491:(traditionally connected with the Afro-Jamaican community) are almost entirely absent among Chinese Jamaicans. Conversion of Chinese Jamaicans to Christianity came about in several ways; some made conversions of convenience in order to obtain easy legal recognition for marriages and births, while Chinese men who entered into relationships with local women were often absorbed into church community through the selection of godparents for their children and the attendance of children at Sunday schools. Furthermore, Catholic teachers taught English at the Chinese Public School up until its closure in the mid-1960s, which facilitated the entry of Chinese Jamaicans to well-known Catholic secondary schools. There were a large number of conversions in the mid-1950s, evidence that the Chinese were "increasingly trying to adapt themselves to local society"; a former headmaster of the Chinese Public School, He Rujun, played a major role in attracting Chinese converts to Christianity in those years.
379:, which wrote editorials exhorting girls from the Chinese community to join, and in some years offered sponsorship prizes such as, in 1955, a two-week trip to Miami for the winner, in an effort to spark participation in what was sometimes a sparsely attended event. However, as the pageant grew in popularity, it drew charges from Afro-Jamaican journalists that the ethnic pride on display there was "unpatriotic" and "un-Jamaican". The pageant renamed itself to the Miss Chinese Athletic Club, in an effort to avoid controversy, but nevertheless, held its final "openly racialised beauty contest" in 1962. Over the following years, Chinese Jamaican women did not participate in the
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conditions were broken. The contracts consisted of a $ 4 wage for a 12-hour work day, also including food, clothing, medical care, and housing, although these contracts were regularly violated. Chinese immigrants could also arrive independent of the indentured system. These independent immigrants could come by paying their own way as an individual free migrant, or they could come sponsored and have their passage paid for reimbursement later. In 1917, the entire indentured immigration system was outlawed, largely due to pressure from
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over the medium of instruction, with some suggesting curriculum localisation in the name of practicality, while others saw abandonment of
Chinese-medium instruction as tantamount to abandonment of Chinese identity. Practical considerations won out; the curriculum was reorganised with English as the primary instructional medium in 1952 and by 1955, the school only had two teachers who could speak any Chinese. After that, the school's fortunes fluctuated and it was finally closed down in the mid-1960s.
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large numbers as shopkeepers. The newspaper editorial (10 June 1913) made the distinction between the earlier
Chinese migrants and their present "poverty stricken, ignorant fellow countrymen", who were blamed for the 'opium scare' in Jamaica now that the "natives are succumbing to the vile and deadly habit". This first anti-Chinese thrust was rooted in the opium drug trade. The foundation was set for the first and a massive anti-Chinese riot in 1918.
333:. Later, the Chinese Benevolent Association (中華會館) was founded in 1891. The CBA established a Chinese Sanatorium, a Chinese Public School, a Chinese Cemetery and a Chinese Almshouse. It also published its own newspaper. The CBA helped maintain a strong connection between Chinese Jamaicans and China, while simultaneously preparing Chinese Jamaican students for the Jamaican school system. The CBA continues to operate from a two-story building with
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consulate. The 1943 census showed 12,394 Chinese residing in
Jamaica. These were divided into three categories by the census, namely "China-born" (2,818), "local-born" (4,061) and "Chinese coloured" (5,515), the latter referring to multiracial people of mixed African and Chinese descent. This made Chinese Jamaicans the second largest Chinese population in the Caribbean, behind
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The events were incited by a story that a
Chinese shopkeeper in Ewarton caught a Jamaican off-duty policeman in a romantic liaison with his Jamaican "paramour". The shopkeeper and several of his Chinese friends brutally thrashed the Jamaican man. It was then rumoured that the policeman was killed which led to violence breaking out against the Chinese shopkeepers.
