Jiang Qing - Knowledge (XXG)

2301: 2491:), which she tasked the Shanghai Beijing Opera Company for the production. In July 1964, Jiang Qing delivered the speech "On The Revolution of Beijing Opera" at the "Forum of Theatrical Workers Participating in the Festival of Peking Opera on Contemporary Themes." In her speech, Jiang expressed her discontent with how the "socialist country led by the Communist Party, the dominant position on the stage is not occupied by the workers, peasants, and soldiers, who are the real creators of history and the true masters of our country." Jiang noted that the majority of the opera stage in China were still occupied by scholars, royalties, ministers, and beauties, which she collectively categorized as "ancient Chinese and foreign figures." Jiang also criticized Beijing Opera for its use of "artistic exaggeration" that "has always depicted ancient times and people belonging to those times." Jiang considered these ancient characters as negative. According to Jiang, the continuous portrayal of these negative characters made it hard to produce any positive figures, which are "characters of advanced revolutionary heroes." She used the example of the opera 814:, a renowned popular play about a woman who escapes from Japanese-occupied north-eastern China and performs in the streets to survive. In February 1933, Jiang took the oath of the Chinese Communist Party with Yu at her side, and she was appointed member of the Chinese Communist Party youth wing. Yu was arrested in April the same year and Jiang was subsequently shunned by his family. She fled to her parents' home and returned to the drama school in Jinan. Through friendships she had previously established, she received an introduction to attend Shanghai University for the summer where she also taught some general literacy classes. In October, she rejoined the Communist Youth League and, at the same time, began participating in an amateur drama troupe. 2583:(at Jiang's direction), Jiang made sure that Sun's body was cremated and disposed of so that no autopsy could be performed and Sun's family could not have her ashes. In 1968, Jiang forced Zhou to sign an arrest warrant for his own brother. In 1973 and 1974, Jiang directed the "Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius" campaign against premier Zhou because Zhou was viewed as one of Jiang's primary political opponents. In 1975, Jiang initiated a campaign named "Criticizing Song Jiang, Evaluating the Water Margin", which encouraged the use of Zhou as an example of a political loser. After Zhou Enlai died in 1976, Jiang initiated the "Five Nos" campaign in order to discourage and prohibit any public mourning for Zhou. 2523:

belief that for yangbanxi to become successful in educating the masses on the structure and benefits of the new socialist state, the language of the music must be understandable to the common person. He first recommended that the lyrics be written in Mandarin, which was in line with the Chinese government policy that mandated the use of Mandarin as the language of instruction in schools nationwide. Yu also advocated that "the melody should be composed in such a way that it also shadowed the syllabic tonal patterns", which "should sound natural to the ear as well as being easily understandable to the listener."

2671:. Jiang was defiant. Whenever a witness took the stand, there was a chance the court proceedings would devolve into a shouting match. She did not deny the accusations, and insisted that she had been protecting Mao and following his instructions. Jiang remarked: "I was Chairman Mao's dog. I bit whomever he asked me to bite." Her defence strategy was marked by attempts to transcend the court room and appeal to history and the logic of revolution. The court announced its verdict after six weeks of testimony and debate and four weeks of deliberations. In early 1981, she was convicted and 2535:(Hong Se Niang Zi Jun) as "erotic ballad that used to be performed in the 1930s Shanghai nightclubs". Du was then criticized for trying to destroy the yangbanxi project by hiding bourgeois music in a revolutionary ballet. Du felt humiliated by this remark. It was until Yu asked the group to submit another composition that Du regained his motivation and composed the now famous Wanquan Heshui (On Wanquan River). According to Du, this incident revealed Yu's artistic integrity, personal courage, and the ability to gain Jiang's acknowledgement on his decisions. 2503:, were highly praised by the Communist leadership. These works helped her to establish her reputation in China's artistic realm and her plans to transform the Beijing Opera House. In June 1965, Jiang met and formed a working relationship with Yu Huiyong, the future Minister of Culture of the PRC. Jiang considered their ideas on the reformation of Beijing Opera to be "in total harmony." Jiang's considerable political power allowed Yu to push the yangbanxi (model drama) projects to fruition. She first arranged for Yu to join the composition team of her opera 4456: 2905: 2146: 2158: 835: 1204: 2429:), of which Jiang believed to be unpatriotic. Her opinion was not taken seriously by the communist leadership due to the minor political influence of her office and the movie was distributed in PRC's major cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Despite the difficulties to have her opinion recognized by the communist leadership, Jiang was able to rely on Mao's influence to support her position within the party. Four years after the airing of 2226: 2933: 2182: 5993: 1146: 1085: 68: 776:), meaning "Crane in the Clouds", by which she was known for much of her early life. Due to her socioeconomic status and the fact that she was an illegitimate child, she was looked down upon by her schoolmates and she and her mother moved in with her maternal grandparents when she started middle school. In 1926, when she was 12 years old, her father died. Her mother relocated them to 187: 2663:

first six months of their capture. Following prompt legal modernization, an indictment was brought forward, formally titled "Indictment of the Special Procuratorate under the Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the People’s Republic of China.” The indictment contained 48 separate counts. She was accused of persecuting artists during the Cultural Revolution, and authorizing the

2170: 2592: 759: 2640: 1253: 2507:, which was the first Beijing Opera to portray the themes from contemporary society and the lives of Shanghai's working class after liberation. Jiang also tasked Yu to revise the musical scores of the yangbanxi for the modern Chinese masses, and both of them believed that the revolutionary artwork must represent the reality of modern life. 2511:

In 1966, Yu was subsequently sent to a Cow Shed, a small room where the "bad elements" were confined. In October 1966, Yu was released after Jiang requested a meeting with Yu to stage the production of two operas in Beijing. Jiang seated Yu next to her, as a display of Yu's importance in the making of yangbanxi, during the showing of

2651:

and state security - had Jiang and the rest of the Gang arrested and removed from their party positions. According to Zhang Yaoci, who carried out the arrest, Jiang did not say much when she was arrested. It was reported that one of her servants spat at her as she was being taken away under a flurry of blows by onlookers and police.

686:" of the People's Republic of China. She served as Mao's personal secretary in the 1940s and was head of the Film Section of the Communist Party's Propaganda Department in the 1950s. Jiang served as an important emissary for Mao in the early stages of the Cultural Revolution. In 1966, she was appointed deputy director of the 2919: 2445:) for glorifying the wealthy landed class while dismissing the peasantry. Again, Jiang's opinion was dismissed by the communist leadership due to the lack of political influence from her office. However, Mao intervened for the second time as he penned the article "We Need to Pay Attention to the Discussion of the Movie 784:. The following summer, she entered an experimental theater and drama school. Her talent brought her to the attention of administrators who selected her to join a drama club in Beijing where she advanced her acting skills. She returned to Jinan in May 1931 and married Pei Minglun, the wealthy son of a businessman. 2522:

Jiang identified the weakness of Beijing opera as the lack of well organized music, which according to Jiang, "builds the image of the characters." This conception was influenced by Yu's writing on the functional conception of music. Yu focused on reforming the language of music. This was due to Yu's

2510:

During the Cultural Revolution, The Red Guards condemned Yu to be a "bad element" for propagating feudalism through his utilization of traditional Chinese music in operas. Yu was also tagged as "a democrat hiding under the banner of the Communist Party" due to his frequent absences in party meetings.

2361:

With time, Jiang began playing an increasingly active political role in the movement. She took part in most important Party and government activities. She was supported by a radical coterie, dubbed, by Mao himself, the Gang of Four. Although a prominent member of the Central Cultural Revolution Group

1214:

On 28 November 1938, Jiang and Mao married in a small private ceremony following approval by the Party's Central Committee. Because Mao's marriage to He had not yet ended, Jiang was reportedly made to sign a marital contract which stipulated that she would not appear in public with Mao as her escort.

2416:

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, theater reform was high on the agenda for the new Communist government as the Theater Reform Bureau (Xi Gai Ju) was established on Oct 2nd. However, the bureau was disbanded a year after due to widespread protests by performing

2243:

Jiang was ill for much of the 1950s, and while ill she stepped back from her official role. Jiang recovered from cervical cancer in 1957. Jiang thought herself still ill, while her doctors believed she was in good health. They therefore recommended that she enjoy movies, music, theater, and concerts

2650:

was Mao's chosen successor and became acting CCP chairman and acting premier after Mao's death; Mao may have advised Hua to "consult Jiang if anything happens" but in practice Hua became embroiled in a power struggle with the Gang of Four. On the 6th of October 1976, Hua - supported by the military

1199:

with him, and with whom Mao had five children. Eventually, Mao arranged a compromise with the other leaders of the CCP: Mao was granted a divorce and permitted to marry Jiang, but she was required to stay out of public politics for twenty years. Jiang abided by this agreement. However, thirty years

2619:

By this time, state media was effectively under the control of the Gang of Four. State newspapers continued to denounce Deng shortly after Mao's death. Jiang was little-concerned about the weak Hua Guofeng, but she feared Deng Xiaoping greatly. In numerous documents published in the 1970s, it was

2662:

Jiang. She was tried starting in late 1980 with the other three members of the Gang of Four and six associates. At the time of her arrest, the country lacked the proper institutions for a legal trial. As a result she and the other members of the Gang of Four were held in a state of limbo for the

2472:

After Jiang's return to China in 1962, she frequently attended local opera performances. In 1963, Jiang asked A Jia, the director of the National Beijing Opera Company, to assist her in transforming the works of Beijing Opera with the modern revolutionary socialist theme. She would later ask the

2417:

artists, who referred to the bureau as "Theater Slaughter Bureau" (Xi Zai Ju). In 1950, with the creation of the first national theater academy, premier Zhou Enlai announced a new theater reform policy that aimed to politically indoctrinate the performing artists and nationalize opera companies.

