356:
the dimples would cause either one, two or three of the hexagonal buttons to be depressed at the same time, forming a chord that would be unique to that symbol. With this arrangement, a nine button keyboard with three rows of three hexagonal buttons could be fitted onto a telephone and could produce up to 33 different symbols. By choosing widely separated keys, one could employ one dimple as a 'shift' key to allow both letters and numbers to be produced. With eleven keys in a 3/4/4 arrangement, 43 symbols could be arranged allowing for lowercase text, numbers and a modest number of punctuation symbols to be represented along with a 'shift' function for accessing uppercase letters. While this had the advantage of being usable by untrained users via '
591:
allows for both chorded entry as well as traditional character entry. The set of words that can be chorded can be dynamically changed by the user in real time, but by default includes the 300 most common words in the
English language. This chorded entry feature allows for potentially extremely fast typing speeds, so much so the founder of the company has been banned from online typing competitions. Additionally, they create the Charachorder Lite with a more traditional keyboard design. The manufacturer claimed that users of the Charachorder One can reach speeds of 300 words per minute, while users of the Charachorder Lite can reach 250 words per minute.
230:
579:
190:
98:
110:
and so on. If the user pressed keys 1 and 2 simultaneously, and then released the keys, 1 and 2 would be added to 3, and since C is the 3rd letter of the alphabet, and the letter "c" appeared. Unlike pressing a chord on a piano, the chord is recognized only after all the keys or mouse buttons are released. Since
Engelbart introduced the keyset, several different designs have been developed based on similar concepts.
360:' typing and requiring one less key switch than a conventional 12 button keypad, it had the disadvantage that some symbols required three times as much force to depress them as others which made it hard to achieve any speed with the device. That solution is still alive and proposed by Fastap and Unitap among others, and a commercial phone has been produced and promoted in Canada during 2006.
337:
214:
443:
238:
31:
264:, first manufactured in 1951, uses a 6-key chord keyboard (plus a spacebar) to produce braille output, and has been very successful as a mass market affordable product. Braille, like Baudot, uses a number symbol and a shift symbol, which may be repeated for shift lock, to fit numbers and upper case into the 63 codes that 6 bits offer.
567:, or deleting words. Note that the number of points used in braille computing is not 6, but 8, as this allows the user, among other things, to distinguish between small and capital letters, as well as identify the position of the cursor. As a result, most newer chorded keyboards for braille input include at least nine keys.
355:
did a brief study into small, cheap keyboards for entering text on a telephone. One solution used a grid of hexagonal keys with symbols inscribed into dimples in the keys that were either in the center of a key, across the boundary of two keys, or at the joining of three keys. Pressing down on one of
201:
machine used by court reporters, which was invented in 1868 and is still in use. The output of the stenotype was originally a phonetic code that had to be transcribed later (usually by the same operator who produced the original output), rather than arbitrary text—automatic conversion software is now
613:
In 1982 the Octima 8 keys cord keyboard was presented by
Ergoplic Kebords Ltd an Israeli Startup that was founded by Israeli researcher with intensive experience in Man Machine Interface design. The keyboard had 8 keys one for each finger and additional 3 keys that enabled the production of numbers,
574:
users as an optional way of entering text. As the number of keys is low, the button areas can be made bigger and easier to hit on the small screen. The most common letters do not necessarily require chording as is the case with the GKOS keyboard optimised layouts (Android app) where the twelve most
109:
Each key is mapped to a number and then can be mapped to a corresponding letter or command. By pressing two or more keys together the user can generate many combinations. In
Engelbart's original mapping, he used five keys: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16. The keys were mapped as follows: a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4,
626:
version as well. Its key combinations were based on a mnemonic system that enabled fast and easy touch type learning. Within a few hours the user could achieve a typing speed similar to hand writing speed. The unique design also gave a relief from hand stress (Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome) and allowed
209:
and a matching 5-key chord keyboard was designed to be used with the operator forming the codes manually. The code is optimized for speed and low wear: chords were chosen so that the most common characters used the simplest chords. But telegraph operators were already using typewriters with QWERTY
590:
commerially sells chorded entry devices. Their first commercially available device is the CharaChorder One, which features a split design with each having access to 9 switches that can be moved in five directions (up, down, left, right, and pressed) in contrast to typical keyboards. This device
540:
circa 1992 that produces the letters of the missing half when the user simultaneously presses the space bar along with the mirror key. INTERCHI '93 published a study by Matias, MacKenzie and Buxton showing that people who have already learned to touch-type can quickly recover 50 to 70% of their
185:
in 1836, in which any two of the five needles could point left or right to indicate letters on a grid. It was designed to be used by untrained operators (who would determine which keys to press by looking at the grid), and was not used where trained telegraph operators were available.
