1658:
1668:
232:
over the centuries; proverbs largely come from the "little tradition" of the overwhelming peasant majority of
Chinese society. Professor of linguistics John Rosenhow of the University of Chicago characterized most such proverbs as "witty, pomposity-piercing proverbs for which peasants are famous all
223:
these high literary forms, but rather the product of thousands of years of an oral culture of peasant people, often illiterate. The informal and oft-quoted proverbs of everyday conversation are largely not the sayings of
Confucius, but are rather of anonymous origin. Many sayings commonly attributed
517:
Scarborough noted that there are many proverbs with parallels to
European ones, including: "Too many cooks spoil the broth," with the parallel "Seven hands and eight feet," "a pig in a poke" with the parallel "a cat in a bag," and "When in Rome, do as the Romans do," with "Wherever you go, talk as
474:
The widespread use of
Chinese proverbs in everyday speech, even in the 21st century, contrasts with the decline of the use of proverbs in Western cultures. As stated earlier, they have historically been a part of a long-standing oral culture amongst the Chinese peasantry, and their continued
316:
of
Chinese proverbs, which is morally instructional; informing people what to do in a given situation by reference to familiar ideas, and repeatedly used in conversation in order to promote and continue a shared set of values and ways of going about things.
224:
to
Confucius, often in the form "Confucius said...", are not correctly attributed, or their attribution is disputed by scholars. Whilst the sayings of philosophers such as Laozi and Confucius form part of the "great tradition" (a notion introduced by
447:– Despite being widely attributed as a Chinese curse, there is no known equivalent expression in Chinese. The nearest related Chinese expression translates as "Better to be a dog in times of tranquility than a human in times of chaos." (
108:
He observed that the proverbs themselves are numerous, with the whole of China probably able to supply some 20,000, a figure that modern scholars agree with. Sources of such proverbs he found in the aforementioned collections, in the
57:
In the preface and introduction to his 1875 categorized collection of
Chinese proverbs, Wesleyan missionary William Scarborough observed that there had theretofore been very few European-language works on the subject, listing
337:
ones, appear to be derived from older
Chinese proverbs, although in often is impossible to be completely sure about the direction of cultural influences (and hence, the origins of a particular proverb or idiomatic phrase).
37:. They cover all aspects of life, and are widely used in everyday speech, in contrast to the decline of the use of proverbs in Western cultures. The majority are distinct from high literary forms such as
919:
24:
346:
In
English, various phrases are used and claimed to be of Chinese origin – "..., as they say in China" or "An ancient Chinese proverb says...", and may be specifically attributed to
305:
generally can only serve as parts of a sentence, used to give a concrete description of expression of the quality, state, degree, etc. of some objective material phenomenon".
486:
but at the same time including proverbs into modern
Chinese literature, exemplified by Cheng Wangdao's inclusion of popular sayings in the chapter on quotations in his 1932
275:
Rosenhow made similar observations on the difficulty of aligning Chinese proverbs with western definitions of the idea, stating that the closest equivalent Chinese term is
450:
170:
of Chinese proverbs in Chinese literature led to an explosion in the availability of dictionaries, glossaries, and studies of them in the middle to late 20th century.
509:, stressing to writers the importance of the use of folk idioms and proverbs in order to make their writing accessible to the majority of their audience.
293:(translated and recounted by Rosenhow) is "complete sentences, expressing a judgement or an inference, may be used to validate represent own views,
78:
as exhaustive on the subject to that point. He also observed that there were few collections in Chinese languages. Two such collections he named as
1572:
938:
505:
addressing primarily peasant audiences. Mao encouraged others to do the same as he himself did, in his 1942 Talks on Literature and Art at the
852:
839:
686:
475:
existence in an age of more widespread literacy and written communication is explained by the political events in China of the 20th century.
1299:
1093:
1060:
354:
1697:
1623:
1259:
1213:
1176:
1044:
444:
383:
1633:
934:
397:
204:
1547:
387:
253:
in several contemporary dictionaries, which he stated to be inaccurate descriptions. He observed that most proverbs were
1592:
1492:
461:
23:
exist, some of which have entered English in forms that are of varying degrees of faithfulness. A notable example is "
1382:
1628:
268:
Connected sentences have fewer rules about composition; but they again incorporate antithesis, a very pointed one.
1692:
1587:
1597:
1314:
1292:
1542:
1507:
1462:
361:
quotes Barnard as saying he called it "a Chinese proverb, so that people would take it seriously." An actual
265:; usually have 7 words per line, and have rules about the tones in each line and a prohibition on repetition.
