1557:"In general, Jewish law supports employing palliative measures to reduce suffering, such as those utilized at hospices. This even includes gradually increasing morphine injections as long as one intends to reduce pain and not to hasten a patientâs death. At the same time, Jewish law prohibits suicide or so-called âmercy killings.â For this reason, Israel and many other countries do not permit active euthanasia or even the slightly more moderate model of physician-assisted suicide whereby healthcare professionals provide the necessary tools for the patient to take his own life. However, Jewish bioethicists significantly disagree regarding âpassive euthanasia,â which can constitute either the withholding or withdrawing of treatment from the terminally ill. In the 16th century, Rabbi Moshe Isserles codified three major principles regarding the treatment of patients approaching death (goses): (1) One should not cause them to die more slowly; (2) One may not do any action that hastens the death; (3) One may remove something that is merely hindering the soulâs departure. Unfortunately, these principles remain subject to different interpretations..."
613:, condemning euthanasia as a "violation of the divine law, an offense against the dignity of the human person, a crime against life, and an attack on humanity". It noted that advances in medical technology had blurred the line between ordinary and extraordinary means of sustaining life, but allowed terminally ill patients to refuse life-prolonging treatment in situations in which a physician believes the treatment's harm would outweigh the benefit. The declaration stated that a patient's refusal of disproportionate or extraordinary treatment "is not the equivalent of suicide", but instead "should be considered as an acceptance of the human condition". On 22 September 2020, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued the letter "Samaritanus bonus", restating the church's opposition to euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, criticising end-of-life protocols such as
850:
1995 study of public opinion found that the tendency to see a distinction between active euthanasia and suicide was clearly affected by religious affiliation and education. In
Australia, more doctors without formal religious affiliation were sympathetic to active voluntary euthanasia, and acknowledged that they had practiced it, than were doctors who gave any religious affiliation. Of those identifying with a religion, those who reported a Protestant affiliation were intermediate in their attitudes and practices between the agnostic/atheist and the Catholic groups. Catholics recorded attitudes most opposed, but even so, 18 percent of Catholic medical respondents who had been so requested, recorded that they had taken active steps to bring about the death of patients.
508:"Should any bhikkhu intentionally deprive a human being of life, or search for an assassin for him, or praise the advantages of death, or incite him to die (thus): 'My good man, what use is this wretched, miserable life to you? Death would be better for you than life,' or with such an idea in mind, such a purpose in mind, should in various ways praise the advantages of death or incite him to die; he also is defeated and no longer in communion."
846:
smaller role than one may think. An analysis of the connection between the religion of US adults and their view on euthanasia was done in order to see how they combine. The findings concluded that the religious affiliation one associates with does not necessarily connect with their stance on euthanasia. Research shows that while many belong to a specific religion, they may not always see every aspect as relevant to them.
617:, urging Catholic hospitals and health-care workers not to engage in "plainly immoral conduct", including referring patients to other hospitals where they might undergo euthanasia, and accusing lawmakers who approved of euthanasia of being "accomplices of a grave sin". However, the letter also repeated the church's allowance for terminally ill patients to refuse life-extending treatments.
824:, 69% of the religious organisations agree with the act of voluntary passive euthanasia. The corresponding figure was 75% when the family asked for it. In Shinto, the prolongation of life using artificial means is a disgraceful act against life. Views on active euthanasia are mixed, with 25% Shinto and Buddhist organisations in Japan supporting voluntary active euthanasia.
773:, one must not have the desire to live or desire to die. Practitioner shouldn't recollect the pleasures enjoyed or, long for the enjoyment of pleasures in the future. The process is still controversial in parts of India. Estimates for death by this means range from 100 to 240 a year. Preventing santhara invites social ostracism.
