Hepatitis B - Knowledge (XXG)

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of antibody. This drops to around 90% at 40 years of age and to around 75 percent in those over 60 years. The protection afforded by vaccination is long lasting even after antibody levels fall below 10 mIU/ml. For newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers: hepatitis B vaccine alone, hepatitis B immunoglobulin alone, or the combination of vaccine plus hepatitis B immunoglobulin, all prevent hepatitis B occurrence. Furthermore, the combination of vaccine plus hepatitis B immunoglobulin is superior to vaccine alone. This combination prevents HBV transmission around the time of birth in 86% to 99% of cases.

276:. Symptoms during acute infection typically last for a few weeks, though some people may feel sick for up to six months. Deaths resulting from acute stage HBV infections are rare. An HBV infection lasting longer than six months is usually considered chronic. The likelihood of developing chronic hepatitis B is higher for those who are infected with HBV at a younger age. About 90% of those infected during or shortly after birth develop chronic hepatitis B, while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five develop chronic cases. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, 1464:

exclusively present in Australian aborigines, suggesting an ancient origin as much as 50,000 years old. However, analyses of ancient HBV genomes suggested that the most recent common ancestor of all known human HBV strains was dated to between 20,000 and 12,000 years ago, pointing to a more recent origin for all HBV genotypes. The evolution of HBV in humans was shown to reflect known events of human history such as the first peopling of the Americas during the late Pleistocene and the Neolithic transition in Europe. Ancient DNA studies have also showed that some ancient hepatitis viral

1036: 981: 1242: 1431: 934:) is most frequently used to screen for the presence of this infection. It is the first detectable viral antigen to appear during infection. However, early in an infection, this antigen may not be present and it may be undetectable later in the infection as it is being cleared by the host. The infectious virion contains an inner "core particle" enclosing viral genome. The icosahedral core particle is made of 180 or 240 copies of the core protein, alternatively known as 392:(WHO) recommends infants receive the vaccine within 24 hours after birth when possible. National programs have made the hepatitis B vaccine available for infants in 190 countries as of the end of 2021. To further prevent infection, the WHO recommends testing all donated blood for hepatitis B before using it for transfusion. Using antiviral prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission is also recommended, as is following safe sex practices, including the use of 891: 1032:(ALT) levels and inflammation of the liver, if they are in the immune clearance phase of chronic infection. Carriers who have seroconverted to HBeAg negative status, in particular those who acquired the infection as adults, have very little viral multiplication and hence may be at little risk of long-term complications or of transmitting infection to others. However, it is possible for individuals to enter an "immune escape" with HBeAg-negative hepatitis. 45: 877: 732: 404:

disease is most prevalent in Africa (affecting 7.5% of the continent's population) and in the Western Pacific region (5.9%). Infection rates are 1.5% in Europe and 0.5% in the Americas. According to some estimates, about a third of the world's population has been infected with hepatitis B at one point in their lives. Hepatitis B was originally known as "serum hepatitis".

639: 835:. The virions bind to the host cell via the preS domain of the viral surface antigen and are subsequently internalized by endocytosis. HBV-preS-specific receptors are expressed primarily on hepatocytes; however, viral DNA and proteins have also been detected in extrahepatic sites, suggesting that cellular receptors for HBV may also exist on extrahepatic cells. 783:. These four viral transcripts undergo additional processing and go on to form progeny virions that are released from the cell or returned to the nucleus and re-cycled to produce even more copies. The long mRNA is then transported back to the cytoplasm where the virion P protein (the DNA polymerase) synthesizes DNA via its reverse transcriptase activity. 1595: 1581: 626:, are referred to as "Dane particles". In addition to the Dane particles, filamentous and spherical bodies lacking a core can be found in the serum of infected individuals. These particles are not infectious and are composed of the lipid and protein that forms part of the surface of the virion, which is called the surface antigens ( 800:

response to treatment and possibly vaccination. There are two other genotypes I and J but they are not universally accepted as of 2015. The diversity of genotypes is not shown equally in the world. For example, A, D, and E genotypes have been seen in Africa prevalently while B and C genotypes are observed in Asia as widespread.

