual taboos in Nepal.
161:
Menstruating women and girls are required to remain isolated from their family, and are forbidden from entering homes, kitchens, schools, and temples. During this time, they remain in what is often known as a
1031:
102:. In this belief system, it is thought that if a menstruating woman touches a tree, it will never again bear fruit; if she consumes milk, the cow will not give any more milk; if she reads a book,
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46:
828:
1373:
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654:
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556:
1080:
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66:
During chhaupadi, women are banned from the house and are made to live in a cattle shed (mainly in the western region of the country), or a makeshift dwelling known as a
874:
Ranabhat, Chhabi; Kim, Chun-Bae; Choi, Eun Hee; Aryal, Anu; Park, Myung Bae; Doh, Young Ah (2015-08-27). "Chhaupadi
Culture and Reproductive Health of Women in Nepal".
582:
928:
1445:
851:
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By empowering women economically, socially and politically, conduct programs for proportional participation of women in the survey field of social and national life.
1211:
312:
In July 2017, 19-year-old Tulasi Shahi died from being bitten by a snake "twice, on her head and leg," while living in a cow shed being used as a menstruation hut.
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1321:
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723:
154:, during which she remains in the shed for up to fourteen days; afterwards, she must spend the duration of each monthly period in the shed, until she reaches
354:
The
Ministry of Health should form a study committee including doctors to identify the effects of this practice on women and children and identify solutions.
1028:
959:
1006:
1460:
1233:
684:
1487:
618:
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issued an order on 19 Baisakh 2062 to declare chhaupdi as a crime and make necessary guidelines to put an end to this custom. The verdict states:
351:
The office of the Prime
Minister and the Council of Ministers should declare the custom of sending women to the Chhaupadi Goth as an evil custom.
78:. During menstruation, women and girls are restricted from participating in everyday life events, and from interacting with their communities.
1365:
1251:
109:
1610:
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63:, but the same is true for city dwellers also. It is practiced all over the country with different names and practiced in different ways.
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1951:
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In the later period, artists attempted to eradicate the Chhaupadi from west Nepal. Among, Ramesh Dahal's songwriting is remarkable.
548:
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In early February 2019, 21-year old Parwati Bogati died from suffocation and smoke inhalation after lighting a fire to stay warm.
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974:
23:
Awareness raising through education is taking place among young girls to modify or eliminate the practice of chhaupadi in Nepal.
1941:
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In May 2017, Lalsara Bika, a 14-year-old, died as a result of a serious cold-related illness from living in a menstruation hut.
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780:
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In January 2019, a Nepali mother and her sons, aged 9 and 12, died of smoke inhalation while living in their menstrual hut.
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The Ministry of Women and Children should formulate and issue guidelines to end this kind of discrimination against women.
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715:
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or snakes, to illnesses from exposure. These are some examples of the deaths that have occurred due to chhaupadi:
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Providing information regarding health services and nutrition to girls and women directly affected by chhaupadi.
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1890:
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139:. It is also practiced all over the country, the only difference is the way of practice and how strict it is.
86:
The word Chhaupadi was originated in the Western part of Nepal. The practice of chhaupadi originates from the
1003:
374:
Adopting measures to raise public awareness against recognizing the ancient belief and practice of chhaupadi.
119:
The practice persists in rural areas primarily in Western Nepal. It is also called ‘chhue’ or ‘bahirhunu’ in
1946:
173:
Despite the social isolation of chhaupadi, women must still work, often in the fields, during menstruation.
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423:
344:
75:
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59:, as they are considered "impure". Chhaupadi is said to be practiced primarily in the western part of
405:
with the government announcement. For that, the members of the community themselves should be aware.
1815:
1784:
1746:
1595:
526:. Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India: South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology. p. 142.
285:
while practicing chhaupadi, and are also vulnerable to attack by snakes and other animals. Risk of
120:
71:
19:
1647:
1015:
907:
753:
524:
Second International Conference of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV)
497:
357:
Ministry of Local Development should mobilize local bodies to raise awareness against chhaupadi.
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953:
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891:
761:
527:
128:
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1875:
1835:
1805:
1741:
1685:
1515:
883:
818:
489:
163:
136:
124:
67:
685:"Period shaming in Nepal: new law may finally end practice of banishing menstruating women"
1885:
1870:
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1705:
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1435:
1035:
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855:
132:
52:
39:
31:
1956:
1905:
1715:
1710:
1107:"Banished from home for menstruating, mother and two children die in Nepali hut - CNN"
746:"Chhaupadi (Menstrual Taboo) and Its Impact on Adolescent Girls' Lives in Rural Nepal"
472:
321:
In August 2023, 16-year old Anita Chand died from a snake bite while she was sleeping.
