102:, which says that âin all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary considerationâ. Assessing the best interests of a child means to evaluate and balance âall the elements necessary to make a decision in a specific situation for a specific individual child or group of childrenâ. The right of the child to have her or his best interests taken as a primary consideration means that the child's interests have high priority and are not just one of several considerations. The assessment is specific to the child as an individual, making it important to establish a trust-based relationship with the child and to communicate effectively in a language that the girl or boy understands. The assessments ideally involves a multi-disciplinary team of qualified professionals.
545:
did not get paid but worked as apprentices for their keep only. Younger children helped in the gardens and learned gardening skills, while those who were already physically strong performed specialized gardening activities. Different patterns of child migration can be distinguished based on the autobiographies and personal life stories of market-gardeners: children who migrated with their market-gardening parents as a family or those of market-gardeners who were born abroad; children who migrated with one of the parents (usually the market-gardening father) or with relatives of the market-gardening father so as to âlearn the craftâ; children who migrated with their market-gardening parents as a family, then the parents returned to their homeland with the younger children, while the older child was left abroad to work âon a gardenâ and make his own living, thus supporting his family financially.
87:
third persons to reveal only certain parts of their story, there might be threats and fears of reprisals involved, and the child might not trust the police and local authorities will be able to protect them. A reception system that demonstrates respect and upholds the dignity of the child can achieve to foster a sense of trust in the child towards the officials and professionals whom she or he meets with. Interpreters might influence the information gathering process in asylum procedures and criminal investigations as they affect how the child's story is being understood and perceived. Inaccurate translation might compromise the child's statement, leading to decisions on the basis of incorrect information. This relates not only to the content translated but also to the style and semantic choices made by the child and how the interpreters convey the message.
591:
Australia under this scheme came either from government orphanages or Church children's homes and all were said to have left with their parentsâ consent. The
Australian government had offered to welcome Maltese boys, aged between eight and 11, and girls aged between five and 10 years into Catholic institutions and promised to offer them employment supervised by the responsible Catholic authorities. One of these children became a priest and many others embarked on a career though many grew up hurt knowing that their parents had consented to their departure from home. The Maltese emigrants were included in the Australian Prime Minister's 2009 public apology to those who suffered abuse at the hands of their carers in institutions, orphanages and foster care.
309:. In the European area of freedom of movement, citizens of EU Member States and the EFTA States Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland are entitled to enter and reside in other EU Member States for a period of up to three months without registration and are granted a permit to stay when they can demonstrate an income. The rights of children as unaccompanied migrants in the European area of freedom of movement are not explicitly defined and the related institutional responsibilities remain unclear. The way that national governments interpret and regulate the rules of freedom of movement for unaccompanied children under 18 years of age differs among the countries.
445:
without the required travel documents and for financial or other gain. Once a smuggler has facilitated the border crossing or ensured the migrant's arrival at the agreed destination, the contact between the smuggler and the smuggled migrants usually ceases. The smuggling of persons across international borders can be part of the act of trafficking when it is done for the purpose of exploiting the persons in the country of destination. Although smuggling is considered a crime against the state, persons who are using the services of smugglers might be victimised by acts of violence while being smuggled or they might die due to unsafe transportation conditions.
275:
victims of trafficking who are to be protected from criminal liability for âany criminal offence that was a direct result from being traffickedâ. This provision is further strengthened by the non-punishment clause of the 2011 EU Anti-trafficking
Directive and the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, and is therefore made binding upon States Parties: âEach Party shall, in accordance with the basic principles of its legal system, provide for the possibility of not imposing penalties on victims for their involvement in unlawful activities, to the extent that they have been compelled to do so.â (Article 26).
480:
strain on the social welfare systems in countries of origin with high poverty and unemployment rates. Migration and mobility policies should ideally facilitate a mutual exchange of knowledge, capacity and human resources while preventing one directional movements and brain drain. Seen from this point of view, migration holds potential benefits for poverty reduction and for fostering more equitable and sustainable global development. The linkages between migration and development have implications for policy and practice in these areas and relevant measures need to be coordinated in countries of destination and origin.
83:. According to Article 12 of the convention, children have the right to express their views in all matters affecting them, and their views have to be given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. This right applies equally to children's participation in social and political matters as well as in judicial and administrative proceedings. As a general principle, the child's right to be heard reflects the concept of children's âagencyâ, viewing children not only as vulnerable persons in need of special protection, but also as informed decision makers, rights holders and active members of society.