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School"), charging tuition fees of £6. The drama club continued to operate the school until 1928, when the CBA purchased it for £2,300 and gave it its present name, and moved it into a larger building. The CBA promulgated a new constitution for the school in 1944, which stated that it would follow the curriculum of the
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while "foreign languages" were secondary. In 1945, with enrollments booming to 300 students and competitor schools being established as well, the
Republic of China consulate called for donations to renovate the school, eventually raising £10,000. In the 1950s, there was heated debate in the community
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According to a newspaper report (31 March 1934) on "pernicious drugs" in
Jamaica, the issue concerning opium became one of the early roots of xenophobic attitudes against the new Chinese immigrants of the early 1900s. The white elites became intolerable of this new wave of Chinese migrants coming in
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The
Chinese establishment of grocery shops throughout Jamaica had provoked concern amongst whites and blacks in Jamaica as early as 1911. It was widely believed that the Chinese were guilty of arson against their own property for insurance purposes, whereas previously they were only accused of sharp
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There was also a
Chinese Jamaican community school, the Chinese Public School. It was set up first by the Chinese Freemasons in 1920 (under the Chinese name 華僑公立學校), and operated until 1922; a Chinese drama club revived the school in 1924 (and gave it a new Chinese name 新民學校, literally "New People's
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which they erected in the old CBA building and which remains standing there, even as the CBA moved its headquarters. However, with the passage of long decades since their ancestors first migrated from China, traditional
Chinese religious practices have largely died out among Chinese Jamaicans. Some
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In his book, Howard
Johnson (1982) argued that, when compared to other anti-Chinese events, the 1918 event was a massive expression of anti-Chinese sentiments in Jamaica. It began in Ewarton and spread quickly to other parts of St Catherine, and other parishes such as St Mary, St Ann and Clarendon.
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women who worked in their businesses. However, Chinese women rarely married Afro-Jamaican men. Interracial marriage became less common as the number of women of Chinese descent in Jamaica grew. Nevertheless, by the 1943 census, nearly 45% of Jamaicans with some Chinese ancestry fell into the census
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The newest wave of Chinese migrants from Hong Kong and mainland China are mainly non-Christians, but they have not brought with them any widely visible Chinese religious practises. A few of them were already Protestants and have formed their own churches, which conduct worship services in Chinese;
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During the late 1920s letters (22 September 1926) the colonial secretary L P Waison held meetings with the police. According to the letter, Waison accused the government for its failure to employ the law against Chinese immigrants: "such as the open exploitation of shop assistants; the breaking of
472:, after the Hakka word 掛山); however, with the emigration of much of the Chinese Jamaican community to the North American mainland, the public, communal aspect of this grave-cleaning died out and indeed it was not carried out for more than a decade before attempts by the CBA to revive it in 2004.
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Indians in Jamaica according to Verene A. Shepherd. The small number of Indian women were fought over between Indian men and led to a rise in the amount of wife murders by Indian men. Indian women made up 11 percent of the annual amount of Indian indentured migrants from 1845 to 1847 in Jamaica.
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From 1910, Chinese immigrants were required to pay a £30 deposit and pass a written test to demonstrate that they could write 50 words in three different languages. The restrictions on Chinese migrants were tightened even further in 1931, but relaxed again by 1947 due to lobbying by the Chinese
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had children with Chinese men the children were called chaina raial in Jamaican English. The Chinese community in Jamaica was able to consolidate because an openness to marrying Indian women was present in the Chinese since Chinese women were in short supply. Women sharing was less common among
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competition in London; however, Yuen publicly portrayed herself as a completely assimilated Jamaican with little connection to her Chinese heritage, claiming in media statements that she didn't even like Chinese food, in order to avoid "disrupt the official picture of the country's identity".
288:
In the 1970s, thousands of Chinese Jamaicans fled a wave of inter-ethnic violence against them; at first, they went primarily to Canada, which was more open to immigration than the United States, with the U.S. becoming a major immigration destination later on. As a result, clusters of Chinese
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The influx of Chinese indentured immigrants aimed to replace the outlawed system of black slavery. It entailed signing a five-year contract that bound the laborers physically to specific planters and their estates and subjected them to physical and financial penalties whenever any contractual
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and can trace their origin to the indentured labourers who came to Jamaica in the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. The British parliament made a study of prospects for Chinese migration to the West Indies in 1811, and in 1843 made an attempt to recruit Chinese workers to come to
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The Chinese-Jamaican community remains prominent. In 1970, there were still 11,710 Chinese living in Jamaica. The community remains strong and they continue to celebrate traditional Chinese holidays, such as the Harvest Moon and Chinese New Year.
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Common surnames among the Chinese population in Jamaica include Chai, Chan, Chang, Chen, Chin, Chong, Chung, Chow, Fong, Fung, Hugh, Kong, Leung, Li, Lim, Ling, Lowe, Lyn, Ng, Wan, Wang, Wong, Yap, Yapp, Young, Yuen, Yang, Zhang, Zheng and Zhu.