1552:
1527:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1372:
1342:
1332:
1322:
308:
Rosenhow notes however that some sentence fragments also fall within the category of Chinese proverbs, with
1638:
1517:
1512:
1392:
1582:
1532:
1487:
1467:
1457:
1357:
309:
1557:
1472:
1452:
1337:
1327:
1602:
1537:
1437:
1417:
1407:
1367:
1352:
1347:
1643:
1562:
1522:
1497:
1477:
1387:
1377:
49:
of usually anonymous authorship, originating through "little tradition" rather than "great tradition".
1482:
1447:
1402:
1397:
975:
246:
1612:
1285:
1075:
495:
330:
1667:
1009:
1502:
900:
727:
435:
212:
59:
880:
702:
Smith, Ann (2012-09-01). "Confucius, the Analects and Western Education. By Frank M. Flanagan".
501:
Another factor was the deliberate use of proverbs as a rhetorical technique by leaders such as
1412:
1362:
1265:
1255:
1209:
1172:
1056:
1040:
848:
719:
682:
326:
1048:
676:
1243:
1197:
892:
711:
483:
479:
362:
233:
over the world". Scarborough observed that wit, humour, and puns can be found in abundance.
229:
186:
71:
1064:
1005:
334:
225:
506:
419:
1239:
1204:
Herzberg, Larry (2016). "Chinese Proverbs and Popular Sayings". In Chan, Sin-Wai (ed.).
431:
257:, which he divided into three major groups (with a smaller number of minor outliers):
1686:
1661:
1088:
904:
731:
456:
1014:
357:– in the modern English form attributed to Fred R. Barnard in the 1920s. The 1949
365:
expression, "Hearing something a hundred times isn't better than seeing it once" (
1254:. Harvard East Asian monographs. Vol. 121. Harvard Universiaty Asia Center.
715:
1671:
455:) The expression originates from Volume 3 of the 1627 short story collection by
402:
392:
284:, which itself does not have a single meaning. Sun Zhiping's 1982 definition of
29:
1252:
Going to the People: Chinese Intellectuals and Folk Literature, 1918–1937
1193:
867:
896:
502:
312:
accounting for their fragmentary natures, and that a better definition is the
262:
1269:
723:
347:
254:
182:
178:
There are two set literary forms in Chinese that have been much studied:
38:
250:
200:
42:
407:
373:
245:, "Common Sayings", more clearly than a metaphorical description by
1277:
34:
1281:
658:
656:
809:
807:
1133:
1131:
782:
780:
490:
and by the parting admonition to writers in Hu Shih's 1917
1118:
1116:
743:
741:
571:
569:
567:
962:
Stevenson's book of proverbs, maxims and familiar phrases
554:
552:
550:
548:
991:
Contains pictures and transcriptions of the original ads
879:
Bemiller, Michelle L.; Schneider, Rachel Zimmer (2010).
535:
533:
531:
25:
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step
350:, sometimes facetiously. Notable examples include:
236:
In terms of form, Scarborough tried to characterize
1611:
1571:
1313:
359:
Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims, and Familiar Phrases
197:); two-part expression whose latter part is omitted
1206:The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language
1010:"Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens"
105:, "A Precious Mirror to throw light on the mind".
964:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 2611.
136:("Complete Collection of Family Treasures"), the
1190:. Shanghai: American Presbyterian mission Press.
386:– the claim that the Chinese word for "crisis",
163:("The Household Rules of the Philosopher Chu").
76:Vocabulary and Handbook of the Chinese Language
920:"Academic Citation Practice: A Sinking Sheep?"
498:of writing even required the use of proverbs.
482:not only encouraging vernacular language over
1293:
1236:(in French). Paris: Didot Frére, Fils, et Co.
448:
366:
285:
276:
237:
155:
146:
137:
128:
119:
110:
97:
88:
87:, "A Book of Selected Virtuous Lore" (a.k.a.
79:
8:
1037:Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy
868:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48851081.pdf
380:) is sometimes claimed to be the equivalent.
1149:
813:
798:
786:
771:
759:
635:
623:
611:
599:
587:
1300:
1286:
1278:
1169:ABC Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs (Yanyu)
494:: "Do not avoid popular expressions." The
16:Linguistic family of idiomatic expressions
1055:(New Haven: Yale University Press 2006),
681:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–.
