521:
are often extended tubes, meaning they project beyond the end of the bore, giving more room for things like a longer conical section. Shot spreaders or diffusion chokes work opposite of normal chokes—they are designed to spread the shot more than a cylinder bore, generating wider patterns for very short range use. A basic spreader choke is simply a "choke" with a larger diameter than the barrel; the spreader choke still makes the barrel more restrictive than just having a shorter barrel, but a shorter barrel may not be allowed due to legal restrictions. A number of recent spreader chokes, such as the Briley "Diffusion" line, actually use rifling in the choke to spin the shot slightly, creating a wider spread. The Briley
Diffusion uses a 360 mm twist (1:14"), as does the FABARM Lion Paradox shotgun.
90:, or by threading the barrel and screwing in an interchangeable choke tube. Chokes may also be formed even after a barrel is manufactured by increasing the diameter of the bore inside a barrel, creating what is called a "jug choke", or by installing screw-in chokes within a barrel. However implemented, a choke typically consists of a conical section that smoothly tapers from the bore diameter down to the choke diameter, followed by a cylindrical section of the choke diameter. Briley Manufacturing, one maker of interchangeable shotgun chokes, uses a conical portion about 3 times the bore diameter in length, so that the shot is gradually squeezed down with minimal deformation. The cylindrical section is shorter and usually between 15 and 19 mm (0.6 to 0.75 inches) in diameter.
545:
was. The effect is to form what is called a "jug choke" or a "reverse choke". This method is sometimes used by gunsmiths to implement a tighter choke on an existing gun without replaceable chokes, and can be done without requiring replacement of a barrel and without installing new screw-in replaceable chokes. Advantages claimed for a "jug choke" include improved patterns, reduction of recoil, and an increase of choke in a shotgun that does not have replaceable choke tubes. When a "jug choke" is implemented in an existing choked barrel, the bore inside the bored-out section of barrel effectively becomes "overbored", and this also typically lessens the amount of shot deformation, thereby increasing the shot pattern density.
161:'s first intimation of the choke formation was derived from instructions given in a customer's letter, in early 1874. The customer's instructions described a choke but did not give any details on the size or shape nor how it was to be obtained. Hence, Greener had to conduct many experiments to determine the perfect shape and size of a choke for a given bore. After that, he developed tools to produce the choke bore profile correctly and smoothly. The system of choke boring that he pioneered was so successful that it was later adopted by other manufacturers and hence, some authorities give him the credit for inventing the concept, since his method became the first repeatable method of choke boring.
875:, or other elements with a density similar to or greater than lead, and with a shot softness comparable to lead. These shells provide more consistent patterns and greater range than steel shot. They are also generally safe to use in older shotguns with barrels and chokes not rated for use with steel shot, such as for bismuth and tungsten-polymer (although not tungsten-iron) shot. The increase in performance of "heavier than lead" non-toxic shot comes at a higher cost. Boxes of such non-toxic shotshells can cost upwards of $ 40 (2013) a box for twenty five shells, compared with less than $ 8 per box (2013) for lead pellet shotshells.
867:
An example would be an improved cylinder choke will perform like a modified choke when shooting steel or tungsten shells. For such hunters, wishing to continue to use older shotguns with chokes not rated for use with steel shot, the use of bismuth shotshells in the place of lead shotshells is common. Other alternatives to lead shotshells than bismuth also exist that are legal for hunting waterfowl, and which are safe for use with older chokes. Within recent years, several companies have created "heavier than lead" non-toxic shot out of
185:
any boring). The choke bored guns performed better than the cylinder guns in all these tests, and W.W. Greener choke bore guns won the class 1, class 2 and class 4 categories. Greener Choke bores also won at the London Gun Trials of 1877 and 1879, and the
Chicago Field Gun Trial of 1879. The results of these trials were responsible for making the W.W. Greener name famous, and for confirming the practical advantage of a repeatable method of controlling the performance of a choke on a shotgun.
478:
106:, a desirable pattern is one that is as large as possible while being dense enough to ensure multiple hits on the target, at a particular range. The choke should be tailored to the range and size of the targets. Shotguns intended for defensive use often have cylinder or improved cylinder chokes for the widest shot pattern at typically short defensive ranges; "cylinder barrels" have no constriction.
214:
177:
that
Greener 12 bores were warranted to shoot an average pattern of 210, when the best 12 bore gun in the London Gun Trial of 1866 could only average 127. Naturally, the advertisement generated considerable controversy, especially from rival manufacturers of cylinder guns, who refused to believe the numbers quoted in the advertisement.
