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our business community. I am now amply able to protect them and their workmen. Let everyone resume operations and report any interference at police headquarters. Citizens' organizations must continue in force, and on no account relax their vigilance, as the cause of trouble is not local and not yet removed. All such organizations should form themselves into permanent bodies, continue on duty and report regularly as heretofore.
187:. Meetings of working men in Chicago on July 26 led to workers from a number of industries striking on the following morning, and over the next few days, large crowds gathered throughout the city, resulting in violent clashes with police. By the time order was restored on the evening of July 26, 14 to 30 rioters were dead or dying, and 35 to 100 civilian and nine to 13 policemen were wounded.
705:
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719:
371:, had far-reaching implications for US industry, closing more than a hundred railroads in the first year and cutting construction of new rail lines from 7,500 miles (12,100 km) of track in 1872 to 1,600 miles (2,600 km) in 1875. Approximately 18,000 businesses failed between 1873 and 1875, production in
784:
The full proclamation read: The city authorities, having dispersed all lawlessness in the city, and law and order being restored, I now urge and request all business men and employers generally to resume work, and give as much employment to their workmen as possible. I consider this the first duty of
636:
By 11:00 AM the crowd there had grown to 10,000. They were met with a larger detachment of police who charged the crowd with baton and pistol. The crowd broke and fled to the opposite site of the viaduct and into adjacent streets. Firing continued for a half hour, until, low on ammunition, the police
609:
At 9:00 AM a crowd gathered at Turner Hall, on West
Twelfth Street for a meeting held there, and soon began to grow into an unruly mob. At 10:00 AM a group of 25 police arrived and were assailed by stones and other missiles. Another group of 20 officers joined and a fight ensued, first on the street,
524:
stopped work. A combined group of 500 then began a procession through the various rail yards. They made their way through the
Baltimore & Ohio, Rock Island, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and Chicago & Alton, and as they went the strike spread with them. By noon only a single railroad, the
507:
City authorities prepared for potential unrest in earnest, deploying muskets to police stations and equipping a newly created artillery company with three cannons. The governor ordered local militia to the ready to assist civil authorities if called upon to do so. There were multiple confrontations
486:
railroads. Although they were secret meetings, and no record was kept of their goings on, a letter from
Chicago characterized the effect of the workers: "One thing has been apparent all day. Where the men were silent yesterday, they freely discuss the practicability of a strike today." The decision
657:
Additional troops throughout the day arrived and were stationed throughout the city, where they continually dispersed groups, and prevented any large crowds from forming. Due to their success, no other large outbreaks took place that day. When all was finished, 14 to 30 rioters were dead or dying,
523:
The next morning a committee of workers met with officer of the
Michigan Central Railroad, and demanded a restoration of recent wage cuts. The company refused, and the work was swiftly stopped. At 9:00 AM 165 workers of the Illinois Central Railroad joined those of the Michigan Central and quietly
430:
attracted the masses of working discontent and unemployed of the depression, along with others who took opportunistic advantage of the chaos. In total, an estimated 100,000 workers participated nationwide. State and federal troops followed the unrest as it spread along the rail lines from city to
531:
Others, a crowd of 500 not affiliated with the railroads, marched through the streets of the lumber yards and planing mills, demanding that those there quit work, which many did. This continued until all types of industry was idle throughout the city, some for the striking of the men, and others
511:
That night a meeting of as many as 10,000 occurred on Market Street. Speakers impressed on the crowd the need to join the strikes taking place elsewhere. They carried banners reading "We want work, not charity" and Life by work, or death by fight". As one speaker put it, "We must rise up in our
648:
The combined force charged the mob, who broke and ran. They fired at the crowd and killed at least two. Others were beaten, at least one badly, having his skull crushed. The cavalry remained in the area the rest of the day to disperse groups as they gathered, and detain those who would not be
458:
In the desperate struggle for existence now being maintained by the workingmen of the great railroads throughout the land, we expect that every member will render all possible moral and substantial assistance to our brethren, and support all reasonable measures which may be found necessary by
447:. This served to grow tensions, as newspapers reported the march of unrest westward, but it also afforded officials the opportunity to prepare, a luxury other cities had not enjoyed, as they had been forced to hastily swear in police and muster militia after violence was well underway.
540:
on all good citizens to aid in enforcing the laws and ordinances, and in suppressing riot and other disordely conduct. To this end I request that the citizens organize patrols in their respective eneighborhoods, and keep their women and children off the public
535:
The militia began to prepare for confrontation, and new police were sworn in in anticipation of events. Mayor Heath released a proclamation. Fearing that some may "seize this as a favorable opportunity to destroy property and commit plunder", he called upon:
632:
Elsewhere at the
Halstead Street viaduct, the mob stopped streetcars and threw stones and fired pistols at the group of 25 police who arrived at the scene. The police returned fire, eventually exhausted their ammunition, and were forced to retreat.