584:
was a vocal critic of euthanasia in the 1940s, but in 1957, he wrote "The
Prolongation of Life: An Address of Pope Pius XII to an International Congress of Anesthesiologists" in which he declared that physicians did not have an obligation to prolong patients' lives with extraordinary treatments, such
549:
exemplified and shaped mainstream
Christian views on suicide. He condemned suicide for violating the natural inclination towards self-preservation and self-perpetuation, for injuring other people and the community, and for defying divine authority over life. Western opinions against suicide among the
576:
contended that while one must use ordinary means to preserve life, one is not obligated to use ordinary means with no hope of benefit. He also maintained that there is a clear moral distinction between actively killing oneself and allowing death to occur naturally by refusing burdensome treatments.
849:
Some metadata analysis has supported the hypothesis that nursesâ attitudes towards euthanasia and physician assisted suicide are influenced by religion and world view. Attributing more importance to religion also seems to make agreement with euthanasia and physician assisted suicide less likely. A
845:
Religious views on euthanasia are both varied and complicated. While one's view on the matter doesn't necessarily connect directly to their religion, it often impacts a person's opinion. While the influence of religion on one's views towards palliative care do make a difference, they often play a
807:
A study performed in 2010 investigated elderly Jewish women who identified themselves as either
Hasidic Orthodox, non-Hasidic Orthodox, or secularized Orthodox in their faith. The study found that all of the Hasidic Orthodox responders disapproved of voluntary euthanasia whereas a majority of the
571:
distinguished between ordinary means of preserving life, such as eating and procuring clothing, and extraordinary means, such as painful medical procedures. He asserted that while one is morally obligated to eat and cloth oneself, one is not morally obligated to undergo the amputation of a limb to
682:
There are two Hindu points of view on euthanasia. By helping to end a painful life a person is performing a good deed and so fulfilling their moral obligations. Euthanasia may also be acceptable if it is used for selfless motives. On the other hand, by helping to end a life, even one filled with
686:
It is clearly stated in the Vedas that man has only two trustworthy friends in life, the first is called Vidya (knowledge), and the 2nd is called Mrityu (Death). The former is something that is beneficial and a requirement in life, and the latter is something that is inevitable sometimes even
480:
An important value of
Buddhism teaching is compassion. Some Buddhists use compassion to justify euthanasia because the person suffering is relieved of pain. However, it is still immoral "to embark on any course of action whose aim is to destroy human life, irrespective of the quality of the
804:, the preponderance of anti-euthanasia sentiment has shifted in recent years to increasing support for certain passive euthanasia options. Secular Judaism is a separate category with increasing support for euthanasia. A popular sympathiser for euthanasia is Rabbi Miriam Jerris.
832:
The
Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) recommends observing the ethics and culture of the resident country when determining euthanasia. In 1988 the UUA gathered to share a commitment to The Right to Die with Dignity document which included a resolution supporting
621:
noted that the letter did not alter church doctrine, but instead reiterated existing doctrines in stronger language at a time when governments around the world, including those of some traditionally
Catholic countries, were liberalising end-of-life care options.
687:
unexpected. It is not the euthanasia that is the act of sin, but worldly attachment which causes euthanasia to be looked upon as an act of sin. Even a
Sannyasin or Sannyasini if they decide to, are permitted to end his or her life with the hope of reaching
683:
suffering, a person is disturbing the timing of the cycle of death and rebirth. This is a bad thing to do, and those involved in the euthanasia will take on the remaining karma of the patient. Death is a natural process, and will come in time.
1619:
Baeke, Goedele, Jean-Pierre Wils, and Bert
Broeckaert, ââWe are (not) the master of our bodyâ: elderly Jewish womenâs attitudes towards euthanasia and assisted suicide,â Ethnicity and Health 16, no. 3 (2011): 259-278, SocINDEX with full text,
699:
Muslims are against euthanasia. They believe that all humans life is sacred because it is given by God, and that God chooses how long each person lives. Human beings should not interfere in this. It is forbidden for a
1671:
660:, along with other Eastern Orthodox Churches, also opposes euthanasia, stating that it must be condemned as murder stating that, "Euthanasia is the deliberate cessation to end human life."