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who were contracted for plantation work. A further 200 would arrive in the years up until 1870, mostly from other Caribbean islands. Later, in 1884, a third group of 680 Chinese migrants would arrive. With the exception of a few from
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Newspaper reports in January and March 1934 described this "pernicious" drug traffic by the Chinese and expressed concern that it was spreading among the lower class of that community who were becoming "chronic opium addicts".
1075:. Vol. 4 of General History of the Caribbean. P. C. Emmer, Jalil Sued Badillo, Germán Carrera Damas, B. W. Higman, Bridget Brereton, Unesco (illustrated ed.). UNESCO. p. 228.
1917:
Shibata, Yoshiko (2006), "Searching for a Niche, Creolizing Religious Tradition: Negotiation and Reconstruction of Ethnicity among Chinese in Jamaica", in Kumar, P. Pratap (ed.),
176:. Early migrants came in the 19th century; there was another moment of migration in the 1980s and 1990s. Many of the descendants of early migrants have moved abroad, primarily to
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traditional practices persisted well into the 20th century, most evident at the Chinese Cemetery, where families would go to clean their ancestors' graves during the
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the spirit and gambling laws" (peaka-pow). Waison's threats were drastic. He advocated extreme violence against Chinese, "that their shops will be burnt down".
220:, but nothing came of it. The two earliest ships of Chinese migrant workers to Jamaica arrived in 1854, the first directly from China, the second composed of
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entrepreneurs who set up textile factories on the island targeting the U.S. market and often brought in migrant workers from China to staff their ventures.
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352:(華僑公報). It continued publication until 1956, and was revived in 1975. The Chinese Freemasons also published their own handwritten weekly newspaper, the
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Barnes, Natasha B. (1997), "Face of the Nation: Race, Nationalisms, and Identities in Jamaican Beauty Pageants", in López Springfield, Consuelo (ed.),
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launched their careers; it remains common to see Chinese surnames in the liner notes of reggae music, attesting to the continuing influence.
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348:(中華商報), was founded in 1930 by Zheng Yongkang; five years later, it was taken over by the Chinese Benevolent Association, who renamed it
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were active in organizing plantation workers in the 1880s; however, the first formal Chinese organization in Jamaica was a branch of the
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related to migrants' places of origin in China were not very influential among migrants to Jamaica. Some secret societies such as the
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Assimilation has taken place through generations and few Chinese Jamaicans can speak Chinese today; most of them speak English or
2008:
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Lai, Walton Look (2005), "Images of the Chinese in West Indian History", in Anderson, Wanni Wibulswasdi; Lee, Robert G. (eds.),
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and many can trace their origin to the indentured Chinese laborers who came to Jamaica in the mid-19th to early 20th centuries.
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1109:. Vol. 22 of McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history (illustrated ed.). McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 171.
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1273:"Looking In, Looking Out: Chinese Caribbean Diaspora through Literature--Meiling Jin, Patricia Powell, Jan Lowe Shinebourne"
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due to language barriers, they have little connection to the more assimilated segments of the Chinese Jamaican community.
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in the front; the ground floor is occupied by the Jamaican-Chinese Historical Museum. The building has been featured on a
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1185:. Vol. 7, Issue 1 of Immigrants & minorities (illustrated ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 156.
425:, Syrians and Cubans, Chinese entrepreneurs were ready targets for the frustrations of some of the local Jamaican poor.
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stores and 95% of supermarkets, along with extensive holdings in other sectors such as laundries and betting parlours.
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Li, Anshan. "Survival, Adaptation, and Integration: Origins and Development of the Chinese Community in Jamaica". In
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can also be found in the Chinese Jamaican community, but other denominations which are widespread in Jamaica such as
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Along with other immigrant ethnic groups to Jamaica that had made significant entrepreneurial achievements such as
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Simms, Tanya (2012). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow".
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360:, started in 1940, was the first English-language newspaper for the Chinese community. The local branch of the
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1151:. Vol. 7, Issue 1 of Immigrants & minorities (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 101.