577:
and extinguished the fires in the engines there. When police arrived they were assailed by stones. They fired into the crowd over ten minutes, killing three, and wounding 16. The crowd retreated up
Halstead street and attacked streetcars in the
649:
removed. In this way more than a hundred were arrested. They were later reinforced by the Second
Illinois Regiment, along with two artillery pieces, and at 12:30, at the mayor's behest, two additional companies of regular were dispatched.
674:
The city authorities, having dispersed all lawlessness in the city, and law and order being restored, I now urge and request all business men and employers generally to resume work, and give as much employment to their workmen as
545:
He then ordered all barrooms and saloons closed effective 6:00 PM that day. Small skirmishes broke out between police and the bands of strikers throughout the city, but no one was seriously injured. Some stopped cars on
1306:
666:
On the morning of Friday July 27, five companies were dispatched to disperse crowds gathered at the corner of Archer Avenue and South
Halstead Street, where they were joined by 300 additional cavalry and infantry.
565:
The mayor issued a recommendation that citizens organize themselves into safety guards for their neighborhoods. Meetings of local businessmen and merchants were held, and the city counsel voted to give the mayor
2652:
467:
of the rail and telegraph lines by the federal government, and the institution of an eight-hour workday, which they believed would provide room for more of the unemployed to enter the workforce.
2601:
109:
1299:
1069:
771:
On July 22, Baltimore set about swearing in 2,000 additional militia after three days of violence. Similarly, on July 23, Pittsburgh set about organizing several thousand under
General
38:
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893:
1322:
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742:
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From that point onward the city was quiet. The railroad workers, returned to work at their previous wages, demoralized by the failure of similar strikes throughout the country.
874:
The
History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires
1292:
1472:
525:
479:
1114:
Annals of the Great Strikes in the United States: A Reliable History and Graphic Description of the Causes and Thrilling Events of the Labor Strikes and Riots of 1877
1843:
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left 61 dead and 124 injured. Much of the city's center was burned, including more than a thousand rail cars destroyed. What began as the peaceful actions of
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city, beginning in Baltimore, where the movement of troops itself provoked a violent response that eventually required federal intervention to quell.
45:
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movement, who viewed the strikes approaching from the east as an opportunity to further their cause. On July 22 they released a statement:
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Rolling Mills and the Malleable Iron works had both closed. Crowds gathered and forced the Phoenix Distillery to do the same.
439:
By the time unrest reached Chicago, reports had widely circulated of burning, looting, and violence in major cities including
379:
dropped as much as 45 percent, and a million or more lost their jobs. In 1876, 76 railroad companies went bankrupt or entered
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1387:
512:
might, and fight for our rights. Better a thousand of us be shot down in the streets than ten thousand die of starvation."
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30:
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or simply the Great Strikes. Work stoppage was followed by civil unrest across the nation. Violence began in
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arrived from the west on Thursday July 26, bringing the total number of federal troops in the city to 12
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300:
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1998:
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1956:
528:, had any traffic in or out of the city, but it too would be forced to close by the end of the day.
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During the summer of 1877, tensions erupted across the nation in what would become known as the
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and then in the hall when the police forced their way into it. One police officer was injured.
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2430:
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1717:
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1438:
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after two days of violence and fire had destroyed or damaged substantial portions of the city.
618:
559:
180:
58:
1070:"Labor Day's violent roots: How a worker revolt on the B&O Railroad left 100 people dead"
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The crowd retired by 11:30 PM, but resolved to meet again at 10:00 AM the following morning.
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2500:
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there. On South Halstead Street some broke into a gun shop and looted 200 shotguns and
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once again were forced to withdraw. This initially orderly retreat turned into a
1937:
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1172:
427:
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2422:
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1344:
686:
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Crowds of 25,000 and 40,000 gathered at the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
2039:
1878:
1558:
1029:
583:
451:
399:
183:, which occurred as part of the larger national strikes and rioting of the
1161:
2339:
2326:
1972:
1853:
1781:
1653:
1624:
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1521:
704:
87:
2517:
2238:
1806:
1751:
642:
579:
2452:
2368:
1000:
347:
1055:
The role of federal military forces in domestic disorders, 1877-1945
989:
David Glasner, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Depression of 1873–1879".
718:
2393:
2075:
617:
498:
383:
in the US alone, and the economic impacts rippled throughout many
376:
641:, and they fled as far as Fifteenth Street where they met with a
1677:
1315:
638:
372:
43:
Violence in Chicago as depicted on the August 11, 1877 cover of
1288:
1176:
558:
On the morning of Wednesday the 25th it was announced that the
91:
658:
and 35 to 100 were wounded, as well as nine to 13 policemen.