560:, More appears to advocate for active euthanasia (though the specific term did not exist at the time), but some scholars have questioned whether More's position was serious or satirical.
1505:
Colors of Truth
Religion, Self and Emotions: Perspectives of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, Sikhism and Contemporary Psychology by Sonali Bhatt Marwaha, 2006:125.
1662:
Moulton, Benjamin E., Terrence D. Hill, and Amy Burdette. "Religion and Trends in Euthanasia Attitudes among U.S. Adults, 1977â2004." Sociological Forum 21.2 (2006): 249-72. Web.
793:
thinkers oppose voluntary euthanasia, often vigorously, though there is some backing for voluntary passive euthanasia in limited circumstances. Likewise, within the
769:
only when certain requirements are fulfilled. It is not considered suicide as the person observing it, must be in a state of full consciousness. When observing
240:
183:
640:
churches have worked with Roman Catholics on a sanctity of life approach, though some Evangelicals may be adopting a more exceptionless opposition.
1207:
922:
604:
163:
567:
argued that a person does not violate the obligation to protect and preserve life if they choose not to take medicine prescribed by a doctor.
1754:
668:
Groups claiming to speak for Christians rather than the official viewpoints of the Christian clergy have sprung up in a number of countries.
340:
446:
537:
Catholic opposition to active euthanasia can be traced back to ancient Jewish and early Christian attitudes towards suicide. Later in the
859:
563:
In the early modern period, Catholic theologians considered moral questions pertaining to refusing medical treatment and passive dying.
985:
530:
on the grounds that life is a gift from God and should not be prematurely shortened. However, the church allows dying people to refuse
158:
1780:
1733:
1400:
1339:
353:
95:
1251:
1798:
1354:"Christians Supporting Choice for Voluntary Assisted Dying â Also known as Christians Supporting Choice for Voluntary Euthanasia"
1001:
Fye, W. Bruce (1978). "Active Euthanasia: An Historical Survey of Its Conceptual Origins and Introduction into Medical Thought".
309:
1222:
939:
1152:
Dugdale, Lydia S.; Alcott Ridenour, Autumn (2011). "Making Sense of the Roman Catholic Directive to Extend Life Indefinitely".
786:
492:
daily recites the simple formula: "I undertake the precept to abstain from destroying living beings." For Buddhist monastics (
314:
335:
289:
58:
657:
379:
233:
1496:"Fasting to Death" in: Docker C, Five Last Acts â The Exit Path, 2013:428-432 (details benefits and difficulties)
1373:
609:
304:
294:
120:
1309:
439:
279:
64:
580:
The Catholic Church became one of the leading opponents of the modern euthanasia movement in the early 1900s.
1598:
890:
Keown, Damien. âEnd of life: the Buddhist View,â Lancet 366 (2005): 954. SocINDEX with full text, EBSCOhost.
881:
Keown, Damien. âEnd of life: the Buddhist View,â Lancet 366 (2005): 953. SocINDEX with full text, EBSCOhost.
645:
472:
259:
153:
115:
1803:
1539:
633:
250:
69:
477:
There are many views among Buddhists on the issue of euthanasia, but many are critical of the procedure.
782:
400:
319:
264:
916:
1280:
794:
564:
284:
269:
54:
1161:
1087:
947:
641:
432:
384:
299:
274:
22:
1674:. The subject is also dealt with at length in Johannes A. van der Ven, Hans-Georg Ziebertz (eds.)
568:
1519:
1394:
1227:
1189:
1173:
1099:
1045:
1010:
912:
834:
614:
556:
485:
415:
209:
173:
168:
1672:
Religion and Nursesâ Attitudes to Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide, Nursing Ethics 2009
1430:
1414:
1078:
Panicola, Michael (2001). "Catholic Teaching on Prolonging Life: Setting the Record Straight".