2530:

Jiang was known to be blunt in directing the yangbanxi, but Yu was able to serve as the mediator between Jiang and the performers. Since Jiang could not communicate her vision clearly, performers often take her criticisms as personal insults. Du Mingxin, one of Jiang's composers, recalled Jiang

2518:

During the production of yangbanxi, Jiang had shown keen intuition, due to her experience as an actress, in showing the shape yangbanxi should take. However, Jiang's directions on opera reforms were often vague. Yu, acting as the pawn of Jiang, was able to manifest Jiang's orders into technical

2495:

to show that the change in the protagonist's portrayal was related to how "the roles of the People's Liberation Army men Yang Tzu-jung and Shao Chien-po have been made more prominent." Jiang also argued that the portrayal of positive characters was important as "good people are always the great

2387:(afterwards saying that this was inspired by Mao). The Chinese public became intensely discontented at this time and chose to blame Jiang, a more accessible and easier target than Chairman Mao. By 1973, although unreported due to it being a personal matter, Mao and his wife Jiang had separated: 830:

In September 1934, Jiang was arrested and jailed for her political activities in Shanghai, but was released three months later, in December of the same year. She then traveled to Beijing where she reunited with Yu Qiwei who had just been released following his prison sentence, and the two began

2468:

Jiang would spend 1955–1962 in Moscow for medical treatments. However, during this period, as a foreign dignitary, Jiang was able to access a wide variety of movies that were banned in Soviet Russia, including many Hollywood productions. With such access, Jiang was able to stay informed of the

2391:

It was reported that Mao Tsetung and Chiang Ching were separated in 1973. Most people, however, did not know this. Hence Chiang Ching was still able to use her position as Mao's wife to deceive people. Because of her relations to Mao, it was particularly difficult for the Party to deal with

2006: 2526:

According to Jiang's theory of the "three prominences," the model revolutionary works were to foreground the principal hero over other heroic characters and positive characters over other characters. Jiang criticized spy thrillers (which were known as counterespionage films) for making the

719:), to which most of the blame for the damage and devastation caused by the Cultural Revolution was assigned. Though she was initially sentenced to death, her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1983. After being released for medical treatment, Jiang died by suicide in May 1991. 808:, a physics student three years her senior, who was an underground member of the Communist Party Propaganda Department. By 1932, they had fallen in love and were living together. She joined the "Communist Cultural Front", a circle of artists, writers, and actors, and performed in 2251:(1958–62), Mao was highly criticized within the CPC, and turned to Jiang, among others, to support him and persecute his enemies. After Mao wrote a pamphlet questioning the persistence of "feudal and bourgeois" traditional opera, Jiang took this as a license to systematically 2233:

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Jiang became the nation's first lady. Jiang was the deputy director of the Film Guidance Committee, which evaluated all movie projects from 1949 to 1951. An uproar in 1950 led to the investigation of

755:. Her father had his own carpentry and cabinet making workshop. After Jiang's parents had a violent argument, her mother found work as a domestic servant (some accounts cite that Jiang's mother also worked as a prostitute) and her husband separated from her. 2300: 2679:

recounted in his memoir that the court room erupted into applause as the verdict was read and Qing was dragged out of the court room by two female guards while shouting revolutionary slogans. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1983.

706:. Before Mao's death, the Gang of Four controlled many of China's political institutions, including the media and propaganda. However, Jiang, deriving most of her political legitimacy from Mao, often found herself at odds with other top leaders. 5968: 2420:

In 1951, Jiang Qing was given a minor position of Film Bureau Chief. After her appointment, Jiang engaged in three attempts in establishing the standard for socialist art. Jiang's first attempt was her advice to ban the 1950 Hong Kong movie

6162: 1191:. Some communist leaders were scandalized by the relationship once it became public. At 45, Mao was nearly twice Jiang's age, and Jiang had lived a highly bourgeois lifestyle before coming to Yan'an. Mao was still married to 698:. At the height of the Cultural Revolution, Jiang held significant influence in the affairs of state, particularly in the realm of culture and the arts, and was idolized in propaganda posters as the "Great Flagbearer of the 2453:. Mao criticized the movie for portraying and endorsing Wu Xun as anti-revolutionary. Nonetheless, Jiang's third attempt involved the role of literary criticism in the development of socialist art. She asked the editor of 2708:. Chairman Mao exterminated Liu Shaoqi, but not Deng, and the result of this omission is that unending evils have been unleashed on the Chinese people and nation. Chairman, your student and fighter is coming to see you!" 4581: 4535: 2979:"Jiang Qing" is a pseudonym, adopted later in her life. It is the most commonly used name in historical literature when discussing the subject. She was known by a wide range of names during her life and after her death. 4942: 6132: 2287:

Over April through June 1966, Jiang presided over the All-Army Artistic Creation Conference in Beijing. Conference attendees evaluated a total of 80 domestic and foreign films. Jiang approved of 7 as consistent with

6137: 2543:

Jiang took advantage of the Cultural Revolution to wreak vengeance on her personal enemies, including people who had slighted her during her acting career in the 1930s. She incited radical youths organized as

1180:" (Marxist–Leninist Institute) for study. The Lu Xun Academy of Arts was newly founded in Yan'an on 10 April 1938, and Jiang became a drama department instructor, teaching and performing in college plays and 907:("Revolutionary Symphonic Music") were included in the list of eight, and were closely associated with Jiang, because of their inclusion of elements from Chinese and Western opera, dance, and music. During 6152: 4599: 880:

In 1967, at the beginning of China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Jiang declared eight works of performance art to be the new models for proletarian literature and art. These "model operas", or

1790: 5377: 4960: 2373:

now became Mao's designated successor. Chairman Mao now gave his support to the Gang of Four. These four radicals occupied powerful positions in the Politburo after the Tenth Party Congress of 1973.

713:

and his allies, and was subsequently condemned by party authorities. Since then, Jiang has been officially branded as having been part of the "Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-Revolutionary Cliques" (

2719:, and reads: "Tomb of Late Mother, Li Yunhe, 1914–1991". The cemetery was chosen for safety; the state refused her wish to be buried in Shandong, her home province, out of concerns over vandalism. 2738:. It is believed that the character "Qing" was chosen because it related to the concept of Blue ("Lan"). She also used Li Jin to pen a number of articles she wrote during the Cultural Revolution. 1785: 1780: 1775: 2465:) by two young scholars at Shandong University. The editor refused Jiang's request on the grounds that the party newspaper was not a forum for free debate. Again, Mao spoke up on Jiang's behalf. 4460: 4303: 251: 4574: 1635: 6017: 2284:

thought dominated the arts since the PRC's founding. A summary of Jiang's analysis at the forum was later distributed widely during the Cultural Revolution and became a significant document.

6062: 4935: 4294: 1685: 2696:

in the mid-1980s after which she was transferred from prison to house arrest. The cancer was treated at the Public Security Hospital. On 14 May 1991, at the hospital she committed suicide

2731:, which was used in all the plays and films that credited her roles. Lan Ping (Blue Apple) was the name she was known by within Chinese film circles and a name she came to identify with. 6092: 6172: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4567: 4422: 4549: 4545: 2496:

majority" and that the productions should "educate and inspire the people and lead them forward", suggesting that many of the existing works must be revised to portray the masses.

2280:

officers. The group studied writings by Mao, watched films and plays, and met with the cast and crew of an in-progress film production. The forum concluded that a "black line" of

5352: 5156: 5152: 5148: 4928: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4444: 2262:

of everything but political propaganda. The result ended up being a near-total suppression of all creative works in China aside from rigidly-prescribed "revolutionary" material.

5332: 4343: 1412: 2741:

Eventually, to protect her identity, she used Li Runqing (Shining Blue) when she was hospitalized after being released from prison. Her tombstone bears the name "Li Yunhe".

1177: 512: 5860: 2561: 6087: 6082: 5943: 1727: 6042: 2519:

details that can be followed by the performers. Despite Yu's growing influence, he was never able to defy Jiang's orders, as he could only influence her thinking.

2481:) featuring the struggle between the Nationalists and Communists during the Second Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945). She was also behind the development of the opera 1956: 2553: 5231: 4590: 2960: 2240:, a film about a 19th-century beggar who raised money to educate the poor. Jiang supported criticism of the film for celebrating counter-revolutionary ideas. 4982: 4951: 4630: 1939: 1770: 4244: 919:, and was impressed by the opera. He famously asked Jiang who the writer, director, and composer were, to which she replied it was "created by the masses." 5663: 4232: 4070: 1797: 3538: 5808: 3670:

Teiwes, Frederick C.; Sun, Warren (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era".

2376:

When traditional landscape and bird-and-flower paintings re-emerged in the early 1970s, Jiang criticized these traditional forms as "black paintings".

4437: 2727:

There are several reasons for Jiang's large repertoire of names. One reason is that it was customary for Chinese actors during that time, she chose a

2315:(CCRG) in 1966 and emerged as a serious political figure in the summer of that year. At the 9th Party Congress in April 1969, she was elevated to the 1981: 4336: 2316: 2212: 1961: 703: 3733: 511: 6037: 4972: 4705: 4620: 3607: 2013: 2001: 1996: 643: 231: 3204:"Governing China: From Revolution through Reform. By Kenneth Lieberthal. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1995. xix, 498 pages. $ 30.00" 845:

Jiang returned to Shanghai in March 1935, and became a professional actress, adopting the stage name "Lan Ping" (meaning "Blue Apple", Chinese:

5727: 5425: 3285:

Roberts, Rosemary (March 2008). "Performing Gender in Maoist Ballet: Mutual Subversions of Genre and Ideology in The Red Detachment of Women".