383:) can support most characters and functions found on a computer keyboard but has had little commercial development. There is, however, a GKOS keyboard application available for iPhone since May 8, 2010, for Android since October 3, 2010 and for MeeGo Harmattan since October 27, 2011.
516:
can be turned into a chorded keyboard. This design philosophy was decided on to lower the cost of building devices, and in turn lower the entry barrier to becoming familiar with chorded keyboards. Macro keys, and multiple modes are also easily implemented with a user space driver.
271:
started to research chordic solutions to be able to employ people other than trained and expensive typists. In 1954, an important concept was discovered: chordic production is easier to master when the production is done at the release of the keys instead of when they are pressed.
225:
machines used a keyboard with 12 labeled keys to punch the correct holes in paper cards. The numbers 0 through 9 were represented by one punch; 26 letters were represented by combinations of two punches, and symbols were represented by combinations of two or three punches.
70:. The large number of combinations available from a small number of keys allows text or commands to be entered with one hand, leaving the other hand free. A secondary advantage is that it can be built into a device (such as a pocket-sized computer or a
547:
for use with wearable computers were invented in Canada in the 1970s. Multiambic keyers are similar to chording keyboards but without the board, in that the keys are grouped in a cluster for being handheld, rather than for sitting on a flat surface.
634:
is a 7-key hand-sized device from
Infogrip, and has been sold since 1985. It provides one key for each finger and three for the thumb. It is proposed for the hand which does not hold the mouse, in an exact continuation of Engelbart's vision.
279:
investigated chord keyboards for both typewriters and computer data entry as early as 1959, with the idea that it might be faster than touch-typing if some chords were used to enter whole words or parts of words. A 1975 design by
541:
two-handed typing speed. The loss contributes to the speed discussion above. It is implemented on two popular mobile phones, each provided with software disambiguation, which allows users to avoid using the space-bar.
164:
machines hold the record for fastest word entry. Many stenotype users can reach 300 words per minute. However, stenographers typically train for three years before reaching professional levels of speed and accuracy.
287:
had 14 keys that were dimpled on the edges as well as the top, so one finger could press two adjacent keys for additional combinations. Their results were inconclusive, but research continued until at least 1978.
306:, and a five key keyset. Engelbart used the keyset with his left hand and the mouse with his right to type text and enter commands. The mouse buttons marked selections and confirmed or aborted commands.
210:
keyboards to "copy" received messages, and at the time it made more sense to build a typewriter that could generate the codes automatically, rather than making them learn to use a new input device.
928:
563:
point, except one key which is used as a spacebar. In some applications, the spacebar is used to produce additional chords which enable the user to issue editing commands, such as moving the
260:, superintendent of the Illinois Institute for the Education of the Blind, created the Hall Braille Writer, which was like a typewriter with 6 keys, one for each dot in a braille cell. The
485:
Plover is a free, open-source, cross-platform program intended to bring real-time stenographic technology not just to stenographers, but also to hobbyists using anything from professional
376:
keyboards were standardized to some extent, but they are unable to replicate the full character set of a modern keyboard. Braille comes closest, as it has been extended to eight bits.
