681:, argued that euthanasia in the Netherlands is not well-controlled and that there is still a significant percentage of cases of euthanasia practiced illegally. Raanan Gillon, from the Imperial College School of Medicine, University of London commented in 1999 that "what is shown by the empirical findings is that restrictions on euthanasia that legal controls in the Netherlands were supposed to have implemented are being extensively ignored and from that point of view it is surely justifiable to conclude, as Jochemsen and Keown do conclude, that the practice of euthanasia in the Netherlands is in poor control". A similar conclusion was presented in 1997 by Herbert Hendin, who argued that the situation in The Netherlands demonstrated a slippery slope in practice, changing the attitudes of doctors over time and moving them from tightly regulated voluntary euthanasia for the terminally ill to the acceptance of euthanasia for people suffering from psychological distress, and from voluntary euthanasia to the acceptance of non-voluntary and potentially involuntary euthanasia.
567:
while denying non-voluntary euthanasia, just as it is possible to support both – the distinction comes not from a logical inconsistency, but a choice of principles, such that a focus on euthanasia as personal choice will support voluntary euthanasia but not non-voluntary euthanasia, while a focus on a person's "best interests" may allow for the support of both. From a more practical perspective, another option when faced with the logical version of the argument is to simply accept the consequences. This was the response by Duff and
Campbell to Sherlock. Rather than arguing that their premises were flawed, they argued that Sherlock was correct: their criteria could also be applied to older children, and thus it should be applied, as it was "probably the most caring policy generally."
521:
entail the acceptance of B. Within the euthanasia debate, van der Burg identifies one of
Richard Sherlock's objections to Duff and Campbell as fitting this model. Duff and Campbell had presented an argument for the selective non-treatment of newborns suffering from serious defects. In responding to Duff and Campbell's stance, Sherlock argued that the premises which they employed in order to justify their position would be just as effective, if not more so, in justifying the non-treatment of older children: "In short, if there is any justification at all for what Duff and Campbell propose for newborns then there is better justification for a similar policy with respect to children at any age."
603:
693:
thereby using flawed logic. First, the argument is only effective against legalization if it is legalization which causes the slippery slope; and secondly, it is only effective if it is used comparatively, to show that the slope is more slippery in the
Netherlands than it is in jurisdictions which have not legalized assisted suicide or euthanasia. Since these questions have not been addressed by critics, little attention has been paid to available evidence on causation and comparability.
787:, this is not more than before the introduction of the "Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act" in 2002. Both in the Netherlands and in Belgium, the number of termination of life without explicit request for terminally ill patients, decreased after the introduction of the legislation about the termination of life. In effect, the legislation did not lead to more cases of euthanasia and assisted suicide on request.
525:
unacceptable B. As Glover argues, this version of the argument does not say that there is no significant difference between A and B, but instead argues that it is impossible to justify accepting A while also denying B – drawing a line at any point between the two would be creating an arbitrary cut-off point that would be unjustifiable. Glover provides the example of infanticide (or non-voluntary euthanasia) and severely deformed children:
624:, stated that the origins of the Nazi programs could be traced back to "small beginnings", and presented a slippery slope argument. Others have argued that Action T4 is not an example of the empirical slippery slope, as euthanasia was still a criminal act in Germany during that time, and there is "no record of the Nazi doctors either killing or assisting in the suicide of a patient who was suffering intolerably from a fatal illness".
3472:
544:"Once we allow voluntary euthanasia, she argues, we may (or will) fail to make the crucial distinction, and then we will make the morally unacceptable outcome of allowing involuntary euthanasia; or perhaps even though we may make the relevant distinction, we will not act accordingly for some reason (perhaps a political reason, or a reason that has to do with weakness of will, or some other reason)."
3482:
574:", and that it is possible to draw a line between the acceptable and unacceptable alternatives. Furthermore, in the case of euthanasia, it is possible to draw hard lines between different types of practices. For example, there is a clear distinction between voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia, such that the arbitrary line approach cannot be applied.
529:"If it is allowable at birth for children with some grave abnormality, what will we say about an equally grave abnormality that is only detectable at three months? And another that is only detectable at six months? And another that is detectable at birth only slightly less serious? And another that is slightly less serious than that one?"