335:
vulnerability refers to the limited chances of a child to fully exercise her or his rights as afforded under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Existing definitions of vulnerability that are in use in the context of poverty reduction, health and nutrition can be useful in the child protection context.This vulnerability is worsened by weak legal protection. Youth on the move are even more vulnerable than adult migrants and face uprooting, demotion, lack of economic and material resources, lack of access to basic services, and an increased risk of abuse, violence and exploitation.
644:. Prior to the second half of the twentieth century, the Home Children programme was seen as a way to move impoverished children to a "better life" in Australia, Canada and elsewhere, also providing good "white stock" to former colonies. The children and parents were not consulted, and often siblings were separated. In total 130,000 children were sent from the United Kingdom to Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and Australia. Often children were lied to about their parents being dead and many faced abuse in their new homes. In February 2010
344:
migration opportunities can support children significantly in their transition into adulthood and an independent life. They will have improved life chances, including in their transition into adulthood and the labor market, with better working conditions, higher salaries and an increased potential to contribute proactively to their communities and societies, in countries of origin and destination. Children and young adults might support their families through remittances and support the development of their communities of origin.
415:
and there are no border crossings involved. The UN Trafficking
Protocol of 2000 considers the means of trafficking and the consent of the child to any of the trafficking acts as irrelevant in the identification of a trafficking victim. Forms of exploitation that could constitute trafficking include, âat a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organsâ.
432:
should be understood as the exploitation of a person to commit, inter alia, pick-pocketing, shop-lifting, drug trafficking and other similar activities which are subject to penalties and imply financial gainâ. The
Directive states that âthe exploitation of begging, including the use of a trafficked dependent person for begging, falls within the scope of the definition of trafficking in human beings only when all the elements of forced labour or services occurâ.
772:
784:
682:'s Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) led by Dr Nando Sigona has shed light on the situation of children with no right to live in the United Kingdom. The study, 'No way out, no way in: Irregular migrant children and families in the UK', estimates a population of 120,000 children without status, of whom 65,000 were born in the UK to parents with no right to live in the country.
271:
protected from prosecution irrespective of any form of âconsentâ or their active involvement in an offence and irrespective of the child's age in relation to national laws defining the age of criminal liability. A child victim should be considered and treated as such â... regardless of their role in the offence or in the prosecution of the alleged offender or groups of offendersâ.
293:
when a guardian needs to be appointed. The authorities of the country of destination must inform the competent consular office without delay when the appointment of a guardian for a child is considered. The laws and regulations of the receiving State concerning the appointment of a guardian apply and are not affected by the information sharing with the relevant consular offices.
353:
including trafficking, because of weak social safety nets. The risks a child is exposed to are often closely intertwined and are considered cumulative. A child who is already living in a vulnerable situation, such as poverty, abuse or school-drop out, is considered even more vulnerable when additional risks come in, such as exploitative relationships or risky migration.
258:
to assistance, protection and support, services for recovery and rehabilitation, access to justice, with due procedural safeguards in any related legal or administrative proceedings. Children at risk of exploitation should be identified as being at risk and referred to assistance and support in order to prevent their exploitation or any other harm.
66:
in search of better opportunities while others escape violence, exploitation, abuse or conflict. Multiple reasons often coincide. When parents migrate or separate, children may move to another place or country with one or both parents, or they might be left behind by their parents and are then indirectly affected by migration.
249:
matters or for illegal and criminal matters. Some children in conflict with the law are actually victims of crime. International and
European law provide for clear standards regulating the treatment, rights and entitlement of children in contact with the judiciary, as victims, defendants or perpetrators of crime.
