Child euthanasia - Knowledge (XXG)

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competent. Those favoring child euthanasia viewed this to be unfair, stating that the non-emancipated minors may be similar in levels of competence to emancipated minors, and thus, suffering to the same extent. Verhagen supports this, with the claim that an age restriction of a certain number of years is arbitrary in nature, and that "self-determination knows no age limit." Furthermore, proponents believe the extension will clarify the legality of the matter for physicians who are treating terminally ill minors, resulting in less unlawful behavior and more consistency in medical decision-making.

1250:. While knowing surgical intervention to resolve the TEF is a relatively standard procedure and essential to live, the baby's parents and obstetrician chose against it. This decision, met with resistance from other attending physicians, ultimately led to a court trial. The court determined that the parents were free to decline the surgery their baby needed because of mixed expert opinions of the hospital doctors. Baby Doe died six days later. This case quickly became a nation-wide debate and garnered the attention from then U.S. Surgeon General, 1048:, summarizes the religious Jewish attitudes that appear to govern the topic of neonatal euthanasia. Jakobovits states that all human life is valuable, irrespective of potential disabilities or impairments and actively forfeiting life by any means would constitute murder. He continues that pain-reducing agents are permissible for terminally ill patients, and it is the right of a terminally ill person to refuse a medical procedure that may extend his or her life. Lastly, withholding of nutrition, oxygen and blood is forbidden in Judaism. 828:

cost of treatment and the newborn's quality of life. The cost of the treatment includes medical resources and their availability. The newborn's quality of life will depend on whether the treatment is applied, continued or ceased, which can result in passive euthanasia. This can also be classified as a crime under certain laws without the approval of parents. There are ongoing debates about parents' roles in choosing euthanasia for their children, and whether this is considered

879:, explains the three fields of thought opposing this amendment to the 2002 Euthanasia Act. First, some believe that euthanasia is morally impermissible in general. Second, some believe the law was sufficient as is, and that hospital ethics boards should deal with the "emancipated minors" on a case-by-case event. Third, some believe euthanasia for minors is more impermissible than adults. Bovens outlines the five most used arguments in support of this third point: 662:" by some, he continued along with his hope for a "nationwide protocol that allows each pediatrician this delicate question with due care, knowing he followed the criteria," to end his patients' lives simply out of compassion. He felt that strict regulations on infant euthanasia would prevent uncontrolled and unjustified instances of euthanasia. In 2005, Dr. Verhagen and Dr. Sauer, with a team of prosecutors, formalized the Groningen Protocol. 732:

the "emancipated minors" to pursue end-of-life care by euthanasia. Second, it states that the presumed death of a minor should result within a short period of time, whereas no timeframe of expected death is needed for adult cases. Finally, it requires that multiple physicians and legal representatives sign-off on the mental capacity of the patient, reinforcing that the minor is competent of their condition and decision to die.

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issues should be debated. The college stated in this submission that having these options would save some families from years of emotional and financial suffering; it might also reduce the number of late abortions, "as some parents would be more confident about continuing a pregnancy and taking a risk on outcome". In response to this proposal, Pieter Sauer, a senior paediatrician in the

791:, argues strongly against the Groningen Protocol on the basis that idea of a "life not worth living" does not exist. He claims that nowhere in the protocol does it mention only pertaining to terminally ill infants and the developers of the protocol value the future quality of life more than the current being of the infant. Jotkowitz also draws comparisons to the practice of 584:, born blind, with missing limbs, subject to convulsions, and reportedly "an idiot"— provided "the rationale for a secret Nazi decree that led to 'mercy killings' of almost 300,000 mentally and physically handicapped people". While Kretchmar's killing received parental consent, most of the 5,000 to 8,000 children killed afterwards were forcibly taken from their parents. 1228:, Haiselden did not assist patients who wished to be euthanized. Instead, Haiselden chose to euthanize babies who were born with deformities and began advocating aggressively. Following the Bollinger case, Haiselden began withholding life-saving treatment from other disabled babies, in addition to campaigning for the euthanizing of the terminally ill. 1454:

Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious and Congenitally Based Illnesses, whose 'experts' have laid down the basis for the removal of disabled children to special 'paediatric clinics'. Here they can be either starved to death or given lethal injections. At least 5,200 infants will eventually be killed through this programme".