912: 1364: 6167: 5635: 4155: 3956: 3921: 3861: 3826: 1886: 1703: 465: 6117: 4430: 2125: 2379:

Jiang first collaborated with then second-in-charge Lin Biao, but after Lin Biao's death in 1971, she turned against him publicly in the

6192: 5926: 5818: 4329: 3781: 3072: 2068: 671:. Jiang was best known for playing a major role in the Cultural Revolution and for forming the radical political alliance known as the 6177: 6057: 5362: 3246: 2380: 1944: 3984: 3938: 3903: 3843: 3808: 6157: 5224: 4209: 4190: 4176: 4140: 4021: 3886: 3523: 3443: 3414: 3254: 3141: 3109: 3082: 3013: 2748:

romanization system to spell Chinese names. For this reason, some sources – especially older ones – spell her name "Chiang Ch'ing".

2483: 2312: 1966: 1132: 824: 687: 151: 4222: 3047: 2675:. She was assigned the highest level of criminal liability among the defendants as a "ringleader" of a counterrevolutionary group. 2396:

Jiang's hobbies included photography, playing cards, and holding screenings of classic Hollywood films, especially those featuring

1402: 780:

where Jiang worked as a child laborer in a cigarette factory for several months. Two years later, Jiang and her mother settled in

6147: 6047: 5772: 5302: 5274: 4412: 4200: 3697: 2083: 1842: 897: 4044: 324: 6067: 5870: 5656: 3755: 2564:. Internally divided into factions both to the "left" and "right" of Jiang and Mao, not all Red Guards were friendly to Jiang. 2319:. By then, she had established a close political working relationship with the other members of what later became known as the 1522: 1859: 5895: 5855: 5337: 2767: 1695: 1216: 1207: 1110: 486: 89: 4321: 1871: 6142: 6122: 6107: 5905: 5767: 5642: 4226: 2759: 1971: 344: 3158: 2346:

in the party. Mao told them the revolution was in danger and that they must do all they could to stop the emergence of a

1891: 132: 6102: 5996: 5722: 5712: 5279: 5217: 2672: 2270: 2205: 1765: 1297: 695: 496: 3460: 104: 3099: 2954: 2437:

yet,", echoing Jiang's criticisms. Later in 1951, Jiang critiqued and objected to the distribution of the movie

1881: 1587: 1106: 85: 2277: 1095: 4011: 2571:

led Jiang to hurt Zhou where he was most vulnerable. In 1968, Jiang had Zhou's adopted son (Sun Yang) and daughter (

6052: 2734:

It is unclear when she changed her name to Jiang Qing (Blue River), but it probably occurred before her arrival in

1272: 1168:, which destroyed most of its movie industry, Jiang left her celebrity life on the stage behind. She went first to 1161: 2667:

of the homes of writers and performers in Shanghai to destroy material related to Jiang's early career that could

1392: 1114: 1099: 111: 78: 6127: 6112: 6077: 5850: 5307: 4238: 3406: 1986: 1901: 1527: 4074: 889:

were designed to glorify Mao Zedong, The People's Liberation Army, and the revolutionary struggles. The ballets

709:

Mao's death in 1976 dealt a significant blow to Jiang's political fortunes. She was arrested in October 1976 by

55: 6072: 5900: 5692: 5628: 5438: 5372: 3435: 3339:

Harris, Kristine (30 August 2010). "Re-makes/Re-models: The Red Detachment of Women between Stage and Screen".

1976: 1719: 1711: 1324: 6182: 5828: 5420: 5387: 5382: 5357: 5322: 4559: 2499:

During the 1964 "Modern Beijing Opera Trial Performance Convention", Jiang's new productions, including the

2198: 2130: 2063: 1929: 1748: 1677: 1354: 372: 118: 4920: 2269:

convention, Jiang criticized regional opera troupes for glorifying emperors, generals, scholars, and other

6027: 5840: 5254: 1849: 999: 863: 39: 3006:

A Great Trial in Chinese History – the Trial of the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-Revolutionary Cliques

2400:, one of her favorite actresses, even as they were banned for the average Chinese citizen as a symbol of 6097: 5782: 5448: 3729: 3615: 2343: 1359: 1176:

to "join the revolution" and the war to resist the Japanese invasion. In November, she enrolled in the "

890: 2605:. The slogan reads: "The invincible thoughts of Mao Zedong illuminate the stages of revolutionary art!" 1532: 1314: 100: 6032: 6022: 5737: 5707: 5566: 5259: 5014: 4737: 3131: 2712: 2362:

and a major player in Chinese politics from 1966 to 1976, she essentially remained on the sidelines.

2320: 2036: 1949: 1817: 1661: 1334: 6187: 5787: 5747: 5649: 5240: 4352: 4097: 2947: 2601: 2596: 2338:

During this period, Mao galvanized students and young workers as his paramilitary organization the

2305: 2120: 1991: 1876: 1854: 1827: 1822: 1374: 1302: 975: 882: 857: 793: 635: 3273: 2700:; the suicide note read: "Today the revolution has been stolen by the revisionist clique of Deng, 5963: 5938: 5777: 5531: 5284: 5264: 4408: 3679: 3645: 3356: 3167: 2697: 2545: 2289: 2259: 2248: 2236: 2078: 2031: 1906: 1864: 1812: 1582: 1497: 1472: 1369: 1349: 1267: 1165: 903: 810: 354: 3432:

People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War

3487:

The Case of the Gang of Four: With First Translation of Teng Hsiao-Ping's Three Poisonous Weeds

2335:. She was one of the most powerful and controversial figures in China during Mao's last years. 5953: 5813: 5757: 5367: 5347: 5269: 4205: 4186: 4172: 4151: 4136: 4017: 3952: 3917: 3882: 3857: 3822: 3577: 3519: 3490: 3439: 3410: 3250: 3223: 3137: 3105: 3078: 3009: 2576: 2469:

western art trends, which would go on to shape her transformation of the Beijing Opera House.

2108: 1807: 1669: 1512: 1287: 873: 602: 594: 500: 3785: 3515: 3509: 5732: 5717: 5697: 5670: 5453: 5433: 5415: 4356: 4270: 3944: 3909: 3849: 3814: 3569: 3348: 3243:

Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century

3215: 2924: 2784: 2693: 2347: 2174: 2162: 2103: 1645: 1597: 1282: 1277: 1023: 834: 647: 559: 536: 202: 2620:

claimed that Jiang was conspiring to make herself the new Chairman of the Communist Party.

2404:

decadence. When touring a troupe of young girls excelling in marksmanship, she discovered

1203: 1145: 5978: 5973: 5890: 5880: 5833: 5460: 5408: 5093: 4848: 4248: 3988: 3628: 3326:

Musical-Dramatic Experimentation in the Yangbanxi: A Case for Precedence in The Great Wall

2938: 2689: 2408:, then 14 years old, launching Joan's career as a Chinese and then international actress. 2186: 1911: 1442: 1407: 1344: 1236: 928:

Note: This table only lists films from the 1930s. It does not include later documentaries.

50: 2745: 1339: 580: 2225: 125: 5948: 5875: 5845: 5823: 5742: 5702: 5510: 5327: 5077: 4666: 2591: 2324: 2255: 2041: 1753: 1617: 1567: 1557: 1507: 3701: 2932: 2181: 6011: 5958: 5752: 5551: 5496: 5317: 5312: 5137: 4810: 4784: 4717: 4678: 4476: 4313: 4048: 3360: 2705: 2655: 2580: 2557: 2384: 1896: 1837: 1562: 1517: 1467: 1329: 1200:

later, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Jiang became active in politics.

1181: 908: 631: 284: 3759: 751:), a carpenter, and her mother, whose name is unknown, was Li's subsidiary wife, or 5885: 5586: 5520: 5501: 4789: 4636: 4494: 4391: 4164: 2910: 2639: 2634: 2610: 2351: 2332: 2266: 2150: 1934: 1602: 1592: 1462: 1457: 819: 672: 566: 46: 792:

From July 1931 to April 1933, Jiang attended National Qingdao University (renamed

3403:

Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China

5865: 5762: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5591: 5526: 5515: 5342: 5088: 5060: 5055: 5035: 5030: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4768: 4752: 4747: 4711: 4701: 4684: 4648: 4531: 4512: 4499: 4489: 4396: 4386: 2716: 2659: 2647: 2575:) tortured and murdered by Red Guards. Sun Yang was murdered in the basement of 2401: 2397: 2328: 2281: 2093: 1653: 1607: 1502: 1452: 1397: 1084: 839: 710: 699: 67: 5931: 5803: 5596: 5581: 5561: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5403: 5132: 5126: 5121: 5082: 5065: 4999: 4988: 4968: 4838: 4833: 4816: 4774: 4654: 4642: 4626: 4616: 4484: 4376: 4280: 4131: 4126: 3557: 2900: 2728: 2676: 2572: 2568: 2549: 2366: 2355: 2339: 2115: 1832: 1802: 1760: 1612: 1572: 1542: 1447: 1437: 1432: 1196: 1188: 1149: 801: 683: 655: 639: 445: 405: 272: 244: 227: 186: 3581: 3573: 3227: 2616:

Mao's death occurred just after midnight at 00:10 hours on 9 September 1976.