795:
Clawson, J.; Lyons, K.; Starner, T.; Clarkson, E. (2005-10-18). "The
Impacts of Limited Visual Feedback on Mobile Text Entry for the Twiddler and Mini-QWERTY Keyboards".
610:
and Chris Rainey, and first sold in 1980. Microwriting is the system of chord keying and is based on a set of mnemonics. It was designed only for right-handed use.
156:
from
Georgia Institute of Technology and others published numerous studies showing that two-handed chorded text entry was faster and yielded fewer errors than on a
446:
A 104-key USB keyboard adapted into a chording keyboard. All phonetic keystrokes may be accomplished by one and two-key chords of the home keys on the top row.
129:
set—if the user could remember the binary codes. Due to the small number of keys required, chording is easily adapted from a desktop to mobile environment.
1313:
1347:
535:
284:
599:
The WriteHander, a 12-key chord keyboard from NewO Company, appeared in 1978 issues of ROM Magazine, an early microcomputer applications magazine.
1333:
822:
771:
845:
321:
where they continued to experiment with the mouse and keyset. Keychord sets were used at Xerox PARC in the early 1980s, along with mice,
1201:
1424:
1258:
1250:
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family of microcontrollers; the
FeatherChorder, a BLE chorder based on the Adafruit Feather, an all-in-one board incorporating an
1982:
1223:
1046:
1697:
1356:
1306:
1071:
858:
252:(a writing system for the blind) uses either 6 or 8 tactile 'points' from which all letters and numbers are formed. When
1987:
627:
longer typing sessions than traditional keyboards. It was multi-lingual supporting
English, German, French and Hebrew.
229:
556:
736:
Lyons, K.; Plaisted, D.; Starner, T. (2004-10-31). "Expert Chording Text Entry on the Twiddler One-Handed Keyboard".
267:
After World War II, with the arrival of electronics for reading chords and looking in tables of "codes", the postal
1371:
380:
1946:
1361:
1299:
256:
invented it, it was produced with a needle holing successively all needed points in a cardboard sheet. In 1892,
1521:
1407:
1376:
619:
426:, which are common starting sounds and also common ending sounds, are available on both sides of the keyboard:
322:
182:
62:
that allows the user to enter characters or commands formed by pressing several keys together, like playing a "
1685:
559:
or vocal synthesis). Such keyboards use a minimum of seven keys, where each key corresponds to an individual
1864:
1366:
564:
295:
86:
1442:
1402:
800:
741:
578:
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became proficient with the mouse and keyset. In the 1970s the funding Engelbart's group received from the
1573:
1542:
1516:
1472:
1467:
982:
923:
615:
122:
325:, on the Xerox Star and Alto workstations. A one-button version of the mouse was incorporated into the
531:
77:
A chorded keyboard minus the board, typically designed to be used while held in the hand, is called a
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1568:
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189:
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began experimenting with keysets to use with the mouse in the mid-1960s. In a famous 1968
97:
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395:
326:
318:
303:
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146:), but the same principles apply. These portable devices first became popular with the
85:
introduced the chorded keyset as a computer interface in 1968 at what is often called "
406:
represents the sound and word 'cat'. The stenotype keyboard is explicitly ordered: in
1976:
1956:
1803:
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1649:
1622:
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526:
357:
253:
63:
1243:
Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing
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1930:
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587:
153:
59:
1274:, IBM Research Report RC-180, IBM Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, Nov 1959.
1118:
943:
551:
Chording keyboards are also used as portable but two handed input devices for the
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Joy2chord is a chorded keyboard driver for Linux. With a configuration file, any
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1813:
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punctuations and control functions. The keyboard was fully compatible with the
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35:
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As a crude example, each finger might control one key which corresponds to one
1808:
1725:
571:
340:
330:
281:
17:
398:, use a chording keyboard to represent sounds: on the standard keyboard, the
1869:
1730:
1617:
1587:
1183:"Half-QWERTY: A One-handed Keyboard Facilitating Skill Transfer From QWERTY"
901:
716:"Half-QWERTY: A One-handed Keyboard Facilitating Skill Transfer From QWERTY"
669:
664:
623:
486:
467:
391:
237:
198:
174:
161:
1263:
Engelbart and English, "A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect",
1139:
1874:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1747:
1551:
888:
Rochester, Nathaniel; et al. (December 1978). "The Chord Keyboard".