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physicians withdrew treatment which yielded no positive outcomes. Silberberg and Gallo's analysis showed the current sentiment of physicians with respect to infant euthanasia apply some variation of therapeutic activism, yet the large majority of those same doctors will withdraw life-preserving treatments when no advancements are made.

768:, has made clear his stance in endorsing the motivation for the protocol. Verhagen clarifies that his protocol does not include infants with ordinary, and otherwise, treatable conditions. Rather, the protocol was created to relieve the burden that both the infant and its parents would face in a "life of agonizing pain." Others, such as 1270:

effective in ameliorating or correcting all of the infant's life-threatening conditions, or (iii) otherwise be futile in terms of the survival of the infant; or (C) the provision of such treatment would be virtually futile in terms of the survival of the infant and the treatment itself under such circumstances would be inhumane."

1016:– to do no harm. Yet, some Hindus believe that the act of ending a painful life is rather a good deed. In a 2012 study centered around Hindu college students and their views on ending the lives of severely disabled neonates, it was found that 38% had no firm opinion on the acceptability of terminating these lives. 1223:

Haiselden, then, brought this case to the public through a press conference and argued in defense of the Bollinger case: first, a merciful death is more humane than a life of suffering, and second, it is our responsibility to protect our society from the burden of certain disabilities. Haiselden drew

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in Verhagen's infants. As reported by Verhagen, "neuromuscular blockers were added shortly before death in 5 cases to prevent gasping, mostly on parental request." According to Kon, the practice of making euthanasia more palatable with these agents is something that cannot be justified though he does

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from the patient and their parents. Children between 16 and 18 years old do not need consent from their parents, but the parents should be included in the decision-making process. It is also legal for babies up to a year old with parental consent. The patient must be enduring "unbearable and endless

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shared his stance on euthanasia in 2017. He called for more thought into balancing medical efforts to prolong life and withholding those same efforts when death seems inevitable. Pope Francis echoed Pope John Paul II's remarks on suspending medical procedures beyond conventional means and reaffirmed

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views on life. Pope John Paul II continued by stating that foregoing extraordinary means to save one's life is not the equivalent of euthanasia, but rather an acceptance of the delicate balance of human life. He summarizes, "human life, as a gift from God, is sacred and inviolable. For this reason,

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The provisions of this amendment to the 2002 Euthanasia Act have distinguishable differences between the act applied to adults and minors. First, the law establishes that only physical suffering may be valid for minors, while physical and psychological suffering is plausible reasoning for adults and

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test and active euthanasia" for "the sickest of newborns". The college stated that there should be discussion over whether "deliberate intervention" to cause death in severely disabled newborn babies should be legalised; it stated that while it was not necessarily in favour of the move, it felt the

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made it legally permissible for minors, regardless of age, to pursue euthanasia as long as they fit a few specific criteria. The amendment states that minors who request euthanasia must exhibit the ability to judge their current state of affairs when in a "medically futile condition of constant and

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outlawing the withholding of necessity-based medical care, specifically noting "appropriate nutrition, hydration, and medication," from disabled neonates unless "(A) the infant is chronically and irreversibly comatose; (B) the provision of such treatment would (i) merely prolong dying, (ii) not be

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forbids any form of euthanasia, as it is determined by God how long a person lives. Life is a sacred thing bestowed upon humans by God. The aforementioned 2012 study involving Hindu university students also analyzed the same measures of 150 Muslim students. The study found that, in accordance with

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Generally, when a newborn's life is contested, the parents are the ones who determine their child's future. The parents and the doctor both take part in making the decision. When there is persistent disagreement, the case may be taken to court where the decision is made. Considerations include the

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Four years after Bente Hindriks' death, Dr. Verhagen began campaigning for policy change that called for permitting infant euthanasia under specifically strict guidelines. While engaged in this pursuit, Dr. Verhagen publicly stated that he terminated the lives of four more infants, all with severe

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Accessed 23 July 2011. Quotation: "The first state-sanctioned euthanasia is carried out, after Hitler receives a petition from a child's parents, asking for the life of their severely disabled infant to be ended. This happens after the case has been considered by Hitler's office and by the Reich

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in Argentina. The questionnaire investigated the method of their actions in response to critical neonates. The results showed that more than 75% of the neonatologists would initiate treatment in premature infants of unknown prognosis, based on newborn viability. It followed that more than 80% of