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Those at high risk of infection should be tested as there is effective treatment for those who have the disease. Groups that screening is recommended for include those who have not been vaccinated and one of the following: people from areas of the world where hepatitis B occurs in more than 2%, those

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presented on its envelope proteins, and into eight major genotypes (A–H). The genotypes have a distinct geographical distribution and are used in tracing the evolution and transmission of the virus. Differences between genotypes affect the disease severity, course and likelihood of complications, and

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In moderate prevalence areas where 2–7% of the population is chronically infected, the disease is predominantly spread horizontally, often among children, but also vertically. China's HBV infection rate is at the higher end of the moderate prevalence classification with an infection rate of 6.89% as

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The primary method of HBV transmission and the prevalence of chronic HBV infection in specific regions often correspond with one another. In populations where HBV infection rates are 8% or higher, which are classified as high prevalence, vertical transmission (usually occurring during birth) is most

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Most vaccines are given in three doses over a course of days. A protective response to the vaccine is defined as an anti-HBs antibody concentration of at least 10 mIU/ml in the recipient's serum. The vaccine is more effective in children and 95 percent of those vaccinated have protective levels

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The largest outbreak of Hepatitis B ever recorded was the infection of up to 330,000 American soldiers during World War II. The outbreak has been blamed on a yellow fever vaccine made with contaminated human blood serum, and after receiving the vaccinations about 50,000 soldiers developed jaundice.

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treatment may produce an e antigen seroconversion rate of 37% in genotype A but only a 6% seroconversion in type D. Genotype B has similar seroconversion rates to type A while type C seroconverts only in 15% of cases. Sustained e antigen loss after treatment is ~45% in types A and B but only 25–30%

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Findings of HBV DNA in ancient human remains have shown that HBV has infected humans for at least ten millennia, both in Eurasia and in the Americas. This disproved the belief that hepatitis B originated in the New World and spread to Europe around 16th century. Hepatitis B virus subgenotype C4 is

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Both types of the hepatitis B vaccine, the plasma-derived vaccine (PDV) and the recombinant vaccine (RV) are of similar effectiveness in preventing infection in both healthcare workers and chronic kidney failure groups. One difference was noticed among the health worker group: the RV intramuscular

767:. Because the virus multiplies via RNA made by a host enzyme, the viral genomic DNA has to be transferred to the cell nucleus by host proteins called chaperones. The partially double-stranded, circular viral DNA is then made fully double stranded by HBV DNA polymerase, transforming the genome into 1408:

virus DNA remains in the body after infection, and in some people, including those that do not have detectable HBsAg, the disease recurs. Although rare, reactivation is seen most often following alcohol or drug use, or in people with impaired immunity. HBV goes through cycles of replication and

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Children are less likely than adults to clear the infection. More than 95% of people who become infected as adults or older children will stage a full recovery and develop protective immunity to the virus. However, this drops to 30% for younger children, and only 5% of newborns that acquire the

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An estimated 296 million people, or 3.8% of the global population, had chronic hepatitis B infections as of 2019. Another 1.5 million developed acute infections that year, and 820,000 deaths occurred as a result of HBV. Cirrhosis and liver cancer are responsible for most HBV-related deaths. The

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It seems unlikely that the disease will be eliminated by 2030, the goal set in 2016 by WHO. However, progress is being made in developing therapeutic treatments. In 2010, the Hepatitis B Foundation reported that 3 preclinical and 11 clinical-stage drugs were under development, based on largely

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given in the second or third trimester can reduce the risk of mother to child transmission by 77% when combined with hepatitis B immunoglobulin and the hepatitis B vaccine, especially for pregnant women with high hepatitis B virus DNA levels. However, there is not sufficient evidence that the

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of three different sizes called large (the order from surface to the inside: pre-S1, pre-S2, and S ), middle (pre-S2, S), and small (S) are produced. There is a myristyl group, which plays an important role in infection, on the amino-terminal end of the preS1 part of the large (L) protein. In

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function in the liver. The risk of reactivation varies depending on the serological profile; those with detectable HBsAg in their blood are at the greatest risk, but those with only antibodies to the core antigen are also at risk. The presence of antibodies to the surface antigen, which are

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In 10- to 22-year follow-up studies there were no cases of hepatitis B among those with a normal immune system who were vaccinated. Only rare chronic infections have been documented. Vaccination is particularly recommended for high risk groups including: health workers, people with chronic

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Countries with low HBV prevalence include Australia (0.9%), those in the WHO European Region (which average 1.5%), and most countries in North and South America (which average 0.28%). In the United States, an estimated 0.26% of the population was living with HBV infection as of 2018.

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Vaccines for the prevention of hepatitis B have been routinely recommended for babies since 1991 in the United States. The first dose is generally recommended within a day of birth. The hepatitis B vaccine was the first vaccine capable of preventing cancer, specifically liver cancer.