814:
755:
674:
509:
455:
317:(ARPA) was cut and many key members of Engelbart's team went to work for
222:
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30:
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348:
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242:
1224:"250 WPM CharaChorder Lite Chording Keyboard Now Available for Anyone"
715:
132:
Practical devices generally use simpler chords for common characters (
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1639:
1457:
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1414:
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1343:
299:
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298:, Engelbart introduced a computer human interface that included the
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797:
Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC'05)
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121:, so that using seven keys and seven fingers, one could enter any
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67:
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represents the sound and word, 'you', and the three-key trigraph
1720:
990:
490:
173:
The earliest known chord keyboard was part of the "five-needle"
118:
1295:
1740:
1097:
463:
276:
139:), or may have ways to make it easier to remember the chords (
114:
101:
An ergonomic chorded keyboard without the board is known as a
1187:
INTERCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
1181:
Matias, Edgar; MacKenzie, I. Scott; Buxton, William (1994).
474:-compatible microcontroller; and the GKOS keypad driver for
454:
keyer/keyset designs are available, such as the pickey, a
197:
The first widespread use of a chord keyboard was in the
74:) that is too small to contain a normal-sized keyboard.
1267:, Vol 33, 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference, p395-410
863:
America! The Greatest Country in the History of Mankind
1277:
Rochester, Bequaert, and Sharp, "The Chord Keyboard",
525:
One minimal chordic keyboard example is Edgar Matias'
309:
Users in Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at
738:
Eighth International Symposium on Wearable Computers
1939:
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1846:
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1342:
1329:
1202:"This could help you type at 500 words per minute"
696:"Bellaire Electronics, Cykey, Microwriter, Agenda"
602:Another early commercial model was the six-button
333:decided against incorporating the chorded keyset.
1272:An Evaluation of an 8-Key Word-Writing Typewriter
926:, "One-handed keyboard and its control means"
1284:Seibel, "Data Entry Devices and Procedures", in
570:Touch screen chordic keyboards are available to
193:Stenograph first model, Miles Bartholomew, 1879
575:frequent characters only require single keys.
1307:
8:
379:The only proposed modern standard, GKOS (or
1286:Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design
1854:
1668:
1506:
1339:
1314:
1300:
1292:
478:as well as the Gkos library for the Atmel/
1012:"Chorded keyboard | Art of Chording"
804:
745:
694:Rainey, C; Rainey, P; Rainey, M (2009).
686:
493:gaming keyboards. It is available for
414:, on the left, is the starting sound.
1529:(Indian languages; Hindi, Telugu etc)
1200:Lytton, Charlotte (11 January 2022).
7:
1074:. Vassar. 2016-02-20. Archived from
1049:. Vassar. 2010-03-27. Archived from
1288:, Van Cott and Kinkade (Eds), 1963
233:Hall-Braille writer, model 1, 1892
25:
315:Advanced Research Projects Agency
1119:"Gkos library for Atmel/Arduino"
50:(also called a chorded keyset,
960:Engelbart, Doug (1968-12-09).
799:. Computer. pp. 170–177.
177:operator station, designed by
1:
740:. Computer. pp. 94–101.
582:The CharaChorder One Keyboard
430:is a 3-key chord, using both
381:Global Keyboard Open Standard
1245:(2000), Chapters 2 & 3,
394:machines, sometimes used by
217:IBM 026 commercial card code
1947:Blickensderfer (DHIATENSOR)
1222:Tyson, Mark (10 May 2022).