652:
issued an official apology for the 'shameful' child resettlement programme and announced a ÂŁ6 million fund designed to compensate the families affected by the "misguided" programme. The Child
Migrants Trust has since set up the Family Restoration Fund in order to use this money to help reunite former
427:
The
Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005) adopted the international definition, identical in wording, underlining however that victims shall be protected also in cases where trafficking takes place within countries and without the involvement of large-scale
266:
An important safeguard for child victims of crime is the ânon-punishment clauseâ. It means that child victims of criminal offences, including human trafficking, are to be protected from sanctions or prosecution for acts that they committed in relation to their situation as victims. The non-punishment
207:
States and are related to survival, security and health as a precondition for physical development as well as the mental, spiritual, moral, intellectual, cognitive, emotional and sociology-cultural development of the child. This is in effort to ensure the maximum survival, growth and potential of the
65:
The motivations for children to migrate are as diverse as the individuals who migrate. They include economic reasons, educational aspirations, reasons related to gender or culture, personal motivations as well as emergencies, natural disasters, persecution and humanitarian crises. Some children leave
1671:
The
European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA, Official Journal of
479:
Migration can mitigate these population imbalances on both ends. It has a potential to increase the work force and strengthen the younger generations in numbers where needed. This would mean increased contributions to the social welfare systems in higher income countries of destination and a reduced
410:
as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation. While this definition applies only to transnational cases and/or cases involving organized criminal groups, child trafficking is now typically recognized well outside these parameters. The
356:
Many child migrants are exposed to harm during the journey and at destination. Children face violence, exploitation and abuse at the hands of people they encounter in transit and at destination, including employers, transporters, smugglers and traffickers. They might experience significant levels of
292:
of the United
Nations, consular functions include helping and assisting nationals of the sending state. This could involve measures to safeguard the interests of children who are nationals of the sending State within the limits imposed by the laws and regulations of the receiving State, particularly
274:
The Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking and the UNICEF Guidelines on the Protection of Child Victims of Trafficking reiterate the right to non-criminalisation specifically in relation to the situation of
257:
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child prohibits the exploitation of children in any form and in any context (Articles 19, 32-36). Any child who is exposed to violence, exploitation or abuse can be considered a victim of crime and enjoys the correlated rights and entitlements, including access
166:
The rights afforded under the Convention apply to non-national children, regardless of their immigration status or the migration status of their parents. This includes children who are visiting, refugees, children of migrant workers and undocumented children. The right to non-discrimination entitles
414:
Victims of transnational trafficking might cross borders with or without legal travel documents and with or without the assistance of smugglers. Persons are often recruited into trafficking only after they have crossed an international border. In many cases, trafficking takes place within countries
153:
In the country of Ghana, there is a topic focused on the education comparison between migrant and non-migrant students. It is shown that the non-migrant students received more attention, and therefore, scored higher than the migrant students. More attention needs to be shown to the migrants just as
544:
Child migration was a phenomenon associated with the migration of Bulgarian market-gardeners to Austria-Hungary in the second half of 19th and early 20th Century, due to the use of child labor (mostly boys) in market-gardening. Child labor brought master gardeners the biggest profit since children
334:
Children on the move are routinely referred to as âvulnerableâ although the meaning of the term has not been defined or clarified for the child protection context. Vulnerability is often understood as a deficit and equated with weakness and a need of protection. From a child rights-based approach,
321:
and its Protocol regulate the right of persons to seek international protection. Children enjoy special safeguards and have a right to have their asylum application examined individually. Child-specific grounds of persecution need to be considered irrespective of whether the child applies alone or
287:
Children who are outside of their country of residence have a right to assistance by embassies and consular offices representing their country. Consular staff can play an important role in supporting and assisting children abroad, establishing supportive contacts and referral, and mobilizing help.
211:
The quality of care has a direct effect on a child's development. Promoting the child's developmental rights and needs means enabling her to grow up in her family of origin or in a family-based or family-like alternative care placement, wherever this is in the best interests of the child. The care
1538:
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations Childrenâs Fund, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Children and International Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean, Challenges, Newsletter on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals from a
431:
The EU Anti-Trafficking Directive (2011) broadened the notion of exploitation in the trafficking concept. It explicitly includes the purpose of exploitation in criminal activities as part of the definition of human trafficking. Article 2.3 clarifies that the ââexploitation of criminal activitiesâ
444:
defines human smuggling as the âprocurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent residentâ. A smuggler facilitates the border crossing of others
360:
Unsafe migration conditions, by their nature, create risks for children. In addition to experiencing acts of violence, children risk to come into conflict with the law if they travel without the required documents, if they engage in illegal or criminal activities to make a living, or if they are
178:
While assessing the childâs case and situation, state authorities have a responsibility to clarify which state has the jurisdiction over a child and, if required and appropriate, transfer or establish jurisdiction in the country of destination. When jurisdiction over a non-national child remains
86:
Many children are reluctant to share information with the authorities in the country of destination due to fears that disclosing information might not be in their interest and that telling their story might lead to being returned to their country of origin. Children might have been instructed by
463:
The sale of children means any act or transaction whereby a child is transferred by any person or group of persons to another for remuneration or any other consideration. While trafficking could involve the purchase and sale of persons, the sale of children may lead to exploitation but does not
270:
The UN Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime emphasis that âchildren who are victims and witnesses may suffer additional hardship if mistakenly viewed as offenders when they are in fact victims and witnesses.â The Guidelines say child victims should be
590:
310 children were emigrated from Malta to Australia between 1950 and 1965 under the âChild Migration to Australia Schemeâ following an agreement between the Australian Catholic Immigration committee and the Emigration and Labour Minister on 9 December 1949. Most of the Maltese children sent to
248:
Children on the move sometimes are affected by or are in conflict with the law, including with cross-border family disputes and matters of parental responsibility and contact, as asylum seekers or victims of crime and, in some cases, as children who are in conflict with the law for immigration
483:
From a human rights-based and development oriented perspective, countries of origin and destination share the responsibility for managing migration. Maximising the good developments and minimising the risks from migration could include developing the human capital of migrants and investing in
343:
Some children migrate well-protected and cared for and some succeed to achieve the goals that motivated their journeys. When migration is safe and successful, children have opportunities to increase their well-being, to access higher-quality services and to benefit from better education. Safe
352:
For children who migrate to escape difficult living situations, violence or conflict, migration can constitute an opportunity to reduce risks. Others encounter more severe risks during migration or at the place of destination. Some groups of children are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse,
162:
The Convention on the Rights of the Child affords a broad protection from discrimination and the essential and equal inalienable rights afforded to all human beings. It stipulates that States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the convention to each child within their
536:" and child migrants on behalf of the nation. "Forgotten Australians" is a term the Australian Senate has used to describe children who were brought up in orphanages, children's homes, institutions or foster care in Australia. Child migrants are a specific group of "Forgotten Australians".
512:
from Great Britain alone, with a small number from Malta. Child migrants were adopted or brought up in children's homes, institutions, orphanages or foster care. A large portion of these children were used in slave labour by the churches in Australia. Many of these children experienced
179:
unclear, the child risks staying in a state of uncertainty and might benefit only from temporary services and protection measures, until the childâs status is fully regularised or the child returns to the country holding jurisdiction. Common factors that affect jurisdiction include:
105:
Risk and resilience assessments are a central component of the best interestsâ determination process because they consider the context of the countries of destination and origin and also how the risks and resiliency of the child will change on the basis of any decision taken.
476:. According to current demographic trends, the populations in richer countries will continue to age disproportionately while the younger generations are overrepresented in lower income countries, causing strain on the labour market, social security, education and nutrition.
407:
1734:
Cortina, Jeronimo, Children, Education and Migration: Win-win policy responses for co-development, QScience Proceedings, Family, Migration and Dignity Special Issue, University of Houston and United Nations Childrenâs Fund, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals, 2013, p.
357:
indifference or abuse by state officials, including police, border guards, immigration officials and staff in reception or detention facilities. Some migrants die on the journey from dehydration, malnourishment, suffocation or transportation accidents or drown at sea.
167:
each child to immediate assistance and support while the situation of the child and her or his best interests are being assessed. Non-discrimination does not imply that a child is granted an automatic permit of stay, but that a decision is taken on the basis of the
163:
jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parents' or legal guardian's race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.
418:
Child trafficking can be prosecuted when it is possible to prove the intent to exploit the child, even when exploitation has not yet taken place. Varying interpretations sometimes make it difficult to distinguish child trafficking from other types of exploitation.
390:
of children. The exploitation of children could be organised by families, small groups or large-scale criminal networks. Children are exploited also in illegal and criminal activities, including in drug production and drug trafficking, pick-pocketing or burglary.
1165:"Podeszfa, Leana and Friederike Vetter, Post-deportation Monitoring: Why, how and by whom?, University of Oxford, Refugee Study Centre, Forced Migration Review, Detention, alternatives to detention and deportation, Issue 44, September 2013, pp. 68-69, p. 68".
464:
necessarily have to. Children are sometimes sold in illegal adoptions, for instance. Children are also sold for sexual exploitation or labour. In these cases, there may be an overlap between trafficking and sale as two criminal acts within a single case.
1360:"United Nations Economic and Social Council, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to the Economic and Social Council, E/2002/68/Add.1, 20 May 2002".
278:
When a non-national child is in conflict with the law and there are no indications that the child has been exploited in illegal activities or has otherwise been victimized, the same standards of juvenile justice applies to national children.