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Lee, Russell (1998), "The Chinese Retail Grocery Trade in Jamaica", in Wang, Ling-chi; Wang, Gungwu (eds.),
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Frederic Gomes Cassidy; Robert Brock Le Page (2002). Frederic Gomes Cassidy; Robert Brock Le Page (eds.).
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Bryan, Patrick (1996), "The Creolization of the Chinese Community in Jamaica", in Reddock, Rhoda (ed.),
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General History of the Caribbean: The long nineteenth century : nineteenth-century transformations
301:. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, there was a new wave of Chinese migration to Jamaica, consisting of
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Christianity has become the dominant religion among Chinese Jamaicans; they primarily adhere to the
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pageant for fear of racial controversy. However, this informal colour line was broken in 1973, when
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Bouknight-Davis, Gail. "Chinese Economic Development and Ethnic Identity Formation in Jamaica". In
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According to one study, approximately 4% of Jamaican men have a direct Chinese paternal ancestor.
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869:"2011 Census of Population & Housing, Population by sex and Ethnic Origin by Parish (P. 72)"
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281:. By 1963, the Chinese had a virtual monopoly on retail trade in Jamaica, controlling 90% of
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241:. This third wave of migrants would go on to bring more of their relatives over from China.
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in what was often organised as a communal activity by the CBA (referred to in English as
1741:"Patriots player Patrick Chung visits Boston Chinatown Neighborhood Center – Sampan.org"
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911:"Out of Many, One People: Chinese-Jamaicans Treasure Their Roots And Their Communities"
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538:. The Chinese food culture has survived to a large degree among this group of people.
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Despite an old census record stating a "Chinese Painter" named Isaak Lawson lived in
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Violence and politics in Jamaica, 1960-70: internal security in a developing country
1716:"Asian-American Heritage Week: Multi-Ethnic Family Works To Maintain Asian Heritage"
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entered and earned the Miss Jamaica title in 1973, going on to place third in the
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Bryan, Patrick (2004). "The Settlement of the Chinese in Jamaica: 1854: c.1970".
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507:. The trend of Chinese Jamaican involvement in reggae began in the 1960s with
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375:, initially organized as a fundraiser for the CBA. It came to be supported by
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1691:"Asian-American Heritage Week: Chinese Jamaicans Help Reggae Music Evolve"
1216:
Lai, Walton Look (2013). "Asian Indentured Immigration to the Caribbean".
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After the Crossing: Immigrants and Minorities in Caribbean Creole Society
371:
Prior to Jamaican independence, there was an annual Miss Chinese Jamaica
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580: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1983:, vol. 2, Singapore: Times Academic Publisher, pp. 112–130,
723:, billionaire businessman, philanthropist and the chairman and CEO of
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Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838-1900
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category of "Chinese coloured" (mixed Chinese and African descent).
2185:
2003:
364:(Chinese Nationalist Party) also began publishing their own paper,
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Jamaicans can be found outside Jamaica primarily in locales like
1874:
The Chinese in the West Indies, 1806-1995: a documentary history
2189:
2012:
687:, guitarist and percussionist for notable Jamaican music groups
1808:
Daughters of Caliban: Caribbean women in the twentieth century
549:
172:
ancestry, which include descendants of migrants from China to
530:
as their first language. The vast majority have anglicized
203:, St. James, in the year 1774, most Chinese Jamaicans are
1965:, University of the West Indies Press, pp. 173–272,
244:
Early Chinese migrants, largely male, often entered into
503:
Chinese Jamaicans have also affected the development of
1767:
https://twitter.com/sarahcpr/status/1378106433590460418
455:
Early Chinese migrants to Jamaica brought elements of
774:, creator of the Tom the Great Sebastian sound system
344:
The first Chinese-language newspaper in Jamaica, the
1041:. University of the West Indies Press. p. 103.
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Displacements and diasporas: Asians in the Americas
135:
107:
83:
39:
29:
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100:; recent immigrants and businesspeople also speak
1179:Alena Heitlinger (1999). Alena Heitlinger (ed.).
1069:Franklin W. Knight; K. O. Laurence, eds. (2011).
1585:"Conflicts with the Chinese revisited – Columns"
229:, most of these migrants were Hakka people from
1007:
1810:, Indiana University Press, pp. 285–306,
2201:
2024:
1368:
1366:
1145:Howard Johnson (1988). Howard Johnson (ed.).