557:refreshable braille display
2004:
1026:"PIC-Key chorded keyboard"
948:, Doug Engelbart institute
718:. Edgar Matias. 1991-03-21
302:keyboard, a three button
1072:"FeatherChorder Project"
989:: MB net. Archived from
555:(either combined with a
1983:Computer keyboard types
1281:, December 1978, p57-63
1140:"Plover Steno Software"
902:10.1109/C-M.1978.218024
677:syllable-chord keyboard
150:movement in the 1980s.
93:Principles of operation
87:The Mother of All Demos
1270:Lockhead and Klemmer,
1047:"Spiffchorder Project"
846:IBM 026 Keypunch photo
583:
462:; the spiffchorder, a
447:
344:
246:
234:
218:
205:In 1874, the five-bit
194:
106:
39:
1645:Russian (post-reform)
1121:. Arduino. 2010-04-15
622:keyboards and had an
581:
489:machines to low-cost
445:
339:
240:
232:
216:
207:Baudot telegraph code
192:
100:
60:computer input device
33:
27:Computer input device
1640:Russian (pre-reform)
1357:British and American
815:10.1109/ISWC.2005.49
756:10.1109/ISWC.2004.19
529:described in patent
527:Half-Qwerty keyboard
466:device based on the
458:device based on the
347:In the early 1980s,
160:keyboard. Currently
1988:Physical ergonomics
1596:SIL Korean Phonetic
545:"Multiambic" keyers
482:open-source board.
460:PIC microcontroller
438:Open-source designs
1962:Printing Telegraph
1562:East Asian scripts
1522:Dzongkha (Tibetan)
1241:Bardini, Thierry,
584:
521:Commercial devices
448:
368:Historically, the
345:
247:
235:
219:
195:
107:
40:
1970:
1969:
1914:
1913:
1842:
1841:
1753:Telephone (9-key)
1658:
1657:
1538:Meitei (Manipuri)
1496:
1495:
1265:AFIPS Conf. Proc.
824:978-0-7695-2419-1
773:978-0-7695-2186-2
553:visually impaired
351:Research labs at
343:keyset, ca. 1973.
148:wearable computer
83:Douglas Engelbart
72:bicycle handlebar
56:chording keyboard
16:(Redirected from
1995:
1855:
1701:
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1323:Keyboard layouts
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1098:"GKOS at Github"
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865:. Archived from
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262:Perkins Brailler
258:Frank Haven Hall
48:chorded keyboard
38:MW4 (circa 1980)
21:
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1510:Brahmic scripts
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1425:not QWERTY-like
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806:10.1.1.119.1185
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396:court reporters
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353:Redhill, Surrey
327:Apple Macintosh
275:Researchers at
269:sorting offices
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28:
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5:
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52:chord keyboard
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18:Chord keyboard
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1078:on 2017-07-22
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1053:on 2017-07-20
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896:(12): 57–63.
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890:IEEE Computer
884:
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869:on 1 May 2012
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19:
1931:ISO/IEC 9995
1847:
1330:Latin script
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1242:
1227:. Retrieved
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1066:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1041:
1030:. Retrieved
1020:
1006:
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
