3606:
4202:
4214:
4256:
3722:
3433:
4242:
4226:
3963:
3237:
3097:
3053:
613:
3869:
1454:
377:
265:
3014:
2945:
2731:
2618:
2535:
2334:
2165:
2070:
1875:
1553:
1412:
1253:
1153:
1019:
927:
763:
3314:
620:
3122:
3839:
4026:
4108:
399:
3605:
4201:
1297:
4213:
4255:
5105:
5078:
5453:
557:. In the Chitasugá-1 well, drilled between 1980 and 1981, from the sandstones of the Chipaque Formation half a million m of water were produced. The sandstone beds are
4957:
Timing of oil generation in the
Eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia based on kinematic models; implications in the Llanos Foothills and Foreland charge
473:
epochs and has a maximum thickness of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). The formation, rich in TOC, is an important oil and gas generating unit for the giant oilfields
5498:
4241:
5077:
Patiño, Alejandro; Fuquen, Jaime; Ramos, Julián; Pedraza, Andrea; Ceballos, Leonardo; Pinzón, Lyda; Jerónimo, Yadira; Álvarez, Leidy; Torres, Andrea (2011),
4225:
5503:
5049:
Terraza, Roberto; Montoya, Diana; Reyes, Germán; Moreno, Giovanni; Fúquen, Jaime; Torres Jaimes, Eliana; López
Cardona, Myriam; Nivia Guevara, Álvaro;
4140:
5443:
4960:
612:
5091:
4973:
4325:
5493:
3721:
5478:
5420:
5063:
2467:
2219:
3432:
5508:
5483:
4947:
1421:
4290:
3653:
2270:
671:
439:
248:
4905:
García, Helbert; Jiménez, Giovanny (2016), "Structural analysis of the
Zipaquirá Anticline (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia)",
5473:
2341:
325:
209:
5448:
318:
202:
5054:
4934:
4329:
537:
banks intercalated in the formation. The
Chipaque Formation contains a high density of fauna. The formation is rich in
5488:
4944:
Chronology
Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia
3440:
3819:
3920:
2799:
2027:
2014:
1972:
1966:
1936:
1930:
1898:
1892:
1836:
1830:
1795:
1789:
1764:
1758:
1721:
1715:
1569:
1560:
1132:
518:
The
Chipaque Formation with a maximum thickness of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft), is characterised by a sequence of
5468:
5458:
4085:
1051:
1046:
628:
3381:
1980:
4285:
2403:
1375:
793:
741:
598:
435:
244:
4275:
1342:
1122:
1095:
778:
642:
4115:
2743:
1074:
139:
5463:
3249:
1368:
1029:
748:
685:
638:
502:
360:
4060:
2684:
2233:
2178:
1361:
1005:
577:. The core of the Zipaquirá Anticline consists of the Chipaque Formation. The age has been estimated to be
494:
295:
4930:
4927:
Combined structural and
Petroleum Systems Modeling in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia (MSc. thesis)
3962:
3664:
3541:
3236:
3136:
3096:
3022:
2362:
1268:
3553:
2347:
1491:
995:
845:
3995:
3892:
3806:
3500:
3445:
3342:
2965:
2891:
2296:
1622:
1208:
1060:
1034:
937:
913:
849:
710:
3881:
3616:
3565:
3028:
2902:
2625:
2474:
2223:
2085:
2078:
1497:
1473:
974:
942:
854:
840:
819:
773:
550:
474:
3928:
3640:
3264:
3188:
2879:
2637:
1727:
1614:
1290:
1280:
1263:
1258:
1069:
1064:
964:
954:
546:
478:
4033:
3748:
3528:
3514:
2816:
2751:
2631:
2489:
2429:
2290:
2276:
2248:
2172:
1986:
1608:
1575:
1511:
1335:
1239:
1222:
1213:
1186:
1179:
1127:
1105:
903:
896:
538:
364:
114:
4315:
based on Duarte et al. (2019), García González et al. (2009), and geological report of
Villavicencio
3939:
3458:
2896:
2642:
1667:
1661:
1649:
1165:
800:
768:
5206:
Terraza, Roberto; Moreno, Giovanni; Buitrago, José A.; Pérez, Adrián; Montoya, Diana María (2010),
4968:
García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz
Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009),
3914:
3628:
3052:
2970:
2958:
2805:
2777:
2708:
2595:
2377:
2311:
2241:
2101:
1995:
1914:
1843:
1804:
1742:
1504:
1172:
1139:
1091:
696:
554:
522:
482:
458:
431:
172:
5019:
Reyes, Germán; Montoya, Diana; Terraza, Roberto; Fuquen, Jaime; Mayorga, Marcela; Gaona, Tatiana;
4038:
3521:
4066:
3801:
3778:
3695:
3328:
3321:
3129:
2885:
2577:
2123:
1905:
1285:
969:
703:
590:
586:
5337:
5316:
5295:
5274:
5253:
5228:
5207:
5186:
5165:
5144:
5123:
4280:
4233:
2853:
1479:
646:
3876:
2811:
2283:
1232:
1203:
1191:
1086:
1056:
1024:
986:
932:
788:
4914:
3990:
3770:
3571:
3495:
1485:
1273:
882:
419:
5372:
Planchas 171 & 191 - Geología sector del sur del municipio de Paipa (Boyacá) - 1:25,000
5109:
4155:
3862:
3762:
3174:
3163:
2355:
2265:
1961:
1825:
1217:
990:
981:
806:
574:
462:
134:
717:
4970:
Informe
Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas
4324:
based on Duarte et al. (2019) and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the
5249:
5050:
5020:
3868:
3846:
3794:
3307:
3244:
3167:
3046:
2952:
2691:
2679:
2214:
2020:
1882:
1868:
1709:
1602:
1597:
1564:
1463:
1117:
1112:
1100:
867:
827:
594:
558:
545:
for oil and gas generation in the foothills of the Eastern Ranges, sourcing fields as
