518:(AFDC). Others, however, favor less government intervention by shifting responsibilities like education completely to the state. Reforming the current tax system could also help poor families, and it has been debated in the Senate. Medical-financial partnerships (MFP) have recently gained traction and have the potential to impact the health of poor children. Financial stress affects a large portion of the population with over half of families being income or asset poor. MFPs connect healthcare to broad financial services like financial coaching and tax preparation. Other services can also be considered if it provides information for financial stability. An example of this is food pantries that provide information about financial stability. Because healthcare providers reach 90% of the families of preschool -age children, compared to only 12% in daycare, MFPs can decrease child poverty in a larger audience by increasing financial stability which will increase positive health outcomes.
467:
with those around them and similar to them have more resources to utilize. For example, they can use connections to their advantage by having conversations, receiving advice, providing transportation, and getting information about government programs. One example of this is
Families and Schools Together (FAST). The program connects families in a school, and it is proven to increase skills in social, academic, and emotional behavior. Making Connections (MC) and Children's Services Council (CSC) are also a program that targets families to decrease child poverty. MC strives to increase a family's income, networks, access to child health, etc., and the CSC aims to facilitate better development of kids through reducing
307:
284:, and blacks were labeled as risky and had a yellow or red label. African-American communities were especially discriminated against because the red label was often only for black neighborhoods. This caused many black communities to have fewer opportunities to move to better housing because the prices would be hiked up to discourage them and lenders would not give money at reasonable rates. While white Americans have house ownership rates of 73%, minority communities have much less around 50-60%, and only 42.1% of black Americans have houses. Because white Americans have had longer and more available house ownership, they accrued wealth over time which is part of the reason for the
263:
385:
435:(CTC) come as in-kind benefits as well. EITC is for low-income households that do have income coming in. If a family's combined income is too low to take taxes out of, they receive refunds from the Internal Revenue Service. The CTC is similar to the EITC, but it does not target low-income families as much. Up to $ 1000 per child is available as a nonrefundable credit, and single-parent, two-kid households with incomes up to $ 115,000 and two-parent, two-kid households with incomes up to $ 150,000 are eligible for this credit.
56:
quality education as well if they grew up in a poor community, and this also causes them to be less skilled and desirable to employers. Due to their lower level of education, these people are likely to have lower incomes which translates into a lack of material needs like food and electricity. This population may also have more health problems. This can be due to genetics or malnutrition, and they are likely to work more physical jobs that may cause health problems in the future.
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education, there will continue to be intergenerational poverty. Lower education levels also cause an increase in social effects. Children in poverty often have interactions with criminal activity as an adolescent that continues as an adult, and boys in poverty grow up to be twice as likely to be arrested as adults. Teenage pregnancy is also common for girls who grew up in poverty and are six times as likely to have a child without marriage.
88:
510:, etc. Restructuring the current system in the United States may also be a worthwhile effort, and this can be accomplished by keeping the major elements but changing specifics like target population, quantity of assistance, and delivery process. Some suggest the federal government provide an income floor for families with children which could happen with the federalization of
323:(a crucial part of processing information and regulating behavior) than children in low socioeconomic circumstances. This difference was only seen after nine months, indicating that it was caused by circumstances after birth. This may also affect learning and processing in school which would then affect their future to get a job. Poor children are more likely to have severe
69:
families headed by single mothers. Studies show that single-parent households are likely to be in poverty, and this is especially true for households headed by single mothers. In single-mother households, 30.6% are poor compared to only 6.2% for married families. Unlike most of the world, in the United States, all single-parent households have a higher risk for poverty.
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home or take time off to be a teacher for their kids. These children may also have reduced access to technology. Of adults who earn $ 30,000 or less, only 34% use the internet. This also true for rural communities. This leads to children lagging behind their more wealthy counterparts and associated with higher drop-out rates and lower educational outcomes.
476:
Colorado, and New York, and there is training for pediatric residents to build community partnerships. From a religious standpoint, organizations affiliated with a religion can also provide services to children and families in poverty. Often, values from a religion support this work by promoting taking care of the poor and providing shelter.