977:
966:. Retrieved
955:
944:
937:
924:US 4,042,777
918:
893:
889:
883:
871:. Retrieved
867:the original
862:
853:
841:
796:
790:
737:
731:
720:. Retrieved
710:
699:. Retrieved
689:
645:BAT keyboard
629:
612:
601:
598:
588:CharaChorder
586:The company
585:
569:
550:
543:
524:
507:
484:
449:
390:
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367:
346:
308:
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220:
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196:
172:
154:Thad Starner
152:
140:
133:
131:
112:
108:
76:
55:
51:
47:
43:
41:
1906:Microwriter
1814:ShapeWriter
1789:Flick input
1758:Thumb board
1696: [
1684: [
1578:thumb-shift
1386:QWERTY-like
1229:21 November
1207:21 November
1161:"Joy2chord"
983:"GKOS Demo"
873:25 February
859:"Ingenuity"
660:Microwriter
608:Cy Endfield
604:Microwriter
452:open-source
387:Stenography
221:Some early
144:Microwriter
36:Microwriter
1977:Categories
1940:Historical
1884:One handed
1858:Two handed
1809:MessagEase
1726:LetterWise
1693:Nico Touch
1663:For mobile
1372:Portuguese
1167:2011-10-24
1146:2012-10-02
1125:2011-10-24
1104:2011-10-24
1082:2016-02-21
1057:2011-10-24
1032:2011-10-24
997:2011-10-24
968:2011-10-24
964:. Stanford
942:"Keyset",
848:(archived)
722:2011-10-24
701:2011-10-24
682:References
595:Historical
572:smartphone
532:US 5288158
341:Xerox Alto
331:Steve Jobs
319:Xerox PARC
282:IBM Fellow
179:Wheatstone
1919:Standards
1870:Stenotype
1865:Palantype
1850:keyboards
1799:Graffiti
1731:Multi-tap
1618:Intellark
1592:Sebeolsik
1588:Dubeolsik
1501:Non-Latin
1478:Turkish F
1362:Icelandic
1100:. Git hub
801:CiteSeerX
742:CiteSeerX
670:Stenotype
665:Palantype
624:Apple IIe
487:Stenotype
468:Atmel AVR
450:Multiple
392:Stenotype
364:Standards
199:stenotype
175:telegraph
162:stenotype
123:character
1952:Linotype
1875:Velotype
1834:Typewise
1829:TouchPal
1819:SwiftKey
1748:SureType
1709:Physical
1630:Georgian
1574:Japanese
1527:InScript
1408:Albanian
1377:Romanian
1189:: 88–94.
910:17205604
675:Velotype
639:See also
510:joystick
245:keyboard
223:keypunch
1926:ECMA-23
1901:FrogPad
1848:Chorded
1774:5-Tiles
1767:Virtual
1665:devices
1569:Chinese
1543:Sinhala
1517:Bengali
1488:Workman
1463:Maltron
1438:Colemak
1367:Italian
833:2072795
782:9988843
764:1853/58
650:FrogPad
561:braille
514:gamepad
499:Windows
480:Arduino
472:Arduino
374:braille
349:Philips
250:Braille
243:braille
169:History
125:in the
66:" on a
58:) is a
1794:Gboard
1784:Fleksy
1779:FITALY
1635:Hebrew
1613:Arabic
1584:Korean
1503:script
1483:ŪGJRMV
1458:HCESAR
1453:EurKEY
1447:Svorak
1443:Dvorak
1415:QZERTY
1403:German
1398:QWERTZ
1393:AZERTY
1344:QWERTY
1257:
1249:
962:"Demo"
945:Firsts
930:
908:
831:
821:
803:
780:
770:
744:
616:IBM PC
565:cursor
537:
501:, and
434:keys.
422:, and
370:baudot
300:QWERTY
158:QWERTY
137:Baudot
44:keyset
1896:CyKey
1824:Swype
1716:E.161
1700:]
1688:]
1606:Other
1548:Tamil
1533:Khmer
1096:Pib.
906:S2CID
829:S2CID
778:S2CID
655:Keyer
503:macOS
495:Linux
476:Linux
304:mouse
183:Cooke
141:e.g.,
134:e.g.,
127:ASCII
117:in a
103:keyer
79:keyer
68:piano
64:chord
1957:PLUM
1804:KALQ
1721:iTap
1650:Urdu
1623:Jawi
1433:BÉPO
1348:list
1334:list
1255:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1231:2022
1209:2022
875:2012
819:ISBN
768:ISBN
630:The
618:and
491:NKRO
456:PS/2
372:and
329:but
323:GUIs
181:and
119:byte
1891:BAT
1741:XT9
1473:SKY
1468:Neo
898:doi
811:doi
760:hdl
752:doi
632:BAT
512:or
464:USB
428:POP
408:KAT
404:KAT
311:SRI
277:IBM
115:bit
89:".
54:or
46:or
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1698:ja
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