2609:

On 5 September 1976, Mao's failing health turned critical when he suffered a

2433:, Mao pointed out in a letter to the top leaders that "we haven't criticized 5687: 5576: 5556: 5546: 5536: 5104: 5099: 5071: 5050: 4993: 4763: 4672: 4195: 2701: 2668: 2405: 2051: 1492: 1487: 1319: 1307: 1292: 1192: 752: 628: 17: 4150:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 3558:"The transformation of Beijing opera: Jiang Qing, Yu Huiyong and yangbanxi" 2735: 2548:

against other senior political leaders and government officials, including

2365:

The initial storm of the Cultural Revolution came to an end when President

1173: 1153: 679: 3948: 3913: 3853: 3818: 758: 5571: 5491: 4978: 4843: 4381: 2664: 2370: 2098: 2088: 2046: 1577: 1552: 1547: 1482: 1169: 805: 732: 728: 691: 320: 316: 3683: 3352: 3301: 2383:

Campaign. By the mid-1970s, Jiang also spearheaded the campaign against

2169: 5541: 4540: 3494: 3008:, Beijing/Oxford: New World Press/Pergamon Press, 1981, p. title, 797: 777: 425: 340: 5209: 5921: 5045: 5024: 4660: 4527: 2073: 1477: 1252: 1244: 4536:

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

3219: 5866:

Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee

667:) during her acting career (which ended in 1938), and was known by 4779: 4455: 4360: 3782:"Communist Party History: Memoirs of Jiang Qing on 6 October 1976" 3203: 2892:

Commonly referred to in English-language literature as: Madame Mao

2638: 2590: 2457:

to republish the new literary interpretation of the classic novel

2299: 2252: 2224: 2057: 1202: 1144: 833: 781: 757: 651: 206: 4098:"Guide to Pronouncing Romanized Chinese (Wade-Giles and Pinyin)" 2311:

Backed by her husband, she was appointed deputy director of the

5378:

Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend

5213: 4924: 4563: 4426: 4325: 3274:

http://content.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601770321,00.html

2579:. After Sun Weishi died following seven months of torture in a 6163:

Prisoners sentenced to death by the People's Republic of China

2613:, far more serious than his previous two earlier in the year. 1078: 61: 3608:"China's Musical Revolution: From Beijing Opera to Yangbanxi" 1187:

Shortly after arriving in Yan'an, Jiang became involved with

6133:

Members of the 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party

2715:. The grave marker is a tall white stone inscribed with her 766:

When Jiang enrolled in elementary school, she took the name

623:(19 March 1914 – 14 May 1991), also known as 6138:

Members of the 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party

2350:

class in China. He argued this is what had happened in the

27:

Chinese political figure and wife of Mao Zedong (1914–1991)

3940:

The Cultural Revolution on Trial: Mao and the Gang of Four

3905:

The Cultural Revolution on Trial: Mao and the Gang of Four

3845:

The Cultural Revolution on Trial: Mao and the Gang of Four

3810:

The Cultural Revolution on Trial: Mao and the Gang of Four

4461:

Spouse of the president of the People's Republic of China

4304:

Spouse of the President of the People's Republic of China

4073:(in Chinese). Dwnews.com. 12 January 2009. Archived from 3987:(in Chinese). Dwnews.com. 12 January 2009. Archived from 823:

which British authorities banned from being performed in

2595:

Poster showing Jiang promoting the fine arts during the

1195:, a lifelong Communist who had previously completed the 4169:

The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong

3133:

The White-boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong

851:). She appeared in numerous films and plays, including 694:

to advance Mao's view of Communist ideology as well as

3646:"Jiang Qing (1964): On the Revolution of Peking Opera" 1215:

Jiang and Mao's only child together, a daughter named

3971: 2473:

Beijing Municipal Opera Company to develop the opera

599: 585: 571: 6153:

People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong

3159:"Butterfield, Fox. "Lust, Revenge, and Revolution". 5914: 5796: 5680: 5620: 5469: 5396: 5295: 5247: 5114: 5008: 4959: 4826: 4731: 4694: 4681:(added Jan 1975, Vice-Chairman; dismissed Apr 1976) 4609: 4598: 4146:MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). 3461:"Uncovering the Cultural Revolution's Awful Truths" 2711:Jiang was buried in Futian Cemetery in the western 593: 579: 565: 558: 553: 535: 526: 506: 492: 482: 378: 368: 360: 350: 330: 299: 294: 278: 268: 250: 238: 223: 200: 168: 92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4251:, 84-minute documentary film (on-line, in Chinese) 2369:was forced from all his posts on 13 October 1968. 1178:Counter-Japanese Military and Political University 6063:Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shandong 5861:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group 702:Revolution". In 1969, Jiang gained a seat on the 634:, actress, and major political figure during the 5944:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party 2744:In English, many contemporary articles used the 1728:Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat 1172:, then to the Chinese Communist headquarters in 6093:Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party 2567:Jiang's rivalry with, and personal dislike of, 735:province, on 19 March 1914. Her birth name was 6018:First ladies of the People's Republic of China 3758:. Civilwind.com. 8 August 2003. Archived from 3700:. Dashiw.com. 11 February 2009. Archived from 682:in November 1938 and served as the inaugural " 5225: 4936: 4591:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party 4575: 4438: 4337: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3163:. 4 March 1984. Retrieved 10 June 2011. p. 1" 3026: 3024: 2876: 2859: 2846: 2829: 2812: 2795: 2778: 2753: 2265:In her first public speech in June 1964 at a 2206: 1058: 1040: 1029: 1005: 981: 960: 846: 771: 746: 740: 714: 662: 541: 32: 8: 4952:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party 2276:In February 1966, Jiang hosted a forum with 2007:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist 1940:National Democratic Front of the Philippines 817:Jiang was among the cast of a production of 800:. It is reported that Jiang met and married 5664:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits 3881:. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press. 3328:. US: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 189–212. 3033:Madame Mao: Sharing Power with the Chairman 2673:sentenced to death with a two year reprieve 1798:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 1113:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1075:Flight to Yan'an and marriage to Mao Zedong 1074: 6173:Suicides in the People's Republic of China 5232: 5218: 5210: 4943: 4929: 4921: 4606: 4582: 4568: 4560: 4445: 4431: 4423: 4344: 4330: 4322: 4254: 3101:中國婦女傳記詞典: The Twentieth Century, 1912–2000 2961:Politics of the People's Republic of China 2431:The Inside Story of the Qing Dynasty Court 2423:The Inside Story of the Qing Dynasty Court 2213: 2199: 1957:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist 1231: 931: 762:Jiang Qing on the cover of a film magazine 550: 264:27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959 219:1 October 1949 – 9 September 1976 185: 165: 4045:"Yu Guangyuan: The Jiang Qing I remember" 4016:. Stanford University Press. p. 52. 3943:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3908:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3848:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3813:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3272:magazine March 21, 1977, p.26 with photo 1686:On the Correct Handling of Contradictions 1636:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant 1133:Learn how and when to remove this message 152:Learn how and when to remove this message 5969:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee 1962:Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) 668: 638:(1966–1976). She was the fourth wife of 469: 461: 6088:Chinese politicians who died by suicide 6083:Chinese politicians convicted of crimes 4047:. Culture.people.com.cn. Archived from 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 2997: 2972: 2449:" and published it on May 20, 1951, in 2002:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan 1997:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement 1243: 946: 6043:20th-century Chinese women politicians 3624: 3613: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 1935:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path 601: 523: 3736:from the original on 30 December 2017 3640: 3638: 1704:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung 7: 4720:(Vice-Chairman, reinstated Jul 1977) 4132:Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China 3459:Demick, Barbara (18 December 2020). 3125: 3123: 3121: 3066: 3064: 3046:Kristof, Nicholas D. (5 June 1991). 2126:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang 1982:Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun 1111:adding citations to reliable sources 90:adding citations to reliable sources 4538:, making their wives spouse of the 4297:Presidents of the Republic of China 3784:. Cpc.people.com.cn. Archived from 3562:Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art 3508:Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2006). 1987:Serve the People – Communist League 825:Shanghai's International Settlement 5363:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius 4657:(Vice-Chairman, resigned Jan 1975) 4639:(Vice-Chairman, arrested Oct 1976) 4273:of the People's Republic of China 3556:Ludden, Yawen (1 September 2017). 3247:University of North Carolina Press 2531:dismissed his music in the ballet 2412:Shaping of Chinese Socialist Opera 2381:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius 1945:Communist Party of the Philippines 25: 4813:(added Dec 1973, to PSC Jan 1975) 4013:Madame Mao: The White Boned Demon 3972:MacFarquhar & Schoenhals 2006 3489:. Cosmos Books, Ltd. p. 19. 3306:, Qiang Chen, Baiwan Li, Hua Tian 3157:Butterfield, Fox (4 March 1984). 2527:antagonists seem too intriguing. 2513:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy 2501:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy 2493:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy 2484:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy 2313:Central Cultural Revolution Group 1967:Communist Party of India (Maoist) 1210:, Jiang and Mao in Yan'an in 1943 877:, Jiang played the role of Nora. 688:Central Cultural Revolution Group 5992: 5991: 5927:Mao Zedong's cult of personality 5773:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture 5303:Down to the Countryside Movement 5275:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference 4454: 4413:Spouse of the President of China 4201:The Private Life of Chairman Mao 4071:"Duowei: Jiang Qing's gravesite" 3985:"Duowei: Jiang Qing's gravesite" 3698:"Jiang Qing wants to be Empress" 3300:Khoua, Choui; Wang, Bin (1950), 2931: 2917: 2903: 2539:Political persecution of enemies 2292:and criticized the other films. 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 1843:Down to the Countryside Movement 1251: 1083: 1068:Filmed in 1937. Leading actress 510: 252:Spouse of the President of China 66: 5657:Six Articles of Public Security 4687:(added Apr 1976, Vice-Chairman) 4185:(Boston: Little, Brown, 1977). 644:Chairman of the Communist Party 457: 434: 414: 394: 77:needs additional citations for 6038:20th-century Chinese actresses 5896:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student 5856:Central Case Examination Group 5338:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign 4645:(Vice-Chairman, died Dec 1975) 3202:Schoppa, R. Keith (May 1996). 3031:Stefan R. Landsberger (2008). 2886: 2882: 2869: 2865: 2839: 2835: 2822: 2818: 2805: 2801: 2771: 2763: 2014:International Communist League 1696:A Critique of Soviet Economics 1678:On the Ten Major Relationships 1152:and Jiang writing together in 1059: 1041: 1030: 1006: 982: 961: 847: 772: 715: 663: 600: 586: 572: 542: 33: 1: 5906:Xiang River Storm and Thunder 5768:Learn from Daqing in industry 5643:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office 4227:International Museum of Women 4204:(London: Random House, 1996) 3192:Little Brown, 1977. pp. 7–11. 1972:Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party 1166:Japanese invasion of Shanghai 915:in February 1972, he watched 6168:Suicides by hanging in China 5723:Continuous Revolution Theory 5713:Cow demons and snake spirits 5636:Quotations from Chairman Mao 5280:Socialist Education Movement 3756:"Pages from Chinese History" 3208:The Journal of Asian Studies 3098:Lee, Lily Xiao Hong (1998). 2635:Gang of Four § Downfall 2342:to attack what he termed as 1766:Chinese Communist Revolution 1298:Continuous revolution theory 794:National Shandong University 745:). Her father was Li Dewen ( 497:Death sentence with reprieve 6118:People with hypochondriasis 3937:Cook, Alexander C. (2016). 3902:Cook, Alexander C. (2016). 3842:Cook, Alexander C. (2016). 3807:Cook, Alexander C. (2016). 2955:Jiang Qing and Her Husbands 2877: 2860: 2847: 2830: 2813: 2796: 2779: 2754: 2533:The Red Detachment of Women 2271:ox-demons and snake-spirits 2084:National Democracy Movement 1882:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 1872:New People's Army rebellion 1228:Entry into Chinese politics 1039:Segment 1: "Twenty Cents" ( 30:For the Confucian scholar ( 6209: 6193:Inmates of Qincheng Prison 4361:People's Republic of China 4229:(archived 9 December 2008) 4171:(New York: Morrow, 1984). 3877:Hutchings, Graham (2001). 2643:Jiang at her trial in 1980 2632: 1860:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 1771:People's Republic of China 1273:Antagonistic contradiction 1162:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 988:Wang Junsheng's girlfriend 345:People's Republic of China 44: 29: 6178:Secretaries to Mao Zedong 6058:Chinese actor-politicians 5987: 5851:Cultural Revolution Group 5308:Cleansing the Class Ranks 5146: 4857: 4524: 4508: 4467: 4405: 4367: 4310: 4301: 4287: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4235:(archived 31 August 2009) 4120:General and cited sources 3407:Columbia University Press 3324:Winzenburg, John (2016). 