904:
902:
900:
786:, musician, record producer, and entrepreneur
8:
1894:, Rutgers University Press, pp. 54–77,
967:
965:
459:with them, most exemplified by the altar to
24:
1182:Émigré Feminism: Transnational Perspectives
481:Protestantism of the majority establishment
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2017:
2009:
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1218:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
511:, his wife Patricia Chin, and their label
23:
2785:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
1288:
1277:Journal of Transnational American Studies
1018:
1016:
936:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
596:Learn how and when to remove this message
398:Republic of China's Ministry of Education
1544:Limited, Jamaica Observer (April 2014).
3196:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
1677:
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1629:
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744:, journalist, writer, and businesswoman
1963:Ethnic Minorities in Caribbean Society
1909:
1825:
1783:
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1600:
1590:
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1555:
1546:"Conflicts with the Chinese revisited"
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1432:
1420:
1408:
1309:Tortello, Rebecca (1 September 2003),
750:, recording artist, producer and actor
1981:The Chinese Diaspora: Selected Essays
1531:
1519:
1345:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1211:
1209:
7:
578:adding citations to reliable sources
40:Regions with significant populations
1919:Religious Pluralism in the Diaspora
1333:
1022:
983:
3242:Jamaican people of Chinese descent
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1480:
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1396:
1384:
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995:
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623:, model, actress and businesswoman
14:
3227:Chinese diaspora in the Caribbean
1876:, University of the West Indies,
909:Hemlock, Doreen (17 April 2005),
400:and that Chinese was the primary
2040:
823:
809:
554:
1935:Wilson, Andrew R., ed. (2004),
1837:, Manchester University Press,
565:needs additional citations for
1271:Misrahi-Barak, Judith (2012).
1250:10.1080/00086495.2004.11672230
1038:Dictionary of Jamaican English
768:, record artist and songwriter
1:
784:Byron Lee and the Dragonaires
271:nationalist movement in India
184:. Most Chinese Jamaicans are
16:Jamaicans of Chinese ancestry
2341:Democratic Republic of Congo
1939:, Markus Wiener Publishers,
1937:The Chinese in the Caribbean
1863:(8/9): 49–51, archived from
1311:"The Arrival of the Chinese"
3237:Chinese diaspora by country
1853:"The people from Kwangtung"
1583:Limited, Jamaica Observer.
269:, who was then leading the
222:onward migrants from Panama
3258:
1857:Trinidad and Tobago Review
681:, American football player
448:
3222:Asian diaspora in Jamaica
3190:
2172:
1921:, Brill, pp. 51–72,
1872:Lai, Walton Look (1998),
1851:Lai, Walton Look (1993),
1238:Caribbean Quarterly: Mona
839:Caribbean–China relations
140:
112:
88:
44:
34:
3232:Ethnic groups in Jamaica
515:, where artists such as
146:Ethnic Chinese in Panama
124:) with some elements of
1103:Brian L. Moore (1995).
844:China–Jamaica relations
651:label founder and owner
321:communities elsewhere,
313:Community organizations
647:, record producer and
534:and many have Chinese
339:Jamaican postage stamp
1833:Lacey, Terry (1977),
725:Portland Holdings Inc
457:Chinese folk religion
413:Interethnic relations
402:medium of instruction
335:guardian lion statues
323:hometown associations
136:Related ethnic groups
126:Chinese folk religion
2949:United Arab Emirates
2841:Straits-Born Chinese
1008:Bouknight-Davis 2004
717:, actress and author
699:, actress and author
574:improve this article
509:Vincent "Randy" Chin
418:business practices.
35:50,228 (2011 census)
3194:overseas department
2500:Trinidad and Tobago
2004:ChineseJamaican.com
1315:The Jamaica Gleaner
1220:. pp. 595–599.
792:, ice hockey player
762:, model and actress
499:Cultural syncretism
451:Religion in Jamaica
356:(民治周刊) until 1956.