111:, causing difficulty in providing for children. Areas with low rates of commuters for work are also shown to have higher child poverty rates than areas with higher commuter rates. Children in rural areas are more affected by child poverty as well. Many key industries have disappeared from these areas, resulting in
196:, and during the pandemic, there was an increase in families becoming homeless with around 400,000 additional beds needed to shelter everyone. Overcrowding and poor plumbing facilities and other conditions are experienced by 15% of families. This can cause greater transmission of the virus and greater mortality.
159:. Due to the pandemic, the food insecurity rate has increased by a factor of 2 or 3, resulting in children experiencing food insecurity in around 2 in 5 households. In rural counties, food insecurity doubled from 18% to 35%. Reasons for this substantial increase in food insecurity include reduced supply to
253:
COVID-19 affects races differently as well. Predominantly black counties have three times the infection rate and six times the mortality rate due to COVID-19 compared to predominantly white counties. Overcrowded housing is more common in minority communities, leading to increased spread of the virus.
179:
The jobs of parents also affect educational outcomes when children have to learn virtually in their house. Without parental involvement, it can be hard for kids to continue learning at or near the level they had in-person. Often, children in poverty have parents who do not have the ability to work at
142:
is especially unique because it has a history of racial discrimination, agriculture dependency, and, more recently, manufacturing opportunities. In the region, there is a close link with farming and race with a high population of
African-Americans dependent on farming. In the country, there is also a
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that incarcerated black men disproportionately. The effects of racism continue to be prevalent in the disparities found in the country and affect minority communities in many different institutions. In fact, poverty in minority communities was not addressed until the 1960s, and until then, the image
41:
and transfers. There are also community programs that have impacted specific communities that have high child poverty rates. For future policies, research suggests that greater investment directed to children and families in poverty and connections between healthcare providers and financial services
484:
Proper and proportional investment in poor children is important in reducing child poverty. The United States continues to be distinct from similar countries when it comes to child poverty. It consistently spends less on programs targeted at helping children and families. Policies that increase the
270:
House ownership is a very important factor in child poverty. It provides stability and a path to wealth accumulation. However, for minority communities, especially black families, house ownership is not a realistic possibility due to the high rates and historic discrimination. From the 1930s to the
230:
As of 2014, around 38% of
African-American children were in poverty, compared to only 13% of white children, and minority communities like American Indian and Hispanic/Latino follow closely behind with rates of 36% and 32%, respectively. African-American children are more likely than white children
188:(IPV). When children witness IPV, it can affect their relationships in the future. Poverty is also related to rates of covid-19 infection and deaths. Counties with higher rates of poverty are shown to also have higher rates of infection and mortality due to Covid-19, 3.8 times higher in fact. Also,
497:
for educational investment and income support has been cut back due to fiscal restraint. By increasing support for these investment programs, child poverty could be significantly impacted. Cash transfers/monthly allowances could also cut child poverty in half quickly by providing $ 300-400 monthly
466:
Community intervention is an effective tool to combat child poverty. Community programs often target families and children to lower child poverty. They strive to impact different factors that play into a child's life by addressing the family component. Families that build strong social connections
183:
School also provides care services, and for many, it can be the only place to turn to when they need mental health support or necessary care. School is also important in detecting abuse and child maltreatment because teachers and school nurses are often the first line of identification. During the
72:
The amount of earners present in a household also contributes to child poverty. Families with 2 or more earners will have more income and are less likely to have child poverty, and this is a trend seen globally. Single-parent households, therefore, are at a disadvantage because the revenue of only
55:
The education levels of the parents are shown to have an effect on the likelihood of child poverty. Parents who have an education only up to a high school diploma or less are much more likely to be poor due to the lack of high-paying jobs for low-skilled workers. This population may have a lower
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is higher, and children have lower birth weights. This is usually a signal of the in utero environment and the nutrition the fetus gets, and it also may predict future health. The United States is one of the only developed countries that has a high mortality rate. This mortality rate is caused,
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made up 70% of a child's daily nutrition and served nearly 3 million children. Since these meals are healthier than those from home, children have lower access to nutrition without these programs. Though some schools implemented grab-and-go meals, only 11% of families utilized this because many
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has changed, and there are many more single-parent households, especially households headed by a mother. More specifically, there was an increase in black households with single parents, and about 30% of the gap between black and white households in poverty is because of the likelihood of black
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and high rates of unemployment. Of those who were unemployed during the pandemic, 31% report food insecurity. On the eve of the Covid-19 pandemic, in 2019, the child poverty rate in the United States was nearly double that of several peer countries, including Canada, South Korea, and
Germany.