148:
Continued assessments during the implementation of the durable solution with due follow-up, review and monitoring, and adjustments to the durable solution arrangements, if and as required, according to the best interests of the
2235:
706:
During the Second World War, when Finland was at war with Russia, about 70 000 Finnish children were transported by train and boat mainly to Sweden, but also to Norway and Denmark. These children are commonly referred to as
730:
323:
1519:
Inter-Agency Group on Children on the Move, Why Children Matter, Experiences and lessons learnt from interventions to protect children on the move, The High Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development
837:
946:"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund, Safe and Sound, What States can do to ensure respect for the best interests of unaccompanied and separated children in Europe, 2014"
385:
and domestic work, as au-pairs, in factories, construction, asphalt laying, restaurants and cleaning industries, agriculture and berry picking and in begging. There are also transnational cases of early and
1424:"European Council of Refugees and Exiles, Right to Justice: Quality Legal Assistance for Unaccompanied Children, Annex 1: Guiding principles for quality legal assistance for unaccompanied children, 2014".
441:
1473:
European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/38/EC of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States.
1264:"United Nations Economic and Social Council, Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Economic and Social Council Resolution 2005/20, 22 July 2005, par. 7e".
267:
clause protects children who are exploited in illegal or criminal activities and child victims of exploitation and/or trafficking who were forced to enter a country without valid travel documents.
361:
persuaded or forced by others to do so. In situations of habitual mobility or circular migration, such conditions can influence the well-being, safety and development significantly of the child.
1722:
United Nations Childrenâs Fund, United Nations Population Division, University of Houston, International Migration, Children and Adolescents, Population Dynamics, October 2013, pp. 1, 4.
1012:"CARDET, Defence for Children International â Italy et al., IMPACT, Improving Monitoring and Protection Systems Against Child Trafficking and Exploitation, Transnational Analysis, 2013".
2175:
1487:
CARDET, Defence for Children International â Italy et al., IMPACT, Improving Monitoring and Protection Systems Against Child Trafficking and Exploitation, Transnational Analysis, 2013.
1566:
United Nations Childrenâs Fund Innocenti Research Centre, Child Trafficking in the Nordic Countries, Rethinking strategies and national responses, A Technical Report, 2012, pp. 18-20.
903:
Crawley, Heaven, Working with Children and Young People Subject to Immigration Control, Guidelines for best practice, Second Edition, Immigration Law Practitionersâ Association, 2012.
690:
During the 19th century there were a number of attempts to move children from crowded east coast cities to midwestern and western rural families & orphanages. Most famous was the
661:
1328:"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United Nations Children's Fund, Justice in Matters Involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Model Law and Related Commentary, 2009".
1232:"United Nations Economic and Social Council, Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Economic and Social Council Resolution 2005/20, 2005".
215:
The following factors are relevant when assessing the development needs of a child (with reference to the relevant articles under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child):
1695:
United Nations Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime, Article 3.
1296:"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United Nations Children's Fund, Justice in Matters Involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Child-Friendly Version, 2009".
33:
or "children in migration or mobility" (sometimes more generally "children on the move") is the movement of people ages 3â18 within or across political borders, with or
1635:
1110:
European Commission, Tackling Multiple Discrimination: Practices, Policies and Laws, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, 2007.
204:
The rights of the child to life, survival and development is afforded under Article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. These rights are recognized by
2220:
1926:
891:
Working with Children and Young People Subject to Immigration Control, Guidelines for best practice, Second Edition, Immigration Law Practitioners' Association
2168:
1548:
Catholic Relief Services, Child Migration, The Detention and repatriation of unaccompanied Central American children from Mexico, Research Study, 2010, p. 5.
1510:
Catholic Relief Services, Child Migration, The Detention and repatriation of unaccompanied Central American children from Mexico, Research Study, 2010, p. 3.
1557:
United Nations Childrenâs Fund Innocenti Research Centre, Child Trafficking in Europe, A broad vision to put children first, Innocenti Insight, 2008, p. 12.
582:
expressed his sorrow at "the anguish caused by the deplorable conduct of some members of the Church" and offered his "sympathy and prayerful solidarity".
1590:"Training Manual to Fight Child Trafficking in Children for Labour, Sexual and Other Forms of Exploitation â Textbook 1: Understanding Child Trafficking"
554:
222:
The continuity in the child's care and upbringing, with due regard to the child's ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background (Article 20);
2225:
1891:
1529:
Side Event to the 46th Session of the Commission on Population and Development: âNew Trends in Migration: Demographic Aspectsâ, 24 April 2013, p. 3.
99:
80:
2301:
2161:
473:
289:
1044:"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Conclusion on Children at Risk, Executive Committee Conclusions, No. 107(LVIII), 5 October 2007".