520:
Other specialized choke tubes exist as well. Some turkey hunting tubes have constrictions greater than "Turkey", or additional features like porting to reduce recoil, or "straight rifling" that is designed to stop any spin that the shot column might acquire when traveling down the barrel. These tubes
507:
For the case of older, side-by-side, Spanish guns, the choke is often marked on the tang of the barrels, becoming exposed when the wooden forearm is removed, after the double barrels are pivoted off of the break-action, such as when performing a field-stripping and cleaning. The manufacturer's mark,
866:
on older firearms that were designed for use with lead shot only such as
Damascus-barreled shotguns. Most non-toxic shot shells produce higher chamber pressures than lead shot and can severely damage these older shotguns and as a rule of thumb, use a more open choke than one would for lead shells.
848:
Older shotgun barrels and chokes were designed for use with lead shot only. Due to changing worldwide waterfowl hunting law restrictions, the use of lead shot has been banned in many parts of the world by international agreement. The reason is that waterfowl hunting with lead shot was identified as
544:
For shotguns with fixed chokes integral to the barrel, it is sometimes still possible to change the choke to a tighter choke. This is done by increasing the diameter of the bore inside the barrel for a short length of barrel, while the portion of the barrel and bore nearest the muzzle is left as it
536:
choke were used in limited numbers during the
Vietnam War by US Navy Seals. It arguably increased effectiveness in close range engagements against multiple targets. Two major disadvantages plagued the system. One was erratic patterning. The second was that the shot would spread too quickly providing
176:
magazine. The article mentioned the extraordinary shot pattern that the
Greener shotgun could produce. The next issue came with an advertisement from Greener, stating that the firm would guarantee that their new guns would shoot a closer pattern than any other manufacturer. The advertisement claimed
117:
shooter shooting at distant targets traveling away from the gun might use 0.75 mm (0.030 in) of constriction to produce a 75 cm (30 in) diameter pattern at 35 m (38 yd). Special chokes for turkey hunting, which requires long range shots at the small head and neck of the
878:
In practice, steel shot patterns as much as two chokes tighter for a given amount of constriction. In other words, a choke that patterns "Modified" with lead or bismuth shot would give a "Full" pattern with steel shot. To avoid excessive wear or grooving from occurring within chokes when shooting
249:
A common method of expressing the amount of constriction is by "points". A "point" is equivalent to 0.025 mm (0.001 in) of constriction of the inner diameter of a choke. Hence, 40 points of constriction would correspond to a constriction of 0.040 inch (≈ 1 mm) in the inner
511:
In practice, choke tubes tighter than "Full", such as "Turkey", are also commonly marked with but a single thin notch on the end of the tube. Hence, to distinguish between "Full" vs. even tighter chokes, such as "Turkey", it becomes necessary to measure the bore exit diameter of the choke tube to
241:
of the barrel. This difference in diameter is the amount of constriction. For example, for a 12 gauge, the bore diameter of the barrel is nominally 18.5 mm (0.73 in), although different manufacturers do vary their as-manufactured bore from this diameter slightly. This is commonly called
184:
magazine decided to conduct a public trial in 1875. The London Trial of 1875 pitted choke bores and cylinder guns of various manufacturers in four categories—Class 1 (large bores, any boring), Class 2 (choke bores, 12 gauge), Class 3 (guns of
English boring or cylinders) and Class 4 (small gauges,
245:
Generally the constriction ranges for chokes will be 0.00-1.15 mm (0.00-0.045 inch) while the constriction for relatively common turkey chokes may be as much as 2.50 mm (0.10 inch). Choke is measured experimentally by observing the percentage of pellets in a charge that impact
503:
In the case of choke tubes, the amount of choke for each barrel is usually stamped on the side of the choke tube, or there may be thin slots cut in the exposed rim of the tube at the barrel opening with the number of slots corresponding to the number of stars in this table. (The four wider slots
82:
Chokes are almost always used with modern hunting and target shotguns to improve performance. Their purpose is to shape the spread of the shot "cloud" or "string" to gain better range and accuracy, and to deliver the optimum pattern of pellet density, for the particular target, depending on its
205:, U.S. shooter Scott Greene and Russian Roman Anikin both fired their last shots almost simultaneously, but Greene had chosen a more constricted barrel choke. This gave a tighter shot pattern and a greater risk of missing, but ultimately led to his target falling faster to win the Shoot-Off.
31:
540:
Offset chokes, where the pattern is intentionally slightly off of center, are used to change the point of impact. For instance, an offset choke can be used to make a double barrelled shotgun with poorly aligned barrels hit the same spot with both barrels.
