320:. Studies focusing on the techniques used in Van Gogh's Sunflowers series have revealed how Van Gogh skillfully mixed various shades of chrome yellow to achieve different effects. Chrome yellow has also been used in fashion and textiles, particularly in the 1920s and 1930s. The vibrant color was a popular choice for flapper dresses, hats, and accessories, and was often paired with other bright colors, such as pink and turquoise.
44:
336:, a natural form of lead chromate, when he identified the presence of a new element, chromium. The discovery led to the synthesis of a variety of new pigments, including chrome yellow. Chrome yellow quickly gained popularity among artists and designers for its bright, sunny hue, which was particularly well-suited for use in fashion and textiles. The earliest known use of chrome yellow in a painting is a work by
229:
361:
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249:. Owing to its high lead content, the pigment is prone to discoloration over time, particularly in the presence of sulfur compounds. Its low cost had doubtlessly contributed to its continued use as an artists' color even though some subsequently discovered yellow pigments are more permanent. Artists began using
353:, chrome yellow has long been the focus on safety concerns. Its use is highly regulated. Its former use as a food colorant has long been discontinued. The continued wide use of this pigment is attributed to its very low solubility, which suppresses leaching of chromate and lead into biological fluids. The
682:
Monico, Letizia; Janssens, Koen; Hendriks, Ella; Vanmeert, Frederik; Van der Snickt, Geert; Cotte, Marine; Falkenberg, Gerald; Brunetti, Brunetto
Giovanni; Miliani, Costanza (2015-11-16). "Evidence for Degradation of the Chrome Yellows in Van Gogh's Sunflowers : A Study Using Noninvasive In Situ
240:
Chrome yellow is moderately resistant to fading from exposure to light when it is chemically pure. Observations have found that over time though, it begins to darken and suffer discoloration by turning brown. This degradation is seen in some of Van Gogh's pieces. According to
Gettens, especially when
332:, a chemical compound that was first synthesized in the early 1800s. The discovery of lead chromate, the primary component of chrome yellow, is credited to the French chemist Louis Nicolas Vauquelin. Vauquelin was studying the mineral
216:. This replacement is possible because sulfate and chromate are isostructural. Since sulfate is colorless, sulfochromates with high values of x are less intensely colored than lead chromate. In some cases, chromate is replaced by
340:
from before 1810. The first recorded use of chrome yellow as a color name in
English was in 1818. The pigment was also widely used in industrial applications, such as in the production of paint, plastics, and ceramics.
294:
to inhibit contact with gases that can change their color. Cadmium pigments in turn are increasingly replaced with organic pigments such as arylides (Pigment Yellow 65) and isoindoles (PY 110).
193:
Chrome yellow pigments are usually encapsulated by coating with transparent oxides that protect the pigment from environmental factors that would diminish their colorant properties.
190:
The raw pigment precipitates as a fine solid upon mixing lead(II) salts and a source of chromate. Approximately 90,000 tons of chrome yellow are produced annually as of 2001.
475:
852:
43:
574:
519:
762:
Rowf, F. M. (1931-07-17). "A Dictionary of colour. By A. Maerz and M. R. Paul. Pp. vii+207. London: McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co., 1930. £8".
492:
746:
200:
pigments are produced by the replacement of some chromate by sulfate, resulting in a mixed lead-chromate-sulfate compositions Pb(CrO
438:
Erkens, LJH; Hamers, H.; Hermans, RJM; Claeys, E.; Bijnens, M. (2001). "Lead chromates: A Review of the State of the Art in 2000".
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1331:
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A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
838:
802:
Chrome Yellow and Other
Chromate Pigments, in Artists’ Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics
605:
Kühn, Hermann; Curran, Mary (1986). "Chrome Yellow and Other
Chromate Pigments". In Feller, Robert L. (ed.).
242:
536:
182:
that has been used in art, fashion, and industry. It is the premier orange pigment for many applications.
241:
mixed with organic colors, it can take on a green tone. This effect is attributed to reduction of some
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to produce a color equivalent to chrome yellow). Darkening may also occur from reduction by
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Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (2007-03-30).
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Toxic
Substances Controls Guide: Federal Regulation of Chemicals in the Environment
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instead of chrome yellow when they became aware of chrome yellow's instability.
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Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835: a Study in
English Documentary Sources
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302:
830:
405:
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607:
Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics
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used chrome yellow in many of his paintings, including his famous
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827:. Nature Chemistry, 5(11), 2013, 897–897. doi:10.1038/nchem.1789
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64:
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Surface
Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions
825:
Pichon, A. Pigment degradation: Chrome yellow’s darker side
683:
Methods and Synchrotron-Radiation-Based X-ray Techniques".
473:
Völz, Hans G.; et al. (2006). "Pigments, Inorganic".
278:. For these reasons, it was replaced by another pigment,
731:
Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments
563:
Gettens, Rutherford John; Stout, George Leslie (1966).