2852: 2845:Revolutionary pseudonym: 2788: 2069:Mao's cult of personality 2009:Parties and Organizations 1902:Internal conflict in Peru 951: 747: 741: 696:Mao's cult of personality 614: 549: 531: 518: 290: 257: 212: 196: 184: 175: 6158:Politicians from Weifang 5901:May Seventh Cadre School 5693:Newborn socialist things 5629:Bombard the Headquarters 5439:Shaoyang County Massacre 5373:1975 Banqiao Dam failure 4544:head of state under the 3730:"The Gang of Four Trial" 3574:10.1386/jcca.4.2-3.143_1 3436:Cornell University Press 3430:Minami, Kazushi (2024). 2688:Jiang was imprisoned at 1977:Communist Party of Burma 1892:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 1887:Death and funeral of Mao 1720:Bombard the Headquarters 1712:Historic Eight Documents 1325:Newborn socialist things 1164:on 7 July 1937, and the 690:. She collaborated with 351:Cause of death 176: 6148:People with polydactyly 6048:Actresses from Shandong 5871:Revolutionary committee 5421:Inner Mongolia incident 5388:1976 Tiananmen Incident 5358:Black Painting incident 5323:February Countercurrent 3728:Zheng, Haiping (2010). 2131:Thought reform in China 2064:Left communism in China 1930:Chinese Communist Party 1749:Chinese Soviet Republic 1403:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 1355:Revolutionary base area 917:Red Detachment of Women 898:Red Detachment of Women 831:living together again. 727:Jiang Qing was born in 373:Chinese Communist Party 364:Beijing Futian Cemetery 6068:Chinese film actresses 5841:May Sixteenth elements 5255:Anti-Rightist Campaign 4010:Terrill, Ross (1999). 3623:Cite journal requires 3606:Ludden, Yawen (2013). 3511:Mao: The Unknown Story 3241:Gao, Yunxiang (2021). 3190:Comrade Chiang Ch'ing. 3130:Terrill, Ross (1984). 3074:The Life of Madame Mao 3071:Terrill, Ross (2014). 2644: 2606: 2394: 2308: 2244:as a form of therapy. 2230: 1850:New Communist movement 1211: 1157: 1036:Rickshaw puller's wife 1000:Blood on Wolf Mountain 864:Blood on Wolf Mountain 842: 763: 40:Jiang Qing (Confucian) 5876:8341 Special Regiment 5783:Five Black Categories 5449:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case 5383:1976 Nanjing incident 4223:Feature on Madame Mao 4183:Comrade Chiang Ch'ing 4148:Mao's Last Revolution 4096:Keyser, Catherine H. 3949:10.1017/9780511980411 3914:10.1017/9780511980411 3854:10.1017/9780511980411 3819:10.1017/9780511980411 3303:The White-haired Girl 2658:, who proceeded with 2642: 2594: 2459:Dream of Red Mansions 2389: 2303: 2229:Mao and Jiang in 1946 2228: 1583:Muppala Lakshmana Rao 1393:Maoism–Third Worldism 1360:Seek truth from facts 1206: 1148: 837: 761: 678:Jiang married Mao in 6143:People from Zhucheng 6123:Family of Mao Zedong 6108:Critics of religions 5809:Conservative Faction 5738:One Divides into Two 5708:Big-character poster 5260:Great Chinese Famine 5129:(dismissed Aug 1973) 5015:surname stroke order 4996:(dismissed Aug 1973) 4738:surname stroke order 4247:6 April 2012 at the 4051:on 30 September 2011 3678:(2): 211–235 (213). 3541:. aratandculture.com 2654:Hua was replaced by 2599:while holding Mao's 2175:Socialism portal 2163:Communism portal 2037:Big-character poster 1818:Black Power movement 1662:On Guerrilla Warfare 1335:One Divides into Two 1219:, was born in 1940. 1107:improve this section 883:revolutionary operas 499:, later commuted to 86:improve this article 6103:Socialist feminists 5788:Five Red Categories 5650:May 16 Notification 5353:10th Party Congress 5241:Cultural Revolution 5096:(arrested Sep 1971) 5085:(arrested Sep 1971) 5074:(arrested Sep 1971) 5068:(arrested Sep 1971) 4819:(from PSC Jan 1975) 4807:(arrested Oct 1976) 4760:(arrested Oct 1976) 4669:(arrested Oct 1976) 4407:For the spouses of 4102:Columbia University 3788:on 26 February 2012 3762:on 22 February 2012 3704:on 22 February 2012 3245:. Chapel Hill, NC: 2948:Becoming Madame Mao 2768:traditional Chinese 2723:Names of Jiang Qing 2669:harm her reputation 2597:Cultural Revolution 2587:Death of Mao Zedong 2447:The Story of Wu Xun 2439:The Story of Wu Xun 2306:Cultural Revolution 2296:Cultural Revolution 2187:Politics portal 2121:Red Star Over China 1992:Black Panther Party 1877:Sino-Albanian split 1855:Cambodian Civil War 1828:16 May Notification 1823:Cultural Revolution 1375:Three Worlds Theory 1303:Cultural Revolution 976:Scenes of City Life 858:Scenes of City Life 636:Cultural Revolution 5964:Morning Sun (film) 5939:Great Leap Forward 5829:Ultra-Left Faction 5778:Stinking Old Ninth 5426:Guangdong Massacre 5333:9th Party Congress 5285:Taoyuan Experience 5265:Great Leap Forward 4961:Standing Committee 4600:Standing Committee 4409:Chinese presidents 3991:on 5 February 2013 3514:. Anchor. p. 3485:Hsin, Chi (1977). 3168:The New York Times 3161:The New York Times 2760:simplified Chinese 2645: 2607: 2455:The People's Daily 2451:The People's Daily 2309: 2290:Mao Zedong Thought 2249:Great Leap Forward 2237:The Life of Wu Xun 2231: 2079:National communism 2032:Anarchism in China 1907:Nepalese Civil War 1865:Naxalbari uprising 1813:Great Leap Forward 1533:İbrahim Kaypakkaya 1498:Pushpa Kamal Dahal 1473:Charles Bettelheim 1370:Social imperialism 1350:Proletarian nation 1268:Agrarian socialism 1212: 1158: 956:Goddess of Freedom 871:. In Ibsen's play 853:Goddess of Freedom 843: 811:Put Down Your Whip 764: 355:Suicide by hanging 6053:Anti-revisionists 6005: 6004: 5954:Sino-Soviet split 5814:Little Red Guards 5758:Capitalist roader 5748:Eight model plays 5445:Yunnan Massacres 5368:Hangzhou incident 5348:Lin Biao incident 5270:Lushan Conference 5207: 5206: 5115:Alternate members 5018: 4918: 4917: 4827:Alternate members 4771:(to PSC Apr 1976) 4741: 4727: 4726: 4557: 4556: 4420: 4419: 4320: 4319: 4311:Succeeded by 4233:Jiang Qing's tomb 4157:978-0-674-02748-0 4077:on 31 August 2009 3958:978-0-521-76111-6 3923:978-0-521-76111-6 3863:978-0-521-76111-6 3828:978-0-521-76111-6 3353:10.1093/oq/kbq015 3077:. New Word City. 2967:Explanatory notes 2577:Renmin University 2556:at the time, and 2304:Jiang during the 2223: 2222: 1950:New People's Army 1808:Sino-Soviet split 1670:On Protracted War 1638:Movement in Hunan 1630:Theoretical works 1288:Capitalist roader 1143: 1142: 1135: 1072: 1071: 892:White-Haired Girl 804:in 1932. She met 618: 617: 610: 609: 560:Standard Mandarin 522: 521: 501:life imprisonment 325:Republic of China 162: 161: 154: 136: 16:(Redirected from 6200: 6128:Maoist theorists 6113:Chinese atheists 6078:Chinese Marxists 5995: 5994: 5733:Violent Struggle 5728:Seizure of power 5718:Bloodline theory 5698:Struggle session 5671:On Class Origins 5454:Shadian incident 5434:Daoxian massacre 5430:Hunan Massacres 5416:Guangxi Massacre 5234: 5227: 5220: 5211: 5011: 4985:, died Sep 1971) 4945: 4938: 4931: 4922: 4734: 4633:, died Jan 1976) 4623:, died Sep 1976) 4607: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4561: 4459: 4458: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4424: 4357:paramount leader 4346: 4339: 4332: 4323: 4271:paramount leader 4258:Honorary titles 4255: 4161: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3725: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3650:www.marxists.org 3642: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3586: 3585: 3553: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3401:Li, Jie (2023). 3398: 3365: 3364: 3347:(2–3): 316–342. 3336: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3199: 3193: 3188:Witke, Roxanne. 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3127: 3116: 3115: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3048:"New York Times" 3043: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3002: 2980: 2977: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2925:Biography portal 2922: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875:Last used name: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2850: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2782: 2773: 2765: 2757: 2713:hills of Beijing 2694:laryngeal cancer 2692:. She developed 2489:Zhiqu Weihu Shan 2215: 2208: 2201: 2185: 2184: 2173: 2172: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2151:China portal 2149: 2148: 2147: 1732: 1724: 1716: 1708: 1700: 1692: 1688:Among the People 1682: 1674: 1666: 1658: 1650: 1646:On Contradiction 1642: 1598:Jose Maria Sison 1315:Marxism–Leninism 1283:Anti-revisionism 1278:Anti-imperialism 1255: 1232: 1138: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1087: 1079: 1062: 1061: 1044: 1043: 1033: 1032: 1024:Lianhua Symphony 1009: 1008: 985: 984: 964: 963: 932: 850: 849: 838:Jiang in a 1935 775: 774: 750: 749: 744: 743: 718: 717: 669:many other names 666: 665: 648:Paramount leader 627:, was a Chinese 606: 605: 604: 589: 588: 575: 574: 551: 545: 544: 524: 514: 493:Criminal penalty 473: 471: 463: 459: 438: 436: 418: 416: 398: 396: 337: 313: 311: 295:Personal details 281: 262: 241: 217: 203:Paramount leader 189: 179: 166: 157: 150: 146: 143: 137: 135: 94: 70: 62: 37: 36: 35: 21: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6073:Chinese Maoists 6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5983: 5979:Scar literature 5974:Boluan Fanzheng 5910: 5891:Barefoot doctor 5881:Sent-down youth 5834:Xiaoyao Faction 5792: 5676: 5616: 5465: 5461:Ruijin Massacre 5409:Daxing Massacre 5392: 5291: 5243: 5238: 5208: 5203: 5142: 5110: 5107:(died Mar 1972) 5094:Huang Yongsheng 5027:(died Sep 1971) 5010: 5004: 4955: 4949: 4919: 4914: 4853: 4849:Saifuddin Azizi 4822: 4733: 4723: 4714:(Vice-Chairman) 4690: 4675:(died Apr 1975) 4663:(died Jul 1976) 4651:(Vice-Chairman) 4610:before Oct 1976 4602: 4594: 4588: 4558: 4553: 4520: 4504: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4421: 4416: 4401: 4363: 4350: 4316: 4307: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4275: 4249:Wayback Machine 4219: 4214: 4181:Roxanne Witke, 4158: 4145: 4135:(London, 1990) 4122: 4117: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3727: 3726: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3672:Pacific Affairs 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3644: 3643: 3636: 3622: 3612: 3605: 3604: 3589: 3555: 3554: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3400: 3399: 3368: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3249:. p. 239. 3240: 3239: 3235: 3220:10.2307/2943381 3201: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3129: 3128: 3119: 3112: 3104:. M.E. Sharpe. 