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involves having the community a school serves to provide resources for the school. However, when a community has lower property values and lower income, like many of the previously redlined areas are, their schools are under-resourced to provide quality education. As mentioned in the previous
475:
addresses child poverty in Harlem by providing educational services like afterschool programs and early childhood education for children and parenting classes and support for families. In healthcare, pediatricians partner with the community to provide services and reach children in
Missouri,
143:
correlation between high minority communities and high rates of child poverty. High minority communities had a mean child poverty rate of 22% while low minority communities had a mean rate of 16%. Unemployment is also a spatial factor of child poverty, especially in low minority communities.
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do worse overall at school. A study shows that children below the poverty line do two years less of an education which causes a ripple effect of fewer opportunities and less income. Education is a direct correlation to future socioeconomic status, and without breaking the cycle of devaluing
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and is one of the best examples of anti-poverty programs. SNAP is means-tested which means it is based on lower income levels. It is a nearly universal program that benefits everyone meeting income thresholds, including those who do not work. Similar to SNAP benefits, tax credits like the
36:
correlates with these factors. There are multiple effects due to this. Effects on health and development cause lifelong problems and lower educational outcomes, and food insecurity can also be caused by child poverty. The United States government has put in place programs using
1701:
Marcil, Lucy E.; Hole, Michael K.; Jackson, Jasmyne; Markowitz, Molly A.; Rosen, Laura; Sude, Leslie; Rosenthal, Alice; Bennett, Mary Beth; Sarkar, Sonia; Jones, Nicholas; Topel, Kristin; Chamberlain, Lisa J.; Zuckerman, Barry; Kemper, Alex R.; Solomon, Barry S. (2021-11-01).
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also affects susceptibility to diseases, like cardiovascular disease and cancer, as an adult. These effects of child poverty ultimately contribute to keeping those in poverty where it is difficult for them to break out of the cycle due to the burden of health problems.
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to be in persistent poverty due to multiple generations of discrimination. When accounting for differences in family structure and income levels, black children still persist in higher poverty rates which is evidence that child poverty is driven by racism.
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and a lack of access to nutritional and fresh foods. This may cause malnutrition which contributes to a weaker immune system and less growth. A weaker immune system is also caused by the delayed and lower immunization rates found in children in poverty.
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and mood and anxiety disorders. Mental health disorders in patients in child poverty are actually more prevalent and can affect their life on an everyday spectrum because it may restrict how they interact with others and their opportunities to learn.
446:(CHIP) have provided greater access to healthcare for low-income children, and these programs are a joint effort of the federal and state government. Public health insurance is shown to have lasting effects through adulthood. Along with SNAP, the
1178:
Sinha, Ian P.; Lee, Alice R.; Bennett, Davara; McGeehan, Louisa; Abrams, Elissa M.; Mayell, Sarah J.; Harwood, Rachel; Hawcutt, Daniel B.; Gilchrist, Francis J.; Auth, Marcus K. H.; Simba, Justus M.; Taylor-Robinson, David C. (2020-08-01).
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hit and poverty increased exponentially, aid for the poor was mostly through private charities. At that time, welfare policies began to take place and the role of the federal government in poverty reduction increased. In the 1960s, the
361:
There are many effects of child poverty that may or may not coincide with health effects. Food insecurity is an effect that affects many children in poverty. As mentioned before, children may not have access to nutritional food causing
501:
Critics oppose this due to the idea that transfers disincentivize working, but examples of similar programs in
Britain and Canada have shown to be successful. Along with cash transfers, other aims should include childcare support,
319:
though, by poor minority births because white, college-educated, and married mothers do have rates that are comparable to Europe's. A study done by neuroscientists shows that children with high socioeconomic status have more
275:
was common. This was used to designate certain neighborhoods as desirable or risky for mortgage lenders. White neighborhoods were almost always rated highly, while non-white communities like immigrants,
458:
is a federal program that targets early childhood learning and development and stronger parent-child relationships. These government programs and more have been shown to lower child poverty.
