509:. The strikebreakers inside the mill threw sticks down to the non-union workers. According to testimony from Chief Paige, this caused the workers to begin to scuffle with the strikebreakers. At this point, Dan Beacham gave the order to fire, and intense firing began from the mill (although the machine gun jammed). The strikers immediately began to flee, but the firing continued. Coroner J.R. McCoy later found that all seven workers killed had been shot in the back by the strikebreakers. One, Claude Cannon, had to be shot five times (including when he was already on his hands and knees) before he finally succumbed to the bullets.
530:, making a strike ineffective in the short term. A longer strike might have been successful, but the rapid growth of the UTW meant that the union had not accumulated the strike funds it would need to provision such a large number of striking workers for any length of time. The national leadership was unable to keep its promise to feed workers during the strike, and many in the South went hungry. The strike finally came to an end of September 23 after a direct appeal from President Roosevelt. The UTW had none of their demands met, which greatly demoralized workers in Honea Path.
425:, making them vulnerable to eviction for workplace infractions. The mill employed child labor, some of which was unpaid because the children were only "learning" to work in the mill. The economic decline in the mill industry that followed the First World War led to an increase in so-called "stretch-outs": increased production quotas with no accompanying increase in pay. Although labor unions were largely absent,
474:
were part of the UTW. This was notably less than other parts of South
Carolina: the management of Chiquola Mill had an unusually high level of control over mill workers' lives (even compared to other mills in the south) and workers feared that joining the union would lead to retribution by the management. Therefore, when Governor
490:. Before the union men arrived, the strikebreakers took up places all around the mill. Some were placed inside the windows and given sticks in addition to rifles. Others manned the roof, where they had set up a machine gun from the First World War. Chief Paige and several patrolmen stood in front of the building with guns.
517:
Honea Path's churches, who were subsidized by the mill owners, refused to allow a funeral for the slain workers to be held on their grounds. Instead, on
September 9 the UTW organized a funeral on an open field outside town. Perhaps 10,000 people attended, addressed by George L. Googe from the AFL and
473:
Over 400,000 workers up and down the East Coast went on strike. The South was especially militant: in South
Carolina, striking workers organized "flying squadrons" to travel across the state and convince workers at other mills to stop work. By this time, about half of the workers at the Chiquola Mill
521:
At the inquest summoned by the coroner, eleven strikebreakers were charged with murder, but as the local magistrate
Beacham ensured they were acquitted. When two eyewitnesses testified that he had given the order to fire, Beacham had them arrested and charged with perjury. Dozens more were fired and
542:
In 1994, George Stoney led the production of a documentary on the 1934 textile workers' strike called the "Uprising of '34". The film prominently features the
Chiquola Mill Massacre. Public screenings of the film spurred conversations in Honea Path that led to the dedication of a small stone marker
538:
Local elites stoked fears of retaliation to prevent open discussion of events. They also spread a (false) rumor that the strikers themselves had fired the first shot, a rumor that was still in circulation well into the 1990s. Mill superintendents continued to dominate the mayorship and unionization
417:
during this time. Honea Path was a tiny, isolated town of less than seven hundred people before the mill. But over the next decade, the population was swelled by mill hands drawn from the ranks of upstate South
Carolina's small farmers, who had been pressured off their farms by tightened credit. By
469:
National leaders of the UTW were reluctant, but the new
Southern members began pushing for a strike when it became clear that the NRA code was not going to produce the hoped for improvements in working conditions. Representatives to the union convention voted on August 14 to authorize a strike for
454:
had some benefits for the workers, such as guaranteeing the right to join a union. However, the $ 12 a week minimum wage was not enough to compensate for the reduction in the maximum hours a worker could work. It amounted to an institutionalization of the stretch-out and a 25% reduction in weekly
404:
effort in Honea Path largely came to an end. Until the 1994 publication of "The
Uprising of '34" and the subsequent journalistic work of Dan Beacham's grandson, Frank Beacham, the events of the massacre were largely undiscussed in Honea Path. Today, the event is memorialized by a stone marker in
429:
became increasingly common towards the end of the decade. In 1929, 79,027 workers participated in eighty-one separate strikes across South
Carolina. Without union organization, these strikes proved difficult to maintain or coordinate, and most were over quickly.
