Agriculture in China - Knowledge (XXG)

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introduction of the curved mould-board and other new principles of design in the + 18th century. Though the mould-board plough first appeared in Europe in early medieval, if not in late Roman, times, pre-eighteenth century mould-boards were usually wooden and straight (Fig. 59). The enormous labour involved in pulling such a clumsy construction necessitated large plough-teams, and this meant that large areas of land had to be reserved as pasture. In China, where much less animal power was required, it was not necessary to maintain the mixed arable-pasture economy typical of Europe: fallows could be reduced and the arable area expanded, and a considerably larger population could be supported than on the same amount of land in Europe.

620: 1890: 370: 604: 2189: 1937:. Because a lack of information flows through them, farmers find it difficult to foresee the demand for different types of fruits and vegetables. In order to maximize their profits they, therefore, opt to produce those fruits and vegetables that created the highest revenues for farmers in the region in the previous year. If, however, most farmers do so, this causes the supply of fresh products to fluctuate substantially year on year. Relatively scarce products in one year are produced in excess the following year because of expected higher 785:. This rapid embrace of organic farming simultaneously serves multiple purposes, including food safety, health benefits, export opportunities, and, by providing price premiums for the produce of rural communities, the adoption of organics can help stem the migration of rural workers to the cities. In the mid-1990s China became a net importer of grain, since its unsustainable practises of groundwater mining has effectively removed considerable land from productive agricultural use. 1088: 596: 49: 849:. Such "suburban agriculture" led to more than 70% of non-staple food in Beijing, mainly consisting of vegetables and milk, to be produced by the city itself in the 1960s and 1970s. Recently, with relative food security in China, periurban agriculture has led to improvements in the quality of the food available, as opposed to quantity. One of the more recent experiments in urban agriculture is the Modern Agricultural Science Demonstration Park in 862: 2175: 827: 2029: 802: 767:

burden of maintaining these prices on the government. In 1995, the "Governor's Grain Bag Responsibility System" was instituted, holding provincial governors responsible for balancing grain supply and demand and stabilizing grain prices in their provinces. Later, in 1997, the "Four Separations and One Perfection" program was implemented to relieve some of the monetary burdens placed on the government by its grain policy.

873: 4150: 289: 30: 4160: 486:, by 1250, 75% of the population lived south of the river. Such large-scale internal migration was possible due to the introduction of quick-ripening strains of rice from Vietnam suitable for multi-cropping. This is also possibly the result of Northern China falling to invaders. With the hardships that come from conflict, many Chinese may have moved South to not starve. 612: 1999:. Flooding decreased the yields of rice by 8% over the last 20 years. As China is the biggest food producer and importer in the world, what happens in the agricultural sector of China has an immediate effect on the global food system. China increased its grain self sufficiency by expanding agriculture areas to regions with less rain, giving them water with 740: 1989:

negative influences, causing a reduction of output in wheat, rice, and corn, and change the agricultural distribution of production. China is also dealing with agricultural issues due global demands of products such as soybeans. This global demand is causing coupled effects that stretch across oceans which in turn is affecting other countries.

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seeds, and other essentials. Households, which now lease land from their collectives, are free to use their farmland however they see fit as long as they meet these quotas. This freedom has given more power to individual families to meet their individual needs. In addition to these structural changes, the Chinese government also engages in

2076:(WTO) on December 11, 2001, leading to reduced or eliminated tariffs on much of China's agricultural exports. Due to the resulting opening of international markets to Chinese agriculture, by 2004 the value of China's agricultural exports exceeded $ 17.3 billion (US). Since China's inclusion in the WTO, its agricultural trade has not been 519: 1945:

cannot sell these rotten fruits they pay farmers less than they would if able to sell all or most of the fruits and vegetables. This reduces farmer's revenues although the problem is caused by post-production inefficiencies, which they are not themselves aware of during price negotiations with intermediaries.

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Oil seeds are important in Chinese agriculture, supplying edible and industrial oils and forming a large share of agricultural exports. In North and Northeast China, Chinese soybeans are grown to be used in tofu and cooking oil. China is also a leading producer of peanuts, which are grown in Shandong

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campaign, the Family Production Responsibility System was created, dismantling communes and giving agricultural production responsibility back to individual households. Households are now given crop quotas that they were required to provide to their collective unit in return for tools, draft animals,

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These information and transportation problems highlight inefficiencies in the market mechanisms between farmers and end-consumers, impeding farmers from taking advantage of the fast development of the rest of the Chinese economy. The resulting small profit margin does not allow them to invest in the

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As of 2011, China was both the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products. However, the researcher Lin Erda has stated a projected fall of possibly 14% to 23% by 2050 due to water shortages and other impacts by climate change; China has increased the budget for agriculture by 20%

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By 1984, when about 99% of farm production teams had adopted the Family Production Responsibility System, the government began further economic reforms, aimed primarily at liberalizing agricultural pricing and marketing. In 1984, the government replaced mandatory procurement with voluntary contracts

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and other international trade routes further spread farming technology throughout China. Political stability and a growing labor force led to economic growth, and people opened up large areas of wasteland and built irrigation works for expanded agricultural use. As land-use became more intensive and

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and the carcinogenic-tainted seafood import restriction, leading to measures such as the "China-free" label. In the milk scandal in China in 2008, many children became ill due to consumption of melamine-contaminated milk products, and a number of domestic dairy brands were found to contain melamine

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Since 1994, the government has instituted a number of policy changes aimed at limiting grain importation and increasing economic stability. Among these policy changes was the artificial increase of grain prices above market levels. This has led to increased grain production, while placing the heavy

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China's limited space for farming has been a problem throughout its history, leading to chronic food shortage and famine. While the production efficiency of farmland has grown over time, efforts to expand to the west and the north have met with limited success, as such land is generally colder and

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Although China's agricultural output is the largest in the world, only 10% of its total land area can be cultivated. China's arable land, which represents 10% of the total arable land in the world, supports over 20% of the world's population. Of this approximately 1.4 million square kilometers of

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While most years China's agricultural production is sufficient to feed the country, in down years, China has to import grain. Due to the shortage of available farm land and an abundance of labor, it might make more sense to import land-extensive crops (such as wheat and rice) and to save China's

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Efficiency is further impaired in the transportation of agricultural products from the farms to the actual markets. According to figures from the Commerce Department, up to 25% of fruits and vegetables rot before being sold, compared to around 5% in a typical developed country. As intermediaries

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production has experienced a rapid expansion in the 2010s, largely attributed to the booming domestic market due to the heightened food safety problem. In many cases, organic food production is organized by organic food companies leasing land from small scale farmers. Farmers' cooperatives and

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China has developed a Green Food program where produce is certified for low pesticide input. This has been articulated into Green food Grade A and Grade AA. This Green Food AA standard has been aligned with IFOAM international standards for organic farming and has formed the basis of the rapid

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The negative effects on China's agriculture caused by climate change have appeared. There was an increase in agricultural production instability, severe damages caused by high temperature and drought, and lower production and quality in the prairie. In the near future, climate change may cause

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necessary agricultural inputs (machinery, seeds, fertilizers, etc.) to raise their productivity and improve their standards of living, from which the whole of the Chinese economy would benefit. This in turn increases the exodus of people from the countryside to the cities, which already face

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contract farming are also found to be common organizational structures of organic farming in China. The Chinese government has provided various policy and financial supports for the development of the organic sector. In recent years, non-certified organic production in diverse forms such as

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Chinese ploughs from Han times on fulfil all these conditions of efficiency nicely, which is presumably why the standard Han plough team consisted of two animals only, and later teams usually of a single animal, rather than the four, six or eight draught animals common in Europe before the

684:, resulting in the deaths of somewhere between the government estimate of 14 million to scholarly estimates of 20 to 43 million. Although private plots of land were re-instated in 1962 due to this failure, communes remained the dominant rural unit of economic organization during the 1901:

Throughout China's history, its relative lack of arable land has been a challenge. China has about 22% of the world population, but must feed it with only 9% of the world's arable land. China's water resources are likewise limited, as it has only 6% of the world's water supply.