692:
Most critics rely predominantly on Dutch evidence of cases of "termination of life without an explicit request" as evidence for the slide from voluntary euthanasia to non-voluntary euthanasia. One commenter wrote that critics who rely on this slippery slope argument often omit two important elements,
557:
More generally, it has been argued that in employing the slippery slope there can be an "implicit concession", as it starts from the assumption that the initial practice is acceptable – even though it will lead to unacceptable outcomes in the future. Nevertheless, van der Burg argues that this is not
705:
written by researchers from the
Department of Public Health in the Netherlands, it was found that "public control and transparency of the practice of euthanasia is to a large extent possible" and that "o slippery slope seems to have occurred". The researchers find that the legalization of euthanasia
688:
A 2009 review study of euthanasia in the
Netherlands concluded that no slippery slope effect has occurred, while another study of the same year found that abuse of the Dutch euthanasia system is rare. In 2010, a study found that there is no evidence that legalizing assisted suicide will lead us down
648:
argument, in which it is claimed that permitting voluntary euthanasia to occur will lead to the support and legalization of non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. Some studies of the
Netherlands after the introduction of voluntary euthanasia state that there was no evidence to support this claim
520:
the acceptance of B, where A is acceptable but B is an undesirable action. This version is further refined into two forms based on how A entails B. In the first, it is argued that there "is no relevant conceptual difference between A and B" – the premises that underlie the acceptance of A logically
487:
that judicial logic could eventually lead to a gradual break in the legal restrictions for euthanasia, while medical oncologist and palliative care specialist Jan
Bernheim believes the law can provide safeguards against slippery-slope effects, saying that the grievances of euthanasia opponents are
684:
An
October 2007 study, published in the Journal of Medical Ethics, found that "rates of assisted dying in Oregon and in the Netherlands showed no evidence of heightened risk for the elderly, women, the uninsured (inapplicable in the Netherlands, where all are insured), people with low educational
593:
Lewis notes that the focus has been on voluntary to non-voluntary euthanasia, rather than physician-assisted suicide to voluntary euthanasia, as there have been no instances of the latter: in jurisdictions where physician-assisted suicide have been legalised, there have been no moves to legalise
566:
Countering the first logical version of the slippery slope argument, it is argued that the different types of euthanasia are sufficiently distinct that it is not "logically inconsistent" to support one version while denying the others. It is possible to support, for example, voluntary euthanasia
539:
The second primary form of the slippery slope argument is that of the "Empirical" or "Psychological" argument. The empirical version does not rely on a logical connection between A and B, but instead argues that an acceptance of A will, in time, lead to an acceptance of B. The process is not a
664:, has "potential to validate the slippery-slope argument against allowing euthanasia in selected populations". Anesthesiologist William Lanier says that the "ongoing evolution of euthanasia law in the Netherlands" is evidence that a slippery slope is "playing out in real time". Pediatrician
524:
The second logical form of the slippery slope argument, referred to as the "arbitrary line" version, argues that the acceptance of A will lead to the acceptance of A1, as A1 is not significantly different from A. A1 will then lead to A2, A2 to A3, and eventually the process will lead to the
635:
to the resistance in the West to involuntary euthanasia. He believes that the revulsion inspired by the Nazis led to some of the early advocates of euthanasia in all its forms in the US and UK removing non-voluntary euthanasia from their proposed platforms.
685:
status, the poor, the physically disabled or chronically ill, minors, people with psychiatric illnesses including depression, or racial or ethnic minorities, compared with background populations. The only group with a heightened risk was people with AIDS."
673:
finds that there is a lack of evidence to support slippery slope arguments. Additionally, it is argued that the public nature of the
Groningen Protocol decisions, and their evaluation by a prosecutor, prevent a "slippery slope" from occurring.
668:
says that while he approves of the withholding of treatment to cause the death of severely ill newborns where the prognosis is poor, he disagrees with the active killing of such newborns. Countering this view, professor of internal medicine
515:
There are two basic forms which the argument may take, each of which involves different arguments for and against. The first of these, referred to as the logical version, argues that the acceptance of the initial act, A,
2095:
1960:
582:
Glover argues that the empirical argument needs to be backed by evidence, as there are situations where we do not seem to push boundaries. Generally, two examples are discussed –
1913:
241:
2099:
184:
540:
logical necessity, but one which will be followed through a process of moral change. Enoch describes the application of this form of the argument thus:
554:
Glover, however, notes that this line of argument requires good evidence that this direction will be followed, as not all boundaries are thus pushed.
2461:
1818:"Vulnerability and the 'slippery slope' at the end-of-life: a qualitative study of euthanasia, general practice and home death in The Netherlands"
849:
164:
2522:
2486:
1949:
1253:
594:
voluntary euthanasia, while jurisdictions that have legalised voluntary euthanasia also allowed physician-assisted suicide at the same time.
341:
2456:
447:
2758:
1201:
992:
2491:
1615:
1435:
Jotkowitz, Alan; Glick, S; Gesundheit, B (2008). "A Case
Against Justified Non-Voluntary Active Euthanasia (The Groningen Protocol)".
159:
2466:
774:
354:
1709:"Legal physician-assisted dying in Oregon and the Netherlands: evidence concerning the impact on patients in "vulnerable" groups"
310:
2994:
2446:
2136:
512:. Thus, it is argued, in order to prevent these undesirable practices from occurring, we need to resist taking the first step.
315:
558:
a useful concession, as the outcomes are intended to make it clear that the initial practice was not justifiable after all.
