1982:
2394:
157:
1992:
2237:
462:) and crossing the difficult Himalayan regions, and leaving behind them, the countries of China, Tukhara, Darada and all the climes of Kulinda, rich in heaps of jewels, those warlike men, viz. the Pandavas, reached the capital of Suvahu, the king of Pulindas (Kiratas)."
236:). In the Sabhaparvan, the same king is said to be surrounded by the Kiratas, and the Cinas. Also in the Bhismaparvan, the army of Bhagadatta is said to consist of the Kirtas and the "yellow-coloured" Cinas. Bhishamaparva of Mahabharata also lists the Chinas with the
2257:
2133:
2138:
2252:
1327:
1948:
299:, Ramathas, and the Kambojas and states them to be living the lives of Dasyus. These verses of the epic expect these tribes to perform certain duties which are different from those performed by the
764:"43. But in consequence of the omission of the sacred rites, and of their not consulting Brahmanas, the following tribes of Kshatriyas have gradually sunk in this world to the condition of Shudras;
2128:
2247:
2086:
1320:
1970:
315:. Vanaparvan of the Mahabharata states that the territory of the Chinas can be reached by a land-route across the country of the Kiratas in the mountain regions of the north.
2210:
468:
mentions a "China king" Dhautamulaka, who caused the destruction of his own race (5,74). The name "Dhautamulaka" translates to "clean root", and might be a reference to the
2227:
719:, believed to date between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE, refers to Chinese silk as "cinamsuka" (Chinese silk dress) and "cinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle).
1313:
2081:
2232:
2422:
2380:
2375:
2123:
2417:
532:, and the Tañkanas of the Uttarapatha. They sent tributaries to Ayodhya and were protector of Dharma in northern Asia from Siberia to modern China.
1963:
2048:
450:
China is mentioned in the travel-descriptions of the
Pandavas. The passage below, describes these Chinas, to be located somewhere in the high
2091:
2022:
2012:
1043:
861:
2118:
2242:
2427:
2397:
1956:
1266:
1218:
2300:
2215:
1286:
480:
318:
China is mentioned as one among the northern kingdoms in
Mahabharata, Book 6, chapter 9: –Among the tribes of the north are the
171:
167:
2262:
2076:
1712:
971:
116:
There are a number of other suggestions for the origin of the word. Some
Chinese and Indian scholars argued for the state of
2316:
30:
This article is about the people in ancient Indian literature. For the political standpoint of having multiple Chinas, see
2096:
2038:
1385:
485:
I will give him a thousand deer-skins brought from China and other things of the kind that may be worthy of his praise.
2103:
2007:
2321:
2150:
2055:
2043:
492:
2326:
1986:
759:, dated between 200 BC and 300 AD, describes the downfall of the Chinas, as well as many foreign groups in India:
443:, the Paundras, the Pulindas, the Ramathas, the Kambojas were mentioned together as tribes beyond the kingdoms of
2017:
2220:
1782:
686:
2353:
1246:
2198:
183:
2295:
2205:
2108:
1762:
1727:
39:
1632:
1430:
1110:
1086:
2331:
2193:
2113:
1737:
1652:
1515:
921:
1912:
1662:
1510:
1450:
263:, Darunas, Ramanas, Dasamalikas. Shantiparvan of Mahabharata groups the Chinas with the tribes of the
1897:
1867:
1792:
1757:
1692:
1550:
1015:
517:
342:
1133:
The
Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume 4, Kiskindhakanda, p 151, Rosalind Lefeber
1892:
1465:
1305:
1887:
404:, Jagudas, Ramathas and the Mundas, as well as the inhabitants of the kingdom of women, Tanganas,
1807:
1560:
586:
204:
999:
435:, the Chinas, the Savaras, the Barbaras, the Sakas, the Tusharas, the Kankas, the Pathavas, the
109:
in older transliterations) dynasty which ruled in China from 221 BC, or the preceding state of
2358:
1852:
1802:
1480:
1282:
1262:
1214:
1039:
967:
936:
432:
393:
64:
1033:
1937:
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1872:
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1732:
1490:
1400:
1204:
961:
931:
926:
615:
338:
260:
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1812:
1742:
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1707:
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17:
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702:
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323:
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1787:
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1602:
1535:
1435:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1370:
1178:
655:
621:
565:
476:
440:
1455:
126:) as the likely origin of the name, while other theories suggest it is derived from
2363:
1877:
1832:
1702:
1687:
1607:
1495:
1475:
1365:
855:
715:
599:
locates the Cinas along with the
Tusharas, Pahlavas, Kambojas, and Barbaras in the
552:
421:
350:
331:
1194:
Early East Iran, And The
Atharvaveda, 1980, (Persica-9), p 106, Dr Michael Witzel.