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arable land, only about 1.2% (116,580 square kilometers) permanently supports crops and 525,800 square kilometers are irrigated. The land is divided into approximately 200 million households, with an average land allocation of just 0.65 hectares (1.6 acres).

199:; a ratio that changed to 99% by 2050-1550 BCE. Experiments have shown that millet requires very little human intervention to grow, which means that obvious changes in the archaeological record that could demonstrate millet was being cultivated do not exist. 2088:

within China are still relatively closed-off to foreign companies. Due to its large and growing population, it is speculated that if its agricultural markets were opened, China would become a consistent net importer of food, possibly destabilizing the

2064:, however, the Chinese government has enforced policies that encourage grain production at the expense of more-profitable crops. Despite heavy restrictions on crop production, China's agricultural exports have greatly increased in recent years. 1941:. The resulting excess supply, however, forces farmers to reduce their prices and sell at a loss. The scarce, revenue creating products of one year become the over-abundant, loss-making products in the following, and vice versa. 2129: 1460:

in 2009, and continues to support energy efficiency measures, renewable technology, and other efforts with investments, such as the over 30% green component of the $ 586bn fiscal stimulus package announced in November 2008.

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between farmers and the government. Later, in 1993, the government abolished the 40-year-old grain rationing system, leading to more than 90 percent of all annual agricultural produce to be sold at market-determined prices.

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and other contaminants and misuse of veterinary drugs had led to trade restrictions with some nations such as Japan, the United States, and the European Union. These problems have also led to public outcry, such as in the

1233:, the breeding of fish in ponds and lakes, accounts for more than half of its output. The principal aquaculture-producing regions are close to urban markets in the middle and lower Yangtze valley and the Zhu Jiang delta. 1206:

Increased incomes and increased demand for meat, especially pork, has resulted in demand for improved breeds of livestock, breeding stock imported particularly from the United States. Some of these breeds are adapted to

2093:. The barriers enforced by the Chinese government on grains are not transparent because China's state trading in grains is conducted through its Cereal, Oil, and Foodstuffs Importing and Exporting Corporation (COFCO). 238:

and spade-like tools made of stone and bone. Evidence of settled rice agriculture has been found at the Hemudu site of Tianluoshan (5000-4500 BCE), with rice becoming the backbone of the agricultural economy by the

5190: 639:. In 1952, gradually consolidating its power following the civil war, the government began organizing the peasants into teams. Three years later, these teams were combined into producer cooperatives, enacting the 649:

was a factor in the most important change in Chinese agriculture in the dramatic increase in irrigated land during the early and mid-1950s. Collectivization also helped facilitate the labor-intensive practice of

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made an extensive tour of China (as well as Japan and briefly Korea) and he described contemporary agricultural practices. He favourably described the farming of China as 'permanent agriculture' and his book

392:(202 BC-220 AD). Although it found other purposes, its main function was to pound, decorticate, and polish grain that otherwise would have been done manually. The Chinese also innovated the square-pallet 1202:

in the year of the survey, 2002), they sold over 92,000 tons of turtles (around 128 million animals) per year; this is thought to correspond to the industrial total of over 300 million turtles per year.

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being the most common. China's pig population and pork production mainly lie along the Yangtze River. In 2011, Sichuan province had 51 million pigs (11% of China's total supply). In rural western China,

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goal of collective land ownership. In the following year, 1956, the government formally took control of the land, further structuring the farmland into large government-operated collective farms.

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Terazono, Emiko (3 November 2014) "Chinese coffee trade full of beans", The Financial Times, page 17, Companies and markets, a similar article is available on the Internet with a subscription at

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and other food crops, and is expected to become the top importer of farm products within the next decade. In a speech in September 2020, CCP leader Xi Jinping lamented the country's reliance on

5975: 2531: 3728: 3573: 2661: 261:) as an alternative to more severe corporal punishment like tattooing or cutting off a foot. Some scholars believe the four or five year limits on these hard labor sentences began with 5083: 1251:

greatly increased agricultural production through organizational and technological improvements. As of at least 2022, China produces almost all of its own food and non-soybean feed.

195:. The amount of domesticated millet eaten at these sites was proportionally quite low compared to other plants. At Xinglonggou, millet made up only 15% of all plant remains around 5427: 5122: 6116: 3443: 5230: 3482: 5155: 5041: 2869: 2686: 5046: 5105: 1957: 770:

As China continues to industrialize, vast swaths of agricultural land are being converted into industrial land. Farmers displaced by such urban expansion often become

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As of 2023, approximately 40% of China's workforce is engaged in farming, primarily at small scale. Agricultural production accounts for less than 9% of China's GDP.

307:. However, throughout its history, various methods have been developed or imported that enabled greater farming production and efficiency. They also utilized the 5651: 2421:

Zong, Y; When, Z; Innes, JB; Chen, C; Wang, Z; Wang, H (2007). "Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China".

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Scott, Steffanie; Si, Zhenzhong; Schumilas, Theresa and Chen, Aijuan. (2018). Organic Food and Farming in China: Top-down and Bottom-up Ecological Initiatives

4546: 4556: 778:, but other farmers feel disenfranchised and cheated by the encroachment of industry and the growing disparity between urban and rural wealth and income. 4886: 3759: 4265: 3706: 635:, control of the farmlands was taken away from landlords and redistributed to the 300 million peasant farmers, including purges of landlords during the 845:'s increase from 4,822 km (1,862 sq mi) in 1956 to 16,808 km (6,490 sq mi) in 1958, has led to the increased adoption of 818:

drier than traditional farmlands to the east. Since the 1950s, farm space has also been pressured by the increasing land needs of industry and cities.

3613: 3133: 5225: 5210: 5110: 4967: 4925: 3435: 705: 3314: 4064: 4039: 3717: 662: 214:, whilst the other half were wild types of rice. It is possible that the people at Kuahuqiao also cultivated the wild type. Finds at sites of the 3402: 5980: 5131: 4459: 4196: 1102:, which is grown throughout, but especially in the areas of the North China Plain, the Yangtze river delta, the middle Yangtze valley, and the 5832: 5220: 4282: 4260: 4084: 3227: 2980: 2827: 2671: 2645: 2612: 2481: 2370: 968:

in the north (China is the largest producer of potatoes in the world), and various other fruits and vegetables. Tropical fruits are grown on

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Worldwide employment In agriculture, forestry and fishing in 2021. China has one of the highest number of people employed in these sectors.

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site in eastern China, have documented rice cultivation 7,700 years ago. Approximately half of the plant remains belonged to domesticated

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Despite rapid growth in output, the Chinese agricultural sector still faces several challenges. Farmers in several provinces, such as

1889: 369: 4529: 3344: 2003:. Now those fields are at risk from water shortage while the irrigation systems demand huge amounts of water what cause depletion of 1187:

has recently been encouraged by the government, even though approximately 92.3% of the adult population is affected by some level of

4940: 4917: 4881: 4737: 4732: 2717: 3164: 619: 603: 5908: 5903: 5678: 5215: 4871: 4277: 3874: 3490: 2532:"The making of an agricultural classic: Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, 1911–2011" 689: 269: 4125: 3034: 5898: 5646: 5390: 5319: 4876: 4604: 4571: 4444: 4252: 2884: 2180: 1930:

often have a hard time selling their agricultural products to customers due to a lack of information about current conditions.

