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112:. Diapers, confined spaces for changing diapers, and the unhygienic habits of children contribute to the spread of these infections. Bacterial infections most often spread through person to person contact, while eating food, or through the presence of animals. It is difficult to determine how viral agents causing enteric illness spread. Reviews of
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concern because it harms the health of individual children and the infections which children get during childcare also may be spread within their homes and communities away from the childcare. Generally, children who attend childcare are 2-3 times more likely to acquire an infection than children who
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Children who attend childcare are twice as likely to take an antibiotic when sick as children who do not attend childcare. This is because child care providers wish to host children who are not sick, and consequently pressure parents to seek antibiotics or other treatment even when it is against the
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Childcare providers often refuse to care for sick children, and ask that parents make alternate arrangements. For various reasons including an inability of childcare providers to know which illnesses are infectious, childcare providers often refuse to care even for children who have acute illnesses
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Infection happens because of individuals bringing infections into a childcare environment and spreading infectious agents within that environment, which children then contact and become at risk for infection. Increased risk of infection is related to practices of those in the childcare environment,
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even against the advice of health care providers. Antibiotics are commonly given to children for whom the drugs would serve no benefit, due to the child not having a medical condition which antibiotics can treat. This is especially common in children with respiratory infections which antibiotics
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Families in which parents take time off work to care for their sick children instead of sending them to childcare services may be harmed by missing the loss of work hours and pay. Some research has suggested that when parents have paid leave from work to tend to sick children then they are less
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advice of health care providers. In turn, parents feel compelled to seek this treatment for their children to please the care providers even if it is against the advice of their health care provider. Overuse of antibiotics in child care has led to an increase of
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There are some alternetives to prevent diseases through physical contact with objects. Most high use objects and surfaces in a child center like toys, chairs, and changing tables can spread infections or a disease. Disinfecting or sanitizing surfaces can prevent
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to their children when advised to do so by childcare workers and even if it is against the advice of health care providers. In particular, children in childcare are more likely to be given antibiotics than children outside of childcare.
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in bacteria in childcare settings. While the increase of antibiotic resistance is worrisome, the current implications of this are uncertain, although it is expected that this will become more of a public health problem in the future.
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have been unable to determine how it spreads during childcare, but have confirmed that it does easily spread in childcare environments, and that it is difficult to make recommendations for preventing it.
54:. This happens when groups of children meet in a childcare environment, and there any individual with an infectious disease may spread it to the entire group. Commonly spread diseases include
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on surfaces people touch, and among groups using diapers, having good practices to change and dispose of diapers while cleaning children and the changing area.
359:
Bastos, J; Carreira, H; La
Vecchia, C; Lunet, N (Jul 2013). "Childcare attendance and Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Childcare infections can be treated just as infections acquired outside of childcare, however, there are pressures on sick children to begin taking
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The presumption behind the idea of a "childcare infection" is that a place in which many children come into contact with each other can be a
97:, but the actual pathway through which the diseases spread is unclear except for the fact that hand washing disrupts disease transmission.
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and infection risk can be reduced by taking precautions. Practices which reduce the likelihood of spreading infection include encouraging
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Hashikawa, A. N.; Juhn, Y. J.; Nimmer, M.; Copeland, K.; Shun-Hwa, L.; Simpson, P.; Stevens, M. W.; Brousseau, D. C. (19 April 2010).
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Lee, MB; Greig, JD (Oct 2008). "A review of enteric outbreaks in child care centers: effective infection control recommendations".
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Hersh, AL; Shapiro, DJ; Pavia, AT; Shah, SS (Dec 2011). "Antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics in the United States".
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Health advocacy messages such as this one encourage using antibiotics only after discussion with a health care provider.
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276:"Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection: a systematic review"
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A sick person who does not cover his nose when he sneezes may spread infection, especially in a childcare environment.
618:"Child-care practices: effects of social change on the epidemiology of infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance"
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and enteric illnesses, such as diarrhea among babies using diapers. It is uncertain how these diseases spread, but
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likely to give their children antibiotics unless they are sure that it is recommended by a health care provider.
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Infections are less likely to spread when children and adults wash hands often, especially before eating
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to cover sneezes, doing food preparation in a place separate from other activity, cleaning and using a
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reduces some risk of transmission and increasing hygiene in other ways also reduces risk of infection.
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700:"Influence of day care attendance on the use of systemic antibiotics in 0- to 2-year-old children"
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cannot treat, and in younger children, and in children who have privately purchased health
744:"Unnecessary Child Care Exclusions in a State That Endorses National Exclusion Guidelines"
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Thrane, N; Olesen, C; Md, JT; Søndergaard, C; Schønheyder, HC; Sørensen, HT (May 2001).
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Due to social pressure, parents of sick children in childcare may be willing to give
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566:"The influence of children's day care on antibiotic seeking: a mixed methods study"
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452:"Disinfection alternatives for contact surfaces and toys at child care centers"
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90:, which is a place where infections are able to spread from person to person.
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Flu and respiratory tract infection are lessened in groups which use frequent
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Rooshenas, L; Wood, F; Brookes-Howell, L; Evans, MR; Butler, CC (May 2014).
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Jimenez, Maribel; Martinez, Celida I.; Chaidez, Cristobal (2010-12-01).
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and are especially common in places where children have not completed
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104:, like diarrhea or other enteric illness, often spread through the
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411:"Infectious diseases and daycare and preschool education"
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International
Journal of Environmental Health Research
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Warren-Gash, C; Fragaszy, E; Hayward, AC (Sep 2013).
803:, a Merck Manual guide for patients and caregivers
46:, typically because of contact among children in
616:Holmes, SJ; Morrow, AL; Pickering, LK (1996).
192:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
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202:this issue before removing this message.
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657:McCutcheon, H; Fitzgerald, M (May 2001).
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801:Respiratory Tract Infections in Children
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257:which are unlikely to spread to others.
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409:Nesti, MM; Goldbaum, M (Jul–Aug 2007).
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281:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
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635:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017913
361:European Journal of Cancer Prevention
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196:create a more balanced presentation
165:" that commonly cause infections.
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235:covering their medical expenses.
676:10.1046/j.1365-2702.2001.00486.x
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334:Journal of Environmental Health
132:do not receive such services.
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476:10.1080/09603123.2010.491851
373:10.1097/cej.0b013e32835b69aa
102:human gastrointestinal tract
663:Journal of Clinical Nursing
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145:in all present, providing
127:Childcare infection is a
74:Mechanism of transmission
100:Diseases related to the
67:unnecessary medical care
228:unnecessary health care
760:10.1542/peds.2009-2283
717:10.1542/peds.107.5.e76
530:10.1542/peds.2011-1337
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159:Salmonella Typhimurium
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56:influenza-like illness
36:Infection in childcare
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795:Day care health risks
622:Epidemiologic Reviews
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241:antibiotic resistance
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163:Staphylococcus aureus
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415:Jornal de Pediatria
248:Society and culture
115:Helicobacter pylori
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88:focus of infection
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194:. Please help to
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261:References
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