450:(NRA) to write industry standards that would address some of the worst abuses. However, NRA's Textile Industry Committee was dominated by men such as Thomas Marchant, a cotton magnate, and George Sloan, the spokesman for the industry trade group. The resultant
437:
to the
American presidency in 1932 caused a sea change in Southern mills. Unlike previous administrations, Roosevelt openly encouraged workers to join unions. Workers in Honea Path "felt like Franklin Roosevelt was going to lead us out of the dark days". The
1347:
543:
for the fallen workers in nearby Dogwood Park. The documentary also prompted Frank Beacham, grandson of Dan Beacham, to begin an investigation of the events. In the decades since, however, no commemorations of the event have been organized.
1340:
2027:
1333:
2098:
482:
and State Highway Patrol against the strikers, he denied Dan Beacham's request for support in Honea Path. Instead, Beacham asked chief of police George Paige to deputize and arm 126 anti-union townspeople.
525:
The massacre did not defeat the strike in Honea Path or South Carolina more generally. But larger issues doomed the workers' struggle. The main economic crisis that was affecting the textile industry was
413:
The Chiquola Mill was opened by James David Hammett in 1903, originally for the production of coarse cotton sheeting. It was only one of hundreds of textile mills that began to pop up throughout the
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
396:
Beacham obstructed court proceedings against himself and the other strikebreakers, and ordered some of the strikers arrested. Dozens of unionized workers were fired or evicted from their
160:
1734:
2068:
675:
810:
2073:
273:
1766:
470:
the following month. The union demanded recognition from Southern mill owners, a minimum wage of $ 20 a week, and a reinstatement of workers fired for union activity.
559:
Claude Cannon, Lee Crawford, Ira Davis, E. M. “Bill” Knight, Maxie Peterson, C. R. Rucker and Thomas Yarborough. Six died immediately and one died later from wounds.
393:
to fire into the crowd. As the crowd fled, six strikers were shot in the back and killed, one mortally wounded, and thirty others suffered less than mortal wounds.
153:
1555:
60:
2093:
2078:
310:
246:
2103:
2083:
1236:
2088:
1817:
1547:
443:
1150:
1993:
1654:
146:
1587:
389:
Violence broke out when Dan Beacham, the mayor and magistrate in Honea Path as well as the superintendent of the mill, ordered an armed posse of
234:
1961:
1726:
316:
322:
1595:
497:
joined with 200 workers from Honea Path to picket the Chiquola Mill. They marched around the building, carrying American flags and singing
2023:
1512:
1356:
1905:
1539:
464:
228:
203:
2001:
1646:
777:
439:
1897:
1391:
447:
2063:
1881:
1710:
379:
341:
291:
279:
1889:
1531:
479:
442:(UTW) grew from 15,000 in February 1932 to 270,000 in 1934, largely by rapid expansion into the Southern United States. The
1825:
1469:
1307:
375:
222:
30:
740:
1801:
1426:
328:
240:
191:
1985:
1929:
1849:
1694:
1372:
620:
588:
285:
1019:
710:
421:
Conditions at the mill were very poor, especially during the 1920s and into the Great Depression. All mill workers
371:
49:
2009:
1477:
434:
267:
261:
994:
418:
the early 1930s, Honea Path was home to around 2,700 people, mostly employed in the mill or related industries.
1945:
1678:
1603:
1418:
1325:
899:
2108:
1921:
1410:
1266:
1060:
1969:
1953:
1750:
1718:
1638:
1571:
1244:
873:"Southern Labor Archives: Work n' Progress - Lessons and Stories: Part III: The Southern Textile Industry"
494:
475:
1977:
1504:
1090:
767:
426:
1758:
1670:
1630:
1434:
936:
505:. Around lunchtime, a group of non-union workers attempted to enter the mill but were blocked by the
498:
1774:
1563:
1177:
1833:
1809:
1742:
1662:
1579:
502:
209:
850:
872:
1841:
1450:
773:
297:
197:
185:
1937:
1857:
1702:
1622:
383:
968:
1913:
1873:
252:
16:
A labor strike in Honea Path, South Carolina, that ended in the massacre of seven strikers
1793:
1124:
527:
414:
390:
53:
2057:
363:
1865:
1485:
422:
397:
138:
506:
401:
367:
1686:
590:
Testing the New Deal: the general textile strike of 1934 in the American South
75:
62:
487:
451:
522:
evicted for participating in the strike or voicing support for the union.