584: 506: 444: 121: 3514:"Coping with the milk scandal: A staged approach to crisis communication strategies during China's largest food safety crisis" 5955: 5595: 3984: 3256: 2910: 2709: 249: 3332:

He said that some of the main areas of research should be to overcome the agricultural sector's reliance on imported seed...

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As demand for gourmet foods grows, production of more exotic meats increases as well. Based on survey data from 684 Chinese

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is China's most important crop, raised on about 25% of the cultivated area. The majority of rice is grown south of the

5985: 5863: 5848: 5455: 5412: 5348: 5331: 4727: 4237: 4034: 3999: 3954: 3375: 2222: 2212: 668:, land use was placed under closer government control in an effort to improve agricultural output. In particular, the 342:

of the 5th century BC are two of the oldest hydraulic engineers from China, and their works were focused on improving

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

3417: 2217: 965: 501:', published posthumously in 1911, has become an agricultural classic and has been a favoured reference source for 498: 4434: 4089: 3513: 3470:

Choices Article – Challenges for China's Agricultural Exports: Compliance with Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

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Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). "Chapter 6: Emergence of Social Inequality - the Middle Neolithic (5000-3000 BC)".

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Angus Maddison; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Development Centre (September 21, 2006).

2012: 1220: 3649: 6061: 5690: 5636: 5561: 5172: 5014: 4997: 4975: 4808: 4783: 4722: 4624: 4377: 4292: 4130: 4009: 4004: 3884: 3806: 3784: 3689: 3319: 3182:"China to plough extra 20% into agricultural production amid fears that climate change will spark food crisis." 2635: 2073: 1014:

is a major cash crop in southern China, with production scattered along and south of the Yangtze River valley.

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in many regions. The government of China is trying to address the problem by different measures like reducing

1041:. Tea plantations are located on the hillsides of the middle Yangtze Valley and in the southeast provinces of 672:

and mass eradication of sparrows had a direct negative impact on agriculture. Collectives were organized into

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23,000–19,500 years ago ground wild plants with the same tools that would later be used for millet and rice.

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ITC Report: China's Agricultural Trade: Competitive Conditions and Effects on U.S. Exports; March 22, 2011

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Community Development in Historical Perspectives: Tianjin from the Qing to the People's Republic of China

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Between the producing farmer in the countryside and the end-consumer in the cities there is a chain of

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The Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties had seen the rise of collective help organizations between farmers.

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Over the past 70 years, climate change seriously reduced China's food security, mainly by inducing

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is the second most-prevalent grain crop, grown in most parts of the country but especially on the

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has played a key role in supporting the growth of one of the largest populations in the world.

48: 6029: 6021: 5735: 5602: 5573: 5531: 5460: 5417: 5375: 5242: 5182: 4954: 4891: 4753: 4534: 4504: 4330: 3533: 3233: 3223: 2823: 2713: 2667: 2641: 2608: 2504: 2498: 2477: 2446: 2366: 2324: 2283:"Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China" 2112: 2000: 918: 877: 677: 632: 240: 157: 2732:

Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces,"

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is also emerging in China, often initiated by entrepreneurs or civil society organizations.

1521: 1168: 1058: 861: 743: 721: 254: 127: 3644: 479:(1271–1368), cotton planting and weaving technology were extensively adopted and improved. 412:, it was used largely to lift water from a lower to higher elevation in filling irrigation 5755: 5750: 5673: 5624: 5585: 5249: 4831: 4637: 4524: 3738:

Communiqués on Major Data of the Second National Agricultural Census of China (2006), No.

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Revolution and counterrevolution : China's continuing class struggle since liberation

3168: 3137: 2160: 2060:, such as fruits, nuts, or vegetables. In order to maintain grain independence and ensure 1208: 1156: 1015: 997: 826: 782: 651: 502: 304: 253:

some female prisoners in historic times were given the punishment to be "grain pounders" (

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to pull plows, and the other was the large-scale harnessing of rivers and development of

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in their products, leading many countries to ban the import of Chinese dairy products.

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instead of agriculture. The farming inefficiencies created by this campaign led to the

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Edited by Ashok Gulati and Shenggen Fan (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 367

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In the early 2000s, excessive pesticide residues, low food hygiene, unsafe additives,

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One important motivator of increased international trade was China's inclusion in the

872: 6176: 6121: 5868: 5702: 5541: 5343: 4664: 4652: 4494: 4355: 4153: 3545: 3260: 3038: 2108: 2061: 1938: 1126:, the practice of silkworm raising, is also practiced in central and southern China. 969: 930: 771: 725: 697: 355: 293: 176: 139: 101: 2965: 288: 29: 6161: 6046: 5918: 5883: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4469: 4464: 4454: 4372: 4367: 3676: 2739: 2458: 2194: 2156: 2151: 1964: 1934: 1528: 1054: 993: 693: 526: 476: 464: 405: 211: 17: 2914: 2361:

Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). "Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals".

272:. In his book Permanent Agriculture: Farmers of Forty Centuries (1911), Professor 3729:

Organic Food and Farming in China: Top-down and Bottom-up Ecological Initiatives.

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Farmers, Mao, and Discontent in China: From the Great Leap Forward to the Present

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are the most popular citrus in China, with roughly double the output of oranges.

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Organic Food and Farming in China: Top-down and Bottom-up Ecological Initiatives

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Organic Food and Farming in China: Top-down and Bottom-up Ecological Initiatives

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The Grand Scribe's Records, Volume X: Volume X: The Memoirs of Han China, Part 3

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The Cambridge World History Volume 2: A World With Agriculture 12,000 BCE-500 CE

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pulling on a system of mechanical wheels. Although the chain pump found use in

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Scott, Steffanie; Si, Zhenzhong; Schumilas, Theresa and Chen, Aijuan. (2018).

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Edited by Ashok Gulati and Shenggen Fan (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press

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The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India

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The Dragon and the Elephant: Agricultural and Rural Reforms in China and India

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China accounts for about one-third of the total fish production of the world.

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Such increases in the sizes of cities, such as the administrative district of

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Shi, Haitao; Parham, James F; Fan, Zhiyong; Hong, Meiling; Yin, Feng (2008).

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Liu, Li; Bestel, Sheahan; Shi, Jinming; Song, Yanhua; Chen, Xingcan (2013).

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The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age

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The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age

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described and extolled the values of the traditional farming practices of

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For agricultural purposes the Chinese had invented the hydraulic-powered

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Economic Reform and the Changing: Pattern of China's Agricultural Trade

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efficient, rice was grown twice a year and cattle began to be used for

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Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China

6093: 3713: 3315:"Xi Jinping calls on science to solve the big problems choking China" 2126:

About one tenth of China's farmland is contaminated with heavy metals

1846: 1832: 1669: 1605: 1598: 1570: 1496: 1306: 1180: 1164: 1099: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1042: 1011: 946: 900: 755: 701: 482:

While around 750, 75% of China's population lived north of the river

378: 235: 215: 168: 97: 93: 89: 81: 73: 69: 3195: 3193: 1881:

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.