471:, more opportunities for education, and increasing healthy births. A focus on greater educational opportunities combined with family services is also seen in community groups.
103:, and government dependent industries have the highest levels of poverty with 23%, 21%, and 20% respectively. Communities dependent on mining and farming have higher rates of
95:
There are certain regions with higher concentrations of child poverty, due to employment opportunities, industries, and racial/ethnic distribution. Counties with mainly
242:
played a role in excessive arrests and incarcerations due to drug offenses that majorly impacted black and Latinx communities. This caused many children to grow up in
404:, was passed and since then many programs have targeted poverty, especially child poverty. To cover basic needs, the government has provided assistance programs and
42:
can lower the child poverty rate. In 2022, the child poverty rate climbed to 12.4% from 5.2% in 2021, largely as a result of the end of pandemic aid in late 2021.
108:
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of poverty was only represented by poor whites. Because racism affects so many aspects of life, the aforementioned effects are also in part caused by it.
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opportunity to work and generate income are present in countries with similar economic status, but public child care, an example of this, was 0.3% of
447:
419:
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is also a common effect of children in poverty, most probably due to less access to nutritional foods, and this can have complications in the future.
1564:"Child Poverty, the Great Recession, and the Social Safety Net in the United States: Child Poverty, the Great Recession, and the Social Safety Net"
306:
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one person is present which is a reason for the greater amounts of child poverty, and households with no earners face the most risk of poverty.
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33:
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80% of families in homelessness are non-white, and food insecurity is experienced disproportionately by black and
Hispanic households.
422:(SNAP), once known as food stamps, is a program that provides vouchers for families to spend on food at grocery stores. This decreases
288:
that is present today. This residential divide that has continued throughout history also affects the quality of education available.
247:
1069:"The Changing Association Among Marriage, Work, and Child Poverty in the United States, 1974-2010: Marriage, Work, and Child Poverty"
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give more access to healthy, nutritional foods for at-risk populations and during development. In terms of educational policies,
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Heard-Garris, Nia; Boyd, Rhea; Kan, Kristin; Perez-Cardona, Leishla; Heard, Nevin J.; Johnson, Tiffani J. (November 2021).
168:
333:
17:
1129:
Abrams, Elissa M.; Greenhawt, Matthew; Shaker, Marcus; Pinto, Andrew D.; Sinha, Ian; Singer, Alexander (January 2022).
948:"Child Poverty in the United States: A Tale of Devastation and the Promise of Hope: Child Poverty in the United States"
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Both SNAP and tax credits have helped reduce child poverty, improve educational outcomes, and raise employment levels.
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has increased child poverty and its effects. Before the pandemic, around 10% of families in the country experienced
527:
384:
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is measured using absolute and relative methods. It is caused by many factors, including race, education, and
542:
1645:
Plax, Katie; Donnelly, Jeanine; Federico, Steven G.; Brock, Leonard; Kaczorowski, Jeffrey M. (2016-04-01).
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1616:"Reducing child poverty by promoting child well-being: Identifying best practices in a time of great need"
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for children has increased. Before the pandemic, children accounted for 59% of the people experiencing
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455:
367:
671:"Child poverty in the US jumped and income declined in 2022 as coronavirus pandemic benefits ended"
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children who need it have parents who cannot take time off of work or do not have transportation.
104:
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1704:"Anti-Poverty Medicine Through Medical-Financial Partnerships: A New Approach to Child Poverty"
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pandemic, there was an increase in reports of injuries signaling increases in child abuse and
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The structure of a household affects the likelihood of child poverty. Since the 1960s, the
1647:"An Essential Role for Pediatricians: Becoming Child Poverty Change Agents for a Lifetime"
423:
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Child poverty and race have a distinct correlation with each other. There is a history of
156:
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238:" in the 1980s caused greater incarceration of black Americans at disproportional rates.
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744:"Spatial variation in poverty-generating processes: Child poverty in the United States"
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250:. This also continues the cycle of poverty by restricting opportunities in the future.