1776:
1750:
1729:
1181:
1107:
723:
410:
105:
44:
1744:
1256:
1165:
1091:
1037:
732:
527:
369:
148:
85:
49:
636:
vary widely on their approach to euthanasia and physician assisted death. Since the 1970s,
1653:
Euthanasia: A Reference Handbook - Page 24, Jennifer Fecio McDougall, Martha Gorman - 2008
1543:
1531:
1515:
1028:
Sargent, Lyman Tower (2016). "Five Hundred Years of Thomas More's Utopia and Utopianism".
926:
534:
that would minimally prolong life without hope of recovery, a form of passive euthanasia.
523:
420:
374:
204:
178:
90:
1331:
1705:
498:) however the rules are more explicitly spelled out. For example, in the monastic code (
798:
637:
546:
199:
1792:
1571:
1535:
1049:
1041:
900:
590:
581:
132:
1193:
736:
1567:
573:
348:
127:
704:
to plan, or come to know through self-will, the time of his own death in advance.
1768:
1634:"9.3. Implications of Japanese religious views toward life and death in medicine"
761:, which means to thin out. Properly thinning out of the passions and the body is
677:
551:
542:
538:
531:
1584:
1554:
990:. New York: New York State Task Force on Life and the Law. 1994. p. 79-80.
1689:
741:
713:
630:
594:
586:
500:
226:
30:
987:
When Death is Sought: Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Medical Context
797:
movement, there has been increasing support for passive euthanasia (PAD) In
100:
1185:
1111:
550:
sick were near-uniform until the mid-19th century, though Catholic thinker
1633:
1169:
801:
785:
have become divided, partly on denominational lines, over euthanasia and
601:
405:
1177:
1014:
1285:
1103:
718:
618:
494:
489:
1555:
Pulling the plug: What does Jewish law say about 'passive euthanasia?'
1223:"Vatican Reiterates Its Opposition to Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide"
821:
790:
701:
688:
1095:
1353:
817:
727:) and is best known for it. Jainism recommends voluntary death or
1606:
463:, although many moral theologians are critical of the procedure.
1281:"Vatican Steps up Opposition to Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide"
1706:
Professed religious affiliation and the practice of euthanasia
1769:"A Jain Tradition of Liberating the Soul by Fasting Oneself"
1252:"Vatican: Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia "Intrinsically Evil""
597:
in some circumstances without violating Christian doctrine.
1690:
Euthanasia: American attitudes towards the physician's role
765:
A person is allowed to fast unto death or take the vow of
1726:
A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement in Modern America
1210:. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. 5 May 1980.
589:
support for patients without hope of recovery. Historian
1468:
1466:
1728:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 182-183.
1435:. University of Southern California. Hadith 35.6480.
1419:. University of Southern California. Hadith 35.6485.
877:
875:
1310:"Methodists and Catholics Unite against Euthanasia"
808:secularized Orthodox responders approved of it.
940:"Religious Groups' Views on End-of-Life Issues"
967:
965:
440:
241:The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
8:
1147:
1145:
1073:
1071:
1332:"The Orthodox Christian view on Euthanasia"
721:is based on the principle of non-violence (
1221:Povoledo, Elisabetta (22 September 2020).
605:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
447:
433:
184:World Federation of Right to Die Societies
17:
1136:
1124:
1062:
971:
739:(householders) at the end of their life.
664:Christian groups in support of euthanasia
1676:Human Rights and the Impact of Religion,
1628:
1626:
871:
392:
361:
327:
249:
217:
191:
140:
77:
36:
29:
1279:Pullella, Philip (22 September 2020).
1250:Winfield, Nicole (22 September 2020).
554:may have been a notable exception. In
341:Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995
1694:Soc Sci Med. 1995 Jun;40(12):1671-81.
1472:
1445:
1396:Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 71
648:, have largely eschewed euthanasia.