537:"Van Gogh's Fading Colors Inspire Scientific Inquiry"
154:
146:
116:
89:
62:
52:
40:
30:
387: – Color used on North American school buses
260:and darken on exposure to air over time, forming
186:Production of chrome yellow and related pigments
672:. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved 22. Juli 2018.
476:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
846:
8:
508:Worobec, Mary Devine; Hogue, Cheryl (1992).
764:Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry
569:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 106.
853:
839:
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637:
566:Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia
433:
431:
429:
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594:. London Butterworths. pp. 92–94.
349:Because it contains not only lead but
27:
724:
722:
7:
558:
556:
19:For the novel by Aldous Huxley, see
406:"Chrome yellow / #ffa700 hex color"
535:Everts, Sarah (February 1, 2016).
290:. Good quality pigments have been
14:
256:The pigment tends to react with
48: Colour coordinates
42:
541:Chemical & Engineering News
309:in chrome yellow standard color
609:. Archetype. pp. 187–217.
1:
622:"Chrome yellow's darker side"
485:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2
328:The pigment is derived from
264:, and it contains the toxic
1368:
806:Cambridge University Press
804:, Vol. 1, L. Feller, Ed.,
380:List of inorganic pigments
18:
1312:
870:
800:Kühn, H. and Curran, M.,
514:. BNA Books. p. 13.
178:is a bright, warm yellow
164:
35:
16:Chemical compound and dye
776:10.1002/jctb.5000502910
479:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
357:for rats is 5 g/kg.
168:: Normalized to (byte)
705:10.1002/ange.201505840
365:
310:
237:
1352:Alchemical substances
739:10.4324/9780080473765
620:Pichon, Anne (2013).
363:
305:
232:American school bus,
231:
1233:Stil de grain yellow
663:Bleichromat-Pigmente
590:Harley, R.D (1970).
160:Strong orange yellow
697:2015AngCh.12714129M
691:(47): 14129–14133.
351:hexavalent chromium
338:Sir Thomas Lawrence
298:Notable occurrences
282:(mixed with enough
247:chromium(III) oxide
156:ISCC–NBS descriptor
1342:Lead(II) compounds
1337:Inorganic pigments
639:10.1038/nchem.1789
452:10.1007/BF02700395
366:
311:
238:
236:dark chrome yellow
1319:
1318:
1307:
1306:
1223:School bus yellow
685:Angewandte Chemie
576:978-0-486-21597-6
521:978-0-87179-752-0
385:School bus yellow
318:Sunflowers series
173:
172:
111:(39°, 100%, 100%)
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1332:Shades of yellow
1228:Selective yellow
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258:hydrogen sulfide
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981:Dark goldenrod
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375:List of colors
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288:sulfur dioxide
284:cadmium orange
280:cadmium yellow
251:cadmium yellow
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196:Related lead
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31:Chrome yellow
29:
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1174:Peach-yellow
1159:Navajo white
1090:Light yellow
1050:Harvest gold
971:Cosmic latte
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413:. Retrieved
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273:carcinogenic
262:lead sulfide
255:
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175:
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25:
21:Crome Yellow
1169:Papaya whip
821:, Colourlex
770:(29): 626.
632:(11): 897.
266:heavy metal
58:#FFA700
54:Hex triplet
1326:Categories
1085:Lemon-lime
917:Chartreuse
546:2024-07-11
415:2022-12-20
392:References
234:painted in
224:Permanence
1347:Chromates
1045:Goldenrod
912:Champagne
784:0368-4075
713:0044-8249
660:Entry on
648:1755-4349
410:ColorHexa
218:molybdate
150:ColorHexa
1164:Old gold
1055:Icterine
892:Aureolin
460:94606296
369:See also
334:crocoite
276:chromate
243:chromate
1253:Vanilla
1243:Sunglow
1218:Saffron
1149:Mustard
1144:Mindaro
1070:Jonquil
1065:Jasmine
996:Gamboge
966:Citrine
882:Apricot
693:Bibcode
324:History
180:pigment
1303:
1297:Yellow
1291:
1288:
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1248:Sunset
1207:
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907:Canary
782:
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666:. at:
646:
573:
518:
491:
458:
345:Safety
292:coated
147:Source
119:CIELCh
36:
1258:Wheat
1238:Straw
1134:Maize
1075:Khaki
1060:Ivory
976:Cream
897:Beige
877:Amber
456:S2CID
1213:Pear
1129:Lion
1001:Gold
991:Flax
986:Ecru
902:Buff
780:ISSN
743:ISBN
709:ISSN
644:ISSN
571:ISBN
516:ISBN
489:ISBN
355:LD50
269:lead
65:sRGB
772:doi
735:doi
701:doi
689:127
634:doi
481:doi
448:doi
245:to
208:(SO
206:1-x
92:HSV
1328::
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768:50
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444:84
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166:B
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134:h
130:C
126:L
124:(
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104:v
100:s
96:h
94:(
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77:b
73:g
69:r
67:(
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