112:
1344:"Structuring Poverty: How Racism Shapes Child Poverty and Child and Adolescent Health"
1196:
1758:
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1181:"Child poverty, food insecurity, and respiratory health during the COVID-19 pandemic"
893:
759:
585:
243:
219:
25:
564:
Korbin, Jill E. (Jan–Feb 1992). "Introduction Child
Poverty in the United States".
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235:
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1012:"Addressing Child Poverty: How Does the United States Compare With Other Nations?"
366:. They also are shown to have lower educational outcomes, and children from lower
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622:"Child Poverty in the United States Today: Introduction and Executive Summary"
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Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
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699:"America's poverty rate soared last year. Children were among the worst hit"
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Dreyer, Benard; Chung, Paul J.; Szilagyi, Peter; Wong, Shale (2016-04-01).
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Certain regions of the country have concentrated regions of child poverty:
1483:
Malnourished children in the United States: caught in the cycle of poverty
1481:
511:
439:
862:"Social and Cultural Determinants of Child Poverty in the United States"
1614:
Anthony, Elizabeth K.; King, Bryn; Austin, Michael J. (November 2011).
1084:
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like asthma, diabetes, and hearing/vision problems. They may also have
100:
1579:
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812:"Race, Family Structure, and Changing Poverty Among American Children"
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Children in poverty also often have trauma, which can cause greater
20:. As of 1992, children were the largest age group living below the
742:
Curtis, Katherine J.; Voss, Paul R.; Long, David D. (2012-01-01).
383:
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Due to poverty, many children suffer from health problems. The
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Food insecurity also increased because of school closures. The
418:(TANF), the program is based on income levels and assets. The
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jobs that have lower pay and are less stable replacing them.
491:
Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
1562:
Bitler, Marianne; Hoynes, Hilary; Kuka, Elira (March 2017).
1442:
Duncan, Greg; Le Menestrel, Suzanne, eds. (16 August 2019).
414:(AFDC) gives aid in the form of cash. Later replaced by the
489:
in the United States compared to the 0.5% average in the
810:
Eggebeen, David J.; Lichter, Daniel T. (December 1991).
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households, and they were more likely to experience the
24:, and around 1 in 5 children were affected as of 2016.
1536:. Congress of the U.S., Congressional Budget Office.
1530:
Office., United States. Congressional Budget (1985).
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Invisible Americans the tragic cost of child poverty
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The "war on crime" in the 1960s and the subsequent "
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A large proportion of children in the United States
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free or reduced school breakfast and lunch programs
1263:
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1259:
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1255:
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1010:Smeeding, Timothy; Thévenot, Céline (2016-04-01).
293:section, this causes a cycle of poverty to occur.
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860:Ranjith, Sri; Rupasingha, Anil (March 2012).
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493:. The progress that had been made during the
8:
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1238:"America Is in a Disgraced Class of Its Own"
1135:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
290:Public school funding in the United States
1735:
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1568:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
1367:
1293:
1212:
1154:
1043:
971:
775:
637:
420:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
86:
1400:Madrick, Jeffrey G. (28 January 2020).
553:
533:Poverty and health in the United States
516:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
416:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
412:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
669:Schneider, Mike (September 12, 2023).
266:Example of redlining map in Milwaukee
7:
1270:"Children are at Risk from COVID-19"
697:Picchi, Aimee (September 12, 2023).
408:that lower the burden on families.
1445:A roadmap to reducing child poverty
1268:Fry-Bowers, Eileen K. (July 2020).
444:Children's Health Insurance Program
1620:Children and Youth Services Review
1236:Desmond, Matthew (16 March 2023).
506:, the creation of jobs, increased
14:
1067:Baker, Regina S. (October 2015).
566:The American Behavioral Scientist
1632:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.029
760:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.07.007
206:Racism against African Americans
1533:Reducing poverty among children
1185:The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
1770:Childhood in the United States
1486:. New York: Springer Pub. Co.
1406:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
1073:Journal of Marriage and Family
946:McCarty, Alyn T. (July 2016).