2542:
2220:
570:
In responding to the "arbitrary line" version of the slippery slope argument, it is argued that the stance relies on the "
496:
As applied to the euthanasia debate, the slippery slope argument claims that the acceptance of certain practices, such as
336:
290:
111:
59:
3020:
2564:
2471:
2438:
2476:
1910:
1346:
van der Maas, P.J.; van Delden, J.J.M. (1991). "Euthanasia and other medical decisions concerning the end of life".
769:
In 2010, 4,050 persons died from euthanasia or from assisted suicide on request. According to research done by the
606:
380:
234:
504:, will invariably lead to the acceptance or practice of concepts which are currently deemed unacceptable, such as
2843:
2713:
1301:
1150:
933:
754:
305:
295:
121:
677:
A 1999 study by Jochemsen and Keown from the Dutch Christian Lindeboom Institute published in the peer reviewed
796:
602:
505:
469:
440:
280:
65:
3321:
3316:
3244:
3166:
2451:
1765:"Two Decades of Research on Euthanasia from the Netherlands. What Have We Learnt and What Questions Remain?"
1484:
260:
154:
116:
3356:
3249:
2989:
2895:
2860:
2481:
2292:
2208:
801:
778:
723:
703:
Two Decades of Research on Euthanasia from the Netherlands. What Have We Learnt and What Questions Remain?
509:
473:
251:
70:
1580:
Sauer, Pieter J.J.; Verhagen, A.A. Eduard (2009). "The Groningen Protocol, Unfortunately Misunderstood".
710:
The frequency of ending of life without explicit patient request did not increase over the studied years;
3239:
3161:
2974:
2870:
2806:
2771:
2215:
2183:
1561:
713:
There is no evidence for a higher frequency of euthanasia, compared with background populations, among:
401:
320:
265:
1763:
Rietjens JA, van der Maas PJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van Delden JJ, van der Heide A (September 2009).
1053:
Enoch, David (2001). "Once You Start Using Slippery Slope Arguments, You're on a Very Slippery Slope".
3351:
3204:
3093:
3055:
3045:
2811:
2178:
501:
285:
270:
55:
3506:
3411:
3276:
2576:
2317:
2297:
2277:
2240:
2129:
1690:
750:
665:
517:
433:
385:
300:
275:
23:
590:
in the Netherlands, which has allowed for non-voluntary euthanasia of severely deformed newborns.
476:. The slippery slope argument has been present in the euthanasia debate since at least the 1930s.
3457:
3361:
3301:
3261:
3209:
3141:
3113:
3025:
2979:
2571:
2203:
2173:
2082:
2046:
1616:"Lindeboom Instituut Studiecentrum voor medische ethiek vanuit de christelijke levensbeschouwing"
1114:
1097:
770:
706:
in the Netherlands did not result in a slippery slope for medical end-of-life practices because:
701:
In the most recent review paper on euthanasia in the Netherlands, namely the 2009 paper entitled
661:
587:
416:
210:
174:
169:
3129:
1559:(2008). "Physician-Assisted Dying and the Slippery Slope: The Challenge of Empirical Evidence".
1199:
Wright, Walter (2000). "Historical Analogies, Slippery Sloped, and the Question of Euthanasia".
3445:
3229:
3224:
3068:
3050:
2683:
2671:
2015:
1980:
1945:
1874:
1839:
1794:
1738:
1671:
1597:
1538:
1503:
1460:
1452:
1417:
1365:
1328:
1269:
1249:
960:
411:
106:
45:
3485:
3438:
3336:
3151:
3146:
3103:
2880:
2875:
2661:
2527:
2517:
2419:
2404:
2389:
2340:
2193:
2074:
2038:
2029:
2005:
1994:"Recent historical perspectives regarding medical euthanasia and physician assisted suicide"
1972:
1866:
1829:
1784:
1776:
1728:
1720:
1661:
1653:
1589:
1530:
1493:
1444:
1407:
1399:
1357:
1318:
1310:
1210:
1167:
1159:
1106:
1062:
950:
942:
621:
497:
370:
149:
86:
50:
1707:; van der Heide, A; Ganzini, L; van der Wal, G; Onwuteaka-Phillipsen, B.D. (October 2007).