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non-replication. Approximately 50% of overt carriers experience acute reactivation. Males with baseline ALT of 200 UL/L are three times more likely to develop a reactivation than people with lower levels. Although reactivation can occur spontaneously, people who undergo

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is not necessary for males with hepatitis B to prevent transmission, unless the female partner has not been effectively vaccinated. In females with hepatitis B, the risk of transmission from mother to child with IVF is no different from the risk in spontaneous conception.

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At least 296 million people, or 3.8% of the world's population, had chronic HBV infection as of 2019. Another 1.5 million cases of acute HBV infection also occurred that year. Regional prevalences across the globe range from around 7.5% in Africa to 0.5% in the Americas.

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viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. The infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for

1158:, a marker of liver damage, and HBV DNA levels are candidates for therapy. Treatment lasts from six months to a year, depending on medication and genotype. Treatment duration when medication is taken by mouth, however, is more variable and usually longer than one year. 1092:

administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin alone during pregnancy, might reduce transmission rates to the newborn infant. No randomized control trial has been conducted to assess the effects of hepatitis B vaccine during pregnancy for preventing infant infection.

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activity. The outer envelope contains embedded proteins that are involved in viral binding of, and entry into, susceptible cells. The virus is one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses. The 42 nm virions, which are capable of infecting liver cells known as

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Shibayama T, Masuda G, Ajisawa A, Hiruma K, Tsuda F, Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Okamoto H (May 2005). "Characterization of seven genotypes (A to E, G and H) of hepatitis B virus recovered from Japanese patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1".

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common, though rates of early childhood transmission can also be significant among these populations. In 2021, 19 African countries had infection rates ranging between 8-19%, placing them in the high prevalence category. High prevalence of HBV also exists in

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since 1982. As of 2022, the hepatitis B vaccine is between 98% and 100% effective in preventing infection. The vaccine is administered in several doses; after an initial dose, two or three more vaccine doses are required at a later time for full effect. The

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from the (+) sense strand. Non-coding bases are removed from the ends of the (−) sense strand and the ends are rejoined. There are four known genes encoded by the genome, called C, X, P, and S. The core protein is coded for by gene C (HBcAg), and its start

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Genotypes differ by at least 8% of their sequence and were first reported in 1988 when six were initially described (A–F). Two further types have since been described (G and H). Most genotypes are now divided into subgenotypes with distinct properties.

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addition to that, N terminus of the L protein have virus attachment and capsid binding sites. Because of that, the N termini of half of the L protein molecules are positioned outside the membrane and the other half positioned inside the membrane.

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infection does not usually require treatment and most adults clear the infection spontaneously. Early antiviral treatment may be required in fewer than 1% of people, whose infection takes a very aggressive course (fulminant hepatitis) or who are

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All those with a risk of exposure to body fluids such as blood should be vaccinated, if not already. Testing to verify effective immunization is recommended and further doses of vaccine are given to those who are not sufficiently immunized.

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The function of the protein coded for by gene X is not fully understood but it is associated with the development of liver cancer. It stimulates genes that promote cell growth and inactivates growth regulating molecules.

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Katz LH, Fraser A, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Tur-Kaspa R (February 2008). "Lamivudine prevents reactivation of hepatitis B and reduces mortality in immunosuppressed patients: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Although none of the available medications can clear the infection, they can stop the virus from replicating, thus minimizing liver damage. As of 2018, there are eight medications licensed for the treatment of

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Early life horizontal transmission can occur through bites, lesions, certain sanitary habits, or other contact with secretions or saliva containing HBV. Adult horizontal transmission is known to occur through

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have been described as part of the extrahepatic manifestations of HBV infection, but their association is not as well-defined; therefore, they probably should not be considered etiologically linked to HBV.

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Villa E, Fattovich G, Mauro A, Pasino M (January 2011). "Natural history of chronic HBV infection: special emphasis on the prognostic implications of the inactive carrier state versus chronic hepatitis".

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causes both hepatocellular damage and viral clearance. Although the innate immune response does not play a significant role in these processes, the adaptive immune response, in particular virus-specific

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Kocher, Arthur; Papac, Luka; Barquera, Rodrigo; Key, Felix M.; Spyrou, Maria A.; Hübler, Ron; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Aron, Franziska; Stahl, Raphaela; Wissgott, Antje; Bömmel, Florian van (8 October 2021).