242:"overbore", when the as-built diameter exceeds the nominal actual diameter of 18.5 mm (0.73 in). The advantages touted for "overbore" are a perceived reduction in recoil, and a lessened shot deformation for improving shot patterns.
83:
size, range, aspect and whether it is traveling towards, across or away from the shooter. Chokes are implemented as either screw-in chokes, selected for particular applications, or as fixed, permanent chokes, integral to the shotgun barrel.
508:
along with the proof marks, and the weight of the barrels in grams, and the proof test pressures are also stamped alongside the choke marking on the tang of the barrels, near where the shells are inserted into the barrels.
246:
inside a 75 cm circle at 35 m (25 m for "cylinder" and "Skeet"). Although different choke manufacturers have different identification of their chokes, the notches in the chart below are generally accepted.
121:
The use of too much choke and a small pattern increases the difficulty of hitting the target; the use of too little choke produces large patterns with insufficient pellet density to reliably break targets or kill game.
154:
While
American gunsmiths were the pioneers of the choke boring system, they had not really progressed beyond the elementary stage and their choked shotguns would lead, throw irregular patterns, and not shoot straight.
853:
in waterfowl, which often feed off the bottom of lakes and wetlands where lead shot collects. In the United States, UK, Canada, and many western
European countries (France as of 2006), all shot used for
879:
steel shot, many manufacturers recommend avoiding shooting steel shot in any chokes marked tighter than "Modified", unless the choke tube is specifically marked as being safe for use with steel shot.
133:
Some sources state that the first pioneer was a Czech named
Dominik Brandejs, who made shotguns with a choke in order to reduce the dispersion of shots, but his design was not popular in the 1820s.
504:
present in the exposed rim of the tube are intended for use with a choke wrench, in the event that a choke tube ever becomes stuck in the barrel, and have no relationship to the amount of choke.)
113:
shooter shooting at close crossing targets might use 0.13 mm (0.005 in) of constriction to produce a 75 cm (30 in) diameter pattern at a distance of 20 m (22 yd). A
151:, an American inventor and gunsmith. This was followed by a patent claim in London by W.R. Pape, an English gun maker, whose patent application was six weeks too late to the 1866 Roper patent.
1182:
Sanderson, Glen C. and Frank C. Bellrose. 1986. A Review of the Problem of Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois. Special Publication 4. 34pp.
862:. One method commonly used to work around this legislative change, at least for hunters with newer shotguns with chokes designed for steel shot, is to use steel shot, but the use of
500:
The marking is usually stamped on the underside of the barrel for older guns without choke tubes, or is spelled out in abbreviated text on the barrel near the gauge marking.
1066:
532:
era. They were available for aftermarket addition in the 1970s from companies like A & W Engineering. Military versions of the Ithaca 37 with
1183:
975:
1143:
130:
As far back as 1787 a Frenchman by the name of M. Magne de Marolles gave an account of choke-boring, though he argued against it.
1015:
1036:
165:
is thus widely credited as being the inventor of the first practical choke, as documented in his classic 1888 publication,
86:
Chokes may be formed at the time of manufacture either as part of the barrel, by squeezing the end of the bore down over a
202:
1256:
1070:
1225:
162:
172:
In December 1874, the first mention of Greener's choke bore appeared in an article by J.H. Walsh, the editor of
1211:
863:
98:
A choke is designed to alter or shape the distribution of the shot as it leaves the firearm. For shooting most
1113:
1092:
524:
Oval chokes, which are designed to provide a shot pattern wider than it is tall, are sometimes found on
512:
determine precisely which choke type is present among the "Full" and tighter (smaller diameter) chokes.
238:
1194:
A.M. Scheuhammer and S. L. Norris. 1996. "The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights"
136:
The invention of choke boring is usually attributed to American gunsmiths. J.W. Long, in his book
647:
Note that although Win-choke and Rem-choke have the same thread pitch, their shape are different.
950:
148:
937:""Fusil,"+Gave+An+Account+Of+Choke+Boring" "Sport with Gun and Rod in American Woods and Waters"
1139:
971:
965:
907:
633:
Note that although Win and Rem-choke have the same thread pitch, their shapes are different.
56:
34:
Illustration of the effect that different types of chokes have on the spread ("pattern") of
194:
936:
1159:
850:
525:
492:: Threaded barrel without choke insert. (For illustration only; a threaded barrel must
110:
1250:
1196:
158:
114:
30:
477:
141:
27:
A tapered constriction of the muzzle on a firearm barrel to change the shot spread
1044:
925:. Retrieved February 5, 2011, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition
888:
553:
The following list should only be used as a guide, and there may be exceptions.