599:

Development of agricultural output of China in 2015 US$ since 1961

4205: 2027: 1919: 1888: 1783: 1748: 1740: 1658: 1647: 1626: 1556: 1535: 1482: 1468: 1287: 1184: 1172: 1152: 1144: 1139: 1107: 1086: 973: 958: 942: 938: 914: 881: 871: 860: 834: 825: 800: 751: 747: 738: 618: 610: 602: 413: 368: 346:

systems. These developments were widely spread during the ensuing

297: 287: 277: 223: 105: 65: 47: 28: 4174: 3418:"China to become world's top farm products importer: researcher." 781:

The most recent innovation in Chinese agriculture is a push into

607:

Share of labour force employed in agriculture in China since 1990

2816:

China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement

2287: 1860: 1818: 1708: 1612: 1475: 1176: 1148: 1135: 1119: 1115: 1111: 977: 654:

in southern China, which greatly increased agricultural yields.

401: 61: 4178: 3773: 1243:

List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities

167:

may have originated in Northern China. Remains of domesticated

3714:

Growth and Evolution in China's Agricultural Support Policies.

2795: 1971:

and said that its scientists must help remedy this situation.

1867: 1769: 1640: 1619: 1160: 950: 85: 3222:(2nd ed.). Paris: Foreign languages press. p. 249. 887:

About 75% of China's cultivated area is used for food crops.

1870:(1 million tons), second only to Germany, Poland and Russia; 1622:(14.1 million tons), losing to the US, Brazil and Argentina; 3074:"Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China" 3559:"Heavy metals pollute a tenth of China's farmland-report." 3282:. Nongjiale.cntv.cn (2011-05-09). Retrieved on 2012-02-14. 52:

A female tractor driver in China depicted in a 1964 poster

3512:

Zeng, Li; Zhou, Lijie; Pan, Po-Lin; Fowler, Gil (2018).

3300:. Agile-news.com (2011-11-18). Retrieved on 2012-02-14. 3106:"From the U.S., a Future Supply of Livestock for China" 2738:

For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this

1198:(less than half of the all 1,499 officially registered 964:

Other crops include sweet potatoes in the south, white

3707:

The First National Agricultural Census in China (1997)

1601:(17.7 million tons), second only to India and the USA; 3444:

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

1786:(2.4 million tons), second only to India and Mexico; 1492:(108 million tons), second only to Brazil and India; 6102: 6020: 5941: 5841: 5721: 5518: 5476: 5436: 5269: 5181: 5032: 4966: 4953: 4916: 4842: 4776: 4685: 4623: 4586: 4515: 4393: 4341: 4301: 4225: 4216: 4103: 4063: 3805: 1835:(1.5 million tons), second only to India and Niger; 1163:are raised as a source of food, fuel, and shelter. 692:" campaign. Tachai's semi-literate party secretary 3762:National Bureau of Statistics of China. Copies on 3152:. Usitc.gov (2011-03-22). Retrieved on 2012-02-14. 2765:. Ifpri.org (2002-12-20). Retrieved on 2012-02-14. 1057:province and on irrigated land in Inner Mongolia. 3035:"ChinaAg: Livestock (including Milk & Honey)" 2778:. NPR.org. May 17, 2006. Retrieved on 2012-02-14. 191:sites. These sites cover a period over 7250-6050 3345:"Climate Change in China | Shangri-la Institute" 2763:Critical Choices for China's Agricultural Policy 1958:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 1061:is widely cultivated throughout southern China. 318:(722–481 BC), two revolutionary improvements in 700:after the death of Mao: from 1982 to 1985, the 426: 2798:, Journal of Organic Systems, 2(1) 1–11, 2007. 2019:produced from coal can exacerbate the problem. 126:The development of farming over the course of 4190: 3785: 3308: 3306: 3291:. February 14, 2012. Retrieved on 2012-02-14. 2397: 2387: 2103:Food safety in the People's Republic of China 1471:(257.1 million tons), second only to the USA; 1134:China has a large livestock population, with 1053:and Sichuan, while sugar beets are raised in 1021:Other important food crops for China include 992:and Hebei provinces. Other oilseed crops are 8: 3668:Agricultural development in China, 1368-1968 3376:"Climate change threatens China's rice bowl" 2870:"Periurban Agriculture Development in China" 2844:"China - Agriculture, forestry, and fishing" 2751:OECD Review of Agricultural Policies – China 949:are grown in north and northeast China, and 3140:. Ebeijing.gov.cn. Retrieved on 2012-02-14. 2147:expansion of organic agriculture in China. 2015:. But some of the measures like using more 1751:) (4.8 million tons), second only to India; 1657:(12 million tons), which serves to produce 1636:(13.2 million tons), second only to Canada; 704:-style communes were gradually replaced by 5838: 5524: 5275: 4963: 4959: 4620: 4592: 4222: 4197: 4183: 4175: 3792: 3778: 3770: 2248:Land use in the People's Republic of China 1690:(9.1 million tons), second only to Brazil; 1672:(11.2 million tons), second only to India; 833:-like greens grown in a square outside of 724:), runs large state farms, and encourages 408:of providing water for urban and palatial 388:by the 1st century BC, during the ancient 350:(403–221 BC), culminating in the enormous 3089: 2503:. Indiana University Press. p. 171. 2410:]. Wenwu Chubanshe. pp. 188–199. 2318: 2308: 2044:China is the world's largest importer of 1906:Inefficiencies in the agricultural market 1071:. Much smaller plantations also exist in 1067:is grown in the southwestern province of 268:There is also a long tradition involving 3433:Argument – Trends in Agricultural Policy 2936:Guo H.B. (2008). "Cultivation of lotus ( 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2476:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2365:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1963:directed China's scientists to research 1029:(popular among the Chinese population), 594: 3273:追踪菜市"跷跷板"：缘何"卖菜难、买菜贵""+pindao+"_中国网络电视台 2806: 2804: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2273: 663:Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 515: 5132:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 3709:National Bureau of Statistics of China 3131:Beijing Official Website International 2699: 2697: 2695: 1967:. He noted that the country relies on 505:advocates. The book has inspired many 303:Farming in China has always been very 3249: 3247: 3211: 3209: 3207: 2706:An Ecological History of Modern China 1982:Climate change in China § Agriculture 171:have been found in northern China at 144:Analysis of stone tools by Professor 7: 2946:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 2753:. Oecd.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-14. 2588: 2534:Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 175–180 1732:It was the 15th largest producer of 746:seeds and roots are a major crop in 492:In 1909 US Professor of Agriculture 396:by the 1st century AD, powered by a 5828:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 3661:An economic history of modern China 3598:Science and Civilization in China 6 3518:Journal of Communication Management 2228:China Green Food Development Center 2142:China Green Food Development Center 1866:It was the 4th largest producer of 1859:It was the 6th largest producer of 1838:It was the 8th largest producer of 1831:It was the 3rd largest producer of 1796:It was the 8th largest producer of 1782:It was the 3rd largest producer of 1739:It was the 2nd largest producer of 1686:It was the 2nd largest producer of 1668:It was the 2nd largest producer of 1653:It was the 8th largest producer of 1632:It was the 2nd largest producer of 1618:It was the 4th largest producer of 1597:It was the 3rd largest producer of 1488:It was the 3rd largest producer of 1467:It was the 2nd largest producer of 3400:China Drives Global Soybean Demand 711:Beginning in 1978, as part of the 525:Scroll depicting rice production, 25: 5123:Political Consultative Conference 3468:Fengxia Dong and Helen H. Jensen 3455:Colin A. Carter and Xianghong Li 2944:) and its utilization in China". 2734:Population and Development Review 1098:China is the leading producer of 696:was among those outmaneuvered by 578: 5909:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 5904:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 4158: 4149: 4148: 3663:(Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011). 3313:Zhen, Liu (September 13, 2020). 3200:China production in 2018, by FAO 2187: 2173: 1980:This section is an excerpt from 1845:It produced 1.4 million tons of 1824:It produced 1.8 million tons of 1817:It produced 1.9 million tons of 1775:It produced 2.5 million tons of 1104:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 865:Ancient terraced rice fields in 690:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture 569: 560: 551: 542: 533: 518: 311:to help improve on row farming. 270:agriculture in Chinese mythology 5899:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 5096:Political parties and movements 4460:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 4445:Northern and Southern dynasties 2985:Auburn University Lotus Project 2868:Jianming, Cai (April 1, 2003). 2776:The End of Agriculture in China 2181:Agriculture and Agronomy portal 2118:melamine-tainted dog food scare 1956:In a speech in September 2020, 1852:It was the largest producer of 1810:It was the largest producer of 1803:It was the largest producer of 1789:It was the largest producer of 1768:It was the largest producer of 1761:It was the largest producer of 1754:It was the largest producer of 1725:It was the largest producer of 1714:It was the largest producer of 1707:It was the largest producer of 1700:It was the largest producer of 1693:It was the largest producer of 1675:It was the largest producer of 1646:It was the largest producer of 1639:It was the largest producer of 1625:It was the largest producer of 1611:It was the largest producer of 1604:It was the largest producer of 1590:It was the largest producer of 1583:It was the largest producer of 1576:It was the largest producer of 1569:It was the largest producer of 1562:It was the largest producer of 1555:It was the largest producer of 1548:It was the largest producer of 1541:It was the largest producer of 1534:It was the largest producer of 1527:It was the largest producer of 1516:It was the largest producer of 1509:It was the largest producer of 1502:It was the largest producer of 1495:It was the largest producer of 1481:It was the largest producer of 1474:It was the largest producer of 585:History of agriculture in China 507:community-supported agriculture 445:Northern and Southern Dynasties 373:Ploughing with a motor plough, 322:took place. One was the use of 122:History of agriculture in China 4116:British Indian Ocean Territory 3718:U.S. Department of Agriculture 3489:. July 9, 2007. Archived from 2710:University of Washington Press 2398: 2388: 1873:It produced 1 million tons of 1247:In its first fifty years, the 1183:are also raised in China, and 352:Du Jiang Yan Irrigation System 250:Records of the Grand Historian 155:Domesticated millet varieties 1: 2258:Women in agriculture in China 219: 5201:Ministry of National Defense 4540:Chinese Communist Revolution 3690:Official Statistics from FAO 3650:Resources in other libraries 3483:"The new 'China-free' label" 2911:"ChinaAg: Citrus Production" 2561:Needham, Pt. 2, pp. 89, 110. 