1619:
3426:
3391:
3341:
3296:
3271:
2910:
2781:
2640:
2512:
2507:
2424:
2374:
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2355:
2265:
1933:
1917:
1813:
1704:
1556:
987:
739:
670:
571:
421:
375:
205:
179:
91:
2932:
3475:
3199:
3030:
2791:
2726:
2559:
2537:
2414:
2362:
2122:
2010:
1993:
1789:
1764:
1733:
1708:
1323:
1296:
1242:
1214:
1172:
1145:
955:
928:
760:
645:
465:
200:
1666:
1641:
1412:
1387:
3500:
3234:
3219:
3176:
3088:
2922:
2900:
2776:
2743:
2635:
2610:
1976:
1941:
1870:
1388:"Voluntary euthanasia under control? Further empirical evidence from The Netherlands"
1361:
628:
613:
480:
133:
3331:
3214:
3098:
3015:
2939:
2927:
2786:
2693:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2548:
2399:
2379:
2322:
2307:
2198:
2096:"Bioethics and Bad Reasoning: The Slippery Slope of Using Slippery Slope Arguments"
1297:"Pulling up the runaway: the effect of new evidence on euthanasia's slippery slope"
644:
Non-voluntary euthanasia is sometimes cited as one of the possible outcomes of the
349:
128:
3406:
3401:
3371:
3326:
3306:
3291:
3286:
3266:
3183:
3108:
3078:
3035:
2865:
2748:
2409:
2384:
2350:
2282:
2260:
2255:
2245:
744:
3376:
3346:
3311:
3281:
3254:
3156:
2984:
2944:
2796:
2753:
2731:
2698:
2394:
2312:
2270:
2250:
2160:
2059:
1780:
1534:
1448:
1348:
783:
735:
461:
227:
31:
3134:
1480:"Physician Involvement in Capital Punishment: Simplifying a Complex Calculus"
1456:
3421:
3416:
3381:
3171:
3063:
2848:
2801:
2738:
2703:
2678:
2554:
2235:
2230:
1834:
1817:
1724:
1066:
632:
617:
583:
101:
3450:
2999:
1984:
1878:
1843:
1798:
1742:
1675:
1601:
1542:
1507:
1464:
1421:
2019:
1369:
1332:
3396:
3366:
2917:
2905:
2838:
2666:
2335:
2302:
2188:
2168:
1961:"The empirical slippery slope from voluntary to non-voluntary euthanasia"
1314:
406:
1498:
1479:
1403:
1163:
964:
946:
586:, the Nazi euthanasia program in Germany between 1939 and 1941, and the
464:
sometimes claim that legalizing any form of the practice will lead to a
3433:
3073:
3040:
2885:
2833:
2594:
2532:
2345:
2225:
2086:
2050:
1688:
Hendin, Herbert. (1996-1997). "The Slippery Slope: The Dutch Example",
1657:
1118:
729:
717:
1593:
3386:
3083:
2853:
2721:
2645:
2287:
657:
2078:
2027:
van der Burg, Wibren (October 1991). "The slippery slope argument".
1110:
2042:
1521:
Saugstad, OD. (Nov 2005). "When newborn infants are bound to die".
2969:
2949:
2890:
2688:
2145:
1857:
Lesser, H. (Apr 2010). "Should it be legal to assist suicide?".
1642:"Euthanasia in the Netherlands - down the slippery slope ?"
2118:
843:
841:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
1244:
A merciful end: the euthanasia movement in modern America
2114:
1012:
1010:
1146:"Author's response to Richard Sherlock's commentary"
660:
argued that a form of non-voluntary euthanasia, the
3192:
3122:
3008:
2962:
2824:
2712:
2654:
2603:
2592:
2585:
2500:
2437:
2159:
2152:
910:
908:
906:
893:
891:
889:
1241:
1078:
1076:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1478:Lanier, William; Berge, K. H. (September 2007).
1248:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. .
876:
874:
872:
870:
542:
527:
1095:Schauer, Frederick (1985). "Slippery slopes".
689:the slippery slope to involuntary euthanasia.
2130:
1911:Euthanasiewet leidde niet tot meer euthanasie
1892:
1890:
1888:
1144:Campbell, A G M; Duff, R S (September 1979).
441:
242:The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
8:
1381:
1379:
1131:
1040:
914:
897:
1618:. www.lindeboominstituut.nl. Archived from
2600:
2589:
2156:
2137:
2123:
2115:
448:
434:
185:World Federation of Right to Die Societies
18:
2009:
1833:
1788:
1732:
1665:
1497:
1411:
1322:
1171:
954:
601:
813:
609:, where over 18,000 people were killed.
393:
362:
328:
250:
218:
192:
141:
78:
37:
30:
2060:"The Mechanisms of the Slippery Slope"
1386:Jochemsen H, Keown J (February 1999).
1227:
1082:
1028:
1016:
832:
820:
342:Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995
2487:List of ways people dishonor the dead
1896:
1276:. Stanford University. March 29, 2010
1186:
929:"Selective non-treatment of newborns"
880:
649:while other studies state otherwise.
16:Slippery slope argument in euthanasia
7:
654:Jakobovits Center for Medical Ethics
1274:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1202:Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics
993:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
485:The Mechanism of the Slippery Slope
2492:List of ways people honor the dead
2011:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011554
1215:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2000.tb00008.x
848:Dayton, Leigh (October 16, 2010).