218:Trinidad and Tobago
26:
3202:Hong Kong Diaspora
2470:Dominican Republic
1747:on 5 February 2015
1603:has generic name (
1568:has generic name (
1447:, pp. 301–302
1290:10.5070/T841012836
948:10.1002/ajpa.22090
849:Chinese Caribbeans
732:, Cabinet minister
669:, Cabinet Minister
366:The Chung San News
346:Zhonghua Shang Bao
154:Jamaican Canadians
150:Jamaican Americans
3209:
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2957:
2956:
2836:Chinese nationals
2763:Peranakan Chinese
2665:
2664:
2578:by city and state
2574:
2567:
2533:
2526:
2439:
2438:
2346:Republic of Congo
2183:
2182:
1990:978-981-210-093-1
1972:978-976-618-024-9
1946:978-1-55876-315-9
1928:978-90-04-15250-2
1912:, pp. 41–68.
1901:978-0-8135-3611-8
1883:978-976-640-021-7
1844:978-0-7190-0633-3
1828:, pp. 69–93.
1817:978-0-253-33249-3
1782:Missing or empty
778:Henry Vernon Wong
756:, Football player
663:, Football player
657:, record producer
635:, record producer
606:
605:
598:
466:Qingming Festival
317:In comparison to
246:common-law unions
195:Migration history
162:Chinese Jamaicans
159:
158:
25:Chinese Jamaicans
3249:
3172:Papua New Guinea
3142:
3043:
2966:
2674:
2570:
2563:
2537:British Columbia
2529:
2522:
2448:
2228:
2217:Overseas Chinese
2210:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2010:
1993:
1975:
1949:
1931:
1913:
1904:
1886:
1868:
1847:
1829:
1820:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1743:. Archived from
1737:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:, pp. 58–59
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1620:, pp. 55–56
1615:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1550:Jamaica Observer
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1483:, pp. 49–50
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1233:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
960:
959:
931:
925:
924:
923:
921:
906:
895:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
865:
833:
828:
827:
826:
819:
814:
813:
812:
798:, bass guitarist
721:Michael Lee-Chin
711:, music producer
601:
594:
590:
587:
581:
558:
550:
479:rather than the
319:Overseas Chinese
90:Jamaican English
30:Total population
27:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3186:
3124:
3083:
3057:
2990:
2953:
2922:
2891:
2768:Bangka-Belitung
2758:Benteng Chinese
2719:
2693:
2661:
2610:
2584:
2504:
2435:
2350:
2324:
2293:
2257:
2219:
2214:
2184:
2179:
2168:
2125:
2089:
2077:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2000:
1991:
1978:
1973:
1960:
1957:
1955:Further reading
1952:
1947:
1934:
1929:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1889:
1884:
1871:
1850:
1845:
1832:
1823:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1781:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:, pp. 64–5
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1554:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1298:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
963:
933:
932:
928:
919:
917:
908:
907:
898:
891:
887:
877:
875:
867:
866:
862:
857:
829:
824:
822:
815:
810:
808:
805:
661:Cornel Chin-Sue
655:Herman Chin Loy
602:
591:
585:
582:
571:
559:
548:
528:Jamaican Patois
501:
477:Catholic Church
453:
447:
415:
368:(中山報) in 1953.
350:Huaqiao Gongbao
315:
256:When black and
197:
94:Jamaican Patois
78:Saint Catherine
62:Kingston Parish
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:from Hong Kong
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:Czech Republic
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3045:from Hong Kong
3039:United Kingdom
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2565:from Hong Kong
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2527:
2524:from Hong Kong
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1998:External links
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1976:
1971:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1932:
1927:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1887:
1882:
1869:
1867:on 12 May 2013
1848:
1843:
1830:
1821:
1816:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1758:
1732:
1707:
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1338:
1326:
1296:
1263:
1223:
1205:
1191:
1171:
1157:
1137:
1115:
1095:
1082:978-9231033582
1081:
1061:
1047:
1027:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
961:
942:(4): 618–631.