1106:. Other fiber crops include 688:, with Mao championing the " 509:farmers in China to conduct 5864:Flowers of the Four Seasons 5849:Four Treasures of the Study 5468:Water supply and sanitation 5196:Central Military Commission 5191:Outline of military history 4941:Province-level subdivisions 3686:(Washington U. Press, 1980) 2814:; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). 2223:Lettuce production in China 2213:Population history of China 1452: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1283: 1275: 1269: 1263: 792:Major agricultural products 284:Farming method improvements 37:minority, famous for their 6199: 5137:Primary stage of socialism 5079:National People's Congress 4547:People's Republic of China 3610:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 3012:, Accessed 7 November 2014 2877:Urban Agriculture Magazine 2796:China's Organic Revolution 2218:History of canals in China 2139: 2100: 2080:to the same extent as its 2058:high-value export products 1979: 1249:People's Republic of China 1240: 1218: 588: 582: 579:People's Republic of China 499:Farmers of Forty Centuries 338:of the 6th century BC and 148:and others has shown that 137: 119: 58:People's Republic of China 6134: 5527: 5278: 4962: 4887:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 4595: 4144: 3722:Economic Research Service 3645:Resources in your library 3530:10.1108/JCOM-11-2017-0133 3405:January 24, 2010, at the 3112:. Reuters. April 20, 2012 3091:10.1017/S0030605308000562 3060:13-20 Number of Livestock 2958:10.1007/s10722-008-9366-2 2820:Columbia University Press 2736:13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70. 2013:international cooperation 1221:Fishing industry in China 941:, and Sichuan provinces. 258: 60:(PRC) primarily produces 6062:Catholic Church in China 5206:People's Liberation Army 5173:One country, two systems 3865:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 3596:Bray, Francesca (1984), 3320:South China Morning Post 3171:. thehandthatfeedsus.org 2704:Harrell, Stevan (2023). 2403: 2393: 2074:World Trade Organization 2032:Tea leaves harvested in 1049:. Sugarcane is grown in 805:Agricultural regions of 661:" campaign initiated by 316:Spring and Autumn period 5894:Four Pillars of Destiny 5679:Regional discrimination 5101:Chinese Communist Party 4126:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3614:Scott, Steffanie et al. 3278:March 26, 2012, at the 2848:Encyclopedia Britannica 2579:Needham, Pt. 2, p. 110. 2552:Needham, Pt. 2, p. 184. 2543:Needham, Pt. 3, p. 271. 2497:Ch'ien, Ssu-ma (2016). 2394:从兴隆沟遗址浮选结果谈中国北方旱作农业起源问题 2310:10.1073/pnas.1217864110 1004:, and the seeds of the 867:Yuanyang County, Yunnan 629:Chinese Communist Party 334:projects. The engineer 43:Yuanyang County, Yunnan 5647:Science and technology 5320:Special economic zones 4572:persecution of Uyghurs 4500:Century of humiliation 3620:. New York: Routledge. 3216:Ching, Pao-Yu (2021). 2979:Huang Hongwen (1987). 2640:. 2008. pp. 78–. 2570:Needham, Pt. 2, p. 33. 2408:East Asian Archaeology 2208:History of agriculture 2068:Governmental influence 2041: 2040:Forest District, Hubei 1898: 1095: 980:are grown in northern 884: 869: 847:peri-urban agriculture 838: 822:Peri-urban agriculture 810: 763: 720:projects (such as the 624: 616: 608: 600: 437: 381: 300: 53: 45: 5854:Four Great Inventions 5238:People's Armed Police 2890:on September 27, 2007 2136:Organic food products 2031: 1893:Strawberry fields in 1892: 1485:(131.4 million tons); 1478:(212.1 million tons); 1093:Yangxin County, Hubei 1090: 875: 864: 829: 804: 742: 622: 614: 606: 598: 372: 348:Warring States period 291: 206:, the earliest known 138:Further information: 51: 32: 6183:Agriculture in China 5833:World Heritage Sites 5361:Foreign aid received 5069:Environmental policy 4867:Environmental policy 4862:Environmental issues 4040:United Arab Emirates 3712:Gale, Fred. (2013). 3636:Agriculture in China 2253:Aquaculture in China 2238:Wang Zhen (official) 2056:scarce cropland for 1683:(10.6 million tons); 1650:(12.7 million tons); 1643:(12.9 million tons); 1629:(13.3 million tons); 1615:(16.0 million tons); 1608:(17.3 million tons); 1594:(17.9 million tons); 1587:(19.0 million tons); 1580:(19.9 million tons); 1573:(22.2 million tons); 1566:(23.8 million tons); 1559:(24.7 million tons); 1552:(33.1 million tons); 1545:(34.1 million tons); 1538:(39.2 million tons); 1531:(53.0 million tons); 1524:(56.2 million tons); 1513:(61.5 million tons); 1506:(62.8 million tons); 1499:(90.2 million tons); 1225:Aquaculture in China 682:Great Chinese Famine 637:Land Reform Movement 591:Food policy in China 6079:History of religion 6074:Freedom of religion 5929:Four Pests campaign 5874:Four Classic Novels 5486:Automotive industry 5366:Foreign aid program 5057:Pro-democratisation 4552:Cultural Revolution 4067:limited recognition 3800:Agriculture in Asia 3666:Perkins, Dwight H. 3659:Chai, Joseph C. H. 3577:New York: Routledge 3041:on October 24, 2013 2917:on October 24, 2013 2666:. Routledge. 2018. 2530:Paull, John (2011) 2443:10.1038/nature06135 2435:2007Natur.449..459Z 2301:2013PNAS..110.5380L 2243:Franklin Hiram King 2128:, according to the 2024:International trade 1951:urbanization issues 1856:(1.1 million tons); 1842:(1.5 million tons); 1814:(1.9 million tons); 1807:(2.0 million tons); 1800:(2.1 million tons); 1793:(2.2 million tons); 1772:(2.6 million tons); 1765:(2.9 million tons); 1758:(3.0 million tons); 1736:(4.9 million tons); 1729:(4.9 million tons); 1722:(6.6 million tons); 1711:(6.7 million tons); 1704:(7.9 million tons); 1697:(8.1 million tons); 1189:lactose intolerance 783:organic agriculture 713:Four Modernizations 686:Cultural Revolution 670:Four Pests campaign 494:Franklin Hiram King 475:. Later during the 274:Franklin Hiram King 247:. According to the 18:Chinese agriculture 5986:Population history 5966:Internal migration 5581:Harmonious Society 5456:Telecommunications 5413:Standard of living 5332:Online advertising 5084:Standing Committee 3716:Washington, D.C.: 3564:, 6 November 2011. 3493:on August 23, 2018 3438:2007-04-17 at the 3423:, 6 November 2011. 3167:2011-01-09 at the 3136:2011-07-07 at the 3110:The New York Times 2991:on October 5, 2008 2082:manufactured goods 2042: 2001:irrigation systems 1899: 1376:Flue-cured tobacco 1096: 1091:Cotton growing in 899:delta, and in the 885: 876:Peanut harvest in 870: 839: 811: 764: 659:Great Leap Forward 631:'s victory in the 625: 617: 615:A harvest in China 609: 601: 511:ecological farming 443:(317–420) and the 382: 358:by 256 BC for the 332:water conservation 320:farming technology 301: 265:'s legal reforms. 222:5500-3300 BCE) in 54: 46: 6170: 6169: 6130: 6129: 5937: 5936: 5514: 5513: 5501:Shipping industry 5265: 5264: 5231:Strategic Support 5106:General Secretary 5091:National security 5074:Foreign relations 5028: 5027: 4949: 4948: 4912: 4911: 4615:Natural disasters 4582: 4581: 4535:Chinese Civil War 4530:Republic of China 4505:Taiping Rebellion 4378:Spring and Autumn 4283:Foreign relations 4172: 4171: 4109:other territories 3697:by Dongping Han, 3631:Library resources 3374:Zhang, Hongzhou. 3229:978-2-491182-89-2 3180:Watts, Jonathan. 2829:978-0-231-21001-0 2673:978-1-13-857300-0 2647:978-0-549-67543-3 2614:978-92-64-02261-4 2604:The world economy 2483:978-0-521-64432-7 2372:978-0-521-64432-7 2295:(14): 5380–5385. 2091:world food market 1863:(1 million tons); 1457: 1456: 1325:Oil-bearing crops 953:are important in 919:North China Plain 797:Crop distribution 678:industrialization 633:Chinese Civil War 292:Ploughing with a 241:Majiabang culture 158:Panicum miliaceum 16:(Redirected from 6190: 6150: 6143: 6040:Tibetan Buddhism 6035:Chinese Buddhism 5889:Four Holy Beasts 5839: 5691:Social relations 5620:Standard Chinese 5615:Chinese language 5525: 5310:Economic history 5276: 5255:Maritime Militia 4964: 4960: 4931:Border crossings 4926:Baseline islands 4621: 4593: 4557:Tiananmen Square 4440:Sixteen Kingdoms 4248:Military history 4223: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4176: 4162: 4152: 4151: 4121:Christmas Island 3807:Sovereign states 3794: 3787: 3780: 3771: 3764:Internet Archive 3600: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3430: 3424: 3415: 3409: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3351:. Archived from 3341: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3310: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3270: 3264: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3213: 3202: 3197: 3188: 3178: 3172: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3037:. Archived from 3030: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2987:. Archived from 2981:"Lotus of China" 2976: 2970: 2969: 2938:Nelumbo nucifera 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2913:. Archived from 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2889: 2883:. Archived from 2874: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2808: 2799: 2792: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2701: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2429:(7161): 459–62. 