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On February 13, 2014, Belgium became the first country to allow voluntary child euthanasia without any age restriction. However, a child must ask for the procedure and verify that they understand what will happen. The parents must also consent to euthanasia of the child. The child's doctor must

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is an act of killing within traditional Buddhist views, yet we must judge each instance on a case-by-case basis. He cites an example where a woman with pregnancy complications could result in two deaths rather than just the baby's if no intervention is done. The Dalai Lama expands the idea of

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Morals derived through religious scripts and teachings largely influence views on euthanasia. A recent psychological study in Belgium showed that people who disapprove the legalization of child euthanasia tend to be religious, have low flexibility in existential issues, endorse collectivistic

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Proponents of the new law argue this amendment helps avoid discrimination, clarifies legal matters and improves consistency in medical practice and decision-making. Previously, euthanasia could be performed for "emancipated minors," but not for minors deemed non-emancipated though otherwise

810:, outlines that the ethical implications for neonatal euthanasia lies in the lack of "self-determination" for infants compared to adults. Kon states, therefore, justification must solely be on the basis of the patient's well-being. Though not asserting his position on the 836:. If considered voluntary euthanasia, it is because the parents authorized it and they have a say in the life of their children. Alternatively, if considered non-voluntary euthanasia, it is because the infant is not capable of providing patient consent to the procedure. 1219:

advised the Bollinger parents to forgo the surgery that could have saved the baby's life. Dr. Haiselden believed it is "our duty to defend ourselves and future generations against the mentally defective." Five days after foregoing surgery, Baby Bollinger died.

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being the basis for state intervention, which would allow physicians of the state to override the decisions made by parents if it is determined that their position does not represent the best interests of their child, and rather, is the more harmful procedure.

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Bovens believes these five arguments do not carry much weight in the debate; however, he does support arguments defending the wish to retain age restriction and ownership of hospital ethics boards in dealing with individual requests from minors.

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confirm that they are "in a hopeless medical situation of constant and unbearable suffering that cannot be eased and which will cause death in the short term." Since its legalization in 2014, three children have died by euthanasia in Belgium.

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amended its 2002 Euthanasia Act to extend the rights of euthanasia to minors. Like euthanasia, there is world-wide public controversy and ethical debate over the moral, philosophical and religious issues of child euthanasia.

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A major challenge for physicians tasked with the medical decision-making of babies born very premature or severely disabled with neurological damage and poor quality of life for the future presents another side to the

784:. Bioethicists Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva go one step further, arguing that killing a newborn "should be permissible in all the cases where abortion is, including cases where the newborn is not disabled." 2564: 1476: 728:

unbearable physical suffering that cannot be alleviated and that will, within a short period of time, result in death, and results from serious and incurable disorder caused by illness or accident."

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Silberberg, Agustín Alfredo; Gallo, Juan Eduardo (23 January 2017). "Ethical dilemmas associated with clinicians' decisions about treatment in critically ill infants born in Córdoba, Argentina".

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submission to the enquiry supported the view that doctors should be given the right to withhold treatment from seriously disabled newborn babies in exceptional circumstances, and the

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spoke on matters concerning the moral evaluation of prenatal diagnostic techniques which allow for the early detection of abnormalities in the unborn fetus, siding with traditional

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for terminally ill adults in 2002. As it stood then, euthanasia could only be applied to citizens over eighteen years of age or, in rare accounts, a category of individuals called "

903:: Physical suffering at the end of one's life can be attenuated by palliative care, and it is the poor state of palliative care that encourages patient requests for euthanasia. 646:, could do nothing to help. Though illegal at the time, Hindriks's parents wished to end her suffering with active euthanasia. Ultimately, it is believed that the high dose of 2469: 854:, argues that in cases where parents act against the best interests of their child, that the state should have ability to intervene. Diekema continues on his support of the 1008:

allows for multiple interpretations on the concept of euthanasia. The majority of Hindus believe doctors should not fulfill requests for euthanasia, as it will damage the

630:. There is no effective treatment, while the damage on the top layer of the skin comes with severe, unmitigated pain. Hindriks's diagnosis was impossible to treat and her 2561: 1441: 1152: 35: 1261:

orchestrated new regulation creating the "Baby Doe Squads" and toll-free hotline to answer any complaint concerning potential abuse of a disabled infant. Known as the

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in fetal and neonatal medicine, looking at the ethical, social and legal issues which may arise when making decisions surrounding treating extremely

799:. Kodish says "the very notion that there is an "accepted medical standard" for infanticide calls for resistance in the form of civil disobedience." 1606:

Jotkowitz, Alan; Glick, S.; Gesundheit, B. (11 December 2008). "A Case Against Justified Non-Voluntary Active Euthanasia (The Groningen Protocol)".