529:
217:
Greatly exaggerated illustration of different choke constrictions, German names:
103:
918:
52:
38:
997:
991:
855:
822:
198:
99:
213:
17:
868:
144:, as the gunsmith who first discovered the concept, as far back as 1827.
1229:
872:
87:
60:
49:
35:
1001:, Improvements In Detachable Muzzle For Shot-Guns, dated July 14, 1868
237:
The exit end of a choke is smaller by some dimension than the actual
76:
72:
68:
476:
212:
64:
29:
859:
79:
match rifles have a constricted bore diameter near the muzzle.
995:, Improvement In Revolving Fire-Arms, April 10, 1866; and
858:
must now be non-toxic, and therefore may not contain any
193:
The choice of choke type has an impact on performance in
1160:"Choke adjusting with Gilchrist Precision Choke Reamer"
908:
Why choke a barrel? | Air gun blog - Pyramyd Air Report
147:
The first known patents for choke boring were granted
118:
bird, can go as high as 1.5 mm (0.059 in).
250:
diameter of a choke, corresponding to "Extra Full".
1212:"5 Reasons Why Steel Shot is Bad For Your Shotgun"
496:be fired without a properly inserted choke tube.)
488:: Replaceable choke inserted into the muzzle.
8:
1093:"Choke Tube Diameter and Constriction Table"
1184:full report from scholar.google.com (cache)
180:To resolve the controversy, the editors of
1114:"Shotgun Choke With Tightest Shot Pattern"
555:
252:
140:, credits Jeremiah Smith of Southfield,
900:
263:
1016:"A beginner's guide to shotgun chokes"
1009:
1007:
59:end. Chokes are most commonly seen on
7:
454:1.145 mm (0.045 in) plus
1069:. January 16, 2010. Archived from
25:
1014:John Robinson (November 2004).
935:Mayer, Alfred Marshall (1883).
537:a very limited effective zone.
48:is a tapered constriction of a
1210:WaterfowlChoke, Smith (2021).
951:"ZADOVKA SYLVESTRA KRNKY 1849"
434:1.015 mm (0.040 in)
394:0.635 mm (0.025 in)
317:75% at 23 m (25 yd)
315:45% at 35 m (40 yd)
296:70% at 23 m (25 yd)
294:40% at 35 m (40 yd)
266:75 cm circle at 35 m
1:
414:0.76 mm (0.030 in)
374:0.51 mm (0.020 in)
354:0.38 mm (0.015 in)
312:0.13 mm (0.005 in)
268:(30-inch circle at 40 yards)
1226:"Trulock FAQ on Choke Tubes"
970:. Lyons Press. p. 256.
864:steel shot may damage chokes
334:0.25 mm (0.01 in)
63:, but are also used on some
1200:Vol. 5 Number 5 pp. 279-295
967:The Gun and its Development
844:Steel shot and alternatives
264:Percentage of lead shot in
167:The Gun and its Development
1273:
1138:. Thomas. pp. 91–94.
1134:Roger H. Robinson (1973).
686:Hastings choke II barrels
163:William Wellington Greener
1136:The police shotgun manual
749:
610:
579:
528:, primarily those of the
291:0.00 mm (0 in)
331:Improved Cylinder
203:2018 Shotgun World Shoot
964:W. W. Greener (2002) .
923:Encyclopædia Britannica
658:Browning Invector plus
569:(imperial designation)
281:Identification (stars)
258:(American designation)
1067:"Choke Identification"
761:Winchester Win-choke,
622:Winchester Win-choke,
572:Manufacturer and type
497:
234:
219:A: Cylinder (no choke)
41:
829:M12.14×0.577 mm
809:M15.57×0.577 mm
791:M17.15×0.577 mm
781:(0.697"-32 TPI)
776:M17.46×0.794 mm
765:Mossberg Accu-choke,
755:M17.45×0.794 mm
737:M18.24×0.577 mm
719:M19.66×0.577 mm
706:M20.19×0.577 mm
693:M22.20×0.794 mm
683:0.817"-25.4 TPI
668:0.810"-25.4 TPI
652:M20.83×0.794 mm
638:M20.62×0.794 mm
626:Mossberg Accu-choke,
616:M20.62×0.794 mm
598:M21.97×0.577 mm
585:M22.12×0.794 mm
564:(metric designation)
480:
351:Skeet 2 (light Mod.)