926:
896:
885:
859:
858:
856:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
835:
834:
820:
817:Jamaica portal
804:
801:
800:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
766:Kreesha Turner
763:
757:
754:Rachelle Smith
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
718:
712:
706:
703:Vincent HoSang
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
642:
636:
630:
624:
621:Naomi Campbell
618:
615:Tyson Beckford
612:
604:
603:
562:
560:
553:
547:
546:Notable people
544:
500:
497:
446:
443:
414:
411:
354:Minzhi Zhoukan
314:
311:
279:Chinese Cubans
214:British Guiana
196:
193:
157:
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138:
137:
133:
132:
110:
109:
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86:
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42:
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37:
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20:
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4:
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2:
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2607:
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2599:
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2587:
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2569:
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2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:United States
2557:
2555:
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2542:
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2535:
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2528:
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2427:
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2420:
2417:
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2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
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2383:
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2353:
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2244:
2241:
2239:
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2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1910:Wilson (2004)
1906:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1826:Wilson (2004)
1822:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1789:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1722:, 11 May 2007
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1697:, 15 May 2007
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1435:, p. 300
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:, p. 299
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:, p. 297
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1336:, p. 287
1335:
1330:
1327:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1282:
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295:New York City
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250:Afro-Jamaican
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2419:Johannesburg
2414:South Africa
2401:
2174:
2100:
1980:
1962:
1936:
1918:
1891:
1873:
1865:the original
1860:
1856:
1834:
1807:
1799:Bibliography
1784:|title=
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1735:
1724:, retrieved
1719:
1710:
1699:, retrieved
1694:
1685:
1678:Shibata 2006
1673:
1668:, p. 56
1661:
1656:, p. 57
1654:Shibata 2006
1649:
1642:Shibata 2006
1637:
1632:, p. 52
1630:Shibata 2006
1625:
1618:Shibata 2006
1613:
1578:
1549:
1539:
1534:, p. 14
1527:
1522:, p. 86
1515:
1510:, p. 58
1508:Shibata 2006
1495:, p. 50
1488:
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1471:, p. 49
1464:
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1399:, p. 51
1392:
1387:, p. 47
1380:
1375:, p. 52
1360:, p. 53
1353:
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1341:
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1314:
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1241:
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1105:
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1037:
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1025:, p. 50
1010:, p. 83
1003:
998:, p. 43
991:
986:, p. 47
979:
974:, p. 44
939:
935:
929:
918:, retrieved
915:Sun-Sentinel
914:
893:Shibata 2006
888:
876:. Retrieved
872:
863:
831:China portal
790:Josh Ho-Sang
760:Karin Taylor
697:Ayesha Curry
691:Sarah Cooper
675:, Footballer
667:Delroy Chuck
645:Vincent Chin
592:
583:
572:Please help
567:verification
564:
540:
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381:Miss Jamaica