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Dashtseren, B.; Bungert, A.; Bat-Ulzii, P.; Enkhbat, M.; Lkhagva-Ochir, O.; Jargalsaikhan, G.; Enkhbat, A.; Oidovsambuu, O.; Klemen, J.; Dashdorj, N.; Dashdorj, N.; Genden, Z.; Yagaanbuyant, D. (2017).

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by 2030. Achieving this goal would require the development of therapeutic treatments to cure chronic hepatitis B, as well as preventing its transmission and using vaccines to prevent new infections.

3015: 1741:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 3943:

Norder H, Couroucé AM, Magnius LO (1994). "Complete genomes, phylogenic relatedness and structural proteins of six strains of the hepatitis B virus, four of which represent two new genotypes".

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Takekoshi Y, Tanaka M, Shida N, Satake Y, Saheki Y, Matsumoto S (November 1978). "Strong association between membranous nephropathy and hepatitis-B surface antigenaemia in Japanese children".

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considered to be a marker of immunity, does not preclude reactivation. Treatment with prophylactic antiviral drugs can prevent the serious morbidity associated with HBV disease reactivation.

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and were diagnosed with serum hepatitis. Other employees who had been inoculated with different batches of lymph remained healthy. Lurman's paper, now regarded as a classical example of an

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virus do not produce the 'e' antigen, so this rule does not always hold true. During the natural course of an infection, the HBeAg may be cleared, and antibodies to the 'e' antigen (

969:) will appear. Traditionally, the presence of HBeAg in a host's serum is associated with much higher rates of viral replication and enhanced infectivity; however, variants of the 8706: 3417:

Buti M, Rodriguez-Frias F, Jardi R, Esteban R (December 2005). "Hepatitis B virus genome variability and disease progression: the impact of pre-core mutants and HBV genotypes".

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Many people have no symptoms during an initial infection. For others, symptoms may appear 30 to 180 days after becoming infected and can include a rapid onset of sickness with

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virus infection may be either acute (self-limiting) or chronic (long-standing). Persons with self-limiting infection clear the infection spontaneously within weeks to months.

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surface antigen, or HBsAg) in the blood of Aboriginal Australian people. Although a virus had been suspected since the research published by Frederick MacCallum in 1947,

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LeFevre ML (July 2014). "Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in nonpregnant adolescents and adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement".

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and encourage prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. It has been led by the World Hepatitis Alliance since 2007 and in May 2010, it received global endorsement from the

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Mohsen RT, Al-azzawi RH, Ad'hiah AH (2019). "Hepatitis B virus genotypes among chronic hepatitis B patients from Baghdad, Iraq and their impact on liver function".

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Trepo C, Guillevin L (May 2001). "Polyarteritis nodosa and extrahepatic manifestations of HBV infection: the case against autoimmune intervention in pathogenesis".

1040: 420:, an illness that begins with general ill-health, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, body aches, mild fever, and dark urine, and then progresses to development of 5416: 6089: 8290: 2436:

Terrault N, Roche B, Samuel D (July 2005). "Management of the hepatitis B virus in the liver transplantation setting: a European and an American perspective".

443:(HCC; liver cancer). Across Europe, hepatitis B and C cause approximately 50% of hepatocellular carcinomas. Chronic carriers are encouraged to avoid consuming 303:

or from contact with other people's blood during childhood are the most frequent methods by which hepatitis B is acquired. In areas where the disease is rare,

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Lai CL, Yuen MF (July 2007). "The natural history and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a critical evaluation of standard treatment criteria and end points".

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study, proved that contaminated lymph was the source of the outbreak. Later, numerous similar outbreaks were reported following the introduction, in 1909, of

1206:. In 2015, the World Health Organization recommended tenofovir or entecavir as first-line agents. Those with current cirrhosis are in most need of treatment. 847:(CTLs), contributes to most of the liver injury associated with HBV infection. CTLs eliminate HBV infection by killing infected cells and producing antiviral 666:

long (for the full-length strand) and 1700–2800 nucleotides long (for the short length-strand). The negative-sense (non-coding) is complementary to the viral

424:. The illness lasts for a few weeks and then gradually improves in most affected people. A few people may have a more severe form of liver disease known as 8711: 3830:

Magnius LO, Norder H (1995). "Subtypes, genotypes and molecular epidemiology of the hepatitis B virus as reflected by sequence variability of the S-gene".

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Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J, Boxall EH, Gluud C (April 2006). "Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers".

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Yan H, Zhong G, Xu G, He W, Jing Z, Gao Z, Huang Y, Qi Y, Peng B, Wang H, Fu L, Song M, Chen P, Gao W, Ren B, Sun Y, Cai T, Feng X, Sui J, Li W (2012).