1930:
1830:
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1810:
1725:
1675:
1579:
806:
501:
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106:, the goddess of education, will become angry; if she touches a man, he will be ill.
55:
which prohibits women and girls from participating in normal family activities while
1440:
911:
1700:
1670:
1525:
1510:
744:
Parajuli, S. B.; KC, Heera; Mishra, A.; Bhattarai, P.; Shrestha, M.; Srivastav, K.
91:
87:
56:
290:
correlated with reproductive health problems such as dysuria and genital itching.
1690:
1660:
480:
94:
causes women to be temporarily impure. This superstition arose from a myth that
1446:(National Geographic) The Risky Lives of Women Sent Into Exile—For Menstruating
1186:
1157:
1081:"Banished To A 'Menstrual Shed,' A Teen In Nepal Is Bitten By A Snake And Dies"
581:
United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator's Office (April 1, 2011).
1915:
1655:
170:
water sources or performing daily functions like bathing or washing clothing.
1407:
895:
887:
765:
757:
1546:
1520:
1396:"Destroy 'period huts' or forget state support: Nepal moves to end practice"
278:
155:
103:
903:
619:"Assessment Study on Chhaupadi in Nepal: Towards a Harm Reduction Strategy"
1541:
1212:"Teenage girl dies after being forced to stay in a 'period hut' in Nepal"
975:"A 15-Year-Old Girl Died When She Was Banished to a Hut for Menstruating"
745:
493:
286:
282:
151:
1252:"Locals tear down Chhaupadi huts amid wide concern over deaths in sheds"
823:
1900:
1820:
1574:
380:
Respecting the individual, family and community who ended Chhaupadi.
1465:
1341:"Nepal strengthens laws against dowry, menstrual exile - ABC News"
108:
99:
95:
60:
18:
752:. Research Council of Science and Technology, Biratnagar, Nepal.
1132:"Nepali woman, two children, die in outlawed 'menstruation hut'"
655:"Teen girl dies in menstruation hut in Achham district in Nepal"
1469:
114:
A remote village located in Mugu district of Far-Western Nepal.
1056:"Nepali 'menstruation hut' ritual claims life of teenage girl"
1040:
1461:(NPR) In Hindu Ritual, Nepali Women Are Banished Once A Month
302:
Two young women in late 2016 died from smoke inhalation and
1297:. Integrated Regional Information Networks. 3 August 2011.
1280:
849:"The Risky Lives of Women Sent Into Exile—For Menstruating"
807:"Chhaupadi practice in Nepal – analysis of ethical aspects"
262:
Most Experienced Chhaupadi (Menstrual Shed) During Menarche
1234:"Out of The Sheds: Women Fight Segregation in Rural Nepal"
1456:(The Christian Science Monitor) Nepal's Menstruation huts
1029:"15-Year-Old Girl Found Dead In A Menstrual Hut In Nepal"
1451:(The New York Times) In Nepal, Exiled Each Month (video)
1366:"Criminal Code 'ineffective' to end Chhaupadi practice"
716:"Where a Taboo Is Leading to the Deaths of Young Girls"
1851:
1793:
1765:
1734:
1646:
1623:
1588:
1562:
1555:
1534:
1503:
399:c) Empowerment against Chaupadi through Literature
549:"Menstruation and the religious taboos for women"
98:created menstruation as a means to distribute a
1232:Gaestel, Allyn; Shelley, Allison (2013-03-02).
150:The tradition begins with an adolescent girl's
1633:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
1339:roshan sedhai, associated press (2012-09-20).
1481:
8:
923:
921:
1295:"Nepal: Emerging from menstrual quarantine"
1158:"Mother and sons die in 'menstruation hut'"
331:enforcement to patrol for further removal.
1559:
1488:
1474:
1466:
1441:(BBC) Nepal's 'confined women' want change
583:"FIELD BULLETIN: Chaupadi In The Far-West"
306:after lighting fires in menstruation huts.
1322:"Why It's Hard To Ban The Menstrual Shed"
822:
805:Shanti Kadariya, Arja R Aro (June 2015).