2418: 2412: 2411: 2401: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2358: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2322: 2312: 2278: 2233:Peak water#China 2203:History of China 2197: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2176: 1444:Aquatic products 1254: 1253: 1033:(as an export), 837:railway stations 722:Three Gorges Dam 647:Collectivization 573: 564: 555: 546: 537: 522: 435: 328:beasts of burden 260: 221: 212:japonica species 150:hunter-gatherers 33:A farmer of the 21: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6126: 6098: 6016: 5976:Life expectancy 5933: 5837: 5717: 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3205: 3198: 3191: 3187:, 5 March 2009. 3179: 3175: 3169:Wayback Machine 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3138:Wayback Machine 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3033:Puette, Loren. 3032: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2909:Puette, Loren. 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2812:Shinn, David H. 2810: 2809: 2802: 2793: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2703: 2702: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2395: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2161:natural farming 2144: 2138: 2105: 2099: 2070: 2026: 2021: 2020: 1985: 1977: 1908: 1887: 1245: 1239: 1227: 1219:Main articles: 1217: 1209:factory farming 1157:nomadic herders 1132: 1085: 998:sunflower seeds 929:valleys on the 859: 824: 799: 794: 652:double-cropping 593: 587: 581: 574: 565: 556: 547: 538: 529: 523: 503:organic farming 447:(420–589), the 436: 433: 324:cast iron tools 305:labor-intensive 286: 202:Excavations at 164:Setaria italica 142: 136: 128:China's history 124: 118: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6196: 6194: 6186: 6185: 6175: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5859:Four Gentlemen 5856: 5851: 5845: 5843: 5842:Fours of China 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5491:Civil aviation 5488: 5482: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5440: 5438: 5437:Infrastructure 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5391:Semiconductors 5388: 5383: 5373: 5371:Historical GDP 5368: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5149:Vice President 5141: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4877:National parks 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4857:Climate policy 4854: 4852:Climate change 4848: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4758:Central Plains 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4605:Extreme points 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4413:Three Kingdoms 4410: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4383:Warring States 4380: 4375: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4243:Historiography 4240: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4156: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3736: 3725: 3710: 3704: 3700:Monthly Review 3692: 3687: 3682:Hsu, Cho-yun. 3680: 3674: 3664: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3611: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3566: 3551: 3524:(4): 432–450. 3504: 3474: 3461: 3448: 3425: 3410: 3392: 3366: 3355:on May 9, 2018 3349:waterschool.cn 3336: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3265: 3259:2013-02-10 at 3243: 3228: 3203: 3189: 3173: 3154: 3142: 3123: 3097: 3064: 3062:. stats.gov.cn 3052: 3025: 3014: 3002: 2971: 2952:(3): 323–330. 2928: 2901: 2860: 2835: 2828: 2800: 2780: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2725: 2718: 2691: 2679: 2672: 2653: 2646: 2627: 2613: 2593: 2591:, p. 178. 2581: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2523: 2510:978-0253020697 2509: 2489: 2482: 2464: 2413: 2378: 2371: 2348: 2345:. p. 317. 2334: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2184: 2168: 2165: 2140:Main article: 2137: 2134: 2101:Main article: 2098: 2095: 2069: 2066: 2025: 2022: 1986: 1978: 1976: 1975:Climate change 1973: 1939:profit margins 1935:intermediaries 1907: 1904: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1777:sunflower seed 1773: 1766: 1759: 1752: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1712: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1673: 1666: 1651: 1644: 1637: 1630: 1623: 1616: 1609: 1602: 1595: 1588: 1581: 1574: 1567: 1560: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1532: 1525: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1472: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1279:Output (tons) 1274: 1268: 1262: 1257: 1238: 1235: 1216: 1213: 1155:are raised by 1131: 1128: 1084: 1081: 1065:Arabica coffee 955:Inner Mongolia 858: 855: 823: 820: 807:Mainland China 798: 795: 793: 790: 627:Following the 583:Main article: 580: 577: 576: 575: 568: 566: 559: 557: 550: 548: 541: 539: 532: 530: 524: 517: 469:moldboard plow 434:Francesca Bray 431: 354:engineered by 285: 282: 245:southern China 187:, and several 135: 132: 120:Main article: 117: 114: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6195: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6067:Protestantism 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Folk religion 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5956:Ethnic groups 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5869:Four Beauties 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708:Urban society 5706: 5704: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5664:Social issues 5662: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642:Rural society 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Chinese Dream 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5506:Space program 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5156:State Council 5154: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5042:Civil service 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4648:South Central 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435:Jin (266–420) 4433: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278:Ethnic groups 4276: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090:South Ossetia 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3505: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3385:September 29, 3381: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3263:. 2011-12-28 3262: 3261:archive.today 3258: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185:Guardian News 3183: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3022:Yunnan coffee 3018: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940:Gaertn. ssp. 2939: 2932: 2929: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2719:9780295751719 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2386:Zhao Zhijun ( 2382: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2185: 2182: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2109:contamination 2104: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2062:food security 2059: 2053: 2051: 2050:imported seed 2047: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2011:, increasing 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1969:imported seed 1966: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1903: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1882: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1443: 1439: 1426: 1422: 1409: 1405: 1392: 1388: 1375: 1371: 1358: 1354: 1341: 1337: 1324: 1320: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273:Output (tons) 1272: 1267:Output (tons) 1266: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1244: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:water buffalo 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970:Hainan Island 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:Loess plateau 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 883: 879: 874: 868: 863: 856: 854: 852: 848: 844: 836: 832: 828: 821: 819: 815: 808: 803: 796: 791: 789: 786: 784: 779: 777: 773: 772:migrant labor 768: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 731: 727: 726:mechanization 723: 719: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 698:Deng Xiaoping 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 664: 660: 657:In the 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5166:Vice Premier 5118:United front 5047:Constitution 5003:Penal system 4981:Human rights 4918:Subdivisions 4756: / 4752: / 4675:Southwestern 4670:Northwestern 4373:Western Zhou 4321:Yellow River 4271:1949–present 4105:Dependencies 4035:Turkmenistan 4000:Saudi Arabia 3854: 3698: 3683: 3667: 3660: 3635: 3617: 3607: 3597: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3495:. 