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but contains three in frame "start" (ATG) codons that divide the gene into three sections, pre-S1, pre-S2, and S. Because of the multiple start codons,

7827: 6450:"Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection, Vaccine-Induced Immunity, and Susceptibility among At-Risk Populations: U.S. Households, 2013-2018" 5685:

Oliveri F, Brunetto MR, Actis GC, Bonino F (November 1991). "Pathobiology of chronic hepatitis virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)".

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similar mechanisms. In 2020, they reported that there were 17 preclinical- and 32 clinical-stage drugs under development, using diverse mechanisms.

6359: 6124:"Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis B and C Infection in Mongolian Immigrants in the Washington, District of Columbia, Metropolitan Area, 2016–2017" 775:

by host RNA polymerase. The largest mRNA, (which is longer than the viral genome), is used to make the new copies of the genome and to make the

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Gocke DJ, Hsu K, Morgan C, Bombardieri S, Lockshin M, Christian CL (December 1970). "Association between polyarteritis and Australia antigen".

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Alpert E, Isselbacher KJ, Schur PH (July 1971). "The pathogenesis of arthritis associated with viral hepatitis. Complement-component studies".

68: 1216:, which is injected only once weekly. However, some individuals are much more likely to respond than others, and this might be because of the 544:

has a 20% risk of passing the infection to her offspring at the time of birth. This risk is as high as 90% if the mother is also positive for

8721: 7692: 7320: 4364: 3615: 3269: 3185: 3171: 2035: 7246: 8716: 7920: 7066: 4175:"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) quasispecies in hepatic and extrahepatic viral reservoirs in liver transplant recipients on prophylactic therapy" 2928:

Custer B, Sullivan SD, Hazlet TK, Iloeje U, Veenstra DL, Kowdley KV (November–December 2004). "Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus".

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has been described in adults but is more common in children. Membranous glomerulonephritis is the most common form. Other immune-mediated

4768:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy and safety of tenofovir to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus" 7977: 7145: 6390: 1394: 564:

and syringes. Breastfeeding after proper immunoprophylaxis does not appear to contribute to mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HBV.

475: 5160:"Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement" 2217:

Cox, Andrea L.; El-Sayed, Manal H.; Kao, Jia-Horng; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Lemoine, Maud; Lok, Anna S.; Zoulim, Fabien (September 2020).

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Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M (April 1970). "Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis".

2906: 8296: 7822: 7779: 4595: 2006: 1979: 1897: 1053:, in clinical specimens. These tests are used to assess a person's infection status and to monitor treatment. Individuals with high 8211: 6418: 2401:

Barker LF, Shulman NR, Murray R, Hirschman RJ, Ratner F, Diefenbach WC, Geller HM (1996). "Transmission of serum hepatitis. 1970".

463: 4576:"CDC guidance for evaluating health-care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management" 1858: 8282: 7685: 3641:"Hepatitis B virus X protein upregulates HSP90alpha expression via activation of c-Myc in human hepatocarcinoma cell line, HepG2" 1821: 1117: 699: 659: 537: 52: 1129:

with HIV, intravenous drug users, men who have sex with men, and those who live with someone with hepatitis B. Screening during

7881: 7867: 7329: 678:. The partially double-stranded DNA is rendered fully double-stranded by completion of the (+) sense strand and removal of a 532:

virus results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood. HBV is 50 to 100 times more infectious than

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Iannacone M, Sitia G, Isogawa M, Marchese P, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR, Chisari FV, Ruggeri ZM, Guidotti LG (November 2005).

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of the infecting virus or the person's heredity. The treatment reduces viral replication in the liver, thereby reducing the

1021:. A person negative for HBsAg but positive for anti-HBs either has cleared an infection or has been vaccinated previously. 5247: 4487:"Predictive factors for reactivation of hepatitis B following hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B" 1523: 1246: 456: 5978: 977:) will arise immediately afterwards. This conversion is usually associated with a dramatic decline in viral replication. 851:, which are then used to purge HBV from viable hepatocytes. Although liver damage is initiated and mediated by the CTLs, 479: 331:

led to a significant number of cases in the 1980s; however, this has become less common with improved sterilization. The

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Paraskevis, Dimitrios (2013). "Dating the Origin and Dispersal of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Humans and Primates".