5437:
5414:
3376:
3230:
3158:
3115:
3007:
2571:
2564:
2425:
2327:
2117:
1820:
1039:
1000:
875:
756:
570:
149:
124:
71:
24:
3275:
2907:
2158:
1518:
1453:
1355:
1349:
1310:
3013:
2944:
2730:
2617:
2534:
2333:
2164:
2069:
1874:
1552:
1411:
1252:
1152:
1018:
926:
762:
649:
and many other locations in the Eastern Ranges. The anticlinals of the Río Blanco-
398:
3202:
2831:
2794:
2764:
2724:
2657:
2582:
2512:
2198:
2063:
2047:
1702:
1447:
1198:
1160:
658:
542:
46:
457:, in the area of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges. The predominantly
5392:
5375:
5362:
5343:
5322:
5301:
5280:
5259:
5234:
5213:
5192:
5171:
5150:
5129:
5087:
5041:
5028:
4986:
3313:
3283:
2848:
2738:
2542:
2528:
2398:
1673:
1431:
1246:
949:
650:
578:
466:
454:
91:
56:
28:
5383:
340:
327:
224:
211:
4918:
4131:
3715:
3121:
2869:
2674:
2446:
2419:
2393:
2194:
2043:
1945:
1852:
1773:
1686:
1592:
1318:
1146:
861:
835:
814:
534:
530:
526:
190:
186:
182:
96:
40:
3838:
632:
Type locality of the Chipaque Formation to the south of the Bogotá savanna
3690:
3599:
3403:
2938:
2462:
1887:
1641:
1546:
1405:
920:
722:
582:
498:
470:
443:
382:
285:
270:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
32:
5385:
Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000
4101:
3729:
3279:
3206:
3090:
2911:
1522:
1468:
734:
692:
654:
101:
76:
4955:
Cortés, Martín; García, Diego; Bayona, Germán; Blanco, Yolima (2009),
4107:
3490:
3426:
3060:
2874:
2611:
2558:
1081:
1012:
519:
493:
The formation was named in 1931 as group and as formation in 1957 by
5416:
Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000
4996:
Informe sobre la Cuenca Petrolífera de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia
5025:
Geología del cinturón esmeraldífero oriental Planchas 210, 228, 229
4981:
Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005),
4907:
Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
4025:
729:
446:
252:
5357:
Acosta, Jorge; Caro, Pablo; Fuquen, Jaime; Osorno, José (2002),
2983:
585:. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the
5273:
Ulloa, Carlos E; Escovar, Ricardo; Pacheco, Adolfo H. (2009),
5143:
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Rodríguez, Erasmo; Escovar, Ricardo (1998),
4207:
Oyster fossils from a sandstone bank of the Chipaque Formation
5080:
Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000
4106:
4024:
3961:
3867:
3837:
3720:
3604:
3431:
3312:
3235:
3120:
3095:
3051:
3012:
2943:
2729:
2616:
2533:
2332:
2163:
2068:
1873:
1551:
1452:
1410:
553:
and many others. Chipaque also sourced the oilfields of the
5315:
Acosta, Jorge; Calcedo, Juan Carlos; Ulloa, Carlos (1999),
5122:
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Guerra, Álvaro; Escovar, Ricardo (1998),
4961:
Asociación Colombiana de Geólogos y Geofisicos del Petróleo
5413:
Gómez, J.; Montes, N.E.; Nivia, Á.; Diederix, H. (2015),
5336:
Pulido, Orlando; Gómez, Luz Stella; Marín, Pedro (1998),
5005:
Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana
4626:
4624:
597:
platform setting. The deposition is represented by a
5255:
Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000
5036:Acosta Garay, Jorge; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2001),
4931:
Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen
4731:
4729:
388:
370:
356:
317:
309:
301:
291:
281:
276:
258:
240:
201:
196:
178:
168:
163:
155:
145:
130:
120:
110:
18:
5007:, Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20
4849:
4847:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4719:
4717:
4605:
4603:
4575:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4490:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
5056:Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000
5038:Geología de la Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
5248:Buitrago, José Alberto; Terraza M., Roberto;
4861:
4859:
4424:Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.22
4358:Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.26
8:
5370:Velandia, Francisco; Cepeda, Héctor (2005),
5185:Montoya, Diana María; Reyes, Germán (2009),
5294:Acosta, Jorge E.; Ulloa, Carlos E. (1998),
1307:
668:
619:
397:
15:
5227:Ulloa, Carlos; Rodríguez, Erasmo (2009),
5003:Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992),
4994:Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1993),
4375:
4373:
637:The Chipaque Formation is apart from its
589:. The formation has been deposited in an
565:Stratigraphy and depositional environment
5454:Upper Cretaceous Series of South America
5146:Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000
661:are composed of the Chipaque Formation.