310:Shows locations of gray matter
91:Map of poverty rates by county
1:
1197:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30280-0
375:Efforts against child poverty
169:National School Lunch Program
1765:Poverty in the United States
1448:. National Academies Press.
1274:Journal of Pediatric Nursing
816:American Sociological Review
248:juvenile and carceral system
214:with the institution of the
138:, southwest Texas, etc. The
136:Native American Reservations
578:10.1177/0002764292035003002
212:racism in the United States
1791:
1720:10.1016/j.acap.2021.03.017
1664:10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.009
1360:10.1016/j.acap.2021.05.026
1286:10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.026
1147:10.1016/j.anai.2021.10.022
1028:10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.011
878:10.2753/JEI0021-3624460105
866:Journal of Economic Issues
639:10.1016/j.acap.2016.02.010
528:Youth in the United States
498:transfers for each child.
203:
151:In the United States, the
80:
368:socioeconomic backgrounds
186:intimate partner violence
109:health insurance coverage
1480:Karp, Robert J. (1993).
429:earned income tax credit
398:Economic Opportunity Act
173:School Breakfast Program
1131:"The COVID-19 pandemic"
748:Social Science Research
543:Child poverty in Canada
469:child neglect and abuse
380:Government intervention
271:1970s, the practice of
77:Spatial differentiation
473:Harlem Children's Zone
462:Community intervention
388:
346:mental health problems
311:
267:
92:
538:Build Back Better Act
387:
316:infant mortality rate
309:
265:
90:
66:structure of a family
504:vocational education
400:, also known as the
1708:Academic Pediatrics
1651:Academic Pediatrics
1348:Academic Pediatrics
1016:Academic Pediatrics
626:Academic Pediatrics
107:and lower rates of
1242:The New York Times
1085:10.1111/jomf.12216
964:10.1111/soc4.12386
389:
312:
268:
190:housing insecurity
93:
83:Spatial inequality
18:experience poverty
1626:(10): 1999–2009.
1580:10.1002/pam.21963
1455:978-0-309-48401-5
1413:978-0-451-49419-1
1244:. New York Times.
952:Sociology Compass
508:housing subsidies
338:Childhood poverty
153:Covid-19 pandemic
147:COVID-19 pandemic
124:Mississippi Delta
32:, but ultimately
1782:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1714:(8): S169–S176.
1698:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1657:(3): S147–S154.
1642:
1636:
1635:
1611:
1592:
1591:
1559:
1546:
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1527:
1506:
1505:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1397:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1354:(8): S108–S116.
1339:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1265:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1126:
1089:
1088:
1079:(5): 1166–1178.
1064:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1007:
986:
985:
975:
943:
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857:
840:
839:
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685:
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676:Associated Press
666:
660:
659:
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617:
590:
589:
561:
433:child tax credit
393:Great Depression
325:chronic diseases
240:Racial profiling
60:Family structure
30:family structure
1790:
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828:10.2307/2096257
809:
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793:
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681:
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668:
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663:
619:
618:
593:
563:
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555:
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524:
495:Great Recession
482:
464:
431:(EITC) and the
424:food insecurity
382:
377:
359:
329:food insecurity
304:
299:
260:
258:House ownership
208:
202:
157:food insecurity
149:
85:
79:
62:
53:
48:
12:
11:
5:
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1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1756:
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1686:
1637:
1593:
1574:(2): 358–389.
1547:
1507:
1492:
1469:
1454:
1427:
1412:
1383:
1309:
1247:
1228:
1191:(8): 762–763.
1170:
1090:
1059:
1022:(3): S67–S75.
987:
958:(7): 623–639.
899:
872:(1): 119–142.
841:
791:
754:(1): 146–159.
715:
689:
661:
591:
552:
550:
547:
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481:
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113:service sector
81:Main article:
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13:
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1775:Child poverty
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1493:0-8261-7330-6
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708:September 15,
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682:September 15,
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357:Other effects
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244:single-parent
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220:Jim Crow laws
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31:
27:
26:Child poverty
23:
19:
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1619:
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1444:
1402:
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1347:
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1241:
1231:
1188:
1184:
1173:
1141:(1): 19–25.