2880: 8449: 8375: 8369: 8042: 7624: 7578: 6097: 4384: 3287:"Biology of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core and capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) cure" 1608: 1035: 694:

is preceded by an upstream in-frame AUG start codon from which the pre-core protein is produced. HBeAg is produced by

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virus may be asymptomatic or may be associated with chronic inflammation of the liver (chronic hepatitis), leading to

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infection from their mother at birth will clear the infection. This population has a 40% lifetime risk of death from

617:. These virions are 30–42 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid encloses the viral DNA and a DNA polymerase that has 1491:

from other people. After several weeks, and up to eight months later, 191 of the vaccinated workers became ill with

498:. About 30–50% of people with acute necrotizing vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa) are HBV carriers. HBV-associated 7282: 5231: 1001:

If the host is able to clear the infection, eventually the HBsAg will become undetectable and will be followed by

540:, HBV is passed from mother to child (MTCT) during childbirth. Without intervention, a mother who is positive for 494:. The symptoms often subside shortly after the onset of jaundice but can persist throughout the duration of acute 8506: 8113: 7666: 7313: 7013: 4817:"Hepatitis B immunoglobulin during pregnancy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus" 1566: 1046: 425: 389: 2358: 980: 8215: 8127: 8032: 7862: 7835: 7807: 7740: 7362: 7156: 2022: 1356: 1224:(the amount of virus particles as measured in the blood). Response to treatment differs between the genotypes. 1155: 1029: 984: 440: 377: 323:, living with an infected person, travel in countries with high infection rates, and living in an institution. 281: 109: 1542:. In 1971, the FDA issued its first-ever blood supply screening order to blood banks. By the early 1980s the 1451:

of 2019. HBV prevalence in India is also moderate, with studies placing India's infection rate between 2-4%.

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Davis, Jane (2013). "Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis B in the Indigenous People of Northern Australia".

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El-Serag HB, Rudolph KL (June 2007). "Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis".

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The use of interferon, which requires injections daily or thrice weekly, has been supplanted by long-acting

1058: 844: 820: 100: 8205: 7801: 3695:"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus" 3114:

Shi Z, Yang Y, Wang H, Ma L, Schreiber A, Li X, Sun W, Zhao X, Yang X, Zhang L, Lu W, Teng J, An Y (2011).

360:. During an initial infection, care is based on a person's symptoms. In those who develop chronic disease, 8405: 8383: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8143: 8037: 7998: 7427: 5922:

Mastroianni CM, Lichtner M, Citton R, Del Borgo C, Rago A, Martini H, Cimino G, Vullo V (September 2011).

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carriers. Carriers of the virus may have chronic hepatitis B, which would be reflected by elevated serum

8390: 7971: 7841: 7573: 7452: 7391: 7367: 6367: 5200: 4727:"Hepatitis B in pregnancy: a concise review of neonatal vertical transmission and antiviral prophylaxis" 3116:"Breastfeeding of Newborns by Mothers Carrying Hepatitis B Virus: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review" 1203: 1183: 756: 618: 373: 204: 7812: 2551:"Lamivudine for the treatment of membranous glomerulopathy secondary to chronic hepatitis B infection" 8701: 8654: 8486: 8121: 7950: 7566: 7532: 7422: 7306: 6977: 6591: 6523: 3874: 1374: 1179: 471: 361: 304: 192: 153: 3865:

Araujo, NM (December 2015). "Hepatitis B virus intergenotypic recombinants worldwide: An overview".

3213: 1430: 8072: 7793: 7374: 7358: 7351: 7130: 6174:"Endemic prevalence of hepatitis B and C in Mongolia: A nationwide survey amongst Mongolian adults" 4993:

Schroth RJ, Hitchon CA, Uhanova J, Noreddin A, Taback SP, Moffatt ME, Zacharias JM (19 July 2004).

3261: 3159: 1554: 1539: 1075: 384: 312: 300: 182: 6449: 942:. During this 'window' in which the host remains infected but is successfully clearing the virus, 896:

Hepatitis B viral antigens and antibodies detectable in the blood of a chronically infected person

8726: 8175: 7931: 7415: 7403: 7041: 6773: 6683: 6615: 6557: 6477: 6260:"Hepatitis B infection in the general population of China: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6240: 5899: 5850: 5632: 5496: 5288: 5140: 4797: 4611:"Elimination of Perinatal Hepatitis B: Providing the First Vaccine Dose Within 24 Hours of Birth" 4551: 4467: 4414: 4204: 4173:

Coffin CS, Mulrooney-Cousins PM, van Marle G, Roberts JP, Michalak TI, Terrault NA (April 2011).