603:
or northern division of ancient India. There is yet another reference to China as
520:
and associates them with the trans-Himalayan tribes of the
Daradas, Kambojas, the
2258:
Working
Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs
1208:
454:: Mahabharata book 3, chapter 176 (MBh 3.176): "Leaving the place called Badari (
2163:
1338:
941:
755:
638:
609:
536:
488:
459:
354:
264:
256:
209:
117:
110:
98:
69:
2158:
1862:
1582:
1390:
469:
382:
229:
75:
31:
1767:
630:
455:
451:
444:
330:, the Darunas, and many Mleccha tribes; the Sukritvahas, the Kulatthas, the
304:
35:
693:, Kambojas and Vilatas(?) etc., and locates them in and beyond the western
822:
which text mentions the fabrics from
Mahachina. It is thus possible that
2370:
1857:
1747:
1697:
1520:
1460:
1445:
1395:
1020:
The
Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose
786:
770:
678:
664:
650:
582:
578:
555:
Vashistha through the divine powers of cow Sabala or Nandini (Kamdhenu).
529:
512:
378:
300:
276:
272:
248:
50:
2338:
2188:
1882:
1777:
1667:
1627:
798:
794:
782:
774:
743:
735:
731:
690:
672:
668:
548:
521:
507:
417:
319:
308:
288:
237:
225:
131:
80:
1261:
Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,
2253:
Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question
2178:
1922:
1817:
1570:
1375:
831:
778:
727:
698:
660:
596:
574:
570:
544:
540:
312:
292:
268:
244:
213:
contains certain references to China, referring to its people as the
135:
659:, where they are listed with other contemporary tribes, such as the
1240:
2278:
2238:
Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005
2183:
1991:
1981:
1917:
1612:
1210:
King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra
827:
747:
739:
694:
629:. China-maru or Vira-maru has been identified with the lands of
525:
465:
447:. The Aryavarta kings had doubts about dealing with them. (12,64)
296:
240:
233:
2283:
495:
were used to make token money notes representing 400,000 coins.
479:
wanted to give a thousand deer-skins from China as a present to
280:
34:. For the political standpoint of having all Chinas in one, see
1952:
1309:
1166:
Kambojashchaiva Dardashchaiva Barbarashcha Angaukikah || 47 ||
989:
Geographical Data in Early Puranas, 1972, p172, Dr M. R. Singh
551:, Pahlavas, Kiratas, Sinhalas, Mlechchas etc. were created by
150:
2248:
India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question
1242:
A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding
1000:
The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'
179:
475:"Deer skins from China" are mentioned at (5,86). King
92:
58:
2087:
Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962
689:, xxxvi, 204), associates the Chinas with the Sakas,
392:, the various tribes of the Kiratas, Yanavas, Sakas,
377:. Here they were described as the protectors of sage
416:
were mentioned at (3,51) as bringing tribute to the
113:
which is traditionally dated to the 9th century BC.
2309:
2271:
2149:
2064:
2031:
2000:
730:
culture of the foreign countries like the Bahlika (
334:, the Parasikas, the Ramanas, and the Dasamalikas.