160:Death with Dignity National Center
14:
2523:Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality
1437:The American Journal of Bioethics
775:University Medical Center Utrecht
616:, in examining the events of the
355:Washington Death with Dignity Act
97:Euthanasia and the slippery slope
3480:
3471:
3470:
2058:Volokh, Eugene (February 2003).
1977:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00124.x
1871:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01394.x
562:Response to the logical versions
468:effect, resulting eventually in
3481:
1640:Raanan Gillon (February 1999).
1055:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
1938:Causing Death and Saving Lives
1240:Dowbiggin, Ian Robert (2002).
850:"Laws can safeguard the dying"
1:
2543:Maternal mortality in fiction
337:1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16
2457:Expressions related to death
2410:Medical declaration of death
1362:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91241-L
2477:Preventable causes of death
1295:Ryan, C.J. (October 1998).
3523:
927:Sherlock, Richard (1979).
607:Hartheim Euthanasia Centre
498:physician-assisted suicide
381:Principle of double effect
235:The Peaceful Pill Handbook
3466:
2844:Consciousness after death
2767:
2331:
1992:Pappas, DM (April 1996).
1812:Norwood, F.; Kimsma, G.;
1781:10.1007/s11673-009-9172-3
1713:Journal of Medical Ethics
1535:10.1080/08035250500340412
1449:10.1080/15265160802513085
1302:Journal of Medical Ethics
1151:Journal of Medical Ethics
934:Journal of Medical Ethics
679:Journal of Medical Ethics
3245:Personification of death
2467:People by cause of death
797:Non-voluntary euthanasia
155:Compassion & Choices
3322:Death-positive movement
3167:Post-mortem photography
2447:Causes of death by rate
2375:Death by natural causes
1725:10.1136/jme.2007.022335
1485:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
697:Research review studies
3357:Fascination with death
2995:Reincarnation research
2990:Out-of-body experience
2452:Notable deaths by year
2293:Immunogenic cell death
2209:Temporal lobe necrosis
1270:"Voluntary Euthanasia"
988:"Voluntary Euthanasia"
802:Involuntary euthanasia
779:Statistics Netherlands
724:low educational status
640:The Groningen Protocol
610:
578:The empirical argument
552:
537:
510:involuntary euthanasia
483:argued in his article
474:involuntary euthanasia
3162:Post-mortem chemistry
2975:Near-death experience
2871:Desecration of graves
2807:Postmortem caloricity
2772:Beating heart cadaver
2216:Programmed cell death
2184:Liquefactive necrosis
1835:10.1093/fampra/cmp065
1562:Willamette Law Review
1067:10.1093/ojls/21.4.629
751:psychiatric illnesses
627:Euthanasia historian
605:
402:Consistent life ethic
3352:Festival of the Dead
3250:Dying-and-rising god
3205:Chinese burial money
3094:Prohibition of dying
3046:Death-qualified jury
2812:Post-mortem interval
2472:Premature obituaries
2179:Coagulative necrosis
1315:10.1136/jme.24.5.341
835:, pp. 1057–1058
502:voluntary euthanasia
3412:Philosophy of death
3277:Death from laughter
2577:Perinatal mortality
2318:Mitotic catastrophe
2298:Ischemic cell death
2241:Intrinsic apoptosis
2189:Gangrenous necrosis
1691:Duquesne Law Review
1557:Battin, Margaret P.
1499:10.4065/82.9.1043-a
1404:10.1136/jme.25.1.16
1164:10.1136/jme.5.3.141
947:10.1136/jme.5.3.139
781:, and published in
736:physically disabled
666:Ola Didrik Saugstad
572:paradox of the heap
386:Palliative sedation
3458:Thanatosensitivity
3362:Hierarchy of death
3302:Death notification
3210:Coins for the dead
3142:Forensic pathology
3026:Capital punishment
2980:Near-death studies
2572:Mortality salience
2204:Fibrinoid necrosis
2174:Avascular necrosis
2094:TheUndisciplined.
2067:Harvard Law Review
1916:2012-07-11 at the
1658:10.1136/jme.25.1.3
1189:, pp. 197–198
1098:Harvard Law Review
771:Vrije Universiteit
662:Groningen Protocol
631:linked the Nazis'
611:
588:Groningen Protocol
492:The slippery slope
417:Groningen Protocol
211:Barbara Coombs Lee
175:Final Exit Network
170:Exit International
3494:
3493:
3230:Death anniversary
3225:Death and culture
3069:Dying declaration
3051:Death certificate
2958:
2957:
2820:
2819:
2672:Neuropreservation
2462:Natural disasters
2433:
2432:
1959:Lewis, P (2007).
1951:978-0-14-022003-2
1859:J Eval Clin Pract
1594:10.1159/000196883
1356:(8768): 669–674.