492:Tentative suggestions for Literary Reform
154:("Book of Rewards and Punishments"), and
1137:
1122:
1107:
825:
747:
662:
647:
575:
558:
539:
325:Numerous Asian proverbs, in particular,
219:However, Chinese proverbs are primarily
527:
424:
704:British Journal of Educational Studies
678:Confucius and the Analects: New Essays
675:Bryan W. Van Norden (3 January 2002).
434:, based on a misreading of the second
215:phrases that carry conventional wisdom
167:
7:
1250:Hung, Chang-tai (1985). "Proverbs".
937:: 575, 577, 578, 584. Archived from
841:The Routledge Book of World Proverbs
355:A picture is worth a thousand words
1094:Stories to Awaken the World (醒世恆言)
261:Antithetical couplets incorporate
14:
1076:May you live in interesting times
1051:, sourcing Fred R. Shapiro, ed.,
927:Portal: Libraries and the Academy
445:May you live in interesting times
430:is "danger" + "opportunity" is a
271:Rhymes, with corresponding tones.
211:, pinyin: chéngyŭ); most often 4-
118:("Youth's Instructor"), the 1859
1666:
1657:
1656:
1194:A Collection of Chinese Proverbs
1188:A Collection of Chinese Proverbs
1039:. (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2011;
174:Definition, forms, and character
518:the people of the place talk."
96:, "Great Collection"), and the
1624:British Indian Ocean Territory
1171:. University of Hawaii Press.
935:Johns Hopkins University Press
412:
401:
391:
367:
208:
1:
1186:Scarborough, William (1875).
513:Parallels to English proverbs
838:Stone, Jon R. (2006-09-27).
716:10.1080/00071005.2012.714549
1232:Perny, Paul Hubert (1869).
1053:The Yale Book of Quotations
847:. Routledge. pp. xiv.
462:Stories to Awaken the World
249:and by the descriptions of
66:, Paul Hubert Perny's 1869
1714:
1167:Rohsenow, John S. (2003).
1097:(in Chinese). Vol. 3.
960:Stevenson, Burton (1949).
1698:English words and phrases
1652:
953:- link dead, see ;
918:Ole Bjørn Rekdal (2014).
897:10.1080/02732171003641040
449:
384:Chinese word for "crisis"
286:
277:
238:
228:in 1956) amongst Chinese
190:
156:
147:
138:
129:
120:
111:
98:
89:
80:
1373:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1078:, The Grammarphobia Blog
1063:October 6, 2014, at the
488:Introduction to Rhetoric
1634:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
342:Falsely ascribed origin
53:Collections and sources
881:"It's Not Just a Joke"
145:("Sacred Edict"), the
1035:Bryan W. Van Norden.
885:Sociological Spectrum
378:bǎi wén bù rú yī jiàn
1548:United Arab Emirates
980:University of Regina
665:, pp. xii–xiii.
614:, pp. vii–viii.
247:Alfred Lord Tennyson
64:Chinese Moral Maxims
1575:limited recognition
976:"A picture's worth"
638:, pp. viii–ix.
478:One factor was the
398:traditional Chinese
103:Ming-hsin-pao-chien
85:Chien-pên-hsien-wen
762:, pp. xv–xvi.
388:simplified Chinese
134:Chia-pao-chulan-ci
60:John Francis Davis
1680:
1679:
1617:other territories
1240:Proverbes Chinois
1234:Proverbes Chinois
1008:(27 March 2007).
854:978-1-135-87054-6
688:978-0-19-535082-1
650:, pp. xxiii.
470:Modern popularity
376:
168:modern popularity
68:Proverbes Chinois
1705:
1693:Chinese proverbs
1670:
1660:
1659:
1629:Christmas Island
1315:Sovereign states
1308:Proverbs of Asia
1302:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1244:Internet Archive
1237:
1219:
1198:Internet Archive
1191:
1182:
1153:
1150:Scarborough 1875
1147:
1141:
1140:, pp. xxii.