481:of the Eastern Ranges as well as in the
403:Paleogeography of Northern South America
5339:Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000
4344:
4308:
4286:Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
4219:Organic shale of the Chipaque Formation
4197:
1390:
670:Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central
4261:Banded shale of the Chipaque Formation
958:
3325:
3073:
3032:
2974:
2901:
2423:
2352:
2176:
2083:
1903:
1502:
1212:
1138:
1104:
1038:
912:
886:
825:
804:
782:
772:
449:. The formation is also described as
7:
5499:Geography of Cundinamarca Department
5297:Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000
5125:Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000
4735:Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
4711:Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
4702:Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
569:The Chipaque Formation overlies the
5276:Plancha 230 - Monterrey - 1:100,000
5230:Plancha 211 - Tauramena - 1:100,000
5188:Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000
4974:Universidad Industrial de Santander
4433:García González et al., 2009, p.209
5359:Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000
5318:Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000
5209:Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000
4892:García González et al., 2009, p.60
4762:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
4648:Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
4630:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
4494:García González et al., 2009, p.85
4482:García González et al., 2009, p.50
4462:García González et al., 2009, p.27
4397:García González et al., 2009, p.58
4379:García González et al., 2009, p.49
159:up to 1,700 metres (5,580 ft)
14:
4935:Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo
4693:Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
5090:, pp. 1–100, archived from
4841:Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
4415:García & Jiménez, 2016, p.24
4254:
4240:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4186:distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)
2468:Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event
1251:
1151:
1017:
925:
761:
618:
611:
375:
263:
5444:Geologic formations of Colombia
5167:Plancha 193 - Yopal - 1:100,000
4983:Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá
4948:Society for Sedimentary Geology
4744:Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
561:for oil in the Eastern Ranges.
5504:Geography of Boyacá Department
4639:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
4618:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
4609:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
4291:Petroleum industry in Colombia
3759:Yellow: allochthonous basement
1770:Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)
1:
5421:Servicio Geológico Colombiano
5064:Servicio Geológico Colombiano
3767:Green: autochthonous basement
2698:Shallow to open marine (Paja)
1942:Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)
4874:García González et al., 2009
4807:Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
4798:Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
4276:Geology of the Eastern Hills
3290:2,400 m (7,900 ft)
2825:2,935 m (9,629 ft)
1992:Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)
1911:Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)
1801:Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)
1732:Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)
392:1,027 metres (3,370 ft)
5164:Renzoni, Giancarlo (1992),
4675:Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
4281:Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
2821:Restricted marine (Macanal)
2367:Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)
5525:
4925:Schütz, Christian (2012),
4853:Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
4832:Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
4666:Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
4546:Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
4522:Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
4139:
3816:
3777:
3775:
3771:Río Negro-Juruena Province
3758:
3733:
3359:600 m (2,000 ft)
3213:900 m (3,000 ft)
3075:
2771:910 m (2,990 ft)
2702:940 m (3,080 ft)
2651:800 m (2,600 ft)
2589:500 m (1,600 ft)
2506:500 m (1,600 ft)
2494:
2371:750 m (2,460 ft)
1849:Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)
1736:850 m (2,790 ft)
1680:400 m (1,300 ft)
1529:550 m (1,800 ft)
1313:and surrounding provinces
1296:
5382:Various, Authors (1997),
4406:Lobo Guerrero, 1993, p.20
4105:
4100:
4064:
4023:
4005:
3989:
3969:
3960:
3938:
3918:
3913:
3866:
3861:
3805:
3793:
3747:
3740:
3701:
3699:
3676:
3674:
3663:
3652:
3650:
3626:
3603:
3444:
3430:
3407:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3355:Shallow marine (Floresta)
3311:
3263:
3186:
3171:
3135:
3133:
3119:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3027:
2963:
2951:
2923:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2803:
2756:
2737:
2728:
2641:
2636:
2615:
2576:
2569:
2541:
2532:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2402:
2397:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2331:
2295:
2288:
2246:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2162:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2076:
2067:
2018:
1984:
1979:
1934:
1896:
1881:
1872:
1867:
1834:
1793:
1762:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1706:
1701:
1653:
1618:
1613:
1550:
1527:
1517:
1495:
1490:
1472:
1430:
1425:
1284:
1272:
1262:
1250:
1245:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1207:
1197:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1099:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1050:
1045:
1033:
1016:
1011:
1004:
999:
985:
968:
953:
948:
941:
924:
907:
893:
881:
872:
865:
860:
853:
844:
839:
818:
813:
799:
792:
787:
777:
767:
760:
755:
739:
708:
701:
690:
541:and one of the principal
396:
389:Thickness at type section
23:
5494:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
4950:(SEPM), pp. 161–216
4942:Villamil, Tomas (2012),
4883:Pulido & Gómez, 2001
4388:Cortés et al., 2009, p.4
4367:Lobo Guerrero, 1992, p.4
4183:proximal Llanos (Medina)
2990:100 m (330 ft)
2918:110 m (360 ft)
2305:225 m (738 ft)
2188:260 m (850 ft)
2095:240 m (790 ft)
742:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
672:Colombian Eastern Ranges
599:maximum flooding surface
436:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
245:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
5479:Shallow marine deposits
4919:10.15446/rbct.n39.50333
4816:Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
4789:Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
4780:Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
4771:Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
4753:Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
4723:Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
4684:Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
4657:Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
4597:Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
4588:Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
4579:Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
4567:Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
4555:Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
4167:fossiliferous formation
4116:Carajas-Imataca orogeny
2502:Restricted marine (all)
643:Eastern Hills of Bogotá
601:and anoxic conditions.