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route was significantly more effective compared with the RV intradermal route of administration.

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Mühlemann B, Jones TC, Damgaard PB, Allentoft ME, Shevnina I, Logvin A, et al. (May 2018).

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GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTION, CARE AND TREATMENT OF PERSONS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION

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GUIDELINES FOR THE PREVENTION, CARE AND TREATMENT OF PERSONS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION

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over a period of several years. This type of infection dramatically increases the incidence of

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and may die as a result. The infection may be entirely asymptomatic and may go unrecognized.

8614: 8324: 8004: 7936: 7817: 7748: 7025: 6985: 6913: 6886: 6849: 6757: 6720: 6710: 6667: 6599: 6539: 6531: 6461: 6330: 6322: 6281: 6271: 6224: 6185: 6143: 6135: 6060: 6052: 5945: 5935: 5924:"Current trends in management of hepatitis B virus reactivation in the biologic therapy era" 5881: 5834: 5798: 5762: 5725: 5659: 5614: 5581: 5540: 5530: 5480: 5445: 5362: 5354: 5315: 5276: 5272: 5212: 5171: 5124: 5084: 5014: 5006: 4964: 4926: 4885: 4877: 4836: 4828: 4779: 4738: 4699: 4663: 4622: 4535: 4498: 4449: 4441: 4396: 4348: 4292: 4284: 4243: 4235: 4186: 4145: 4135: 4094: 4086: 4045: 4035: 3988: 3952: 3917: 3882: 3839: 3804: 3767: 3757: 3716: 3706: 3662: 3652: 3578: 3570: 3529: 3519: 3475: 3465: 3426: 3391: 3376: 3347: 3306: 3298: 3253: 3218: 3127: 3080: 3030: 2980: 2971:

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Hepatitis B viral antigens and antibodies detectable in the blood following acute infection

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Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et al. (July 2019).

5043:"Men Who Have Sex with Men | Populations and Settings | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC" 2902: 2359:"Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021" 1586: 1519: 1017:). The time between the removal of the HBsAg and the appearance of anti-HBs is called the 839: 511: 320: 246: 161: 6579: 5244: 4575: 3254: 863:

activated at the site of infection may facilitate the accumulation of CTLs in the liver.

7298: 6981: 6595: 6527: 6426: 3878: 3559:"Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus Entry, Species Specificity, and Tissue Tropism" 3311: 1850: 1389:

A number of different tests are available to determine the degree of cirrhosis present.

1373:. Co-infection with hepatitis D increases the risk of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. 7774: 7447: 6725: 6702: 6335: 6310: 6286: 6259: 6148: 6065: 6040: 5950: 5923: 5730: 5713: 5545: 5518: 5367: 5342: 5071:

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4297: 4272: 4248: 4223: 4150: 4123: 4050: 4023: 3772: 3745: 3721: 3694: 3667: 3640: 3583: 3558: 3534: 3507: 3480: 3453: 2734: 2709: 2327: 2302: 2251: 2218: 1813: 1765: 1740: 1701: 1600: 1167: 1101: 780: 748: 675: 595: 561: 444: 273: 93: 7139: 7135: 7029: 6917: 6890: 5802: 5319: 4743: 4726: 4099: 4074: 3430: 2846: 2770: 1756: 462:

Symptoms outside of the liver are present in 1–10% of HBV-infected people and include

8695: 7769: 7764: 7712: 7520: 7515: 6966:"Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli" 6561: 6481: 5886: 5869: 5838: 5619: 5602: 4555: 4349: 4208: 4090: 3929: 3238: 2941: 1882: 1195: 1121: 1018: 912: 667: 503: 491: 397: 7045: 6777: 6619: 6391:"Hepatitis B and C in the Spotlight. A public health response in the Americas, 2016" 6244: 5903: 5854: 5500: 5292: 5042: 4801: 4418: 4008: 3100: 3000: 2957: 2903:"Hepatitis B – the facts: IDEAS –Victorian Government Health Information, Australia" 2862: 2465: 2151: 1154:

and liver cancer. Chronically infected individuals with persistently elevated serum

8630: 8480: 8158: 8019: 7638: 7604: 7540: 6687: 5636: 5144: 5010: 4968: 4881: 4832: 4703: 4609:

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Individuals who remain HBsAg positive for at least six months are considered to be

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tests have been developed to detect and measure the amount of HBV DNA, called the

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in their replication process. The virus gains entry into the cell by binding to