1255:978-0-19-515443-6
1132:van der Burg 1991
1041:van der Burg 1991
915:van der Burg 1991
898:van der Burg 1991
759:racial or ethnic
652:A study from the
518:logically entails
458:
457:
412:Euthanasia device
107:Freedom of choice
3514:
3484:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3454:
3439:Assisted suicide
3337:Death trajectory
3152:Mortuary science
3147:Funeral director
3138:
3104:Suspicious death
2876:Eternal oblivion
2662:Cryopreservation
2601:
2590:
2528:Infant mortality
2518:Excess mortality
2420:Terminal illness
2405:Lazarus syndrome
2390:End-of-life care
2341:Accidental death
2194:Caseous necrosis
2157:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2102:on 22 April 2014
2098:. Archived from
2090:
2073:(4): 1026–1137.
2064:
2054:
2023:
2013:
1988:
1965:J Law Med Ethics
1955:
1934:Glover, Jonathan
1920:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1492:(9): 1043–1046.
1475:
1469:
1468:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
984:
969:
968:
958:
924:
918:
912:
901:
895:
884:
878:
865:
864:
862:
860:
845:
836:
830:
824:
818:
622:Nuremberg Trials
550:
535:
450:
443:
436:
371:Assisted suicide
345:
150:Care Not Killing
87:Bodily integrity
19:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3462:
3448:
3392:Museum of Death
3342:Dignified death
3297:Death messenger
3272:Death education
3188:
3132:
3118:
3056:Declared death
3004:
2954:
2911:Online mourning
2816:
2782:Cadaveric spasm
2763:
2708:
2650:
2641:Skeletonization
2581:
2513:Child mortality
2508:Birthday effect
2496:
2429:
2425:Unnatural death
2356:Brainstem death
2327:
2266:Pseudoapoptosis
2148:
2143:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2079:10.2307/1342743
2062:
2057:
2026:
1991:
1958:
1952:
1932:
1929:
1927:Further reading
1924:
1923:
1918:Wayback Machine
1907:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1683:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1111:10.2307/1341127
1094:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1008:
998:
996:
986:
985:
972:
926:
925:
921:
913:
904:
896:
887:
879:
868:
858:
856:
847:
846:
839:
831:
827:
819:
815:
810:
793:
740:chronically ill
699:
671:Margaret Battin
642:
600:
580:
564:
551:
548:
536:
534:Jonathan Glover
533:
494:
454:
422:Suicide tourism
376:Palliative care
343:
206:Philip Nitschke
180:Hemlock Society
92:Culture of life
17:
12:
11:
5:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Apparent death
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Cause of death
3028:
3023:
3021:Administration
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Death erection
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2727:Natural burial
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2560:Mortality rate
2557:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2538:Maternal death
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Unusual deaths
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Organ donation
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2363:Clinical death
2360:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2091:
2055:
2043:10.1086/293369
2024:
1989:
1971:(1): 197–210.
1956:
1950:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1900:
1884:
1849:
1804:
1775:(3): 271–283.
1748:
1696:
1681:
1632:
1607:
1572:
1548:
1529:(11): 1535–7.
1513:
1470:
1427:
1375:
1338:
1309:(5): 341–344.
1287:
1261:
1254:
1232:
1220:
1209:(2): 176–186.
1191:
1179:
1158:(3): 141–142.
1136:
1124:
1105:(2): 368–369.
1087:
1072:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1006:
970:
919:
902:
885:
866:
854:The Australian
837:
825:
812:
811:
809:
806:
805:
804:
799:
792:
789:
767:
766:
765:
764:
757:
747:
742:
732:
726:
720:
711:
698:
695:
646:slippery slope
641:
638:
599:
596:
579:
576:
563:
560:
546:
531:
493:
490:
466:slippery slope
456:
455:
453:
452:
445:
438:
430:
427:
426:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
396:
395:
391:
390:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
365:
364:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
339:
331:
330:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
311:United Kingdom
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
255:
254:
248:
247:
246:
245:
238:
231:
221:
220:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
203:
201:Jack Kevorkian
195:
194:
190:
189:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
144:
143:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
125:
124:
119:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
81:
80:
76:
75:
74:
73:
68:
63:
60:Mental illness
53:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3519:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Death anxiety
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Darwin Awards
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3177:Biostratinomy
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:Necropolitics
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:Reincarnation
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2826:Other aspects
2823:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Body donation
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Dismemberment
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Mummification
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2646:Fossilization
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Decomposition
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Pallor mortis
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2004:(2): 386–93.
2003:
1999:
1998:Br. Med. Bull
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1942:Penguin Books
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1828:(6): 472–80.
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:(10): 591–7.
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:, 35:1. p427.
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1622:on 2011-07-24
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1569:(1): 107–108.
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Acta Paediatr
1517:
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1509:
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1500:
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1471:
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1230:, p. 390
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1085:, p. 167
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1031:, p. 165
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1019:, p. 166
1018:
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1007:
995:
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989:
983:
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979:
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941:(3): 139–42.