1187:"Woman suffocates in 'menstruation hut'"
177:Traditional Practices During Chhaupadi
175:
463:
339:Programs for the abolition of chhaupadi
958:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
951:
1301:from the original on 29 November 2014
876:Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health
590:United Nations Office of Human Rights
254:Restricted from Touching Male Members
246:Not Allowed to Sleep in Usual Bedroom
38:
7:
1436:(BBC) Women hail menstruation ruling
1281:"'छाउपडि' जनचेतनामुलक गीत सार्वजनिक"
576:
574:
70:, for the duration of their period.
16:Taboo targeting menstruating persons
1004:"In Nepal, Monthly Exile for Women"
714:Gettleman, Jeffrey (19 June 2018).
695:from the original on August 1, 2018
683:Aldama, Zigor (February 23, 2018).
599:from the original on August 3, 2018
559:from the original on August 1, 2018
135:, and ‘chaukulla’ or ‘chaukudi’ in
74:also results in a similar form of
14:
1134:. 10 January 2019. Archived from
1079:Preiss, Danielle (10 July 2017).
1343:. Abcnews.go.com. Archived from
1105:Gupta, Swati (10 January 2019).
1780:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
1414:from the original on 2019-01-26
1394:Adhikari, Rojita (2019-01-14).
1376:from the original on 2019-01-27
1320:Preiss, Danielle (2019-05-19).
1262:from the original on 2019-02-04
1193:from the original on 2019-02-04
1168:from the original on 2019-01-11
1146:– via The Economic Times.
1113:from the original on 2019-01-10
985:from the original on 2016-12-21
941:from the original on 2017-07-21
831:from the original on 2021-07-21
779:Shelley, Allison (2013-06-12).
726:from the original on 2018-08-01
665:from the original on 2018-12-21
326:Public action against chhaupadi
1054:Pokharel, Sugam (2017-07-10).
422:Chhaupadi was outlawed by the
1:
1238:The Christian Science Monitor
781:"In Nepal, Exiled Each Month"
626:Nepal Health Sector Programme
238:Used to Eat in Separate Place
185:Percentage of Women Affected
1801:Menstrual hygiene management
1752:Premenstrual water retention
1726:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
1691:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
547:Gupta, Gargi (Dec 6, 2015).
1370:kathmandupost.ekantipur.com
471:Ghimire, Laxmi (May 2005).
206:No Permission to Go Outside
1978:
230:Banned from Worshiping God
214:No Permission to Cook Food
198:Not Allowed to See the Sun
1696:Metropathia haemorrhagica
1606:Billings Ovulation Method
838:– via ResearchGate.
811:Medicolegal and Bioethics
442:Carbon monoxide poisoning
409:The role of the community
304:carbon monoxide poisoning
222:Restriction of Usual Food
35:
1952:Culture and menstruation
1911:Sustainable menstruation
1891:Menstruation celebration
888:10.1177/1010539515602743
689:South China Morning Post
437:Culture and menstruation
190:Use of Separate Utensils
1962:Women's rights in Nepal
1853:In culture and religion
522:Jaishankar, K. (2013).
272:Health and safety risks
1942:Superstitions of Nepal
1681:Irregular menstruation
1638:Lactational amenorrhea
1601:Calendar-based methods
1570:Basal body temperature
473:"Unclean & Unseen"
424:Supreme Court of Nepal
345:Supreme Court of Nepal
116:
24:
1881:Menstrual suppression
1843:Menstrual Hygiene Day
1775:Premenstrual syndrome
1019:"Lens", Jan. 5, 2017.
447:Menstrual Hygiene Day
182:Traditional Practices
152:first menstrual cycle
112:
40:[t͡sʰau̯pʌɽi]
22:
973:McNamara, Brittney.
635:on December 22, 2018
494:10.1136/sbmj.0505206
385:b) Long term program
369:a) Immediate program
1816:Cloth menstrual pad
1785:Menstrual psychosis
1747:Menstrual synchrony
1596:Fertility awareness
1256:The Himalayan Times
1109:. Edition.cnn.com.
861:National Geographic
178:
72:Childbirth in Nepal
1138:on 11 January 2019
1034:2018-02-08 at the
1016:The New York Times
1009:2017-01-06 at the
854:2017-07-11 at the
785:The New York Times
720:The New York Times
176:
117:
25:
1924:
1923:
1619:
1618:
1504:Events and phases
864:, March 10, 2017.