1138:
1134:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1019:
1015:
955:
951:
869:
865:
819:
815:
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706:. Retrieved
702:
692:
680:. Retrieved
674:
664:
632:(3): S1–S5.
629:
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569:
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483:
480:Future steps
465:
437:
410:
390:
364:malnutrition
360:
343:
313:
269:
252:
236:war on drugs
233:
229:
224:war on crime
209:
194:homelessness
182:
178:
166:
150:
132:Four Corners
117:
94:
71:
63:
54:
22:poverty line
15:
1280:: A10–A12.
406:tax credits
321:gray matter
216:slave trade
39:tax credits
1759:Categories
1464:1286771169
1422:1310438581
822:(6): 801.
572:(3): 213.
549:References
456:Head Start
391:Until the
286:wealth gap
222:, and the
204:See also:
161:food banks
128:Black Belt
120:Appalachia
105:disability
1728:1876-2859
1673:1876-2859
1542:622558759
1205:2213-2600
1036:1876-2859
894:154870440
886:0021-3624
768:0049-089X
648:1876-2859
586:220678231
273:redlining
51:Education
1746:34740425
1681:27044693
1588:28378958
1502:27810481
1378:34740417
1304:32386796
1223:32615069
1165:34699969
1054:27044705
982:28890733
786:23017703
703:CBS News
656:27044686
522:See also
512:Medicaid
450:and the
442:and the
440:Medicaid
1737:9053836
1369:8574214
1295:7196411
1214:7324105
1156:8539831
1045:6087662
973:5589198
836:2096257
777:3613221
334:Obesity
297:Effects
101:farming
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302:Health
282:Latinx
130:, the
126:, the
122:, the
97:mining
46:Causes
890:S2CID
832:JSTOR
582:S2CID
348:like
140:South
1742:PMID
1724:ISSN
1677:PMID
1669:ISSN
1584:PMID
1538:OCLC
1498:OCLC
1488:ISBN
1460:OCLC
1450:ISBN
1418:OCLC
1408:ISBN
1374:PMID
1300:PMID
1219:PMID
1201:ISSN
1161:PMID
1050:PMID
1032:ISSN
978:PMID
882:ISSN
782:PMID
764:ISSN
710:2023
684:2023
652:PMID
644:ISSN
514:and
350:ADHD
278:Jews
200:Race
171:and
34:race
1732:PMC
1716:doi
1659:doi
1628:doi
1576:doi
1364:PMC
1356:doi
1290:PMC
1282:doi
1209:PMC
1193:doi
1151:PMC
1143:doi
1139:128
1081:doi
1040:PMC
1024:doi
968:PMC
960:doi
874:doi
824:doi
772:PMC
756:doi
634:doi
574:doi
487:GDP
1761::
1740:.
1730:.
1722:.
1712:21
1710:.
1706:.
1689:^
1675:.
1667:.
1655:16
1653:.
1649:.
1624:33
1622:.
1618:.
1596:^
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1572:36
1570:.
1566:.
1550:^
1510:^
1496:.
1472:^
1458:.
1430:^
1416:.
1386:^
1372:.
1362:.
1352:21
1350:.
1346:.
1312:^
1298:.
1288:.
1278:53
1276:.
1272:.
1250:^
1240:.
1217:.
1207:.
1199:.
1187:.
1183:.
1159:.
1149:.
1137:.
1133:.
1093:^
1077:77
1075:.
1071:.
1048:.
1038:.
1030:.
1020:16
1018:.
1014:.
990:^
976:.
966:.
956:10
954:.
950:.
902:^
888:.
880:.
870:46
868:.
864:.
844:^
830:.
820:56
818:.
814:.
794:^
780:.
770:.
762:.
752:41
750:.
746:.
718:^
701:.
673:.
650:.
642:.
630:16
628:.
624:.
594:^
580:.
570:35
568:.
556:^
280:,
218:,
134:,
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1748:.
1718::
1683:.
1661::
1634:.
1630::
1590:.
1578::
1544:.
1504:.
1466:.
1424:.
1380:.
1358::
1306:.
1284::
1225:.
1195::
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1167:.
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1083::
1056:.
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984:.
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896:.
876::
838:.
826::
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758::
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686:.
658:.
636::
588:.
576::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