573:and is overlain by the
461:formation dates to the
5484:Source rock formations
4111:
4029:
3966:
3915:Rondônia-Juruá orogeny
3872:
3842:
3725:
3609:
3436:
3317:
3240:
3125:
3100:
3056:
3017:
2948:
2734:
2621:
2538:
2337:
2168:
2073:
1878:
1556:
1457:
1415:
423:
5051:Etayo Serna, Fernando
4963:(ACGGP), pp. 1–8
4442:Villamil, 2012, p.164
4110:
4061:Transamazonic orogeny
4028:
3965:
3871:
3841:
3802:Cariri Velhos orogeny
3724:
3608:
3441:Rich fauna in Bolivia
3435:
3316:
3239:
3124:
3099:
3055:
3016:
2947:
2733:
2647:Open marine (Fómeque)
2620:
2537:
2336:
2184:Deltaic (Los Cuervos)
2167:
2072:
1877:
1555:
1461:Pleistocene volcanism
1456:
1414:
665:Regional correlations
5474:Open marine deposits
4298:Notes and references
1309:Stratigraphy of the
629:class=notpageimage|
432:geological formation
341:4.45194°N 74.05556°W
225:4.45194°N 74.05556°W
115:Geological formation
5509:Geography of Bogotá
5449:Cretaceous Colombia
4865:Duarte et al., 2019
4162:important formation
3730:Break-up of Rodinia
3613:Regional intrusions
3159:Early Carboniferous
2040:Marine-deltaic (C8)
1707:Miocene inundations
1314:
674:
337: /
221: /
25:Stratigraphic range
5489:Mining in Colombia
5108:2017-08-15 at the
4247:Chipaque Formation
4231:Chipaque Formation
4112:
4030:
3967:
3873:
3843:
3726:
3696:Cambrian explosion
3610:
3437:
3318:
3241:
3130:Famatinian orogeny
3126:
3116:Late Carboniferous
3101:
3057:
3018:
2949:
2939:Early-Mid Jurassic
2875:Break-up of Pangea
2735:
2622:
2539:
2338:
2169:
2074:
1879:
1561:Pliocene volcanism
1557:
1458:
1419:Holocene volcanism
1416:
1308:
711:Villeta anticlinal
669:
587:Simijaca Formation
424:Formación Chipaque
416:Chipaque Formation
346:4.45194; -74.05556
230:4.45194; -74.05556
19:Chipaque Formation
4173:
4146:
4145:
3322:High biodiversity
2680:High biodiversity
2091:Coastal (Mirador)
1646:Regional flooding
1387:Petroleum geology
1382:Maximum thickness
1303:
1302:
555:Llanos Orientales
483:Llanos Orientales
451:Gachetá Formation
412:
411:
5516:
5469:Shale formations
5459:Cenomanian Stage
5430:
5429:
5428:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5378:
5366:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5085:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:, pp. 1–296
5061:
5045:
5032:
5031:, pp. 1−126
5008:
4999:
4990:
4989:, pp. 1–104
4977:
4976:, pp. 1–219
4964:
4951:
4938:
4937:, pp. 1–161
4921:
4893:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4854:
4851:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4817:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4724:
4721:
4712:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4568:
4565:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4523:
4520:
4495:
4492:
4483:
4480:
4463:
4460:
4443:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4368:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4333:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4258:
4244:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4179:
4171:
4127:
4097:
4081:
4071:
4056:
4046:
4020:
4010:
4003:
3991:Paleoproterozoic
3986:
3974:
3957:
3947:
3936:
3925:
3910:
3900:
3889:
3858:
3833:
3823:
3814:
3790:
3756:
3745:
3738:
3711:
3686:
3672:
3661:
3648:
3637:
3624:
3595:
3580:
3561:
3549:
3536:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3491:Early Ordovician
3486:
3466:
3453:
3422:
3411:
3399:
3382:Silurian mystery
3372:
3362:
3345:
3338:
3303:
3293:
3272:
3257:
3245:Passive margin 1
3226:
3216:
3197:
3184:
3154:
3144:
3111:
3086:
3070:
3042:
3025:
3003:
2993:
2978:
2953:Passive margin 2
2934:
2921:
2865:
2844:
2828:
2790:
2774:
2760:
2720:
2705:
2670:
2654:
2607:
2592:
2554:
2524:
2509:
2498:
2458:
2442:
2415:
2389:
2374:
2350:
2323:
2308:
2261:
2210:
2191:
2154:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2113:
2098:
2059:
2037:
2023:
2007:
1957:
1926:
1864:
1816:
1785:
1754:
1739:
1698:
1683:
1657:
1637:
1611:
1588:
1578:
1542:
1532:
1514:
1443:
1422:Seismic activity
1401:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1315:
1255:
1176:
1155:
1021:
929:
900:
879:
765:
751:
744:
737:
725:
713:
706:
699:
688:
675:
622:
621:
615:
408:
401:
381:
379:
378:
352:
351:
349:
348:
347:
342:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
269:
267:
266:
236:
235:
233:
232:
231:
226:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
140:Arenisca Dura Fm
106:
43:
16:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5424:
5412:
5409:
5398:
5396:
5388:
5381:
5369:
5356:
5349:
5347:
5335:
5328:
5326:
5314:
5307:
5305:
5293:
5286:
5284:
5272:
5265:
5263:
5250:Etayo, Fernando
5247:
5240:
5238:
5226:
5219:
5217:
5205:
5198:
5196:
5184:
5177:
5175:
5163:
5156:
5154:
5142:
5135:
5133:
5121:
5118:
5110:Wayback Machine
5100:
5098:
5094:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5067:
5059:
5048:
5044:, pp. 1–80
5035:
5021:Etayo, Fernando
5018:
5015:
5002:
4998:, pp. 1–29
4993:
4980:
4967:
4954:
4941:
4924:
4904:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4526:
4521:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4466:
4461:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4220:
4217:
4208:
4205:
4196:
4190:
4177:
4172:minor formation
4158:
4125:
4095:
4079:
4065:
4054:
4042:
4041:
4034:Tapajós orogeny
4018:
4006:
3999:
3998:
3984:
3972:pre-Bucaramanga
3970:
3955:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3908:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3863:Mesoproterozoic
3856:
3831:
3817:
3810:
3809:
3788:
3768:
3766:
3763:Chibcha Terrane
3760:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3734:
3709:
3684:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3656:
3654:SJ del Guaviare
3644:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3620:
3619:
3593:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3484:
3462:
3461:
3449:
3448:
3427:Late Ordovician
3420:
3409:
3397:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3268:
3267:
3253:
3252:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3166:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3109:
3084:
3068:
3040:
3021:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2976:
2969:
2968:
2932:
2919:
2917:
2899:
2894:
2863:
2842:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2788:
2772:
2770:
2758:
2745:
2718:
2703:
2701:
2668:
2652:
2650:
2605:
2590:
2588:
2552:
2522:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2456:
2440:
2432:
2413:
2404:Colón-Mito Juan
2387:
2372:
2370:
2359:
2346:
2321:
2306:
2304:
2301:Fluvial (Barco)
2266:Early Paleocene
2259:
2251:
2227:
2222:
2208:
2197:
2189:
2187:
2152:
2141:
2130:
2122:
2111:
2096:
2094:
2057:
2046:
2033:
2019:
2005:
1989:
1962:Early Oligocene
1955:
1924:
1908:
1886:
1862:
1814:
1783:
1752:
1737:
1735:
1708:
1696:
1681:
1679:
1655:
1635:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1586:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1483:
1467:
1462:
1441:
1420:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1341:
1334:
1330:Regional events
1329:
1305:
1175:
1170:
899:
894:
878:
873:
870:
830:
809:
794:Colón-Mito Juan
747:
740:
733:
728:
721:
716:
709:
702:
691:
684:
667:
653:, San José and
641:, found in the
635:
634:
633:
631:
625:
624:
623:
607:
575:Guadalupe Group
567:
559:reservoir rocks
516:
511:
491:
463:Late Cretaceous
429:
406:
404:
402:
376:
374:
345:
343:
339:
336:
331:
328:
326:
324:
323:
264:
262:
247:
229:
227:
223:
220:
215:
212:
210:
208:
207:
137:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
38:
37:
35:
12:
11:
5:
5522:
5520:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5464:Turonian Stage
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5408:
5407:External links
5405:
5404:
5403:
5379:
5367:
5354:
5333:
5312:
5291:
5270:
5245:
5224:
5203:
5182:
5161:
5140:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5074:
5046:
5033:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5000:
4991:
4978:
4965:
4952:
4939:
4922:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4834:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4764:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4725:
4713:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4620:
4611:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4569:
4557:
4548:
4524:
4496:
4484:
4464:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4408:
4399:
4390:
4381:
4369:
4360:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4317:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4104:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4063:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4036:
4031:
4022:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4004:
3993:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3968:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3937:
3926:
3917:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3890:
3879:
3877:Sunsás orogeny
3874:
3865:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:Snowball Earth
3844:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3795:Neoproterozoic
3792:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3757:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3691:Early Cambrian
3688:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3662:
3651:
3649:
3638:
3627:
3625:
3614:
3611:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3564:
3563:
3552:
3550:
3539:
3537:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3456:
3454:
3443:
3438:
3429:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3404:Early Silurian
3401:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3340:
3324:
3319:
3310:
3308:Early Devonian
3305:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3287:
3273:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3247:
3242:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3185:
3170:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3049:
3047:Early Triassic
3044:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2399:End of rifting
2396:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2215:Late Paleocene
2212:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1883:Andean orogeny
1880:
1871:
1869:Late Oligocene
1866:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:Pebas wetlands
1823:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1710:Andean orogeny
1705:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1598:Andean orogeny
1595:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1572:
1565:Andean orogeny
1558:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1476:
1471:
1464:Andean orogeny
1459:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
984:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
923:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
891:
890:
885:
880:
874:
871:
866:
864:
858:
857:
852:
843:
838:
832:
831:
826:
823:
822:
817:
811:
810:
805:
803:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
759:
753:
752:
745:
738:
726:
714:
707:
704:W Emerald Belt
700:
689:
682:
679:
666:
663:
627:
626:
617:
616:
610:
609:
608:
606:
603:
595:shallow marine
566:
563:
523:organic shales
515:
512:
510:
507:
490:
487:
453:, named after
440:Eastern Ranges
427:
410:
409:
394:
393:
390:
386:
385:
372:
368:
367:
358:
354:
353:
321:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
293:
289:
288:
283:
279:
278:
274:
273:
260:
256:
255:
249:Eastern Ranges
242:
238:
237:
205:
199:
198:
194:
193:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
44:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5521:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5394:
5387:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5334:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5313:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5292:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5225:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5162:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5141:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5097:on 2017-08-15
5093:
5089:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5065:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:(39): 21–32,
4912:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4257:
4252:
4243:
4238:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4215:
4210:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3743:post-Parguaza
3737:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3600:Late Cambrian
3598:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:First fossils
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3377:Late Silurian
3375:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:Late Devonian
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:Late Triassic
3006:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:KT extinction
2340:
2335:
2329:
2328:Maastrichtian
2326:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:(Los Cuervos)
2181:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:Middle Eocene
2114:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Early Miocene
1819:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:Tibú-Mercedes
1071:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1002:
997:
994:
992:
988:
983:
980:
979:
976:
973:
971:
966:
963:
961:
956:
951:
947:
944:
939:
936:
934:
931:
928:
922:
919:
918:
915:
910:
905:
902:
898:
892:
889:
884:
877:
869:
863:
859:
856:
851:
847:
842:
837:
834:
833:
829:
824:
821:
816:
812:
808:
802:
798:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
764:
758:
757:Maastrichtian
754:
750:
746:
743:
736:
731:
727:
724:
719:
715:
712:
705:
698:
694:
687:
683:
680:
677:
676:
673:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:type locality
630:
614:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:Une Formation
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
513:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:organic shale
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:cp, Kc) is a
425:
421:
417:
407:by Ron Blakey
400:
395:
391:
387:
384:
373:
369:
366:
362:
359:
355:
350:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
294:
290:
287:
284:
280:
275:
272:
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
234:
206:
204:
200:
195:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
173:Organic shale
171:
167:
162:
158:
154:
151:
150:Une Formation
148:
144:
141:
136:
133:
129:
126:
125:Villeta Group
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
42:
34:
30:
26:
22:
17:
5425:, retrieved
5415:
5397:, retrieved
5384:
5371:
5358:
5348:, retrieved
5338:
5327:, retrieved
5317:
5306:, retrieved
5296:
5285:, retrieved
5275:
5264:, retrieved
5254:
5239:, retrieved
5229:
5218:, retrieved
5208:
5197:, retrieved
5187:
5176:, retrieved
5166:
5155:, retrieved
5145:
5134:, retrieved
5124:
5099:, retrieved
5092:the original