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Pressure: Minors will be pressured by parents into deciding for euthanasia since it may be best for the parents' emotional or financial needs.

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Infants with no chance of survival who are likely to die soon after birth, even if they receive the best medical and surgical care available.

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Baby Bollinger was born in 1915 at the German-American Hospital in Chicago, IL. Characterized by various physical abnormalities, surgeon

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to Belgian minors received both heavy criticism and large applause, launching another ethical debate centered around child euthanasia.

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Brouwer, Marije; Kaczor, Christopher; Battin, Margaret P.; Maeckelberghe, Els; Lantos, John D.; Verhagen, Eduard (1 February 2018).

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Brouwer, Marije; Kaczor, Christopher; Battin, Margaret P.; Maeckelberghe, Els; Lantos, John D.; Verhagen, Eduard (9 January 2018).

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Diekema, Douglas (1 July 2004). "Parental refusals of medical treatment: the harm principle as threshold for state intervention".

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Weightiness: We do not allow minors to vote or buy cigarettes, so why should we allow them to make decisions about life and death?

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the teachings of Islam, the Muslim students were more likely to oppose the purposeful termination of the damaged neonates.

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Cheyfitz, Kirk (1999–2000). "Who Decides? The Connecting Thread of Euthanasia, Eugenics, and Doctor-Assisted Suicide".

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The concept of child euthanasia has sparked heavy debate. The ethical debate can be broken down into two categories:

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believe that those in support of neonatal euthanasia have motivations to genuinely help infants the best they can.

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Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (2002). "Non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia in The Netherlands: Dutch perspectives".

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euthanasia. Together with colleagues and prosecutors, he has developed a protocol to be followed in those cases.

1045: 368: 358: 184: 2655: 2337:"The acceptability among young Hindus and Muslims of actively ending the lives of newborns with genetic defects" 1771:

Verhagen, A. A. Eduard; Hoeven, Mark A. H. van der; Meerveld, R. Corine van; Sauer, Pieter J. J. (1 July 2007).

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explains all life has "precious" value, with human life being the most valuable. According to the Dalai Lama,

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Verhagen, Eduard; Sauer, Pieter J.J. (2005). "The Groningen Protocol — Euthanasia in Severely Ill Newborns".

1172:, argued that British neonatologists already perform "mercy killings" and should be allowed to do so openly. 538:

became the first country since the end of Nazi Germany to decriminalize euthanasia for infants with hopeless

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and infants who might be considered candidates for end-of-life decisions are divided into three categories:

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Raus, Kasper (1 June 2016). "The Extension of Belgium's Euthanasia Law to Include Competent Minors".

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morality (values of loyalty and purity), and/or express ingroup-oriented prosocial inclinations.

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of both parties. Others say that performing euthanasia procedures goes against the teaching of

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supporters and critics alike through his support for euthanasia in the United States. Unlike

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The termination procedure must be performed in accord with the accepted medical standard.

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Jakobovits, Yoel (1986). "NEONATAL EUTHANASIA: Jewish Views of a Contemporary Dilemma".

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and a euthanasia proponent, proposed that infanticide be permitted in cases of severe

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At least one independent physician must confirm that the first two conditions are met.

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The agreement follows that no charges shall be pressed against physicians who perform

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through the 1940s. Eric Kodish and Daniel A. Beals have compared child euthanasia to

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Kamble, Shanmukh; Ahmed, Ramadan; Sorum, Paul Clay; Mullet, Etienne (1 March 2014).

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Capability of Discernment: Minors are not capable of judging what is best for them.