1035:Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara
1142:Ramayana (1.52-55) & Mahabharata (1.174.6-48)
569:, the Cinas are again grouped with the Kambojas,
491:(between the 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD),
2228:Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question
746:, Airaka, Kambojas, Huna, Yavana, Gandhara and
337:Chinas were mentioned along with Chivukas and
53:
2082:1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China
1964:
1321:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
121:
27:People mentioned in ancient Indian literature
8:
2233:Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
966:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 2–3.
769:44. (Viz.) the Paundrakas, the Chodas, the
2243:Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013
1971:
1957:
1949:
1328:
1314:
1306:
1172:Tusharashcha Pahlavadhayata narah || 48 ||
182:by adding descriptive text and removing
2049:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
1038:. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
985:
983:
952:
381:and his cow against the attack of king
1213:. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press.
224:, the Chinas appear together with the
97:is commonly believed to have been the
1336:Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the
1111:"Mahabharata Udyoga Parva Chapter 86"
1087:"Mahabharata Udyoga Parva Chapter 74"
649:The Cinas also find reference in the
581:etc. and are said to have sided with
7:
641:(Dr K. P. Jayswal, Dr M. R. Singh).
516:makes reference to Cinas as well as
63:) are a people mentioned in ancient
675:, Khasas, Gandharas, Kalutas, etc.
539:literature asserts that the Cinas,
2423:Foreign relations of ancient India
25:
2301:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
528:, the Kiratas, the Bahlikas, the
2418:Exotic tribes in Hindu scripture
2393:
2392:
2211:Differing perceptions of the LAC
1990:
1980:
155:
91:The origin of the Sanskrit name
1032:Austin, Christopher R. (2019).
814:, there is also a reference to
38:. For the plural of china, see
2398:Category:China–India relations
2263:Border Personnel Meeting Point
2077:Origins of the Sino-Indian War
619:. However, at the same place,
1:
2097:Internment of Chinese-Indians
2023:Ambassadors of India to China
2013:Ambassadors of China to India
864:into various forms including
826:probably referred to western
585:king Kali in the war against
2039:Greater East Asia Conference
2104:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
2008:Embassy of China, New Delhi
908:
896:
884:
872:
93:
59:
2444:
2151:Sino-Indian border dispute
2056:2007 Delhi security summit
2044:Sino-Indian Agreement 1954
1298:Manusmritti (Laws of Manu)
1279:Glimpses of Indian Culture
963:Cathay and the Way Thither
853:
29:
2389:
2317:Hong Kong–India relations
2018:Embassy of India, Beijing
1346:
1058:Brockington (1998, p. 26)
902:
890:
878:
866:
228:among the armies of King
122:
54:
1207:(2013). "Introduction".
687:Sacred Books of the East
18:China in the Mahābhārata
2381:Tamil–Chinese relations
2376:Chola–Chinese relations
2199:Sino-Pakistan Agreement
2134:Chinese Order of battle
1163:":ete desha Udichyastu
412:and the inhabitants of
184:less pertinent examples
2322:India–Taiwan relations
2296:BCIM Economic Corridor
2206:Line of Actual Control
2139:Indian Order of battle
607:as referred to in the
322:, and the Kruras, the
243:of the north like the
134:of the inhabitants of
40:China (disambiguation)
2428:China–India relations
2332:Five Fingers of Tibet
2327:India–Tibet relations
2194:Trans-Karakoram Tract
2114:2013 Depsang standoff
1987:China–India relations
1281:, Dinkar Joshi, p.51
922:Sino-Indian relations
838:to Tibet proper, and
2124:2020–2021 skirmishes
2119:2017 border standoff
1016:Kisari Mohan Ganguli
1006:, No. 188, May 2009.
1004:Sino-Platonic Papers
960:Yule, Henry (2005).
773:, the Kambojas, the
742:), Cina, Maha-Cina,
663:, Yavanas, Kiratas,
595:section of numerous
470:last Xia emperor Jie
267:, viz. the Yavanas,
2354:China–India railway
793:, the Kiratas, the
645:Buddhist literature
180:improve the article
2272:Economic relations
1249:2007-06-06 at the
1239:Tan Chung (1998).