1259:
2602:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
1026:
Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune
508:
between crowds and police, forcing the police to retire.
503:
State Troops encamped outside the post office in Chicago
470:
Throughout the day meetings were held by the men of the
2653:
Rail transportation labor disputes in the United States
958:
History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860-1910
748:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
743:
List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
871:
McCabe, James Dabney; Edward Winslow Martin (1877).
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placing these in under the command of the governor.
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2547:
2516:
2476:
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2421:
2392:
2367:
2325:
2262:
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2228:
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2038:
2008:
1971:
1947:
1877:
1852:
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1805:
1780:
1750:
1741:
1710:
1676:
1652:
1623:
1595:
1520:
1511:
1481:
1401:
1366:
1343:
1334:
1270:
1210:
202:Growth rates of industrial production (1850s–1913)
179:was a series of work stoppages and civil unrest in
78:
70:
65:
53:
23:
550:, and their leaders were rounded up and arrested.
532:shuttered by their owners for fear of the crowd.
450:In Chicago there existed a substantial organized
992:Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia
1300:
1188:
103:
8:
2486:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
1473:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
2234:
1747:
1517:
1340:
1307:
1293:
1285:
1195:
1181:
1173:
200:
110:
96:
88:
37:
20:
2607:Mass racial violence in the United States
2018:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
1575:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
1032:: Harvard University Press. p. 167.
866:
864:
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826:
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191:The Long Depression and the Great Strikes
888:
886:
884:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
398:and spread along the rail lines through
2300:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
954:"The Greenback and Prohibition Parties"
798:
764:
738:Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886
2572:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2413:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
2216:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2184:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1724:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1494:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1068:Kunkle, Fredrick (September 4, 2017).
491:line until the excitement had passed.
367:, sparked in the United States by the
1927:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
1729:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913
622:Battle at the Halstead Street viaduct
420:general strike in St. Louis, Missouri
387:throughout the industrialized world.
7:
2335:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
2278:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
964:: Chelsea House Publishers. p.
489:Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago
487:was made to suspend movement on the
46:Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper
2658:Riots and civil disorder in Chicago
2305:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
1844:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict
1323:in the history of the United States
956:. In Schlesinger, Arthur M. (ed.).
894:"The Battle of the Halsted Viaduct"
753:Timeline of labor issues and events
670:Mayor Heath issued a proclamation:
424:rioting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
402:and on to several major cities and
2633:1870s strikes in the United States
1821:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908
1638:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
1615:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
1411:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
925:The long wave in the world economy
602:. Orders came down from President
14:
1489:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
1053:Laurie, Clayton (July 15, 1997).
2582:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots
2577:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
1462:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
1160:
717:
703:
689:
645:unit and police reinforcements.
463:They sought two main goals: the
418:, Pennsylvania; and a bloodless
340:
317:
293:
269:
245:
221:
2638:1877 labor disputes and strikes
2402:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
1963:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
1530:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
1393:New York City Food Riot of 1917
1167:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
177:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
24:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
1565:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
1457:Anthracite coal strike of 1902
1388:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
877:. National Publishing Company.
1:
2673:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
2172:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
2161:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
1633:1877 St. Louis general strike
1570:Springfield race riot of 1908
1353:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
1276:Great Railroad Strike of 1922
1204:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
1129:"The revolt on the railroads"
1057:. Government Printing Office.
733:Great Railroad Strike of 1922
185:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
31:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
1981:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
1887:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
1499:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1467:Philadelphia general strike
480:Chicago & North Western
2689:
2668:Labor disputes in Illinois
2283:San Francisco riot of 1877
2211:Meridian race riot of 1871
1922:1891 New Orleans lynchings
1839:1906 Atlanta race massacre
1668:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot
1024:Katz, Philip Mark (1998).
1003:: Garland Publishing Inc.
625:
396:Martinsburg, West Virginia
194:
1766:Election Massacre of 1874
1416:Reading Railroad Massacre
1358:1913 Paterson silk strike
1257:
931:: Routledge. p. 12.
526:Chicago and North Western
129:
36:
28:
2443:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
2377:Honolulu Courthouse riot
2316:Preparedness Day Bombing
2048:Memphis massacre of 1866
1993:McIntosh County Seat War
1686:Cincinnati riots of 1884
1643:St. Louis bullfight riot
923:Andrew Tylecote (1993).
662:Resolution and aftermath
484:Milwaukee & St. Paul
2189:West Virginia coal wars
2132:Slocum Massacre of 1910
1910:Battle of Liberty Place
1796:Hartford coal mine riot
1586:East St. Louis massacre
1422:Scranton general strike
952:Kleppner, Paul (1973).
711:Organized labour portal
406:of the time, including
2663:1877 in rail transport
2352:Colorado Coalfield War
2178:Tucker County Seat War
2114:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
2065:Battle of Depot Street
1428:1877 Shamokin uprising
1264:
1111:Dacus, Joseph (1877).