940:
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930:
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920:
916:
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909:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
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886:
883:, p. 197
882:
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823:, p. 389
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629:Ian Dowbiggin
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623:
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614:Leo Alexander
608:
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568:
561:
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513:
511:
507:
506:non-voluntary
503:
499:
491:
489:
486:
482:
481:Eugene Volokh
477:
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471:
470:non-voluntary
467:
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316:United States
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252:Jurisdictions
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134:Right to life
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100:
98:
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66:Non-voluntary
64:
61:
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52:
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42:
41:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3332:Death threat
3215:Dark tourism
3157:Necrobiology
3099:Right to die
3057:
3016:Abortion law
2940:Resurrection
2928:Palingenesis
2825:
2787:Coffin birth
2694:Plastination
2655:Preservation
2631:Putrefaction
2626:Rigor mortis
2621:Algor mortis
2616:Livor mortis
2593:
2549:Memento mori
2547:
2400:Lazarus sign
2380:Death rattle
2323:Suicide gene
2308:Karyorrhexis
2199:Fat necrosis
2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2070:
2066:
2037:(1): 42–65.
2034:
2028:
2001:
1997:
1968:
1964:
1937:
1903:
1865:(2): 330–4.
1862:
1858:
1852:
1825:
1821:
1816:(Dec 2009).
1807:
1772:
1769:J Bioeth Inq
1768:
1716:
1712:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1649:
1646:J Med Ethics
1645:
1635:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:the original
1610:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1489:
1483:
1473:
1443:(11): 23–6.
1440:
1436:
1430:
1398:(1): 16–21.
1395:
1392:J Med Ethics
1391:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1243:
1235:
1223:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1182:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1134:, p. 42
1127:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1043:, p. 51
1036:
1024:
997:. Retrieved
991:
938:
932:
922:
917:, p. 44
900:, p. 43
859:December 24,
857:. Retrieved
853:
828:
816:
782:
768:
749:people with
722:people with
702:
700:
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612:
592:
581:
569:
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556:
553:
543:
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528:
523:
514:
495:
484:
478:
459:
394:Other issues
363:Alternatives
350:Baby Doe Law
240:
233:
226:
129:Right to die
96:
3449: [
3407:Necrophobia
3402:Necrophilia
3372:Immortality
3327:Death squad
3307:Death panel
3292:Death march
3287:Death knell
3267:Death drive
3240:Death deity
3184:Thanatology
3133: [
3079:Legal death
3058:in absentia
3036:Civil death
2881:Examination
2866:Crematorium
2749:Excarnation
2586:After death
2385:Dysthanasia
2351:Brain death
2283:Autoschizis
2261:Phenoptosis
2256:Parthanatos
2246:Necroptosis
2153:In medicine
1814:Battin, MP.
1588:(1): 11–2.
1582:Neonatology
1228:Pappas 1996
1083:Glover 1977
1029:Glover 1977
1017:Glover 1977
833:Volokh 2003
821:Pappas 1996
620:during the
549:David Enoch
488:unfounded.
460:Critics of
344:(Australia)
306:Switzerland
296:New Zealand
291:Netherlands
71:Involuntary
3507:Euthanasia
3377:Last rites
3347:Extinction
3317:Death pose
3312:Death poem
3282:Death hoax
3262:Death camp
3255:Psychopomp
3130:Death tech
2985:Necromancy
2963:Paranormal
2945:Underworld
2797:Dissection
2759:Resomation
2754:Promession
2732:Sky burial
2699:Prosection
2684:Maceration
2395:Euthanasia
2313:Karyolysis
2271:Pyroptosis
2251:Paraptosis
2161:Cell death
1908:(in Dutch)
1897:Lewis 2007
1652:(1): 3–4.
1626:2011-01-01
1349:The Lancet
1187:Lewis 2007
1061:(4): 631.
881:Lewis 2007
808:References
784:The Lancet
761:minorities
755:depression
753:including
462:euthanasia
281:Luxembourg
228:Final Exit
32:Euthanasia
3422:Sacrifice
3417:Predation
3382:Longevity
3172:Taphonomy
3109:Trust law
3064:Death row
2849:Afterlife
2802:Gibbeting
2739:Cremation
2704:Taxidermy
2679:Embalming
2555:Micromort
2501:Mortality
2278:Autolysis
2236:Autophagy
2231:Apoptosis
1822:Fam Pract
1705:Battin, M
1457:1526-5161
999:4 January
633:Action T4
618:Holocaust
598:Action T4
584:Action T4
261:Australia
112:Religious
102:Free will
56:Voluntary
3501:Category
3476:Category
3446:Thanabot
3397:Necronym
3367:Homicide
2918:Obituary
2906:Mourning
2896:Internet
2839:Cemetery
2714:Disposal
2667:Cryonics
2336:Abortion
2303:Pyknosis
2169:Necrosis
2106:21 April
1985:17341228
1936:(1977).