1241:
Southern Changes: The Journal of the Southern Regional Council, 1978-2003
1024:
University Library: Digital Collections: The Uprising of '34 Collection
1210:
400:, and after the defeat of the larger strike on September 23, the
1329:
142:
1299:
Whitewash: A Southern Journey Through Music, Mayhem and Murder
1131:. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies
943:. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies
772:. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. pp. 52–53.
493:
On the morning of September 6, 100 to 150 workers from nearby
1211:"Bloody Thursday, Shooting at Chiquola Mill, Honea Path, SC"
1267:"77 Years After Bloody Mill Strike, Remembering the Slain"
769:
The General Textile Strike Of 1934: From Maine to Alabama
382:
in response to the worsening labor conditions during the
2099:
Textile and clothing labor disputes in the United States
593:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 147–150
452:
Code of Fair Competition for the Cotton Textile Industry
1301:. Booklocker.com, Inc. & Beacham Story Studio, Inc.
102:
50 to 126 deputized townsmen and anti-union millworkers
1063:. American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO. May 28, 2019
1273:. The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
1061:"1934: Southern Workers Spark Massive Textile Strike"
900:"Mill Town Murder: Photo Essay: Chiquola Mill Houses"
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
715:
Digital Collections: The Uprising of '34 Collections
625:
Digital Collections: The Uprising of '34 Collections
1785:
1614:
1523:
1496:
1461:
1402:
1383:
1364:
1309:
Recollections: Life in South Carolina Mill Villages
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129:
121:
116:
91:
44:
36:
23:
930:
928:
926:
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922:
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845:
843:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
999:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
614:
612:
610:
608:
362:, was the violent dispersal of a picket line of
676:"'Bloody Thursday' anniversary passes quietly"
1341:
154:
8:
996:Gastonia: The Story of the Loray Mill Strike
621:"Ruth Davis Interview and Honea Path Scenes"
1312:(MA thesis). Clemson University. Paper 3205
2069:September 1934 events in the United States
1348:
1334:
1326:
1306:Cartledge, Thomas Hudson (December 2019).
1178:"Mass funeral for strike victims-outtakes"
378:, which mobilized workers up and down the
161:
147:
139:
20:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
962:
960:
958:
834:
2074:1934 mass shootings in the United States
669:
667:
665:
444:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
1850:Wilkes-Barre & Jenkins Township, PA
1204:
1202:
1176:Delgado, Frenando (September 9, 1934).
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
811:"80th Anniversary of Honea Path Strike"
656:
582:
580:
578:
576:
572:
552:
739:Wilsbacher, Greg (September 4, 2012).
734:
732:
1020:"Dee Neely and Kathy Lamb Interviews"
967:Winant, Gabriel (September 7, 2010).
7:
2024:mass shootings in the United States
1357:Mass shootings in the United States
1151:"Strike Threatens in Textile Trade"
423:rented their homes from the company
1243:. Emory University. Archived from
851:"Census of Population and Housing"
741:"Honea Path and the End of Summer"
486:The strike in Honea Path began on
14:
2094:United Textile Workers of America
2079:1934 murders in the United States
1185:Moving Image Research Collections
969:"The revolution the South forgot"
745:Moving Image Research Collections
2104:Labor disputes in South Carolina
2084:Abbeville County, South Carolina
448:National Recovery Administration
170:Textile strikes in United States
2089:1934 labor disputes and strikes
1237:"Filming 'The Uprising of '34'"
587:Irons, Janet Christine (2000).
465:Textile Workers' Strike of 1934
380:East Coast of the United States
376:textile workers' strike of 1934
1095:North Carolina History Project
747:. University of South Carolina
1:
374:. The strike was part of the
366:workers outside the Chiquola
31:Textile workers strike (1934)
1271:The Electrical Worker Online
1215:Clio: Your Guide to History
1129:South Carolina Encyclopedia
941:South Carolina Encyclopedia
274:Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills
2125:
1026:. Georgia State University
879:. Georgia State University
717:. Georgia State University
627:. Georgia State University
462:
372:Honea Path, South Carolina
2020:
1596:Pennsylvania Turnpike, PA
435:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
176:
96:
28:
1914:Springfield Township, PA
1320:– via TigerPrints.
1091:"Textile strike of 1934"
993:Salmon, John A. (1995).
937:"General Textile Strike"
711:"Kathy Lamb Interview 1"
518:John Peel from the UTW.
358:, also known locally as
1359:in the 1980s and before
1297:Beacham, Frank (2007).
1097:. John Locke Foundation
815:Frank Beacham's Journal
539:in Honea Path stalled.