1115:en.krishnakosh.org
1091:en.krishnakosh.org
701:, according to Dr
326:, the Chinas, the
2405:
2404:
2359:China Study Group
1946:
1945:
1205:Olivelle, Patrick
1045:978-0-19-005411-3
937:Hinduism in China
427:The Yanavas, the
388:Pahlavas and the
201:
200:
65:Indian literature
16:(Redirected from
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709:Other literature
637:in the north of
616:Brahmanda Purana
481:Vasudeva Krishna
472:(1728–1675 BC).
232:of Pragjyotisa (
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142:Hindu literature
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860:This word was
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844:mainland China
804:
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726:speaks of the
724:Sanmoha Tantra
710:
707:
703:Michael Witzel
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2364:Tan Yun-Shan
2343:
1898:Uttara Madra
1763:Pratyagratha
1758:Pragjyotisha
1476:Gopa Rashtra
1420:
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1297:
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1090:
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1022:, 1883-1896.
1019:
1011:
1003:
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962:
955:
859:
856:Shina (word)
840:Parama-China
839:
835:
823:
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812:Parama-China
811:
807:
805:
790:
768:
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756:Laws of Manu
754:
752:
723:
721:
716:Arthashastra
714:
712:
683:Milindapanho
682:
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648:
634:
626:
620:
614:
608:
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593:Bhuvanakosha
592:
591:
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547:, Kambojas,
534:
518:Parama-Cinas
511:
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426:
422:Yudhishthira
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189:
178:Please help
166:may contain
165:
127:
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102:
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83:literature.
74:
68:
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2164:Dakpa Sheri
1893:Uttara Kuru
1633:Maha Chinas
1431:Dakshinatya
1339:Mahabharata
942:Ahom people
862:transcribed
820:Manasollasa
639:Afghanistan
610:Vayu Purana
489:Han dynasty
487:During the
460:Uttarakhand
361:, Kiratas,
353:, Yanavas,
287:, Kanakas,
275:, Shabras,
265:Uttarapatha
222:Mahabharata
210:Mahabharata
147:Mahabharata
70:Mahabharata
2412:Categories
2159:Aksai Chin
1863:Tamraparni
1808:Saurashtra
1738:Parvartaka
1583:Kishkindha
1561:Kimpurusha
1226:2016-02-20
1120:2021-10-23
1096:2021-10-23
973:8120619668
948:References
854:See also:
493:deer skins
433:Gandharvas
396:, Chinas,
385:. (1,177)
383:Viswamitra
305:Kshatriyas
230:Bhagadatta
192:March 2024
172:irrelevant
79:, and the
76:Manusmriti
32:Two Chinas
2065:Conflicts
2032:Diplomacy
1913:Vatadhana
1853:Surparaka
1803:Saraswata
1768:Prasthala
1481:Hara Huna
1300:, X.43-44
1181:27.44-53)
836:Mahachina
816:Mahachina
738:, Bhota (
673:Parasikas
631:Turkestan
627:Vira-maru
625:mentions
605:Cina-maru
579:Barabaras
543:, Hunas,
456:Badrinath
452:Himalayas
445:Aryavarta
402:Sindhavas
394:Harahunas
345:, Hunas,
301:Brahmanas