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Dr. Alexander A. Kon, a national leader in pediatric critical care medicine and

796: 635: 603: 535: 1516:(1978). "Infanticide and the ethics of loving concern". In Kohl, Marvin (ed.). 892:

Sensitivity: Minors may unduly wish to satisfy parental expectations or reduce

4051: 4021: 3986: 3956: 3929: 3831: 3659: 3619: 3471: 3428: 3406: 3373: 3069: 2987: 2945: 2925: 2835: 1950: 1915: 1619: 1396: 1351:(Concise ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. pp. 524–527. 1104: 967: 872: 716: 527: 290: 94: 3809: 2360: 2181: 2163: 2120: 2073: 2016: 1958: 1796: 1749: 1627: 1404: 4096: 4091: 4056: 3846: 3738: 3523: 3476: 3413: 3378: 3353: 3229: 2910: 2905: 2727:"Disability and Euthanasia: The Case of Helen Keller and the Bollinger Baby" 2629: 1300: 1092: 922: 803: 631: 623: 607: 539: 164: 4125: 3674: 2772: 2681: 2672: 2527: 2429: 2368: 2248: 2189: 2128: 2112: 2081: 2064: 2024: 1966: 1902:

Appel JM (May 2009). "Neonatal Euthanasia: Why Require Parental Consent?".

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that euthanasia is always wrong, being that its intention is to end life.

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Infants who have a hopeless prognosis and experience unbearable suffering.

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Intervention and reflection : basic issues in bioethics in bioethics

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stated that when treatment would be "a burden" this was not euthanasia.

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argues that pediatric euthanasia may be ethical even in the absence of

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Infants who are sustained by intensive care but have a bleak prognosis.

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that is applied to children who are gravely ill or have significant

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The infant must be experiencing hopeless and unbearable suffering.

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On April 9, 1982, in Bloomington, IN, "Baby Doe" was born with

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procured abortion and euthanasia are absolutely unacceptable."

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views are not in favor of the intentional ending of life. The

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that Dr. Verhagen administered to ease her pain killed Bente.

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noted that the killing of the disabled infant—whose name was

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procedures on infants who meet the following five criteria:

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Kon, Alexander A. (December 2009). "Neonatal Euthanasia".

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for children between 12 and 16 years old, with mandatory

850:. Dr. Douglas S. Diekema, most known for his role in the 2789: 1095:" and at least two doctors must agree to the procedure. 925:

topic of child euthanasia. A 2017 study looked into the

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A 24 July 1939 killing of a severely disabled infant in

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This Protocol prompted a very critical response from

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University of California San Diego School of Medicine

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The infant's diagnosis and prognosis must be certain.