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Retrieved 2499: 2492: 2473: 2467: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2407: 2381: 2362: 2342: 2337: 2292: 2286: 2276: 2195:China portal 2157:permaculture 2152:organic food 2149: 2145: 2123: 2113:heavy metals 2106: 2071: 2054: 2043: 1987: 1965:seed farming 1955: 1947: 1943: 1932: 1909: 1900: 1880: 1529:sweet potato 1462: 1458: 1298:508,390,000 1276: 1270: 1264: 1259: 1246: 1228: 1205: 1200:turtle farms 1196:turtle farms 1193: 1159:. In Tibet, 1133: 1097: 1063: 1055:Heilongjiang 1027:jasmine teas 1020: 1010: 994:sesame seeds 990: 963: 913: 886: 851:Xiaotangshan 840: 816: 812: 787: 780: 769: 765: 734: 710: 694:Chen Yonggui 656: 645: 626: 527:Yuan dynasty 491: 488: 481: 477:Yuan dynasty 465:Tang dynasty 462: 438: 427: 410:pipe systems 406:public works 383: 360:State of Qin 313: 302: 267: 248: 201: 162: 156: 154: 143: 125: 55: 26: 5823:Variety art 5818:Tea culture 5746:Calligraphy 5731:Archaeology 5591:Food safety 5386:Gold mining 5288:Aquaculture 5283:Agriculture 5243:Coast Guard 5010:Naming laws 4844:Environment 4832:South China 4311:Paleolithic 4303:Prehistoric 4261:before 1912 4164:Asia portal 4065:States with 3985:Philippines 3925:South Korea 3920:North Korea 3815:Afghanistan 3326:October 28, 3084:: 147–150. 3045:October 30, 2995:October 20, 2921:October 30, 2774:Louisa Lim 2708:. Seattle: 2392:) (2004). 2097:Food safety 2078:liberalized 2038:Shennongjia 2017:fertilizers 2005:groundwater 1875:tallow tree 1743:(including 1677:cauliflower 1453:41,220,000 1436:59,609,000 1419:62,376,000 1351:74,700,000 1334:26,012,000 1295:304,770,000 1292:113,180,000 1231:Aquaculture 1124:Sericulture 1083:Fiber crops 1039:sugar beets 911:provinces. 441:Eastern Jin 439:During the 390:Han dynasty 386:trip hammer 362:in ancient 314:During the 263:Emperor Wen 173:Xinglonggou 134:Archaeology 6084:Irreligion 5981:Statistics 5951:Emigration 5914:Four Wangs 5803:Philosophy 5788:Mass media 5771:Literature 5669:Patriarchy 5632:Propaganda 5552:Corruption 5537:Censorship 5327:E-commerce 5034:Government 4827:East China 4799:Waterfalls 4745:Peninsulas 4713:Grasslands 4045:Uzbekistan 4020:Tajikistan 3935:Kyrgyzstan 3915:Kazakhstan 3835:Bangladesh 3825:Azerbaijan 3731:New York. 3238:1325647379 2794:Paull, J., 2402:) (ed.). 2264:References 2009:food waste 1961:Xi Jinping 1885:Challenges 1826:fava beans 1763:strawberry 1745:mangosteen 1727:grapefruit 1655:sugar beet 1578:green bean 1504:watermelon 1385:2,185,000 1368:8,640,000 1348:21,116,000 1317:3,831,000 1241:See also: 1237:Production 893:Huai River 857:Food crops 730:fertilizer 718:irrigation 666:Mao Zedong 589:See also: 398:waterwheel 394:chain pump 344:irrigation 309:seed drill 5971:Languages 5924:Four Olds 5879:Four arts 5766:Libraries 5696:Structure 5659:Sexuality 5596:incidents 5569:Education 5478:Transport 5354:Renewable 5349:Petroleum 5144:President 5111:Politburo 5064:Elections 5052:Democracy 5020:Terrorism 4768:Volcanoes 4750:Northeast 4728:Mountains 4638:Northeast 4588:Geography 4495:High Qing 4316:Neolithic 4288:Dynasties 4266:1912–1949 4257:Economic 4226:Overviews 4131:Hong Kong 4085:Palestine 4010:Sri Lanka 4005:Singapore 3885:Indonesia 3733:Routledge 3546:150353957 3538:1363-254X 3359:April 15, 3116:April 21, 2589:Bray 1984 2516:August 6, 2399:南京师范大学文博系 2269:Citations 2124:In 2011, 1854:buckwheat 1840:pineapple 1756:persimmon 1702:asparagus 1585:tangerine 1490:sugarcane 1463:In 2018: 1450:4,660,000 1433:8,563,000 1430:2,200,000 1416:6,570,000 1413:1,200,000 1382:1,052,000 1365:2,702,000 1359:Sugarbeet 1345:2,642,000 1342:Sugarcane 1331:5,218,000 1328:2,564,000 1314:2,167,000 1130:Livestock 1051:Guangdong 1035:sugarcane 1031:black tea 1016:Mandarins 1006:tung tree 933:, and in 927:Fen River 897:Zhu Jiang 895:, in the 776:factories 762:provinces 706:townships 641:socialist 473:watermill 449:Silk Road 340:Ximen Bao 336:Sunshu Ao 218:Culture ( 208:Neolithic 204:Kuahuqiao 189:Peiligang 6177:Category 6157:Category 6030:Buddhism 6022:Religion 5999:Post-90s 5992:Post-80s 5736:Archives 5603:HIV/AIDS 5574:Literacy 5532:Abortion 5461:Internet 5418:Taxation 5401:Textiles 5381:Chemical 5376:Industry 5305:Currency 5183:Military 4991:in Tibet 4955:Politics 4892:Wildlife 4804:Wetlands 4567:COVID-19 4395:Imperial 4293:Monarchs 4253:Language 4238:Timeline 4210:articles 4154:Category 4075:Abkhazia 4025:Thailand 3980:Pakistan 3960:Mongolia 3955:Maldives 3950:Malaysia 3850:Cambodia 3670:(1969). 3616:(2018). 3606:(1986). 3436:Archived 3403:Archived 3276:Archived 3257:Archived 3165:Archived 3134:Archived 2966:19718393 2942:nucifera 2894:July 12, 2853:July 23, 2451:17898767 2329:23509257 2167:See also 2150:China's 2046:soybeans 1997:flooding 1928:Xinjiang 1924:Liaoning 1916:Zhejiang 1912:Shandong 1897:, Yunnan 1812:chestnut 1716:mushroom 1681:broccoli 1634:rapeseed 1543:eggplant 1518:cucumber 1511:tomatoes 1402:676,000 1047:Zhejiang 1002:rapeseed 986:Shandong 982:Liaoning 966:potatoes 878:Jiangxia 831:Bok choy 674:communes 432:— 422:farmland 418:channels 234:include 177:Yuezhang 110:soybeans 74:tomatoes 70:potatoes 6141:Outline 6104:Symbols 5961:Eunuchs 5808:Smoking 5756:Cuisine 5723:Culture 5713:Welfare 5684:Suicide 5652:history 5520:Society 5449:Housing 5423:Tourism 5408:Poverty 5293:Banking 5271:Economy 5250:Militia 5161:Premier 4763:Valleys 4723:Islands 4708:Deserts 4698:Canyons 4686:Terrain 4665:Western 4653:Central 4625:Regions 4610:Geology 4600:Borders 4343:Ancient 4326:Yangtze 4233:History 4218:History 4050:Vietnam 3965:Myanmar 3945:Lebanon 3875:Georgia 3830:Bahrain 3820:Armenia 3585:Sources 3562:Reuters 3497:July 9, 3421:Reuters 2459:4426729 2431:Bibcode 2320:3619325 2297:Bibcode 2086:Markets 2084:trade. 1993:drought 1798:sorghum 1791:tobacco 1734:cassava 1720:truffle 1695:pumpkin 1663:ethanol 1592:carrots 1564:spinach 1550:cabbage 1522:pickles 1447:450,000 1399:268,000 1362:191,000 1311:444,000 1215:Fishing 1181:donkeys 935:Jiangsu 909:Sichuan 905:Guizhou 843:Beijing 809:in 1986 760:Jiangxi 484:Yangtze 463:By the 454:plowing 364:Sichuan 356:Li Bing 294:buffalo 255:Chinese 181:Dadiwan 116:History 102:oilseed 82:peanuts 78:sorghum 6162:Portal 6117:Emblem 6112:Anthem 6094:Taoism 5776:Poetry 5751:Cinema 5674:Racism 5586:Health 5339:Energy 5315:Reform 5226:Rocket 5211:Ground 4936:Cities 4822:Yellow 4794:Rivers 4784:Canals 4738:passes 4733:ranges 4517:Modern 4208: 4095:Taiwan 4030:Turkey 3995:Russia 3930:Kuwait 3910:Jordan 3900:Israel 3860:Cyprus 3845:Brunei 3840:Bhutan 3672:pmline 3633:about 3544: 3536: 3236: 3226: 2964: 2826: 2716: 2670: 2644: 2611: 2507: 2480: 2457: 2449: 2423:Nature 2369: 2327: 2317: 1926:, and 1847:barley 1833:millet 1688:orange 1670:banana 1606:peanut 1599:cotton 1571:garlic 1497:potato 1396:41,000 1379:43,000 1307:Cotton 1179:, and 1173:horses 1165:Cattle 1153:camels 1151:, and 1118:, and 1100:cotton 1077:Fujian 1073:Hainan 1069:Yunnan 1043:Fujian 1037:, and 1012:Citrus 974:apples 947:millet 921:, the 907:, and 901:Yunnan 758:, and 756:Fujian 702:Dazhai 414:canals 379:Yunnan 257:: 236:millet 216:Hemudu 185:Cishan 169:millet 146:Liu Li 98:cotton 94:barley 90:millet 6148:Index 6089:Islam 6012:Women 5813:Sport 5798:Names 5793:Music 5761:Dance 5547:Crime 5428:Trade 5396:Steel 4902:Flora 4897:Fauna 4817:Bohai 4813:Seas 4789:Lakes 4777:Water 4754:North 4718:Hills 4703:Caves 4658:South 4643:North 4356:Shang 4206:China 4136:Macau 4055:Yemen 4015:Syria 3990:Qatar 3970:Nepal 3905:Japan 3880:India 3870:Egypt 3855:China 3590:Books 3542:S2CID 3162:China 2962:S2CID 2888:(PDF) 2873:(PDF) 2455:S2CID 2406:[ 2111:with 1920:Anhui 1784:lemon 1749:guava 1741:mango 1659:sugar 1648:melon 1627:grape 1557:onion 1536:apple 1483:wheat 1469:maize 1410:Fruit 1288:Grain 1185:dairy 1177:mules 1149:goats 1145:sheep 1140:fowls 1108:ramie 1059:Lotus 1023:green 978:pears 959:Tibet 939:Hubei 915:Wheat 882:Hubei 835:Ezhou 752:Hunan 748:Hubei 744:Lotus 732:use. 298:Hubei 278:China 232:Xi'an 230:near 228:Banpo 224:Yuyao 66:wheat 6122:Flag 5703:Time 5496:Rail 5344:Coal 5216:Navy 4986:LGBT 4693:Bays 4633:East 4490:Qing 4485:Ming 4480:Yuan 4470:Song 4465:Liao 4455:Tang 4368:Zhou 4361:Late 4331:Liao 3975:Oman 3940:Laos 3895:Iraq 3890:Iran 3534:ISSN 3499:2007 3387:2023 3361:2018 3328:2021 3234:OCLC 3224:ISBN 3118:2012 3078:Oryx 3047:2013 2997:2008 2923:2013 2896:2007 2855:2020 2824:ISBN 2740:link 2714:ISBN 2668:ISBN 2642:ISBN 2622:2012 2609:ISBN 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