376:
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316:
287:
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258:Indian women
255:
243:
198:
190:
161:
160:
142:Hakka people
114:Christianity
74:Saint Thomas
54:Westmoreland
46:Saint Andrew
21:Ethnic group
18:
3167:New Zealand
3034:Netherlands
2858:Phuket Baba
2819:Philippines
2790:Sino-Native
2572:from Taiwan
2531:from Taiwan
2490:Puerto Rico
2106:East Indian
1601:|last=
1566:|last=
1445:Barnes 1997
1433:Barnes 1997
1421:Barnes 1997
1409:Barnes 1997
780:, physicist
715:Robinne Lee
709:Leslie Kong
685:Mikey Chung
627:Ashley Chin
532:given names
201:Montego Bay
122:Anglicanism
118:Catholicism
116:(primarily
50:Saint James
3216:Categories
2903:Bangladesh
2870:Minh Hương
2748:East Timor
2689:Kyrgyzstan
2684:Kazakhstan
2596:Costa Rica
2409:Seychelles
2392:Mozambique
2377:Madagascar
2269:Cape Verde
2063:Coromantee
1751:3 December
1532:Lacey 1977
1520:Lacey 1977
1346:Lacey 1977
1192:0802078990
1158:0714633577
1116:077351354X
1048:9766401276
855:References
736:Nicole Lyn
693:, comedian
673:Mark Chung
649:VP Records
633:Clive Chin
586:April 2021
517:Beenie Man
513:VP Records
449:See also:
389:Miss World
385:Patsy Yuen
377:The Pagoda
362:Kuomintang
358:The Pagoda
331:Freemasons
327:Hongmenhui
70:Saint Mary
58:Manchester
3140:Australia
2918:Sri Lanka
2831:Singapore
2753:Indonesia
2724:Southeast
2657:Venezuela
2622:Argentina
2601:Nicaragua
2541:Vancouver
2452:Caribbean
2387:Mauritius
2047:Jamaicans
1726:30 August
1701:30 August
1320:30 August
1258:160559961
1125:0846-8869
920:26 August
873:issuu.com
796:Phil Chen
748:Sean Paul
738:, actress
730:Rose Leon
610:Supa Dups
521:Sean Paul
485:Anglicans
461:Lord Guan
307:Taiwanese
303:Hong Kong
283:dry goods
248:with the
166:Jamaicans
84:Languages
3198:See also
3095:Bulgaria
3074:Portugal
3062:Southern
2969:Northern
2913:Pakistan
2853:Chin Haw
2848:Thailand
2780:Malaysia
2736:Cambodia
2715:Mongolia
2647:Suriname
2495:Suriname
2444:Americas
2431:Zimbabwe
2367:Botswana
2355:Southern
2336:Cameroon
2315:Tanzania
2305:Ethiopia
2159:Scottish
2121:Lebanese
2111:Japanese
2082:Americas
1775:cite web
1593:cite web
1558:cite web
1334:Lai 1998
1023:Lai 1993
984:Lai 1998
956:22576450
878:12 April
803:See also
772:Tom Wong
641:, Singer
536:surnames
445:Religion
423:Lebanese
231:Dongguan
180:and the
130:Buddhism
108:Religion
102:Mandarin
66:Trelawny
3133:Oceania
3105:Romania
3088:Eastern
3029:Ireland
3024:Hungary
3019:Germany
3002:Belgium
2995:Western
2981:Finland
2976:Denmark
2885:San Diu
2865:Vietnam
2824:Sangley
2807:Panthay
2797:Myanmar
2741:Hokkien
2677:Central
2652:Uruguay
2589:Central
2547:Toronto
2485:Jamaica
2403:Réunion
2397:Namibia
2372:Lesotho
2329:Central
2289:Senegal
2284:Nigeria
2253:Morocco
2238:Algeria
2164:Spanish
2139:English
2101:Chinese
2073:Maroons
1720:NY1.com
1695:NY1.com
1666:Li 2004
1493:Li 2004
1481:Li 2004
1469:Li 2004
1457:Li 2004
1397:Li 2004
1385:Li 2004
1373:Li 2004
1358:Li 2004
996:Li 2004
972:Li 2004
629:, actor
617:, model
489:Baptist
470:Gah San
373:pageant
291:Toronto
235:Huiyang
227:Sze Yup
210:Jamaica
174:Jamaica
170:Chinese
3157:Hawaii
3120:Turkey
3115:Serbia
3110:Russia
3051:London
3007:France
2986:Sweden
2962:Europe
2944:Turkey
2939:Israel
2802:Kokang
2731:Brunei
2637:Guyana
2627:Brazil
2606:Panama
2554:Mexico
2518:Canada
2475:Guyana
2460:Belize
2426:Zambia
2382:Malawi
2362:Angola
2320:Uganda
2224:Africa
2176:Portal
2149:German
2144:French
2131:Europe
2055:Africa
1987:
1969:
1943:
1925:
1898:
1880:
1841:
1814:
1256:
1198:1 June
1189:
1164:1 June
1155:
1130:1 June
1123:
1113:
1088:1 June
1079:
1054:1 June
1045:
954:
505:reggae
267:Gandhi
239:Bao'an
178:Canada
3182:Tonga
3177:Samoa
3162:Palau
3079:Spain
3069:Italy
3012:Paris
2908:India
2896:South
2812:Pashu
2710:Korea
2705:Japan
2632:Chile
2615:South
2510:North
2480:Haiti
2310:Kenya
2274:Ghana
2248:Libya
2243:Egypt
2231:North
2154:Irish
2087:Taíno
1283:(1).
1254:S2CID
205:Hakka
186:Hakka
98:Hakka
3152:Fiji
2934:Iran
2927:West
2880:Nùng
2875:Ngái
2775:Laos
2698:East
2670:Asia
2642:Peru
2465:Cuba
2298:East
2279:Mali
2262:West
2094:Asia
2068:Igbo
1985:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1788:help
1753:2014
1728:2010
1703:2010
1605:help
1570:help
1322:2010
1200:2015
1187:ISBN
1166:2015
1153:ISBN
1132:2015
1121:ISSN
1111:ISBN
1090:2015
1077:ISBN
1056:2015
1043:ISBN
952:PMID
922:2010
880:2020
519:and
305:and
297:and
237:and
216:and
164:are
120:and
3192:An
2116:Jew
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