3867: 3797: 3683: 3637: 3499: 3387: 3329: 3278: 3267: 3260: 3175: 3112: 2834: 2827: 2542:"Outrage from Churches over Euthanasia on Newborns" 1517: 2095:Meadow, William; Lantos, John (1 February 2009). 1557:"After-birth abortion: Why should the baby live?" 1153:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 2605:"Church supports baby euthanasia - Times Online" 2514:. Vol. 352, no. 10. pp. 959–962. 1267:Child Abuse Protection and Treatment Act (CAPTA) 2410:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 1439:Genocide Under the Nazis Timeline: 24 July 1939 2097:"Moral Reflections on Neonatal Intensive Care" 638:would take her life in five to six years. Her 2805: 787:Dr. Alan Jotkowitz, professor of medicine at 744:Euthanasia reserved for neonates and infants. 504: 305:The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia 32:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 1107:will refrain from pressing charges if this " 2656:"Should Pediatric Euthanasia be Legalized?" 2048:"Should Pediatric Euthanasia be Legalized?" 1042:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 3275: 3264: 2831: 2812: 2798: 2790: 2470:"Children are being euthanized in Belgium" 1040:physician who holds academic positions at 814:, Kon's concerns center around the use of 511: 497: 248:World Federation of Right to Die Societies 81: 16:Euthanasia applied to gravely ill children 2720: 2718: 2671: 2238: 2228: 2171: 2063: 1986: 1984: 1851: 1582: 1572: 1163:, withdrawal of treatment decisions, the 70:Learn how and when to remove this message 2330: 2328: 1462: 1460: 1434: 1432: 1430: 542:and intractable pain. Nine years later, 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1322: 456: 425: 391: 313: 281: 255: 204: 141: 100: 93: 2588:"Doctors: let us kill disabled babies" 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 793:child euthanasia employed by Nazi rule 405:Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 3162:List of ways people dishonor the dead 2391:"Translation of Sahih Bukhari - CMJE" 1479:from the original on 8 September 2017 1082:Euthanasia is currently legal in the 682:Both parents must give their consent. 7: 2315:"Euthanasia and suicide in Hinduism" 2511:The New England Journal of Medicine 1555:Giubilini, A.; Minerva, F. (2012). 1159:be started around the options of " 1036:Yoel Jakobovits, a devout Orthodox 823:Parental consent and physician duty 752:Euthanasia for neonates and infants 658:. Called "Dr. Death" and "a second 600:Groningen University Medical Center 3167:List of ways people honor the dead 1939:Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 789:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 223:Death with Dignity National Center 14: 3198:Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality 2630:"Church enters euthanasia debate" 2594:, 2006-11-05 (retrieved 11-2011). 2301:"Pope address end-of-life issues" 1608:The American Journal of Bioethics 1521:Infanticide and the Value of Life 1140:launched an enquiry in 2006 into 875:, professor of philosophy at the 418:Washington Death with Dignity Act 160:Euthanasia and the slippery slope 4155: 4146: 4145: 1285:Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany 1205:Dr. Haiselden and Baby Bollinger 1132:Euthanasia in the United Kingdom 1099:has documented several cases of 598:Bente Hindriks, born in 2001 at 562:Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany 23: 4156: 1467:Irene Zoech (11 October 2003). 1248:tracheoesophogeal fistula (TEF) 1193:Euthanasia in the United States 747:Euthanasia reserved for minors. 618:. The disease features chronic 2562:Statement by Mgr Elio Sgreccia 1877:Croatian Journal of Philosophy 1: 3218:Maternal mortality in fiction 2353:10.1136/medethics-2012-100934 2211:Deak C., Saroglou V. (2017). 2009:10.1136/medethics-2014-102329 1991:Bovens, Luc (1 August 2015). 1904:Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 1742:10.1053/j.semperi.2009.07.005 1690:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60402-X 1574:10.1136/medethics-2011-100411 1385:Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 1138:Nuffield Council on Bioethics 1078:Euthanasia in the Netherlands 944:Religious views on euthanasia 400:1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16 3132:Expressions related to death 3085:Medical declaration of death 2152:Journal of Child Health Care 1347:Munson, Ronald, ed. (2014). 1181:Christian Medical Fellowship 3152:Preventable causes of death 2765:10.2190/djfu-aawp-m3l4-4alp 2611:. London. November 12, 2006 1120:Pontifical Academy for Life 1052:Child euthanasia by country 1046:Sinai Hospital of Baltimore 46:, discuss the issue on the 4208: 2468:Lane, C. (6 August 2018). 1502:. 2014009093: 21053. 2014. 1235: 1208: 1190: 1129: 1075: 1055: 956: 941: 877:London School of Economics 616:Hallopeau-Siemens syndrome 591: 559: 444:Principle of double effect 298:The Peaceful Pill Handbook 4141: 3519:Consciousness after death 3442: 3006: 2567:October 20, 2012, at the 2341:Journal of Medical Ethics 2262:Committee, Canada Tibet. 