1135:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1006:Zimmer, Benjamin
1002:
996:
990:
988:
986:
965:
952:
950:
949:
943:
924:
915:
909:
908:
876:
870:
865:
859:
858:
846:
835:
829:
823:
817:
814:Scarborough 1875
811:
802:
799:Scarborough 1875
796:
790:
787:Scarborough 1875
784:
775:
772:Scarborough 1875
769:
763:
760:Scarborough 1875
757:
751:
745:
736:
735:
699:
693:
692:
672:
666:
660:
651:
645:
639:
636:Scarborough 1875
633:
627:
624:Scarborough 1875
621:
615:
612:Scarborough 1875
609:
603:
600:Scarborough 1875
597:
591:
588:Scarborough 1875
585:
579:
573:
562:
556:
543:
537:
484:Literary Chinese
480:May 4th Movement
454:
453:
428:
416:
405:
395:
372:
370:
369:
289:
288:
280:
279:
241:
240:
210:
192:
159:
158:
150:
149:
141:
140:
132:
131:
123:
122:
114:
113:
101:
100:
92:
91:
83:
82:
72:Justus Doolittle
21:Chinese proverbs
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1648:
1616:
1607:
1588:Northern Cyprus
1574:
1567:
1309:
1306:
1276:
1262:
1249:
1231:
1227:
1225:Further reading
1222:
1216:
1203:
1185:
1179:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1125:, pp. xxi.
1121:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1065:Wayback Machine
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1004:
1003:
999:
984:
982:
974:D. H. Hepting.
973:
959:
947:
945:
941:
922:
917:
916:
912:
878:
877:
873:
866:
862:
855:
844:
837:
836:
832:
828:, p. xiii.
824:
820:
812:
805:
801:, p. xiii.
797:
793:
785:
778:
770:
766:
758:
754:
746:
739:
701:
700:
696:
689:
674:
673:
669:
661:
654:
646:
642:
634:
630:
622:
618:
610:
606:
598:
594:
586:
582:
578:, p. xvii.
574:
565:
557:
546:
538:
529:
524:
515:
472:
344:
323:
226:Robert Redfield
176:
161:Chutzu-chia-yen
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1260:
1247:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1201:
1183:
1177:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:, p. xvi.
1142:
1127:
1112:
1110:, p. xix.
1100:
1080:
1068:
1028:
997:
995:
994:
993:
992:
968:
967:
966:
910:
891:(4): 459–479.
871:
860:
853:
830:
818:
816:, p. xii.
803:
791:
776:
764:
752:
750:, p. xii.
737:
710:(3): 287–288.
694:
687:
667:
652:
640:
628:
616:
604:
602:, p. vii.
592:
580:
563:
561:, p. 295.
544:
526:
525:
523:
520:
514:
511:
471:
468:
467:
466:
442:
432:folk etymology
381:
343:
340:
322:
319:
273:
272:
269:
266:
217:
216:
198:
175:
172:
152:Kan-ying p'ien
54:
51:
47:common sayings
33:, ascribed to
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1710:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:South Ossetia
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:9780674356269
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1242: at the
1241:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1215:9781317382492
1211:
1208:. Routledge.
1207:
1202:
1199:
1196: at the
1195:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1178:9780824827700
1174:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:Rohsenow 2003
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:Rohsenow 2003
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:Rohsenow 2003
1104:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:Feng Menglong
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:9781603844697
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
981:
977:
972:
971:
969:
963:
958:
957:
955:
954:
944:on 2015-04-25
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
869:
864:
861:
856:
850:
843:
842:
834:
831:
827:
826:Rohsenow 2003
822:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
795:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
765:
761:
756:
753:
749:
748:Rohsenow 2003
744:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
684:
680:
679:
671:
668:
664:
663:Rohsenow 2003
659:
657:
653:
649:
648:Rohsenow 2003
644:
641:
637:
632:
629:
626:, p. vi.
625:
620:
617:
613:
608:
605:
601:
596:
593:
589:
584:
581:
577:
576:Rohsenow 2003
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
559:Herzberg 2016
555:
553:
551:
549:
545:
542:, p. xi.
541:
540:Rohsenow 2003
536:
534:
532:
528:
521:
519:
512:
510:
508:
504:
499:
497:
496:Potato School
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
469:
464:
463:
458:
457:Feng Menglong
452:
446:
443:
440:
437:
433:
429:
427:
421:
417:
415:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
385:
382:
379:
375:
364:
360:
356:
353:
352:
351:
349:
341:
339:
336:
332:
328:
320:
318:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
283:
270:
267:
264:
260:
259:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
231:
227:
222:
214:
206:
202:
199:
196:
188:
184:
181:
180:
179:
173:
171:
169:
164:
162:
153:
144:
135:
126:
117:
106:
104:
95:
86:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
52:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
26:
22:
1613:Dependencies
1543:Turkmenistan
1508:Saudi Arabia
1251:
1233:
1205:
1187:
1168:
1145:
1103:
1092:
1083:
1071:
1052:
1036:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:Language Log
1013:
1000:
983:. Retrieved
979:
961:
946:. Retrieved
939:the original
930:
926:
913:
888:
884:
874:
863:
840:
833:
821:
794:
789:, p. x.