228:
The right of every child to a standard of living adequate to the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development (Article 27);
1852:
Peykovska, Penka, Child Migration, Child Labor and School Attainment. Evidence from the Bulgarian Community in Hungary (Late 19th to the 1930s)
1704:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Article 2(a).
1501:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Conclusion on Children at Risk, Executive Committee Conclusions, No. 107(LVIII), 5 October 2007.
2101:
1759:
1098:
695:
322:
together with a parent or caregiver. The European Union Member States have re-elaborated these standards for the EU context and have adopted
189:
The childâs situation may have been under law enforcement investigations in another country, including where child trafficking is suspected;
288:
Consular staff may contact central authorities or national contact points for technical advice in cases involving children. Under the 1963
1746:
395:
are also increasingly used by traffickers for purposes such as begging, benefit fraud, identity fraud, credit fraud and insurance fraud.
862:
Migrant Children in Child Labour, A vulnerable group in need of attention, International Organisation of Migration, Children on the Move
1713:
United Nations, Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, Transforming Our World â The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015.
653:
child migrants with their families as part of the British government's package of support to former child migrants and their families.
2215:
2205:
326:
regulating the qualification and reception conditions of asylum seekers in the EU as well as asylum procedures and matters of return.
1951:
234:
The right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to her or his age (Article 31).
1862:
980:"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Guidelines on Formal Determination of the Best Interests of the Child, 2006".
212:
arrangements and access to quality services for health and education are important when assessing the child's developmental needs.
1911:
2136:
1128:
Hague Conference on Private International Law, Practical Handbook on the Operation of the 1996 Child Protection Convention, 2014.
381:, traveling sex offenders through web-cams, child abuse images and illegal content on the internet. Exploitation takes place in
411:
International Labour Organization expands definition to include movement and exploitation as key aspects of child trafficking.
2184:
1589:
1392:"United Nations Children's Fund, Guidelines on the Protection of Child Victims of Trafficking, UNICEF Technical Notes, 2006".
725:
2311:
833:
Forgotten Australians: Our history - Australian Government website which includes oral histories, resources and photographs
559:
The Canadian Indian residential school system, founded in the 19th century, was intended to force the assimilation of the
816:
762:
2291:
2230:
2200:
626:
560:
484:
migration management cooperation between countries of origin and destination in social, economic and political terms.
109:
In transnational cases, a comprehensive best interestsâ assessment and determination process considers the following:
1923:
801:
501:
children were removed from their families and placed in institutions and foster homes, in what became known as the
525:
113:
Establishing the child's identity and the identity of any accompanying persons and the quality of their relations
2296:
1200:"Refugee Council, 'Between a rock and a hard place: the dilemma facing refused asylum seekers', December 2012".
564:
472:
The link between migration and development have been widely recognised. Migration is directly relevant to the
2260:
2240:
1812:
454:
1658:
2306:
2286:
2116:
645:
574:, in front of an audience of Aboriginal delegates, and in an address that was broadcast nationally on the
306:
660:, some 3.5 million children were evacuated from areas at risk of aerial bombing to rural locations. (see
1615:
533:
498:
219:
The right to preserve her or his identity, including nationality, name and family relations (Article 8);
2321:
2050:
708:
679:
2023:
1837:
2316:
2265:
945:
876:
The Heart of the Matter, Assessing credibility when children apply for asylum in the European Union
720:
668:
600:
370:
302:
34:
563:
into European-Canadian society. The last residential school was closed in 1996. On June 11, 2008,
1575:
Europol, The THB Financial Business Model, Assessing the current state of knowledge, 2015, p. 13.
694:
movement. Additionally Native American children were separated from their families & sent to
633:
502:
318:
1119:
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Handbook on European Non-discrimination Law, 2011.
1765:
2250:
2245:
2009:
1755:
1429:
1397:
1365:
1333:
1301:
1269:
1237:
1205:
1170:
1138:
1049:
1017:
985:
953:
918:
745:
735:
637:
579:
571:
403:
392:
54:
2255:
1786:
186:
Social services in another country may have been monitoring the child and her or his family;
42:
2140:
1959:
1930:
1748:
The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969
1682:
1628:
1442:
1410:
1378:
1346:
1314:
1282:
1250:
1218:
1183:
1062:
1030:
998:
966:
931:
755:
672:
641:
387:
1981:
1870:
1849:
128:
Gathering evidence including through forensic examinations and interviews with the child
2195:
832:
788:
740:
629:
575:
567:
225:
The right of the child to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health (Article 24);
168:
95:
50:
38:
2133:
2280:
616:
514:
509:
458:
711:. By the end of the war, thousands of children were adopted by their "new" parents.