7:
1484:
1457:
1432:Translation of Sahih Muslim, Book 35
1416:Translation of Sahih Muslim, Book 35
1374:"Religion & Ethics - Euthanasia"
1342:from the original on 12 August 2017.
1003:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
860:Catholic Church and Nazi euthanasia
903:. It has various interpretations.
781:Like the trend among Protestants,
159:Death with Dignity National Center
14:
1746:Acharya Umasvami's Tattvùrthsûtra
1401:University of Southern California
984:"Chapter 5: The Ethical Debate".
820:, where the dominant religion is
354:Washington Death with Dignity Act
96:Euthanasia and the slippery slope
1042:10.5325/utopianstudies.27.2.0184
1710:J Med Ethics 1995;21(1): 49â54.
1703:Baume P, O'Malley E, Bauman A,
691:i.e. emancipation of the soul.
1570:and, for earlier speculation,
1308:Moran, Dan (7 November 2018).
526:opposes active euthanasia and
1:
461:religious views on euthanasia
336:1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16
841:Influence of religious views
789:since the 1970s. Generally,
1208:"Declaration on Euthanasia"
644:denominations, such as the
1820:
1599:"Rabbi Miriam Jerris, Phd"
1585:"Physician-Assisted Death"
1336:www.orthodoxchristian.info
1154:The Hastings Center Report
1080:The Hastings Center Report
753:) is made up of two words
711:
675:
658:Orthodox Church in America
528:physician-assisted suicide
470:
380:Principle of double effect
234:The Peaceful Pill Handbook
899:This is the first of the
757:(meaning 'properly') and
615:do-not-resuscitate orders
610:Declaration on Euthanasia
1530:Such as the writings of
918:Buddhist Monastic Code I
593:notes that this permits
532:extraordinary treatments
154:Compassion & Choices
1799:Religion and euthanasia
1743:Jain, Vijay K. (2011),
1724:Dowbiggin, Ian (2003).
929:. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
646:United Methodist Church
473:Buddhism and euthanasia
1767:Kakar, Sudhir (2014),
1540:Shlomo Zalman Auerbach
828:Unitarian Universalism
481:individual's motive."
1687:Caddell D, Newton R,
1170:10.1353/hcr.2011.0058
920:: Chapter 4, Parajika
787:end of life treatment
783:Jewish medical ethics
401:Consistent life ethic
795:Conservative Judaism
565:Francisco de Vitoria
1749:, Vikalp Printers,
1162:The Hastings Center
1088:The Hastings Center
948:Pew Research Center
944:Pew Research Center
642:Mainline Protestant
600:On 5 May 1980, the
385:Palliative sedation
1587:. 25 October 2019.
1520:Eliezer Waldenberg
1403:. Hadith 7.71.670.
1228:The New York Times
950:. 21 November 2013
925:2009-04-27 at the
913:Thanissaro Bhikkhu
835:self-determination
595:passive euthanasia
486:Theravada Buddhism
416:Groningen Protocol
210:Barbara Coombs Lee
174:Final Exit Network
169:Exit International
1756:978-81-903639-2-1
1678:Koninklijke 2013.
1636:. www.eubios.info
1312:. Juicy Ecumenism
1065:, p. 182-183
652:Eastern Orthodoxy
572:save one's life.
457:
456:
411:Euthanasia device
106:Freedom of choice
1811:
1785:
1763:
1739:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1605:. Archived from
1595:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1528:
1522:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1257:Associated Press
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1025:
1019:
1018:
998:
992:
991:
981:
975:
969:
960:
959:
957:
955:
936:
930:
910:
904:
897:
891:
888:
882:
879:
449:
442:
435:
370:Assisted suicide
344:
149:Care Not Killing
86:Bodily integrity
18:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1773:Death and Dying
1766:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1698:
1686:
1682:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1544:Moshe Feinstein
1532:Daniel Sinclair
1529:
1525:
1516:J. David Bleich
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1096:10.2307/3527778
1077:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1030:Utopian Studies
1027:
1026:
1022:
1000:
999:
995:
983:
982:
978:
970:
963:
953:
951:
938:
937:
933:
927:Wayback Machine
911:
907:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
873:
868:
856:
843:
830:
814:
779:
745:(also known as
716:
710:
697:
680:
674:
666:
654:
628:
524:Catholic Church
520:
515:
475:
469:
459:There are many
453:
421:Suicide tourism
375:Palliative care
342:
205:Philip Nitschke
179:Hemlock Society
91:Culture of life
12:
11:
5:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1775:, Penguin UK,
1764:
1755:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1696:
1680:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1622:
1612:
1609:on 2009-09-30.