824:10.2147/MB.S83825
269:
268:
131:, ‘chhaupadi’ in
1969:
1937:Culture of Nepal
1896:Menstruation hut
1876:Menstrual stigma
1836:Period underwear
1806:Feminine hygiene
1742:Folliculogenesis
1686:Menometrorrhagia
1560:
1516:Follicular phase
1490:
1483:
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1467:
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1091:
1076:
1070:
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1066:
1051:
1045:
1044:, Dec. 20, 2016.
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1020:
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628:. Archived from
623:
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544:
538:
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477:
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179:
164:menstruation hut
137:Bajhang district
68:menstruation hut
50:
49:
48:
42:
37:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1886:Menstrual taboo
1871:Menstrual leave
1847:
1789:
1761:
1757:Sexual activity
1730:
1721:Polymenorrhagia
1706:Oligoamenorrhea
1666:Cryptomenorrhea
1642:
1615:
1611:Creighton Model
1584:
1551:
1530:
1499:
1497:Menstrual cycle
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1073:
1064:
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1048:
1036:Wayback Machine
1027:
1023:
1011:Wayback Machine
1002:Evelyn Nieves,
1001:
997:
988:
986:
972:
971:
967:
950:
944:
942:
938:
931:
929:"Archived copy"
927:
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856:Wayback Machine
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659:www.news.com.au
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53:menstrual taboo
51:) is a form of
45:
44:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1947:Women in Nepal
1944:
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1908:
1906:Period poverty
1903:
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1735:Related events
1732:
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1729:
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1716:Oligoovulation
1713:
1711:Oligomenorrhea
1708:
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1575:Cervical mucus
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1701:Metrorrhagia
1671:Dysmenorrhea
1526:Luteal phase
1511:Menstruation
1416:. Retrieved
1400:The Guardian
1399:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:the original
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1216:. Retrieved
1214:. 2023-08-11
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1195:. Retrieved
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1136:the original
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1115:. Retrieved
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1090:17 September
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630:the original
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92:menstruation
88:superstition
85:
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57:menstruating
27:
26:
1661:Anovulation
1625:Suppression
1535:Life stages
507:December 3,
488:: 0505206.
481:Student BMJ
418:Legislation
146:Description
76:confinement
1931:Categories
1916:Tampon tax
1656:Amenorrhea
1418:2019-01-26
1380:2019-01-26
1351:2017-08-10
1266:2019-02-04
1218:2023-08-11
1197:2019-02-04
1172:2019-01-11
1142:11 January
1117:2019-01-11
1065:2024-09-17
989:2016-12-20
979:Teen Vogue
945:2019-02-01
835:2018-08-01
730:2018-07-31
669:2018-12-21
458:References
121:Dadeldhura
1861:Chhaupadi
1648:Disorders
1547:Menopause
1521:Ovulation
1408:0261-3077
896:1010-5395
817:: 53–58.
766:2091-0762
758:2382-5340
750:Bibechana
699:August 1,
639:August 1,
502:220092216
279:pneumonia
156:menopause
104:Saraswati
28:Chhaupadi
1866:In Islam
1556:Tracking
1542:Menarche
1412:Archived
1374:Archived
1299:Archived
1260:Archived
1191:Archived
1166:Archived
1162:BBC News
1111:Archived
1032:Archived
1007:Archived
983:Archived
954:cite web
936:Archived
912:20431313
904:26316503
852:Archived
829:Archived
724:Archived
693:Archived
663:Archived
603:July 31,
594:Archived
563:July 31,
557:Archived
431:See also
283:diarrhea
129:Darchula
1794:Hygiene
1589:Systems
1305:13 June
394:levels.
125:Baitadi
1901:Niddah
1821:Tampon
1406:
910:
902:
894:
764:
756:
530:
500:
265:94.5%
257:46.4%
249:67.5%
241:55.5%
233:74.3%
225:56.9%
217:76.0%
209:51.6%
201:35.8%
193:64.2%
133:Achham
82:Origin
36:छाउपडी
32:Nepali
1957:Taboo
1563:Signs
939:(PDF)
932:(PDF)
908:S2CID
754:eISSN
633:(PDF)
622:(PDF)
597:(PDF)
586:(PDF)
498:S2CID
476:(PDF)
100:curse
96:Indra
90:that
61:Nepal
1404:ISSN
1307:2013
1144:2019
1092:2024
960:link
900:PMID
892:ISSN
792:2021
762:ISSN
701:2018
641:2018
605:2018
565:2018
528:ISBN
509:2008
343:The
299:her.
127:and
1326:NPR
1085:NPR
1060:CNN
1041:NPR
884:doi
819:doi
553:dna
490:doi
486:330
281:or
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