76:34.451653°N 82.391924°W
2064:1934 in South Carolina
766:Salmond, John (2002).
440:United Textile Workers
356:Chiquola Mill Massacre
24:Chiquola Mill Massacre
1922:Miami-Dade County, FL
1572:Readmond Township, MI
499:We Shall Not Be Moved
405:nearby Dogwood Park.
81:34.451653; -82.391924
1247:on February 26, 2013
323:Lewiston-Auburn shoe
311:Los Angeles garment
229:New York shirtwaist
107:300 to 350 strikers
72: /
1866:Grayson County, TX
1556:Clinton County, PA
1155:The New York Times
1123:Hayes, Jack Irby.
1089:Murray, Jonathan.
904:beachamjournal.com
877:University Library
503:Solidarity Forever
2051:
2050:
1986:Winston-Salem, NC
1834:Grand Prairie, TX
1751:San Francisco, CA
1505:Wichita Falls, TX
1157:. August 14, 1934
351:
350:
137:
136:
133:Between 20 and 75
125:7 strikers killed
112:
111:
40:September 6, 1934
2116:
2028:1980s and before
2026:by time period (
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
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1588:Westernville, NY
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898:Beacham, Frank.
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619:Stoney, George.
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433:The election of
384:Great Depression
257:
210:North Adams shoe
204:New England shoe
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1874:Los Angeles, CA
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1816:
1808:
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1792:
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1727:Los Angeles, CA
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
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1687:New Orleans, LA
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1679:St. Croix, USVI
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1373:Greencastle, PA
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1187:. Fox Movietone
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467:
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459:The 1934 strike
427:wildcat strikes
411:
360:Bloody Thursday
352:
347:
329:Montreal Cotton
255:
235:Chicago garment
172:
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167:
108:
103:
80:
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11:
5:
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2109:Strikebreakers
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2018:
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2015:
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2010:Louisville, KY
2006:
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1775:Greensboro, NC
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1743:Carol City, FL
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1703:Amityville, NY
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1647:San Rafael, CA
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1604:Greensboro, NC
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1564:Orangeburg, SC
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835:Cartledge 2019
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528:overproduction
514:
511:
480:National Guard
478:mobilized the
476:Ibra Blackwood
463:Main article:
460:
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415:American South
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391:strikebreakers
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2019:
2011:
2007:
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1991:
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1983:
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1971:
1970:Sunnyvale, CA
1967:
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1931:
1927:
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1906:Manhattan, NY
1903:
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1898:San Diego, CA
1895:
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1807:
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1767:San Diego, CA
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674:Riddle, Lyn.
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398:company homes
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342:NYC Chinatown
340:
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284:
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269:
268:Ipswich Mills
266:
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262:Paterson silk
260:
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95:
90:
85:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2002:Stockton, CA
1978:Winnetka, IL
1954:Palm Bay, FL
1882:Brooklyn, NY
1719:Hamilton, OH
1623:Valencia, CA
1451:Kelayres, PA
1442:
1316:November 21,
1314:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1290:Bibliography
1277:November 22,
1275:. Retrieved
1270:
1261:
1251:November 22,
1249:. Retrieved
1245:the original
1240:
1230:
1220:November 26,
1218:. Retrieved
1214:
1191:November 21,
1189:. Retrieved
1184:
1171:
1161:November 27,
1159:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1135:November 27,
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1101:November 27,
1099:. Retrieved
1094:
1067:November 27,
1065:. Retrieved
1030:November 27,
1028:. Retrieved
1023:
1013:
1003:November 27,
1001:. Retrieved
995:
988:
978:November 22,
976:. Retrieved
972:
947:November 27,
945:. Retrieved
940:
909:November 22,
907:. Retrieved
903:
893:
883:November 21,
881:. Retrieved
876:
867:
855:. Retrieved
853:. Census.gov
830:
820:November 21,
818:. Retrieved
814:
783:. Retrieved
768:
761:
751:November 21,
749:. Retrieved
744:
721:November 22,
719:. Retrieved
714:
685:November 21,
683:. Retrieved
679:
657:Beacham 2007
631:November 22,
629:. Retrieved
624:
595:. Retrieved
589:
555:
541:
537:
524:
520:
516:
492:
485:
472:
468:
446:created the
432:
420:
412:
402:unionization
395:
388:
368:textile mill
359:
355:
353:
247:Little Falls
18:
1962:Cayucos, CA
1938:Oakland, CA
1858:Seattle, WA
1663:Detroit, MI
1639:Jackson, MS
1427:Belfast, ME
1392:Chicago, IL
507:picket line
336:1980s–2000s
305:1930s–1970s
292:New Bedford
280:New England
217:1900s–1920s
79: /
2058:Categories
1946:Shelby, NC
1930:Edmond, OK
1890:Dallas, TX
1759:Boston, MA
1655:Dallas, TX
1540:Austin, TX
1532:Orcutt, CA
1486:Camden, NJ
1470:Salina, UT
1125:"New Deal"
567:References
409:Background
298:Loray Mill
198:Mill Women
186:Mill Women
117:Casualties
67:82°23′31″W
64:34°27′06″N
50:Honea Path
1842:Miami, FL
1826:Salem, OR
1794:Norco, CA
1711:Olean, NY
1507:(1950–51)
513:Aftermath
488:Labor Day
276:1914–1915
249:1912–1913
223:Skowhegan
2022:Part of
1631:Kent, OH
1548:Mesa, AZ
364:striking
317:National
253:Hopedale
241:Lawrence
192:Paterson
130:Injuries
122:Death(s)
45:Location
29:Part of
1478:Georgia
857:June 4,
785:June 8,
597:June 8,
455:wages.