1997:Journal of Medical Ethics 1951:10.1007/s11017-004-3146-6 1916:10.1007/s11673-009-9156-3 1832:Journal of Medical Ethics 1620:10.1080/15265160802513085 1561:Journal of Medical Ethics 1397:10.1007/s11673-016-9705-5 3920:Personification of death 3142:People by cause of death 2164:10.1177/1367493516689608 1730:Seminars in Perinatology 1657:Daniel A. Beals (2005). 1500:Belgian Official Gazette 1280:Non-voluntary euthanasia 834:non-voluntary euthanasia 218:Compassion & Choices 3997:Death-positive movement 3842:Post-mortem photography 3122:Causes of death by rate 3050:Death by natural causes 2281:IOANNES PAULUS PP. II. 959:Buddhism and euthanasia 610:at birth with the rare 4032:Fascination with death 3670:Reincarnation research 3665:Out-of-body experience 3127:Notable deaths by year 2968:Immunogenic cell death 2884:Temporal lobe necrosis 2673:10.1542/peds.2017-1343 2586:Templeton, Sarah-Kate. 2113:10.1542/peds.2008-1648 2065:10.1542/peds.2017-1343 1826:Slansky, Mark (2007). 1789:10.1542/peds.2006-2555 1672:Kodish, Erick (2008). 1058:Legality of euthanasia 3837:Post-mortem chemistry 3650:Near-death experience 3546:Desecration of graves 3482:Postmortem caloricity 3447:Beating heart cadaver 2891:Programmed cell death 2859:Liquefactive necrosis 1444:5 August 2011 at the 1290:Joseph Maraachli case 1259:Reagan administration 863:Euthanasia for minors 465:Consistent life ethic 4027:Festival of the Dead 3925:Dying-and-rising god 3880:Chinese burial money 3769:Prohibition of dying 3721:Death-qualified jury 3487:Post-mortem interval 3147:Premature obituaries 2854:Coagulative necrosis 2217:Psychologica Belgica 1263:Baby Doe regulations 1257:One year later, the 1232:Baby Doe regulations 830:voluntary euthanasia 764:, who developed the 52:create a new article 44:improve this article 34:may not represent a 4087:Philosophy of death 3952:Death from laughter 3252:Perinatal mortality 2993:Mitotic catastrophe 2973:Ischemic cell death 2916:Intrinsic apoptosis 2864:Gangrenous necrosis 2520:10.1056/NEJMp058026 2474:The Washington Post 1252:Dr. C. Everett Koop 1155:recommended that a 916:Physician sentiment 869:2002 Euthanasia Act 762:Dr. Eduard Verhagen 725:2002 Euthanasia Act 644:Dr. Eduard Verhagen 622:and peeling of the 570:was described in a 449:Palliative sedation 4187:Children and death 4133:Thanatosensitivity 4037:Hierarchy of death 3977:Death notification 3885:Coins for the dead 3817:Forensic pathology 3701:Capital punishment 3655:Near-death studies 3247:Mortality salience 2879:Fibrinoid necrosis 2849:Avascular necrosis 2701:The New York Times 2636:. 12 November 2006 2544:. December 1, 2004 2283:"Evangelium Vitae" 1844:10.1136/jme.27.1.5 1217:Harry J. Haiselden 1211:Harry J. Haiselden 1118:, the head of the 1109:Groningen Protocol 929:decisions made by 812:Groningen Protocol 774:situational ethics 766:Groningen Protocol 757:Groningen Protocol 721:emancipated minors 606:, was immediately 594:Groningen Protocol 588:Groningen Protocol 582:Gerhard Kretschmar 480:Groningen Protocol 274:Barbara Coombs Lee 238:Final Exit Network 233:Exit International 4169: 4168: 3905:Death anniversary 3900:Death and culture 3744:Dying declaration 3726:Death certificate 3633: 3632: 3495: 3494: 3347:Neuropreservation 3137:Natural disasters 3108: 3107: 2734:Life and Learning 1684:(9616): 892–893. 1541:978-0-87975-100-5 1177:Church of England 1161:non-resuscitation 985:Pope John Paul II 867:Extension of the 521: 520: 475:Euthanasia device 170:Freedom of choice 80: 79: 72: 54:, as appropriate. 4199: 4159: 4158: 4149: 4148: 4129: 4114:Assisted suicide 4012:Death trajectory 3827:Mortuary science 3822:Funeral director 3813: 3779:Suspicious death 3551:Eternal oblivion 3337:Cryopreservation 3276: 3265: 3203:Infant mortality 3193:Excess mortality 3095:Terminal illness 3080:Lazarus syndrome 3065:End-of-life care 3016:Accidental death 2869:Caseous necrosis 2832: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2675: 2666:(2): e20171343. 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2601: 2595: 2584: 2571: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2242: 2232: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2175: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2067: 2058:(2): e20171343. 2043: 2037: 2036: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1855: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1725: 1710: 1709: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1586: 1576: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1528:Prometheus Books 1525: 1514:Fletcher, Joseph 1510: 1504: 1503: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1464: 1455: 1436: 1425: 1424: 1380: 1363: 1362: 1344: 1146:premature babies 852:Ashley Treatment 848:parental consent 816:paralytic agents 628:mucous membranes 612:genetic disorder 524:Child euthanasia 513: 506: 499: 434:Assisted suicide 408: 213:Care Not Killing 150:Bodily integrity 82: 75: 68: 64: 61: 55: 27: 26: 19: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4137: 4123: 4067:Museum of Death 4017:Dignified death 3972:Death messenger 3947:Death education 3863: 3807: 3793: 3731:Declared death 3679: 3629: 3586:Online mourning 3491: 3457:Cadaveric spasm 3438: 3383: 3325: 3316:Skeletonization 3256: 3188:Child mortality 3183:Birthday effect 3171: 3104: 3100:Unnatural death 3031:Brainstem death 3002: 2941:Pseudoapoptosis 2823: 2818: 2788: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2704:. July 25, 1917 2694: 2693: 2689: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2585: 2574: 2569:Wayback Machine 2560: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2045: 2044: 2040: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1727: 1726: 1713: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1473:Telegraph.co.uk 1466: 1465: 1458: 1446:Wayback Machine 1437: 1428: 1382: 1381: 1366: 1359: 1346: 1345: 1324: 1320: 1276: 1240: 1234: 1213: 1207: 1195: 1189: 1134: 1128: 1111:" is followed. 