3097: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3070: 3069: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2939:Politics portal 2937: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2811:Modified name: 2725: 2690:Qincheng Prison 2686: 2637: 2631: 2629:Purge and trial 2626: 2602:Little Red Book 2589: 2541: 2475:Among the Reeds 2414: 2298: 2219: 2179: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2136: 2135: 2027: 2019: 2018: 2008: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1912:Chongqing model 1744: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1722: 1714: 1706: 1698: 1690: 1687: 1680: 1672: 1664: 1656: 1648: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1623: 1622: 1443:Louis Althusser 1428: 1420: 1419: 1408:Gonzalo Thought 1388: 1380: 1379: 1345:Probable defeat 1263: 1230: 1225: 1139: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1104: 1088: 1077: 941:Original title 925: 790: 725: 654:. She used the 478: 475: 455: 451: 448: 440: 437: 1936) 432: 428: 420: 417: 1932) 412: 408: 400: 397: 1931) 392: 388: 369:Political party 339: 335: 315: 309: 307: 306: 305: 279: 263: 258: 239: 218: 213: 192: 180: 177: 171: 158: 147: 141: 138: 95: 93: 83: 71: 60: 43: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6206: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6183:Women Marxists 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6010: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5949:Class struggle 5946: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5915:Related topics 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5846:Five Man Group 5843: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5824:Scarlet Guards 5821: 5816: 5811: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5743:Democracy Wall 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5703:Feudal fascism 5700: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5513: 5511:Zhang Chunqiao 5508: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5328:Wuhan incident 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078:Zhang Chunqiao 5075: 5069: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4986: 4976: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4698: 4696: 4695:after Oct 1976 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4667:Zhang Chunqiao 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4624: 4613: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4300: 4295:Spouses of the 4292: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4269:Spouse of the 4266: 4260: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4236: 4230: 4218: 4217:External links 4215: 4213: 4212: 4193: 4179: 4162: 4156: 4143: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4088: 4062: 4036: 4022: 4002: 3976: 3974:, p. 455. 3964: 3957: 3929: 3922: 3894: 3887: 3869: 3862: 3834: 3827: 3799: 3773: 3747: 3715: 3689: 3662: 3634: 3625:|journal= 3587: 3568:(2): 143–160. 3543: 3531: 3524: 3500: 3477: 3451: 3444: 3434:. Ithaca, NY: 3422: 3415: 3366: 3331: 3316: 3292: 3277: 3262: 3255: 3233: 3214:(2): 441–442. 3194: 3181: 3149: 3142: 3117: 3110: 3090: 3083: 3060: 3038: 3020: 3014: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2928: 2914: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2873: 2856: 2843: 2826: 2809: 2792: 2775: 2724: 2721: 2685: 2682: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2588: 2585: 2540: 2537: 2427:Qinggong Mishi 2413: 2410: 2325:Zhang Chunqiao 2297: 2294: 2247:Following the 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2042:Feudal fascism 2039: 2034: 2028: 2026:Related topics 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1754:Jiangxi Soviet 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1717: 1709: 1701: 1693: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1659: 1651: 1643: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1618:Zhang Chunqiao 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1588:Narayan Sanyal 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1568:Huey P. Newton 1565: 1560: 1558:Charu Majumdar 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1528:George Jackson 1525: 1520: 1515: 1513:Abimael Guzmán 1510: 1508:Norm Gallagher 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1413:Prachanda Path 1410: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365:Self-criticism 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1160:Following the 1141: 1140: 1091: 1089: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1037: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1003: 996: 992: 991: 989: 986: 979: 971: 970: 968: 965: 958: 953: 949: 948: 945: 942: 939: 938:English title 936: 924: 921: 913:visit to China 874:A Doll's House 789: 786: 724: 721: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 597: 591: 590: 583: 577: 576: 569: 563: 562: 556: 555: 554:Transcriptions 547: 546: 539: 533: 532: 529: 528: 520: 519: 516: 515: 508: 504: 503: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 479: 477: 476: 453: 449: 444: 443: 441: 430: 424: 423: 421: 410: 404: 403: 401: 390: 386: 385: 382: 380: 376: 375: 370: 366: 365: 362: 358: 357: 352: 348: 347: 338:(aged 77) 332: 328: 327: 303: 301: 297: 296: 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 276: 275: 270: 266: 265: 255: 254: 248: 247: 242: 236: 235: 232:party chairman 225: 221: 220: 210: 209: 201:Spouse of the 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 182: 181: 173: 172: 169: 160: 159: 74: 72: 65: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6205: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6028:1991 suicides 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 5998: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5959:Two Whatevers 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5819:Rebel Faction 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753:Loyalty dance 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5552:Wang Dongxing 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497:Deng Xiaoping 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5318:January Storm 5316: 5314: 5313:12-3 incident 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5138:Wang Dongxing 5136: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5009:Other members 5007: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4983:Vice-Chairman 4980: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4811:Deng Xiaoping 4809: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4785:Wang Dongxing 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4732:Other members 4730: 4719: 4718:Deng Xiaoping 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4679:Deng Xiaoping 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4631:Vice-Chairman 4628: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4552:Constitutions 4551: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477:Wang Guangmei 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4315: 4314:Wang Guangmei 4306: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4272: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4210:0-09-964881-4 4207: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191:0-316-94900-0 4188: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4177:0-671-74484-4 4174: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4141:0-671-68546-5 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4025: 4023:9780804729222 4019: 4015: 4014: 4006: 4003: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3888:0-674-01240-2 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3803: 3800: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3617: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3525:0-679-74632-3 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3478: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3445:9781501774157 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3416:9780231206273 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3287:Intersections 3281: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3256:9781469664606 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3143:9780688024611 3139: 3135: 3134: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111:9780765607980 3107: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3084:9781612306520 3080: 3076: 3075: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3015:0-08-027918-X 3011: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2976: 2973: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2915: 2912: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2879: 2874: 2862: 2857: 2849: 2844: 2832: 2827: 2815: 2810: 2798: 2794:School name: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2706:Yang Shangkun 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2656:Deng Xiaoping 2652: 2649: 2641: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2581:secret prison 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2558:Deng Xiaoping 2555: 2551: 2547: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2463:Hong Lou Meng 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2385:Deng Xiaoping 2382: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2256:Chinese media 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2227: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1924:Organizations 1921: 1920: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1897:Two Whatevers 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1838:January Storm 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1563:Pierre Mulele 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1518:Harry Haywood 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1468:Afzal Bangash 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1330:New Democracy 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1223:Rise to power 1222: 1220: 1218: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1137: 1134: 1126: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1092:This section 1090: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1067: 1065:Young Girl Li 1064: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1004: 1002: 1001: 997: 994: 993: 990: 987: 980: 978: 977: 973: 972: 969: 966: 959: 957: 954: 950: 943: 940: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 922: 920: 918: 914: 910: 909:Richard Nixon 906: 905: 900: 899: 894: 893: 888: 884: 878: 876: 875: 870: 866: 865: 860: 859: 854: 841: 836: 832: 828: 826: 822: 821: 815: 813: 812: 807: 803: 799: 795: 788:Acting career 787: 785: 783: 779: 769: 760: 756: 754: 738: 734: 730: 722: 720: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632:revolutionary 630: 626: 622: 613: 603: 598: 596: 592: 587:Chiang Ch'ing 584: 582: 578: 570: 568: 564: 561: 557: 552: 548: 540: 538: 534: 530: 525: 517: 513: 509: 505: 502: 498: 495: 491: 488: 485: 481: 467: 447: 442: 427: 422: 407: 402: 384: 383: 381: 377: 374: 371: 367: 363: 361:Resting place 359: 356: 353: 349: 346: 342: 333: 329: 326: 322: 318: 314:19 March 1914 302: 298: 293: 289: 286: 285:Wang Guangmei 283: 277: 274: 271: 267: 261: 256: 253: 249: 246: 243: 237: 233: 229: 226: 222: 216: 211: 208: 204: 199: 195: 191:Jiang in 1976 188: 183: 174: 167: 164: 156: 153: 145: 142:December 2020 134: 131: 127: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: – 102: 