5079:
5068:, retrieved
5055:
5037:
5024:
5004:
4995:
4982:
4969:
4956:
4943:
4926:
4910:
4906:
4899:Bibliography
4888:
4879:
4870:
4837:
4812:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4740:
4707:
4698:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4635:
4614:
4593:
4584:
4551:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4363:
4320:
4311:
4263:Ocetá Páramo
4249:Ocetá Páramo
4234:Ocetá Páramo
4189:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4124:
4094:
4078:
4067:
4053:
4043:
4017:
4007:
4000:
3983:
3971:
3954:
3944:
3933:
3921:
3907:
3897:
3886:
3855:
3830:
3820:pre-Guaviare
3818:
3811:
3787:
3753:
3742:
3735:
3708:
3683:
3669:
3658:
3645:
3634:
3621:
3592:
3577:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3533:
3506:
3483:
3463:
3450:
3419:
3408:
3396:
3369:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3300:
3292:(Farallones)
3286:(Farallones)
3269:
3254:
3223:
3194:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3151:
3141:
3108:
3083:
3067:
3039:
3000:
2975:
2957:
2931:
2920:(Buenavista)
2914:(Buenavista)
2884:
2862:
2841:
2810:
2787:
2773:(Las Juntas)
2767:(Las Juntas)
2757:
2750:
2717:
2690:
2689:
2667:
2630:
2604:
2570:
2563:
2551:
2521:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2455:
2439:
2412:
2386:
2354:
2320:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2258:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2207:
2177:
2159:Early Eocene
2151:
2140:
2129:
2110:
2084:
2077:
2056:
2034:
2026:
2011:Oligo-Eocene
2004:
1971:
1954:
1937:Carbonera C6
1935:
1923:
1899:Carbonera C5
1897:
1861:
1842:
1837:Carbonera C4
1835:
1813:
1796:Carbonera C3
1794:
1782:
1765:Carbonera C2
1763:
1751:
1722:Carbonera C1
1720:
1695:
1666:
1654:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1585:
1539:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1440:
1398:
1376:Environments
1311:Llanos Basin
1304:
1227:
1030:Chiquinquirá
959:
908:
887:
783:
718:Chiquinquirá
647:Ocetá Páramo
636:
568:
543:source rocks
517:
503:Cundinamarca
492:
450:
415:
413:
361:Cundinamarca
310:Year defined
277:Type section
135:Guadalupe Gp
5423:, p. 1
5395:, p. 1
5365:, p. 1
5346:, p. 1
5325:, p. 1
5304:, p. 1
5283:, p. 1
5262:, p. 1
5237:, p. 1
5216:, p. 1
5195:, p. 1
5174:, p. 1
5153:, p. 1
5132:, p. 1
4178:(age in Ma)
4001:(1500-1700)
3945:(1180-1550)
3934:(1300-1400)
3898:(1030-1100)
3807:Bucaramanga
3736:pre-Quetame
3566:Agua Blanca
3250:Río Cachirí
3168:Romer's gap
3164:Fossil fish
3137:Cerro Neiva
3076:"Paleozoic"
2992:(La Quinta)
2986:(La Quinta)
2795:Valanginian
2725:Hauterivian
2685:Aguardiente
2373:(Guadalupe)
2234:Los Cuervos
2224:2000 ppm CO
2179:Los Cuervos
2064:Late Eocene
1738:(Carbonera)
1703:Burdigalian
1469:Glaciations
1448:Pleistocene
1199:Valanginian
1161:Hauterivian
1006:Aguardiente
938:La Frontera
914:La Frontera
514:Lithologies
509:Description
344: /
319:Coordinates
228: /
203:Coordinates
39:97–90
5438:Categories
5427:2017-03-16
5399:2017-03-16
5393:INGEOMINAS
5376:INGEOMINAS
5363:INGEOMINAS
5350:2017-06-06
5344:INGEOMINAS
5329:2017-06-06
5323:INGEOMINAS
5308:2017-06-06
5302:INGEOMINAS
5287:2017-06-06
5281:INGEOMINAS
5266:2017-06-06
5260:INGEOMINAS
5241:2017-06-06
5235:INGEOMINAS
5220:2017-06-06
5214:INGEOMINAS
5199:2017-06-06
5193:INGEOMINAS
5178:2017-06-06
5172:INGEOMINAS
5157:2017-06-06
5151:INGEOMINAS
5136:2017-06-06
5130:INGEOMINAS
5101:2017-08-04
5088:INGEOMINAS
5070:2018-06-01
5042:INGEOMINAS
5029:INGEOMINAS
4987:INGEOMINAS
4340:References
4008:pre-Garzón
3922:pre-Ariarí
3812:(600-1400)
3665:San Isidro
3617:Chicamocha
3542:Río Nevado
3507:>470±22
3361:(Floresta)
3189:Farallones
3023:Mucuchachi
2924:"Jurassic"
2892:Buenavista
2849:Berriasian
2817:Rosablanca
2752:Las Juntas
2529:Cenomanian
2363:Monserrate
1674:Lacustrine
1609:Marichuela
1576:Subachoque
1432:Overburden
1343:Cordillera
1269:Los Medios
1247:Berriasian
1240:Rosablanca
1223:Rosablanca
1187:Rosablanca
1180:Las Juntas
1128:Trincheras
950:Cenomanian
904:Loma Gorda
579:Cenomanian
531:siltstones
527:limestones
467:Cenomanian
332:74°03′20″W
216:74°03′20″W
29:Cenomanian
4132:Kenorland
3893:La Urraca
3716:Ediacaran
3659:(490-590)
3622:(490-515)
3578:(470-475)
3515:Chuscales
3451:(450-490)
3446:San Pedro
3336:(387-400)
3255:(360-419)
3207:estuarine
3182:(355-385)
2959:La Quinta
2870:Tithonian
2827:(Macanal)
2800:Río Negro
2778:Reservoir
2709:Reservoir
2675:Barremian
2653:(Fómeque)
2596:Reservoir
2508:(Gachetá)
2447:Coniacian
2430:Güagüaquí
2420:Santonian
2394:Campanian
2378:Reservoir
2356:Guadalupe
2348:Catatumbo
2312:Reservoir
2249:Gualanday
2102:Reservoir
2097:(Mirador)
1996:Reservoir
1987:Gualanday
1915:Reservoir
1844:Barzalosa
1805:Reservoir
1743:Reservoir
1593:Messinian
1531:(Guayabo)
1525:(Guayabo)
1492:Necesidad
1348:proximal
1336:Catatumbo
1147:Barremian
1140:La Naveta
1133:Río Negro
996:Churuvita
982:Pacho Fm.
965:La Corona
909:undefined
897:Güagüaquí
862:Coniacian
846:Cimarrona
836:Santonian