677:
623:
543:
504:
461:
2526:Rock Springs massacre
2461:Hells Canyon Massacre
2288:Mussel Slough Tragedy
2272:Anti-Chinese violence
2108:San Elizario Salt War
2029:Phoenix election riot
1987:Brooks–McFarland feud
1697:May Day riots of 1894
1263:
672:
628:Battle of the Viaduct
621:
614:Battle of the Viaduct
538:
502:
456:
422:. In the worst case,
392:Great Railroad Strike
121:Great Railroad Strike
18:American labor action
2496:Seattle riot of 1886
2143:Houston riot of 1917
1999:Green Corn Rebellion
1932:Robert Charles riots
1868:French–Eversole feud
1169:at Wikimedia Commons
2491:Tacoma riot of 1885
2346:Colorado Labor Wars
2247:Pleasant Valley War
2166:Lincoln County feud
2120:Reese–Townsend feud
1075:The Washington Post
904:on December 8, 2022
604:Rutherford B. Hayes
404:transportation hubs
203:
2561:Fence Cutting Wars
2532:Johnson County War
2467:Sheepshooters' War
2437:Lincoln County War
2407:Deep Creek murders
2340:Colorado Range War
2310:Wheatland hop riot
2253:Bisbee Deportation
2126:Brownsville affair
2090:Sutton–Taylor feud
1916:Thibodaux massacre
1904:Coushatta massacre
1892:Opelousas massacre
1815:Barber–Mizell feud
1702:Akron riot of 1900
1547:Illinois coal wars
1265:
929:Abingdon-on-Thames
624:
548:Blue Island Avenue
505:
201:
2615:
2614:
2590:
2589:
2538:Spring Creek raid
2431:Colfax County War
2294:Castaic Range War
2224:
2223:
2084:Early–Hasley feud
1790:Brooks–Baxter War
1737:
1736:
1718:Bay View massacre
1610:1894 Detroit riot
1605:1891 Detroit riot
1507:
1506:
1451:Lattimer massacre
1439:Morewood massacre
1282:
1281:
1165:Media related to
1039:978-0-674-32348-3
1010:978-0-8240-0944-1
938:978-0-415-03690-0
472:Michigan Southern
361:
360:
181:Chicago, Illinois
172:
171:
86:
85:
59:Chicago, Illinois
2680:
2648:1870s in Chicago
2643:July 1877 events
2628:1877 in Illinois
2595:Related articles
2507:Everett massacre
2501:Bellingham riots
2235:
2206:Greene–Jones War
2137:Boyce–Sneed feud
2102:Mason County War
2023:Hamburg massacre
1862:Rowan County War
1748:
1662:Camp Dump strike
1553:Battle of Virden
1535:Haymarket affair
1518:
1445:Homestead strike
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900:. Archived from
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385:economic sectors
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2004:
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1957:Kirk–Holden war
1943:
1898:Colfax massacre
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1706:
1672:
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1619:
1591:
1580:Aldermen's wars
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1433:Pittsburgh riot
1397:
1376:Mamaroneck riot
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1313:
1283:
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1138:. July 24, 1877
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2053:Pulaski riot
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1382:Orange Riots
1320:civil unrest
1222:
1142:September 7,
1140:. Retrieved
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1081:September 6,
1079:. Retrieved
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159:Shamokin
154:Scranton
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2255:(1917)
2199:Others
2174:(1888)
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2001:(1917)
1959:(1870)
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1912:(1874)
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1900:(1873)
1894:(1868)
1817:(1870)
1798:(1914)
1792:(1874)
1762:(1870)
1720:(1886)
1711:Others
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1664:(1882)
1645:(1904)
1588:(1917)
1561:(1899)
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1537:(1886)
1482:Others
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1453:(1897)
1447:(1892)
1441:(1891)
1435:(1886)
1424:(1877)
1418:(1877)
1378:(1870)
1036:
1007:
1001:London
999:&
972:
935:
348:Sweden
345:
322:
301:France
298:
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226:
82:44-113
2394:Idaho
2076:Texas
1743:South
1316:Riots
1132:(PDF)
759:Notes
459:them.
377:steel
325:Italy
74:14-30
2230:West
1678:Ohio
1318:and
1144:2016
1083:2017
1034:ISBN
1005:ISBN
970:ISBN
966:1556
933:ISBN
910:2016
639:rout
443:and
414:and
375:and
373:iron
363:The
357:3.5
354:3.1
334:3.0
331:0.9
311:2.5
308:1.3
305:1.7
287:5.3
284:4.7
281:6.2
263:2.0
260:1.7
257:3.0
239:4.1
236:2.9
233:4.3
175:The
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883:^
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978:.
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111:e
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97:v
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