1590:
1576:
1559:
1547:
1523:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1487:, p. 111.
1477:
1475:, p. 174.
1462:
1460:, p. 102.
1450:
1448:, p. 175.
1438:
1422:
1406:
1386:
1365:
1345:
1323:
1300:
1271:
1242:
1213:
1199:
1141:
1137:Dowbiggin 2003
1129:
1125:Dowbiggin 2003
1117:
1067:
1063:Dowbiggin 2003
1055:
1020:
993:
976:
972:Dowbiggin 2003
961:
931:
905:
892:
883:
870:
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
855:
852:
842:
839:
829:
826:
813:
810:
799:Reform Judaism
778:
775:
751:Samadhi-marana
712:Main article:
709:
706:
696:
693:
673:
670:
665:
662:
653:
650:
627:
624:
547:Thomas Aquinas
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
504:), it states:
471:Main article:
468:
465:
455:
454:
452:
451:
444:
437:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
395:
394:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
364:
363:
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
338:
330:
329:
325:
324:
323:
322:
317:
312:
310:United Kingdom
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
254:
253:
247:
246:
245:
244:
237:
230:
220:
219:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
200:Jack Kevorkian
194:
193:
189:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
143:
142:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
125:
124:
123:
118:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
80:
79:
75:
74:
73:
72:
67:
62:
59:Mental illness
52:
47:
39:
38:
34:
33:
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1816:
1805:
1804:Point of view
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1784:
1782:9789351187974
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1761:Non-Copyright
1758:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1735:9780195154436
1731:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1603:www.ifshj.net
1600:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:Byron Sherwin
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:Moshe Tendler
1533:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:For example,
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
994:
989:
988:
980:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
949:
945:
941:
935:
932:
928:
924:
921:
919:
914:
909:
906:
902:
901:Five Precepts
896:
893:
887:
884:
878:
876:
872:
865:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
847:
840:
838:
836:
827:
825:
823:
819:
811:
809:
805:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
720:
715:
707:
705:
703:
694:
692:
690:
684:
679:
671:
669:
663:
661:
659:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:denominations
632:
626:Protestantism
625:
623:
620:
616:
612:
611:
606:
603:
598:
596:
592:
591:Ian Dowbiggin
588:
585:as providing
583:
582:Pope Pius XII
578:
575:
570:
569:Domingo Båñez
566:
561:
559:
558:
553:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
517:
512:
507:
506:
505:
503:
502:
497:
496:
491:
487:
482:
478:
474:
466:
464:
462:
450:
445:
443:
438:
436:
431:
430:
428:
427:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
391:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
321:
318:
316:
315:United States
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
252:
251:Jurisdictions
248:
243:
242:
238:
236:
235:
231:
229:
228:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
190:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
134:
133:Right to life
131:
129:
126:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
76:
71:
68:
66:
65:Non-voluntary
63:
60:
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
43:
42:
41:
40:
35:
32:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
1772:
1760:
1745:
1725:
1704:
1699:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1638:. Retrieved
1615:
1607:the original
1602:
1593:
1579:
1568:Elliot Dorff
1562:
1550:
1526:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1480:
1453:
1441:
1431:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1395:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1348:
1335:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1284:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1255:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1226:
1216:
1202:
1157:
1153:
1139:, p. 91
1132:
1127:, p. 82
1120:
1083:
1079:
1058:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1006:
1002:
996:
986:
979:
974:, p. 98
952:. Retrieved
943:
934:
917:
908:
895:
886:
848:
844:
831:
815:
806:
780:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
740:
728:
722:
717:
698:
685:
681:
667:
655:
629:
608:
599:
579:
574:John de Lugo
562:
555:
536:
521:
513:Christianity
499:
493:
483:
479:
476:
460:
458:
393:Other issues
362:Alternatives
349:Baby Doe Law
239:
232:
225:
128:Right to die
110:
15:
763:sallekhana.