216:
195:shooting competitions
33:
1018:. Australian Shooter
784:Remington Rem-choke
644:Remington Rem-choke
288:Cylinder (no choke)
221:B: Improved cylinder
138:American Wildfowling
1257:Firearm terminology
1073:on December 9, 2012
832:0.478"-44 TPI
812:0.613"-44 TPI
794:0.675"-44 TPI
779:11/16"-32 TPI
763:Browning Invector,
758:0.687"-32 TPI
740:0.718"-44 TPI
725:Tru-Choke thinwall
722:0.774"-44 TPI
709:0.795"-44 TPI
696:0.874"-32 TPI
655:0.820"-32 TPI
641:0.812"-32 TPI
624:Browning Invector,
619:0.812"-32 TPI
601:0.865"-44 TPI
591:Remington pro-bore
588:0.871"-32 TPI
549:Compatibility chart
484:: Permanent choke.
283:(Spanish shotguns)
998:U.S. patent 79,861
992:U.S. patent 53,881
699:Mossberg Ulti-Mag
665:M20.574×1 mm
516:Alternative chokes
498:
391:Improved Modified
299:IIIII (5 notches)
235:
189:Use in competition
149:Sylvester H. Roper
42:
1165:. Brownells. 2003
1116:. ChokeCity. 2021
1095:. ChokeCity. 2021
977:978-1-58574-734-4
849:a major cause of
841:
840:
680:M20.75×1 mm
671:Benelli/ Beretta
470:
469:
340:IIII (4 notches)
16:(Redirected from
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1228:. Archived from
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1047:on July 13, 2010
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806:(13.97 mm)
752:(15.63 mm)
734:(16.83 mm)
613:(18.53 mm)
582:(19.69 mm)
556:
380:III (3 notches)
304:***** (5 stars)
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227:E: Full (normal)
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1037:"Expert Advice"
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346:**** (4 stars)
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386:*** (3 stars)
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1232:on 2013-02-25
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1197:Ecotoxicology
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1145:0-398-02630-0
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406:** (2 stars)
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261:Constriction
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229:F: Spitzbogen
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159:W. W. Greener
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1234:. Retrieved
1230:the original
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1178:
1167:. Retrieved
1154:
1135:
1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1108:
1097:. Retrieved
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:the original
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1020:. Retrieved
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460:I (1 notch)
440:I (1 notch)
420:I (1 notch)
248:
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209:Constriction
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142:Rhode Island
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104:clay pigeons
97:
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45:
43:
1077:January 16,
1051:January 16,
889:Slug barrel
804:28 ga
750:20 ga
732:16 ga
611:12 ga
580:10 ga
530:Vietnam War
431:Extra Full
426:* (1 star)
39:projectiles
1236:2013-02-14
1169:2013-02-15
1120:2020-01-20
1099:2021-10-05
1022:2013-02-15
921:. (2011).
895:References
835:Tru-Choke
815:Tru-Choke
797:Tru-Choke
743:Tru-Choke
712:Tru-Choke
673:Krieghoff
604:Tru-Choke
278:(British)
273:(notches)
233:H: Paradox
223:C: Glocken
100:game birds
71:, or even
18:Choke tube
919:"Shotgun"
856:waterfowl
457:75% plus
371:Modified
199:Shoot-Off
197:. At the
1251:Category
883:See also
869:tungsten
575:Comment
534:duckbill
473:Markings
309:Skeet 1
225:D: Skeet
94:Function
61:shotguns
873:bismuth
769:Savage
630:Savage
466:
463:
451:Turkey
446:
443:
366:
360:
326:
320:
201:at the
126:History
88:mandrel
73:airguns
69:pistols
55:at its
50:firearm
36:shotgun
1142:
974:
559:Gauge
486:Center
256:Choke
231:G: Jug
77:.22 LR
65:rifles
57:muzzle
53:barrel
1163:(PDF)
494:never
490:Right
411:Full
182:Field
174:Field
111:skeet
46:choke
1140:ISBN
1079:2010
1053:2010
972:ISBN
860:lead
823:.410
482:Left
437:73%
423:1/1
417:70%
403:3/4
397:65%
383:1/2
377:60%
363:3/8
357:55%
343:1/4
337:50%
323:1/8
239:bore
115:trap
102:and
1253::
1039:.
1006:^
871:,
169:.
109:A
67:,
44:A
1239:.
1214:.
1172:.
1148:.
1123:.
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1025:.
980:.
953:.
939:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