815:Campanian
807:Guadalupe
535:sandstone
489:Etymology
444:Colombian
329:4°27′07″N
282:Named for
213:4°27′07″N
191:siltstone
187:limestone
183:Sandstone
164:Lithology
156:Thickness
131:Underlies
5252:(1998),
5106:Archived
5053:(2013),
5023:(2008),
4269:See also
4086:Columbia
4068:pre-Mitú
3996:Maimachi
3929:Parguaza
3779:Basement
3749:El Barro
3501:Busbanzá
3343:El Tíbet
3329:Floresta
3276:Alluvial
2982:Coastal
2966:Montebel
2908:Alluvial
2886:Arcabuco
2746:Mercedes
2578:Caballos
2483:Chipaque
2463:Turonian
2297:Rumiyaco
2124:Regadera
1888:Foredeep
1642:Langhian
1603:Foreland
1547:Pliocene
1519:Alluvial
1426:alluvium
1406:Holocene
1362:Putumayo
1326:Paleomap
1286:Arcabuco
1209:Furatena
1123:El Peñón
1096:El Peñón
1061:La Palma
1035:Tibasosa
970:Simijaca
921:Turonian
888:Chipaque
850:La Tabla
749:El Cocuy
723:Arcabuco
681:Paleomap
659:Sesquilé
605:Outcrops
583:Turonian
551:Cupiagua
499:Chipaque
475:Cupiagua
471:Turonian
465:period;
383:Colombia
305:Chipaque
302:Location
292:Named by
286:Chipaque
271:Colombia
197:Location
146:Overlies
33:Turonian
5013:Reports
4332:in 2009
4194:Gallery
4141:Sources
4102:Archean
3629:Quetame
3280:fluvial
3215:(Cuche)
3209:(Cuche)
3203:Deltaic
3091:Permian
3029:Payandé
2912:fluvial
2903:Saldaña
2812:Macanal
2806:Cáqueza
2765:Deltaic
2632:Fómeque
2626:Capacho
2583:Deltaic
2490:Gachetá
2475:La Luna
2426:Villeta
2307:(Barco)
2284:Guaduas
2086:Mirador
2079:Mirador
1523:fluvial
1505:Gigante
1498:Guayabo
1474:Guayabo
1354:distal
1298:Sources
1233:Macanal
1204:Ritoque
1192:Ritoque
1173:Cáqueza
1106:Fómeque
1087:Capotes
1057:Capotes
1052:Tablazo
1047:Tablazo
975:Capacho
943:Otanche
933:Hondita
876:Villeta
855:La Luna
841:La Luna
820:Córdoba
789:Guaduas
774:Córdoba
735:Duitama
693:Guaduas
651:Machetá
547:Cusiana
533:, with
520:pyritic
479:Cusiana
455:Gachetá
442:of the
434:of the
420:Spanish
405:90 Ma,
371:Country
259:Country
169:Primary
121:Unit of
4933:&
4149:Legend
4044:(1800)
3940:Garzón
3887:(1000)
3882:Ariarí
3641:Ariarí
3572:Venado
3554:Hígado
3522:Otengá
3410:hiatus
3265:Ambicá
3069:hiatus
3061:Pangea
2977:hiatus
2971:Noreán
2880:Jordán
2832:Source
2780:(LJun)
2759:hiatus
2739:Rift 1
2704:(Paja)
2658:Source
2638:Motema
2612:Aptian
2559:Albian
2543:Rift 2
2513:Source
2497:hiatus
2242:Bogotá
2199:Source
2131:hiatus
2048:Source
1981:Pepino
1728:Ospina
1682:(León)
1676:(León)
1656:hiatus
1615:Caimán
1486:Sabana
1356:Llanos
1350:Llanos
1291:Cumbre
1281:Tambor
1274:Guavio
1264:Cumbre
1259:Cumbre
1228:hiatus
1092:Socotá
1082:Aptian
1070:Simití
1065:Simití
1013:Albian
960:hiatus
955:Simití
883:Conejo
784:eroded
645:, the
497:after
495:Hubach
380:
365:Boyacá
357:Region
296:Hubach
268:
241:Region
138:
5389:(PDF)
5095:(PDF)
5084:(PDF)
5060:(PDF)
4303:Notes
4156:group
3529:Guape
3175:Cuche
2854:Girón
2834:(Mac)
2744:Tibú-
2660:(Fóm)
2591:(Une)
2585:(Une)
2291:Barco
2277:Barco
2271:SALMA
2173:Socha
2035:onlap
1906:Orito
1623:Honda
1512:Neiva
1480:Soatá
1392:Notes
1218:Murca
1214:Útica
991:Pacho
868:Oliní
828:Oliní
730:Tunja
697:Vélez
447:Andes
253:Andes
179:Other
5116:Maps
4328:and
4126:3100
4096:2530
4080:2200
4055:1950
4039:Mitú
4019:1800
3985:1600
3956:1400
3909:1300
3857:1000
3459:Duda
3284:reef
2984:tuff
2897:Batá
2692:Paja
2643:Yaví
2220:PETM
2195:Seal
2044:Seal
2021:Usme
1946:Seal
1853:Seal
1774:Seal
1753:17.3
1697:16.2
1687:Seal
1668:León
1662:Caja
1650:León
1636:13.5
1570:GABI
1400:0.01
1166:Muzo
1118:Paja
1113:Paja
1101:Paja
1025:Hiló
987:Hiló
801:Umir
779:Seca
769:Umir
655:Sopó
591:open
529:and
477:and
414:The
313:1957
111:Type
47:PreꞒ
4915:doi
4330:ANH
4326:UIS
3832:800
3789:600
3710:542
3685:515
3594:488
3485:470
3421:440
3398:425
3371:410
3302:390
3225:360
3153:340
3110:300
3085:250
3041:235
3002:201
2933:150
2864:145
2843:140
2789:133
2719:129
2669:125
2606:113
2572:Une
2565:Une
2553:100
1587:5.3
1541:2.6
1521:to
1369:VSM
1323:Age
1040:Une
1001:Une
686:VMM
678:Age
593:to
539:TOC
426:, K
5440::
5419:,
5391:,
5374:,
5361:,
5342:,
5321:,
5300:,
5279:,
5258:,
5233:,
5212:,
5191:,
5170:,
5149:,
5128:,
5086:,
5062:,
5040:,
5027:,
4985:,
4972:,
4959:,
4946:,
4929:,
4911:39
4909:,
4858:^
4846:^
4821:^
4728:^
4716:^
4623:^
4602:^
4572:^
4560:^
4527:^
4499:^
4487:^
4467:^
4447:^
4372:^
4347:^
3754:()
3670:()
3646:()
3635:()
3559:()
3547:()
3534:()
3464:()
3270:()
3205:,
3195:()
3142:()
2910:,
2523:93
2457:89
2441:86
2414:83
2388:72
2322:65
2260:60
2209:55
2153:50
2142:45
2112:40
2058:35
2028:C8
2015:C8
2006:32
1973:C7
1967:C7
1956:28
1931:C6
1925:25
1893:C5
1863:23
1831:C4
1815:21
1790:C3
1784:19
1759:C2
1716:C1
1319:Ma
1216:-
1094:-
1063:-
1059:-
989:-
848:-
549:,
525:,
505:.
501:,
485:.
438:,
422::
363:,
251:,
189:,
185:,
97:Pg
41:Ma
27::
4917::
3773:)
3769:(
3765:)
3761:(
3509:)
3505:(
3282:-
3278:-
2428:/
2226:2
1885:1
1712:2
1600:3
1567:3
1466:3
1442:1
732:-
720:-
695:-
657:-
581:-
469:-
428:2
418:(
102:N
92:K
87:J
82:T
77:P
72:C
67:D
62:S
57:O
52:Ꞓ
36:~
31:-
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