678:Prayopavesa
638:Evangelical
607:issued the
552:Thomas More
543:Renaissance
539:Middle Ages
518:Catholicism
343:(Australia)
305:Switzerland
295:New Zealand
290:Netherlands
70:Involuntary
1793:Categories
1640:2009-02-14
1620:EBSCOhost.
1473:Kakar 2014
1446:Kakar 2014
1380:2009-02-14
1359:2019-09-25
1260:. New York
1231:. New York
1036:(2): 185.
1009:(4): 494.
866:References
837:in dying.
771:sallekhana
767:sallekhana
742:Sallekhana
729:sallekhana
714:Sallekhana
676:See also:
631:Protestant
587:ventilator
501:Patimokkha
490:lay person
280:Luxembourg
227:Final Exit
31:Euthanasia
1485:Jain 2011
1458:Jain 2011
1164:: 28â29.
1090:: 14â25.
1050:151902232
731:for both
260:Australia
111:Religious
101:Free will
55:Voluntary
1340:Archived
1316:19 April
1293:7 August
1289:. London
1264:7 August
1235:7 August
1194:42781856
1186:21495514
1178:41059015
1112:12945451
1015:44450518
954:7 August
923:Archived
915:(1994).
854:See also
802:responsa
747:Santhara
733:ascetics
672:Hinduism
467:Buddhism
406:Eugenics
164:Dignitas
121:Catholic
116:Buddhist
23:a series
21:Part of
1718:Sources
1286:Reuters
1104:3527778
777:Judaism
759:lekhana
737:srÄvaka
719:Jainism
708:Jainism
619:Reuters
602:Vatican
495:bhikkhu
320:Uruguay
265:Belgium
1779:
1753:
1732:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1110:
1102:
1048:
1013:
822:Shinto
812:Shinto
791:Jewish
724:ahinsa
702:Muslim
689:moksha
557:Utopia
285:Mexico
270:Canada
192:People
141:Groups
45:Animal
1376:. BBC
1190:S2CID
1174:JSTOR
1160:(2).
1100:JSTOR
1086:(6).
1046:S2CID
1011:JSTOR
818:Japan
695:Islam
300:Spain
275:India
218:Books
78:Views
50:Child
37:Types
1777:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1566:See
1318:2022
1295:2022
1266:2022
1237:2022
1182:PMID
1108:PMID
956:2022
735:and
656:The
541:and
522:The
488:, a
328:Laws
1166:doi
1092:doi
1038:doi
816:In
755:sal
484:In
1795::
1771:,
1759:,
1625:^
1601:.
1542:,
1538:,
1534:,
1518:,
1465:^
1399:.
1338:.
1334:.
1283:.
1254:.
1225:.
1188:.
1180:.
1172:.
1158:41
1156:.
1144:^
1106:.
1098:.
1084:31
1082:.
1070:^
1044:.
1034:27
1032:.
1007:52
1005:.
964:^
946:.
942:.
874:^
749:,
545:,
25:on
1738:.
1708:.
1692:.
1643:.
1574:.
1383:.
1362:.
1320:.
1297:.
1268:.
1239:.
1196:.
1168::
1114:.
1094::
1052:.
1040::
1017:.
958:.
448:e
441:t
434:v
61:)
57:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.