1097:Eduard Verhagen 1080: 1074: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1034: 1022: 1003: 981: 961: 955: 946: 940: 938:Religious views 918: 901:Palliative Care 894:parental stress 865: 825: 770:Joseph Fletcher 759: 754: 738: 710: 596: 590: 564: 558: 553: 534:. In 2005, the 517: 485:Suicide tourism 439:Palliative care 406: 269:Philip Nitschke 243:Hemlock Society 155:Culture of life 76: 65: 59: 56: 41: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4174: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3875:Apparent death 3871: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3706:Cause of death 3703: 3698: 3696:Administration 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3467:Death erection 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3402:Natural burial 3393: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3273: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3235:Mortality rate 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3213:Maternal death 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3157:Unusual deaths 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3090:Organ donation 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3038:Clinical death 3035: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2787: 2786: 2743: 2725:Gerdtz, John. 2714: 2687: 2646: 2621: 2596: 2572: 2554: 2533: 2500: 2486: 2460: 2435: 2400: 2382: 2347:(3): 186–191. 2324: 2319:BBC, Religions 2306: 2292: 2273: 2254: 2230:10.5334/pb.341 2203: 2158:(1): 121–126. 2142: 2107:(2): 595–597. 2087: 2038: 2003:(8): 630–634. 1980: 1945:(4): 243–264. 1929: 1910:(4): 477–482. 1894: 1883:(3): 162–163. 1867: 1818: 1783:(1): e20–e28. 1763: 1736:(6): 377–383. 1711: 1664: 1649: 1598: 1567:(5): 261–263. 1547: 1540: 1505: 1490: 1456: 1426: 1391:(2): 305–315. 1364: 1358:978-1285071381 1357: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1297: 1295:Robert Latimer 1292: 1287: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1236:Main article: 1233: 1230: 1226:Jack Kevorkian 1209:Main article: 1206: 1203: 1188: 1185: 1165:best interests 1127: 1126:United Kingdom 1124: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1056:Main article: 1053: 1050: 1033: 1030: 1021: 1018: 1002: 999: 980: 977: 957:Main article: 954: 951: 942:Main article: 939: 936: 931:neonatologists 917: 914: 905: 904: 897: 890: 887: 884: 864: 861: 856:Harm Principle 844:Jacob M. Appel 824: 821: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 748: 745: 737: 736:Ethical debate 734: 709: 706: 705: 704: 701: 698: 687: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 592:Main article: 589: 586: 560:Main article: 557: 554: 552: 551:Modern history 549: 519: 518: 516: 515: 508: 501: 493: 490: 489: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 459: 458: 454: 453: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 428: 427: 423: 422: 421: 420: 415: 410: 402: 394: 393: 389: 388: 387: 386: 381: 376: 374:United Kingdom 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 318: 317: 311: 310: 309: 308: 301: 294: 284: 283: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 264:Jack Kevorkian 258: 257: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 207: 206: 202: 201: 200: 199: 194: 189: 188: 187: 182: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 144: 143: 139: 138: 137: 136: 131: 126: 123:Mental illness 116: 111: 103: 102: 98: 97: 91: 90: 78: 77: 60:September 2017 38:of the subject 36:worldwide view 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4204: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4162: 4154: 4152: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3910:Death anxiety 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895:Darwin Awards 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3852:Biostratinomy 3850: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3764:Necropolitics 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3598:Reincarnation 3596: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3501:Other aspects 3498: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3452:Body donation 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3419:Dismemberment 3417: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3364:Mummification 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3348: 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