750:
691:
657:
649:
604:
382:
374:
172:
1596:
369:
Children on the move are at risk of different forms of exploitation. They include
2153:
2005:
1078:"Child Migration and Academic Performance: The Case of Basic Education in Ghana"
771:
518:
378:
913:"Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013), par. 47".
783:
776:
529:
17:
134:
Mapping sources of support, skills, potentials and resources for empowerment
175:
or whether the country of destination assumes jurisdiction over the child.
2236:
List of international and European laws on child protection and migration
2024:"Gordon Brown sorry for 'shameful' colonial child resettlement programme"
46:
811:
731:
List of international and European law on child protection and migration
1160:
1158:
824:
192:
The child may have handed in an asylum application in another country;
183:
There could be a case pending at court in which the child is involved,
41:, to another country or region. They may travel with or without legal
622:
1583:
1581:
1077:
806:
79:
The right to be heard is a child rights principle as defined by the
1816:
1195:
1193:
2134:
Andrea Smith, "Soul Wound: The Legacy of Native American Schools"
1838:
http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/content.php?pid=55757&sid=582660
1754:. Department of Aboriginal Affairs (New South Wales government).
1683:"United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime"
142:
Comprehensive child impact assessment of any potential decisions
2157:
1730:
1728:
578:, for the past governments' policies of assimilation. In 2009,
442:
Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air
301:
All individuals, including parents, families with children and
2102:"No way out, no way in: Migrant children fall through the net"
2076:
158:
Right to non-discrimination: Status, access and jurisdiction
508:
130,000 children were migrated to Australia under assisted
1912:
PM cites 'sad chapter' in apology for residential schools
122:
Assessment of the child's situation, background and needs
1455:
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Article 5e and h
636:
in 1618, with the rounding-up and transportation of 100
195:
The child may be registered as a âmissing childâ abroad.
662:
Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II
27:
Movement of children to another area without a guardian
878:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2014.
1850:
http://penkapeykovska.blogspot.hu/p/blog-page_20.html
1840:
Adoption & Forgotten Australians - Child Migrants
1672:
the European Union, Brussels, 15 April 2011, par. 11.
826:
Inside: Life Inside Children's Homes and Institutions
818:
Inside: Life Inside Children's Homes and Institutions
760:
632:, to help alleviate the shortage of labour, began in
605:
transported to relative safety in Mandatory Palestine
497:
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many
262:
Children exploited in illegal and criminal activities
116:
Case assessment, including the following components:
855:
853:
1464:
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Article 37b
838:Child migration, child labor and school attainment
671:from Jewish families in Nazi-occupied Europe were
603:from Jewish families in Nazi-occupied Europe were
698:to force them into assimilating western culture.
1539:child rights perspective, Number 11, 2010, p. 2.
1497:
1495:
1493:
297:Migration and mobility within the European Union
45:. They may arrive to the destination country as
2117:"He rode the 'Orphan Train' across the country"
1914:- cbc.ca, June 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
1483:
1481:
1479:
154:much as its shown to all the other students.
2221:Hague Conference on Private International Law
2169:
828:exhibition blog, National Museum of Australia
8:
307:freedom of movement within the European area
91:Best interestsâ assessment and determination
70:Rights of children in migration and mobility
1958:. Standard Publications Ltd. Archived from
1813:"Speech | Prime Minister of Australia"
244:Children and justice in transnational cases
2176:
2162:
2154:
1952:"Australian PM apologises for child abuse"
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
423:Definitions of child trafficking in Europe
171:â determination, whether a child shall be
1634:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
555:Canadian Indian residential school system
231:Access to education (Articles 28 and 29);
2226:International Organization for Migration
1780:
1778:
667:Also during World War II, nearly 10,000
100:UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
81:UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
1924:Communique of the Holy See Press Office
1139:"Convention on the Rights of the Child"
849:
767:
474:2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
290:Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
1624:
1613:
1438:
1427:
1406:
1395:
1374:
1363:
1342:
1331:
1310:
1299:
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1214:
1203:
1179:
1168:
1058:
1047:
1026:
1015:
994:
983:
962:
951:
927:
916:
125:Social situation and family assessment
1099:Convention on the Rights of the Child
860:Van de Glind, Hans; Anne Kou (2013).
570:apologized, on behalf of the sitting
488:History of child migration by country
468:Migration and sustainable development
7:
812:Adoption & Forgotten Australians
145:Identification of a durable solution
1892:"A timeline of residential schools"
1787:"Australia 'sorry' for child abuse"
1588:I.L.O, UNICEF, and UN.GIFT (2009).