774:, p. v.
767:
755:
707:
703:
697:
677:
670:
643:
631:
619:
607:
595:
590:, p. i.
583:
516:
507:Yan'an Forum
500:
491:
487:
477:
473:
460:
438:
425:
423:
413:
411:
377:
358:
345:
324:
313:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
281:
274:
242:
235:
220:
218:
194:
177:
165:
160:
151:
142:
133:
124:
115:
107:
102:
93:
84:
75:
67:
63:
56:
46:
28:
27:", from the
20:
18:
1672:Asia portal
1573:States with
1493:Philippines
1433:South Korea
1428:North Korea
1323:Afghanistan
451:寧為太平犬，不做亂世人
127:, the 1707
125:Chieh-jen-i
94:Tsêng-huang
30:Dao De Jing
1687:Categories
1553:Uzbekistan
1528:Tajikistan
1443:Kyrgyzstan
1423:Kazakhstan
1343:Bangladesh
1333:Azerbaijan
1021:19 January
985:6 November
970:see also:
948:2021-06-23
522:References
503:Mao Zedong
420:Wade–Giles
331:Vietnamese
263:antithesis
193:, pinyin:
45:, and are
1639:Hong Kong
1593:Palestine
1518:Sri Lanka
1513:Singapore
1393:Indonesia
1270:0073-0483
905:144731801
732:142771880
724:0007-1005
436:character
348:Confucius
321:Influence
213:character
1662:Category
1583:Abkhazia
1533:Thailand
1488:Pakistan
1468:Mongolia
1463:Maldives
1458:Malaysia
1358:Cambodia
1091:(1627).
1061:Archived
956:citing:
327:Japanese
310:ellipsis
255:couplets
230:literati
195:xiēhòuyǔ
183:Xiehouyu
143:Sheng-yu
74:'s 1872
39:xiehouyu
1558:Vietnam
1473:Myanmar
1453:Lebanon
1383:Georgia
1338:Bahrain
1328:Armenia
1160:Sources
426:wei-chi
363:Chinese
314:purpose
299:xieouyu
287:
278:
251:proverb
243:Su-'hua
239:
205:Chinese
201:Chengyu
187:Chinese
148:
130:
121:
116:Yu-hsio
112:
99:
90:
81:
62:' 1823
43:chengyu
1603:Taiwan
1538:Turkey
1503:Russia
1438:Kuwait
1418:Jordan
1408:Israel
1368:Cyprus
1353:Brunei
1348:Bhutan
1268:
1258:
1212:
1175:
1057:p. 669
1043:
903:
851:
730:
722:
685:
422::
410::
408:pinyin
400::
390::
368:百闻不如一见
335:Korean
333:, and
301:, and
295:chenyu
207::
189::
70:, and
1644:Macau
1563:Yemen
1523:Syria
1498:Qatar
1478:Nepal
1413:Japan
1388:India
1378:Egypt
1363:China
1049:p. 53
942:(PDF)
933:(4).
923:(PDF)
901:S2CID
845:(PDF)
728:S2CID
414:wēijī
291:yanyu
282:yanyu
35:Laozi
19:Many
1483:Oman
1448:Laos
1403:Iraq
1398:Iran
1266:ISSN
1256:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1023:2009
987:2016
849:ISBN
720:ISSN
683:ISBN
303:suyu
166:The
157:主子家言
41:and
1615:and
1047:),
893:doi
712:doi
221:not
191:歇後語
1689::
1264:.
1130:^
1115:^
1059:.
1012:.
978:.
931:14
929:.
925:.
899:.
889:30
887:.
883:.
806:^
779:^
740:^
726:.
718:.
708:60
706:.
655:^
566:^
547:^
530:^
459:,
439:jī
418:;
406:;
403:危機
396:;
393:危机
371:,
329:,
297:,
209:成語
139:聖語
1301:e
1294:t
1287:v
1272:.
1246:)
1238:(
1218:.
1200:)
1192:(
1181:.
1025:.
989:.
951:.
907:.
895::
857:.
734:.
714::
691:.
465:.
441:.
374:p
203:(
185:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.