98: 97:Find sources: 91: 87: 81: 80: 75:This article 73: 69: 64: 63: 58: 57: 52: 48: 41: 19: 6098:Gang of Four 5886:61 Renegades 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5587:Yang Chengwu 5521:Wang Hongwen 5505: 5502:Gang of Four 5296:Major events 5040: 5012: 4790:Chen Yonggui 4757: 4735: 4637:Wang Hongwen 4539: 4534:. Both were 4495:Liu Yongqing 4471: 4392:Liu Yongqing 4371: 4302: 4288: 4279: 4268: 4263: 4240: 4239:Hudong.com, 4199: 4182: 4168: 4165:Ross Terrill 4147: 4130: 4105:. Retrieved 4101: 4091: 4079:. Retrieved 4075:the original 4065: 4053:. Retrieved 4049:the original 4039: 4027:. Retrieved 4012: 4005: 3993:. Retrieved 3989:the original 3979: 3967: 3939: 3932: 3904: 3897: 3879:Modern China 3878: 3872: 3844: 3837: 3809: 3802: 3790:. Retrieved 3786:the original 3776: 3764:. Retrieved 3760:the original 3750: 3738:. Retrieved 3706:. Retrieved 3702:the original 3692: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3653:. Retrieved 3649: 3616:cite journal 3565: 3561: 3534: 3510: 3503: 3486: 3480: 3468:. Retrieved 3465:The Atlantic 3464: 3454: 3431: 3425: 3402: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3308:, retrieved 3302: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3269: 3265: 3242: 3236: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3172:. Retrieved 3166: 3160: 3152: 3132: 3100: 3093: 3073: 3051:. Retrieved 3041: 3032: 3005: 3000: 2975: 2953: 2946: 2911:China portal 2828:Stage name: 2777:Given name: 2752:Birth name: 2743: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2710: 2687: 2653: 2646: 2618: 2615: 2611:heart attack 2608: 2600: 2566: 2562:Vice Premier 2542: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2505:On the Docks 2504: 2500: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443:Wu Xun Zhuan 2442: 2438: 2435:Inside Story 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2395: 2390: 2378: 2375: 2364: 2360: 2352:Soviet Union 2344:revisionists 2337: 2333:Wang Hongwen 2321:Gang of Four 2310: 2286: 2275: 2267:Peking Opera 2264: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2232: 2056: 1791:2002–present 1603:Wang Hongwen 1593:Siraj Sikder 1537: 1463:Mohan Baidya 1458:Alain Badiou 1340:People's war 1213: 1186: 1159: 1129: 1123:January 2018 1120: 1105:Please help 1093: 1053: 1022: 998: 974: 955: 927: 926: 916: 902: 896: 891: 886: 879: 872: 868: 862: 856: 852: 844: 829: 820:Roar, China! 818: 816: 809: 796:in 1932) in 791: 767: 765: 736: 726: 708: 677: 673:Gang of Four 658: 624: 620: 619: 567:Hanyu Pinyin 336:(1991-05-14) 280:Succeeded by 259: 240:Succeeded by 214: 163: 148: 139: 129: 122: 115: 108: 101:"Jiang Qing" 96: 84:Please help 79:verification 76: 54: 47:Chinese name 18:Chiang Ching 6033:1991 deaths 6023:1914 births 5763:Yiku sitian 5612:Ye Jianying 5607:Hua Guofeng 5602:Mao Yuanxin 5592:Chen Zaidao 5527:Peng Dehuai 5516:Yao Wenyuan 5470:Key figures 5343:Project 571 5089:Yao Wenyuan 5061:Li Xiannian 5056:Chen Xilian 5036:Liu Bocheng 5031:Ye Jianying 4954:(1969–1973) 4805:Yao Wenyuan 4800:Li Xiannian 4795:Chen Xilian 4769:Hua Guofeng 4753:Liu Bocheng 4748:Wei Guoqing 4712:Ye Jianying 4702:Hua Guofeng 4685:Hua Guofeng 4649:Ye Jianying 4593:(1973–1977) 4532:Ye Jianying 4530:/ wife of 4513:Kang Keqing 4500:Peng Liyuan 4490:Wang Yeping 4481:He Lianying 4397:Peng Liyuan 4387:Wang Yeping 4081:13 December 4055:13 December 3995:13 December 3792:13 December 3766:13 December 3740:31 December 3708:13 December 3174:13 December 3053:13 December 2717:school name 2660:persecuting 2648:Hua Guofeng 2398:Greta Garbo 2329:Yao Wenyuan 2094:Nazi-Maoism 1715:(1965—1966) 1654:On Practice 1608:Yao Wenyuan 1503:Saroj Dutta 1453:Bob Avakian 1398:Mao-spontex 923:Filmography 840:film poster 711:Hua Guofeng 700:Proletarian 387:Pei Minglun 334:14 May 1991 51:family name 6188:Jiang Qing 6012:Categories 5932:Mango cult 5804:Red Guards 5597:Kang Sheng 5582:Qiu Huizuo 5562:Ji Dengkui 5506:Jiang Qing 5487:Zhou Enlai 5482:Liu Shaoqi 5477:Mao Zedong 5404:Red August 5133:Li Desheng 5127:Li Xuefeng 5122:Ji Dengkui 5083:Qiu Huizuo 5066:Li Zuopeng 5041:Jiang Qing 5000:Kang Sheng 4989:Zhou Enlai 4969:Mao Zedong 4839:Su Zhenhua 4834:Wu Guixian 4817:Li Desheng 4775:Ji Dengkui 4758:Jiang Qing 4655:Li Desheng 4643:Kang Sheng 4627:Zhou Enlai 4617:Mao Zedong 4485:Lin Jiamei 4472:Jiang Qing 4377:Han Zhijun 4372:Jiang Qing 4308:1954–1959 4281:Han Zhijun 4276:1949–1976 4127:Jung Chang 3610:: 114–202. 3495:B000OLUOE2 3470:18 January 3310:7 November 3136:. Morrow. 2987:References 2878:Lǐ Rùnqīng 2858:Pen name: 2848:Jiāng Qīng 2780:Lǐ Shūméng 2746:Wade–Giles 2729:stage name 2698:by hanging 2677:Wu Xiuquan 2633:See also: 2573:Sun Weishi 2569:Zhou Enlai 2550:Liu Shaoqi 2546:Red Guards 2479:Shajiabang 2367:Liu Shaoqi 2356:Khrushchev 2348:privileged 2340:Red Guards 2260:literature 2116:Red Guards 1833:Red August 1803:Korean War 1761:Long March 1613:Akram Yari 1573:Nie Yuanzi 1543:Kang Sheng 1538:Jiang Qing 1448:Samir Amin 1438:Faiz Ahmad 1433:Mao Zedong 1197:Long March 1189:Mao Zedong 1054:Wang Laowu 1012:Liu Sansao 967:Yu Yueying 911:'s famous 904:Shajiabang 869:Wang Laowu 802:Huang Jing 737:Li Shumeng 723:Early life 684:First Lady 656:stage name 640:Mao Zedong 625:Madame Mao 621:Jiang Qing 581:Wade–Giles 573:Jiāng Qīng 527:Jiang Qing 464:; 446:Mao Zedong 310:1914-03-19 304:Li Shumeng 273:Mao Zedong 245:Han Zhijun 228:Mao Zedong 170:Jiang Qing 112:newspapers 5688:Four Olds 5621:Documents 5577:Wu Faxian 5557:Xie Fuzhi 5547:Chen Boda 5537:Peng Zhen 5397:Massacres 5105:Xie Fuzhi 5100:Dong Biwu 5072:Wu Faxian 5051:Xu Shiyou 4994:Chen Boda 4764:Xu Shiyou 4673:Dong Biwu 4293:also see 4289:New title 4264:New title 4241:Jian Qing 4196:Li Zhisui 4029:29 August 3582:2051-7041 3539:Joan Chen 3361:191566356 3228:0021-9118 2992:Citations 2755:Lǐ Jìnhái 2702:Peng Zhen 2554:President 2406:Joan Chen 2402:bourgeois 2317:Politburo 2282:bourgeois 2052:Guevarism 1786:1989–2002 1781:1976–1989 1776:1949–1976 1493:Chin Peng 1488:Chen Boda 1320:Mass line 1308:Four Olds 1293:Comprador 1193:He Zizhen 1094:does not 753:concubine 716:林彪江青反革命集团 704:Politburo 629:communist 507:Signature 269:President 260:In office 215:In office 5997:Category 5681:Concepts 5572:Qi Benyu 5492:Lin Biao 4979:Lin Biao 4973:Chairman 4844:Ni Zhifu 4706:Chairman 4621:Chairman 4526:wife of 4382:Zhuo Lin 4245:Archived 4107:15 April 3734:Archived 3684:40022499 2897:See also 2831:Lán Píng 2797:Lǐ Yúnhè 2665:burgling 2624:Downfall 2371:Lin Biao 2109:Japanese 2099:New Left 2089:Naxalite 2047:Hoxhaism 1578:Qi Benyu 1553:Lin Biao 1548:Li Minqi 1523:Ted Hill 1483:Bo Xilai 1387:Variants 1262:Concepts 1237:a series 1235:Part of 806:Yu Qiwei 768:Li Yunhe 733:Shandong 729:Zhucheng 692:Lin Biao 659:Lan Ping 483:Children 406:Yu Qiwei 321:Shandong 317:Zhucheng 45:In this 5567:Wang Li 5542:Tao Zhu 5248:Prelude 4541:de jure 4517:Li Gang 4411:, see " 4359:of the 4355:of the 4225:by the 3341:Opera Q 2785:Chinese 2104:Chinese 1743:History 1115:removed 1100:sources 798:Qingdao 778:Tianjin 537:Chinese 474: 454: 450: 439: 431: 426:Tang Na 419: 411: 399: 391: 379:Spouses 341:Beijing 126:scholar 38:), see 5922:Maoism 5797:Groups 5532:Wu Han 5046:Zhu De 5025:Ye Qun 4661:Zhu De 4548:& 4528:Zhu De 4353:Spouse 4208: 4189: 4175: 4154: 4139: 4020: 3955: 3920: 3885: 3860: 3825: 3682: 3580: 3522: 3493: 3442: 3413: 3359: 3253: 3226: 3140: 3108: 3081: 3012: 2861:Lǐ Jìn 2787:: 2770:: 2762:: 2736:Yan'an 2704:, and 2560:, the 2552:, the 2354:under 2074:Nanjie 1731:(1983) 1723:(1966) 1707:(1964) 1699:(1960) 1691:(1957) 1681:(1956) 1673:(1938) 1665:(1937) 1657:(1937) 1649:(1937) 1641:(1927) 1478:Biplav 1427:People 1245:Maoism 1182:operas 1174:Yan'an 1156:, 1938 1154:Yan'an 947:Notes 901:, and 680:Yan'an 642:, the 468: 460: 224:Leader 128: 121: 114: 107: 99: 49:, the 4780:Wu De 4603:(PSC) 3680:JSTOR 3655:6 May 3357:S2CID 2814:Lǐ Hè 2684:Death 2253:purge 2058:Juche 1217:Li Na 1208:Li Na 1170:Xi'an 1031:联华交响曲 1007:狼山喋血记 944:Role 935:Year 782:Jinan 652:China 487:Li Na 472:) 456:( 452: 433:( 429: 413:( 409: 393:( 389: 207:China 133:JSTOR 119:books 56:Jiang 5201:20th 5197:19th 5193:18th 5189:17th 5185:16th 5181:15th 5177:14th 5173:13th 5169:12th 5165:11th 5161:10th 4912:20th 4908:19th 4904:18th 4900:17th 4896:16th 4892:15th 4888:14th 4884:13th 4880:12th 4876:11th 4872:10th 4550:1978 4546:1975 4206:ISBN 4187:ISBN 4173:ISBN 4152:ISBN 4137:ISBN 4109:2021 4083:2012 4057:2012 4031:2019 4018:ISBN 3997:2012 3953:ISBN 3918:ISBN 3883:ISBN 3858:ISBN 3823:ISBN 3794:2012 3768:2012 3742:2017 3710:2012 3657:2023 3629:help 3578:ISSN 3520:ISBN 3491:ASIN 3472:2023 3440:ISBN 3411:ISBN 3312:2017 3270:Time 3251:ISBN 3224:ISSN 3176:2012 3138:ISBN 3106:ISBN 3079:ISBN 3055:2012 3010:ISBN 2392:her. 2331:and 2258:and 1098:any 1096:cite 1050:1938 1019:1937 995:1936 983:都市风光 952:1935 867:and 646:and 470:1976 466:died 462:1938 331:Died 300:Born 105:news 5157:9th 5153:8th 5149:7th 5013:in 4868:9th 4864:8th 4860:7th 4736:in 3945:doi 3910:doi 3850:doi 3815:doi 3570:doi 3516:864 3349:doi 3216:doi 2887:李潤青 2883:李润青 2806:李雲鶴 2802:李云鹤 2789:李淑蒙 2772:李進孩 2764:李进孩 2278:PLA 1150:Mao 1109:by 1060:王老五 1042:两毛钱 962:自由神 773:李雲鶴 748:李德文 742:李淑蒙 650:of 595:IPA 205:of 88:by 53:is 6014:: 4415:". 4198:, 4167:, 4129:, 4100:. 3951:. 3916:. 3856:. 3821:. 3732:. 3718:^ 3676:77 3674:. 3648:. 3637:^ 3620:: 3618:}} 3614:{{ 3590:^ 3576:. 3564:. 3560:. 3546:^ 3518:. 3463:. 3438:. 3409:. 3405:. 3369:^ 3355:. 3345:26 3343:. 3222:. 3212:55 3210:. 3206:. 3165:. 3120:^ 3063:^ 3023:^ 2885:; 2870:李進 2868:; 2866:李进 2853:江青 2840:藍蘋 2838:; 2836:蓝苹 2823:李鶴 2821:; 2819:李鹤 2804:; 2766:; 2515:. 2358:. 2327:, 2323:: 2273:. 1239:on 1184:. 1045:) 895:, 861:, 855:, 848:蓝苹 827:. 731:, 675:. 664:藍蘋 543:江青 458:m. 435:m. 415:m. 395:m. 343:, 323:, 319:, 178:江青 34:蒋庆 5523:) 5504:( 5233:e 5226:t 5219:v 5199:→ 5195:→ 5191:→ 5187:→ 5183:→ 5179:→ 5175:→ 5171:→ 5167:→ 5163:→ 5159:→ 5155:→ 5151:→ 4981:( 4975:) 4971:( 4944:e 4937:t 4930:v 4910:→ 4906:→ 4902:→ 4898:→ 4894:→ 4890:→ 4886:→ 4882:→ 4878:→ 4874:→ 4870:→ 4866:→ 4862:→ 4708:) 4704:( 4629:( 4619:( 4583:e 4576:t 4569:v 4446:e 4439:t 4432:v 4345:e 4338:t 4331:v 4160:. 4111:. 4085:. 4059:. 4033:. 3999:. 3961:. 3947:: 3926:. 3912:: 3891:. 3866:. 3852:: 3831:. 3817:: 3796:. 3770:. 3744:. 3712:. 3686:. 3659:. 3631:) 3627:( 3584:. 3572:: 3566:4 3528:. 3497:. 3474:. 3448:. 3419:. 3363:. 3351:: 3289:. 3259:. 3230:. 3218:: 3178:. 3146:. 3114:. 3087:. 3057:. 3035:. 2889:) 2881:( 2872:) 2864:( 2855:) 2851:( 2842:) 2834:( 2825:) 2817:( 2808:) 2800:( 2791:) 2783:( 2774:) 2758:( 2487:( 2477:( 2461:( 2441:( 2425:( 2214:e 2207:t 2200:v 1136:) 1130:( 1125:) 1121:( 1117:. 1103:. 887:, 885:" 881:" 770:( 739:( 661:( 312:) 308:( 234:) 230:( 155:) 149:( 144:) 140:( 130:· 123:· 116:· 109:· 82:. 59:. 42:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index