286:Passaic
2012:(1989)
2004:(1989)
1996:(1988)
1988:(1988)
1980:(1988)
1972:(1988)
1964:(1987)
1956:(1987)
1948:(1987)
1940:(1986)
1932:(1986)
1924:(1986)
1916:(1985)
1908:(1984)
1900:(1984)
1892:(1984)
1884:(1984)
1876:(1984)
1868:(1983)
1860:(1983)
1852:(1982)
1844:(1982)
1836:(1982)
1828:(1981)
1820:(1981)
1812:(1980)
1804:(1980)
1796:(1980)
1777:(1979)
1769:(1979)
1761:(1978)
1753:(1977)
1745:(1977)
1737:(1976)
1729:(1976)
1721:(1975)
1713:(1974)
1705:(1974)
1697:(1973)
1689:(1973)
1681:(1972)
1673:(1971)
1665:(1971)
1657:(1971)
1649:(1970)
1641:(1970)
1633:(1970)
1625:(1970)
1606:(1969)
1598:(1969)
1590:(1969)
1582:(1968)
1574:(1968)
1566:(1968)
1558:(1967)
1550:(1966)
1542:(1966)
1534:(1965)
1515:(1954)
1488:(1949)
1480:(1946)
1472:(1945)
1453:(1934)
1445:(1934)
1437:(1933)
1429:(1933)
1421:(1933)
1413:(1932)
1394:(1929)
1375:(1764)
1181:(Film)
776:
534:Legacy
495:Belton
256:
92:Number
2044:2020s
2040:2010s
2036:2000s
2032:1990s
1786:1980s
1615:1970s
1524:1960s
1497:1950s
1462:1940s
1403:1930s
1384:1920s
1365:1760s
973:Salon
547:Notes
180:1800s
1318:2021
1279:2021
1253:2021
1222:2021
1193:2021
1163:2021
1137:2021
1103:2021
1069:2021
1032:2021
1005:2021
980:2021
949:2021
911:2021
885:2021
859:2015
822:2021
787:2023
774:ISBN
753:2021
723:2021
687:2021
633:2021
599:2023
501:and
354:The
344:1982
331:1946
325:1937
319:1934
313:1933
300:1929
294:1928
288:1926
282:1922
270:1913
264:1913
258:1913
243:1912
237:1910
231:1909
225:1907
212:1870
206:1860
200:1836
194:1835
188:1834
37:Date
370:in
2060::
2042:,
2038:,
2034:,
2030:,
1269:.
1239:.
1213:.
1201:^
1183:.
1153:.
1127:.
1111:^
1093:.
1077:^
1040:^
1022:.
971:.
957:^
939:.
919:^
902:.
875:.
842:^
813:.
795:^
743:.
731:^
713:.
695:^
678:.
664:^
641:^
623:.
607:^
575:^
386:.
52:,
2046:)
1349:e
1342:t
1335:v
1281:.
1255:.
1224:.
1195:.
1165:.
1139:.
1105:.
1071:.
1034:.
1007:.
982:.
951:.
913:.
887:.
861:.
824:.
789:.
755:.
725:.
689:.
659:.
635:.
601:.
162:e
155:t
148:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.