1914:Archived
1879:20367858
1844:19828573
1799:19718271
1743:17906058
1676:10070630
1602:19176978
1543:16303690
1508:17803867
1465:19061103
1422:10070633
1280:June 13,
791:See also
547:—
532:—
472:or even
407:Eugenics
165:Dignitas
122:Catholic
117:Buddhist
24:a series
22:Part of
3486:Outline
3434:Suicide
3074:Inquest
3041:Coroner
2933:Saṃsāra
2901:Midwife
2886:Funeral
2861:Customs
2834:Carrion
2533:Karoshi
2346:Autopsy
2226:Anoikis
2087:1342743
2051:2381721
2020:8759237
1790:2733179
1734:2652799
1370:1715962
1333:9800591
1324:1377611
1173:1154743
1119:1341127
956:1154742
718:elderly
479:Lawyer
321:Uruguay
266:Belgium
3387:Martyr
3123:Fields
3084:Murder
3000:Séance
2970:Ghosts
2854:Tukdam
2722:Burial
2604:Stages
2288:Eschar
2085:
2049:
2030:Ethics
2018:
1983:
1948:
1877:
1842:
1797:
1787:
1741:
1731:
1674:
1667:479159
1664:
1600:
1541:
1506:
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1420:
1413:479162
1410:
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1321:
1252:
1170:
1117:
963:
953:
745:minors
658:Israel
286:Mexico
271:Canada
193:People
142:Groups
46:Animal
3453:]
3427:human
3193:Other
3137:]
3009:Legal
2950:Vigil
2891:Grief
2439:Lists
2146:Death
2083:JSTOR
2063:(PDF)
2047:JSTOR
1115:JSTOR
965:90725
301:Spain
276:India
219:Books
79:Views
51:Child
38:Types
3114:Will
2595:Body
2565:RAMR
2221:AICD
2108:2014
2016:PMID
1981:PMID
1946:ISBN
1875:PMID
1840:PMID
1795:PMID
1739:PMID
1672:PMID
1598:PMID
1539:PMID
1504:PMID
1461:PMID
1453:ISSN
1418:PMID
1366:PMID
1329:PMID
1282:2010
1250:ISBN
1001:2011
961:PMID
861:2010
777:and
734:the
730:poor
728:the
716:the
329:Laws
2368:DOA
2075:doi
2071:116
2039:doi
2035:102
2006:doi
1973:doi
1867:doi
1830:doi
1785:PMC
1777:doi
1729:PMC
1721:doi
1662:PMC
1654:doi
1590:doi
1531:doi
1494:doi
1445:doi
1408:PMC
1400:doi
1358:doi
1354:338
1319:PMC
1311:doi
1211:doi
1168:PMC
1160:doi
1107:doi
1063:doi
951:PMC
943:doi
738:or
656:in
508:or
500:or
3503::
3451:ca
3135:pt
2081:.
2069:.
2065:.
2045:.
2033:.
2014:.
2002:52
2000:.
1996:.
1979:.
1969:35
1967:.
1963:.
1944:.
1940:.
1887:^
1873:.
1863:16
1861:.
1838:.
1826:26
1824:.
1820:.
1793:.
1783:.
1771:.
1767:.
1751:^
1737:.
1727:.
1717:33
1715:.
1711:.
1670:.
1660:.
1650:25
1648:.
1644:.
1596:.
1586:96
1584:.
1567:45
1565:.
1537:.
1527:94
1525:.
1502:.
1490:82
1488:.
1482:.
1459:.
1451:.
1439:.
1416:.
1406:.
1396:25
1394:.
1390:.
1378:^
1364:.
1352:.
1327:.
1317:.
1307:24
1305:.
1299:.
1272:.
1207:28
1205:.
1166:.
1154:.
1148:.
1113:.
1103:99
1101:.
1075:^
1059:21
1057:.
1009:^
990:.
973:^
959:.
949:.
937:.
931:.
905:^
888:^
869:^
852:.
840:^
26:on
2138:e
2131:t
2124:v
2110:.
2089:.
2077::
2053:.
2041::
2022:.
2008::
1987:.
1975::
1954:.
1881:.
1869::
1846:.
1832::
1801:.
1779::
1773:6
1745:.
1723::
1678:.
1656::
1629:.
1604:.
1592::
1545:.
1533::
1510:.
1496::
1467:.
1447::
1441:8
1424:.
1402::
1372:.
1360::
1335:.
1313::
1284:.
1258:.
1217:.
1213::
1176:.
1162::
1156:5
1121:.
1109::
1069:.
1065::
1003:.
967:.
945::
939:5
863:.
763:.
449:e
442:t
435:v
62:)
58:(
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