807:Website of the Child Migrants Trust
802:National Archives - Child migration
2216:Defence for Children International
2206:Child Rights International Network
2115:Torigoe, John (24 December 2008).
1933:. 29.4.2009. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
1863:"Alberni School Victim Speaks Out"
1648:UN Trafficking Protocol, Article 3
599:During World War II, thousands of
25:
1082:Journal of Education and Practice
678:A study completed in 2012 by the
2081:The Evacuees Reunion Association
2022:Ralph, Alex (24 February 2010).
1076:Tamanja, Emmanuel (2015-11-30).
782:
770:
621:The practice of sending poor or
2147:, Amnesty International website
2008:By Sandy Hobbs, Jim McKechnie,
673:transported to safety in the UK
408:UN Trafficking Protocol of 2000
348:Risks for children in migration
98:is defined in Article 3 of the
2302:Legal doctrines and principles
2185:Transnational child protection
820:, National Museum of Australia
726:Transnational child protection
1:
521:while in institutional care.
131:Risk and security assessments
2231:International Social Service
2201:Child Helpline International
1982:"A child migration timeline"
1956:The Malta Independent online
561:Aboriginal peoples in Canada
393:Child victims of trafficking
283:Right to consular assistance
2338:
614:
552:
452:
2191:
2051:"Family Restoration Fund"
1785:Anon (16 November 2009).
526:Australian Prime Minister
139:Developing a life project
889:Crawley, Heaven (2012).
864:. pp. 27â43, p. 30.
532:formally apologized to "
428:organised crime groups.
2261:Trafficking of children
2241:Missing Children Europe
510:child migration schemes
455:Trafficking of children
2030:. Times Newspapers Ltd
1623:Cite journal requires
646:British Prime Minister
324:a series of Directives
303:unaccompanied children
253:Child victims of crime
534:Forgotten Australians
499:Aboriginal Australian
319:UN Refugee Convention
75:The right to be heard
61:Reasons for migration
35:without their parents
2055:Child migrants Trust
1745:Read, Peter (1981).
1602:on September 3, 2013
680:University of Oxford
669:unaccompanied minors
601:unaccompanied minors
2292:Institutional abuse
2266:Unaccompanied minor
1962:on 20 November 2009
721:Unaccompanied minor
595:Mandatory Palestine
440:The United Nations
371:sexual exploitation
2139:2006-02-08 at the
1929:2009-07-26 at the
1867:First Nations Drum
503:Stolen Generations
406:is defined in the
2312:Children's rights
2274:
2273:
2251:Save the Children
2246:Right to be heard
2010:Michael Lavalette
1894:. CBC. 2008-05-16
1761:978-0-646-46221-9
1437:Missing or empty
1405:Missing or empty
1373:Missing or empty
1341:Missing or empty
1309:Missing or empty
1277:Missing or empty
1245:Missing or empty
1213:Missing or empty
1178:Missing or empty
1057:Missing or empty
1025:Missing or empty
993:Missing or empty
961:Missing or empty
926:Missing or empty
746:Child trafficking
736:Right to be heard
580:Pope Benedict XVI
524:In November 2009
404:Child trafficking
239:Access to justice
119:Hearing the child
55:economic migrants
16:(Redirected from
2329:
2256:Terre des hommes
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2148:
2145:Amnesty Magazine
2131:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2019:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1950:Attard, Elaine.
1947:
1934:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:on July 26, 2009
1869:. Archived from
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
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1827:
1825:
1824:
1815:. Archived from
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
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1782:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1764:. Archived from
1753:
1742:
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1732:
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1714:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
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1659:"Liste complète"
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1595:. Archived from
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857:
787:
786:
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766:
696:boarding schools
658:Second World War
640:children to the
630:settler colonies
625:children to the
449:Sale of children
43:travel documents
21:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2297:Human migration
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2211:Child migration
2187:
2182:
2152:
2151:
2141:Wayback Machine
2132:
2128:
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2100:
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2004:
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1991:
1989:
1988:. Goldonian Web
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1931:Wayback Machine
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1771:on 2012-04-09.
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796:External links
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615:Main article:
612:
611:United Kingdom
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568:Stephen Harper
565:Prime Minister
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2104:. 2012-05-15.
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1986:The Goldonian
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1606:February 9,
1101:Article 2.1
656:During the
399:Trafficking
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200:Development
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1992:2009-04-07
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313:Asylum
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