273:Gandharas
261:Parasikas
168:excessive
87:Etymology
36:One China
2371:Zhengyou
2129:Timeline
1938:Yaudheya
1928:Vidarbha
1873:Trigarta
1858:Surasena
1753:Pishacha
1733:Parasika
1713:Panchala
1698:Nishadas
1663:Mekhalas
1653:Manipura
1511:Kalakuta
1491:Himalaya
1461:Gandhāra
1451:Dasherka
1446:Dasharna
1247:Archived
916:See also
806:Besides
797:and the
787:Pahlavas
771:Dravidas
744:Parasika
679:Buddhist
669:Bhalikas
665:Cambojas
651:Buddhist
635:And-khui
583:Buddhist
577:and the
530:Rishikas
513:Ramayana
499:Ramayana
441:Madrakas
398:Tusharas
379:Vasistha
371:Sinhalas
367:Dravidas
359:Paundras
347:Pahlavas
339:Pulindas
328:Kambojas
320:Mlecchas
309:Vaishyas
297:Madrakas
289:Pahlavas
285:Tusharas
277:Barbaras
253:Kuntalas
249:Kambojas
174:examples
51:Sanskrit
2339:Chindia
2310:Related
2189:Sirijap
1883:Tushara
1868:Tangana
1828:Sinhala
1813:Sauvira
1793:Salveya
1778:Pulinda
1748:Paurava
1743:Parvata
1708:Pallava
1693:Niharas
1683:Nasikya
1678:Mushika
1673:Mudgala
1668:Mleccha
1638:Mahisha
1628:Magadha
1623:Madraka
1598:Kuninda
1588:Konkana
1576:Kingdom
1566:Kinnara
1531:Karusha
1526:Karnata
1521:Kamboja
1516:Kalinga
1506:Kasmira
1471:Gomanta
1456:Dwaraka
1441:Dasarna
1401:Bhārata
1396:Bahlika
818:in the
799:Khashas
795:Daradas
783:Paradas
775:Yavanas
732:Bactria
728:Tantric
691:Yavanas
601:Udichya
597:Puranas
563:In the
559:Puranas
549:Yavanas
522:Yavanas
508:Valmiki
437:Andhras
429:Kiratas
418:Pandava
414:Kasmira
410:Malavas
406:Kekayas
390:Daradas
375:Keralas
363:Kanchis
355:Savaras
324:Yavanas
313:Shudras
293:Sindhus
269:Kiratas
245:Yavanas
238:mlechha
226:Kiratas
220:In the
217:tribe.
132:endonym
81:Puranic
2344:Chinas
2179:Doklam
1933:Yavana
1923:Videha
1903:Utkala
1838:Sonita
1823:Sindhu
1818:Shakya
1773:Pundra
1723:Parada
1718:Pandya
1658:Matsya
1648:Malava
1643:Malla
1593:Kosala
1571:Kirata
1556:Kikata
1546:Kerala
1541:Kekeya
1501:Kanchi
1421:Chinas
1386:Avanti
1381:Asmaka
1376:Assaka
1361:Anarta
1356:Andhra
1351:Abhira
1285:
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900:) and
832:Ladakh
791:Chinas
789:, the
785:, the
781:, the
779:Shakas
777:, the
748:Nepala
736:Kirata
699:Ladakh
685:(see:
661:Shakas
653:play,
575:Khasas
571:Shakas
545:Shakas
541:Khasas
524:, the
439:, the
431:, the
343:Khasas
311:, and
281:Shakas
241:tribes
136:Yelang
130:, the
47:Chinas
2291:BASIC
2279:BRICS
2221:Roads
2184:Dolam
1918:Vatsa
1908:Vanga
1848:Suhma
1843:Sudra
1798:Salwa
1788:Salva
1618:Madra
1613:Lanka
1603:Kunti
1551:Khasa
1536:Kashi
1466:Garga
1436:Danda
1416:Chola
1411:Chera
1406:Chedi
1371:Anupa
1154:20/40
909:Zhìnà
897:Zhīnà
885:Zhīnà
873:Zhīnà
850:China
828:Tibet
824:China
808:China
740:Tibet
695:Tibet
681:text
587:Vedic
526:Sakas
466:Bhima
420:king
351:Sakas
332:Hunas
257:Hunas
234:Assam
215:China
207:work
2284:BRIC
1888:Ursa
1878:Tulu
1833:Sivi
1783:Saka
1703:Odra
1688:Nepa
1608:Kuru
1496:Huna
1366:Anga
1283:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1215:ISBN
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810:and
753:The
722:The
713:The
613:and
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537:epic
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128:Zina
118:Jing
107:Chin
103:Tsin
94:Cīna
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