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1717: 698:

processing of the pre-core protein. In some rare strains of the virus known as

8520: 8304: 8061: 7662: 7619: 7590: 7585: 7472: 7464: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7172: 7120: 7116: 6603: 6276: 5766: 5216: 3034: 2318: 2234: 1576: 1535: 1484: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1210: 1199: 1171: 1054: 1050: 916: 752: 731: 703: 623: 369: 337: 200: 6715: 5940: 4668: 4651: 4224:"HBV pathogenesis in animal models: Recent advances on the role of platelets" 3625: 2876: 2242: 2195: 1946: 815:

virus primarily interferes with the functions of the liver by replicating in

8565: 8546: 8513: 8501: 8495: 8474: 8420: 8348: 8319: 8242: 8234: 8196: 7965: 7944: 7850: 7728: 7720: 7708: 7657: 7386: 7346: 7213: 7178: 7111: 6535: 6448:

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of the virus had been sequenced, and the first vaccines were being tested.

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diagnostic panels contain HBsAg and total anti-HBc (both IgM and IgG).

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that detect either viral antigens (proteins produced by the virus) or

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is encoded by gene P. Gene S is the gene that codes for the surface

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that were used, and, more importantly, reused, for administering

923:

produced by the host. Interpretation of these assays is complex.

630:), and is produced in excess during the life cycle of the virus. 536:. HBV can be transmitted through several routes of infection. In 7150: 4124:"Viral and cellular determinants involved in hepadnaviral entry" 3454:"Viral and cellular determinants involved in hepadnaviral entry" 772: 7681: 7302: 4864:

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still infect humans, while other strains became extinct.

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for hepatitis B per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004

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Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology

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and others discovered the virus particle in 1970 by

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In areas where the disease is 164:, living with an infected person 7667:Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) 7330:Sexually transmitted infections 6425:. 19 April 2017. Archived from 6419:"Global hepatitis report, 2017" 5570:"The management of hepatitis B" 5438:New England Journal of Medicine 4073:Tong S, Li J, Wands JR (1999). 3508:"Hepatitis B virus replication" 3336:"The Biology of Hepadnaviruses" 2516:New England Journal of Medicine 838:During HBV infection, the host 702:, no HBeAg is present. The DNA 594:virus (HBV) is a member of the 447:as it increases their risk for 7882:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 7868:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma 6094:WHO Regional Office for Africa 5011:10.1002/14651858.CD003775.pub2 4969:10.1002/14651858.CD000100.pub3 4882:10.1002/14651858.CD007879.pub3 4833:10.1002/14651858.CD008545.pub2 4704:10.1002/14651858.CD004790.pub2 3396:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.021 3133:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.72 2099:. 14 July 2022. Archived from 1814:"Hepatitis B Fact sheet N°204" 1675:. 24 June 2022. Archived from 1377:is more common in people with 769:covalently closed circular DNA 562:re-use of contaminated needles 249:. It can cause both acute and 1: 7065:. World Health Organization. 7030:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92484-8 6940:"Hepatitis B Vaccine History" 6918:10.1016/S0140-6736(70)90926-8 6891:10.1016/S0140-6736(47)90722-8 5803:10.1016/S1590-8658(10)60686-X 5485:10.1046/j.1440-1746.17.s1.3.x 5320:10.1016/S1590-8658(10)60693-7 4744:10.1016/S1665-2681(19)30881-6 3809:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.045 3431:10.1016/s1386-6532(05)80015-0 2847:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)91801-9 2771:10.1016/S0140-6736(70)90339-9 1757:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1524:National Institutes of Health 1247:disability-adjusted life year 1204:PEGylated interferon alpha-2a 735:Hepatitis B virus replication 457:membranous glomerulonephritis 8722:Vaccine-preventable diseases 8087:Tropical spastic paraparesis 7992:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis 7399:Mycoplasma hominis infection 6015:"Hepatitis B incidence rate" 5718:Topics in Antiviral Medicine 5587:10.18773/austprescr.2009.048 4656:Journal of Clinical Oncology 4504:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.039 3922:10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100548 3887:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.024 3419:Journal of Clinical Virology 3291:Global Health & Medicine 3164:Baron's Medical Microbiology 2985:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834e9aeb 2493:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.061 2024:Global hepatitis report 2017 1968:Rubin R, Strayer DS (2008). 674:soon after infection of the 468:acute necrotizing vasculitis 464:serum-sickness–like syndrome 8717:Infectious causes of cancer 8450:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis 8370:Human parainfluenza viruses 8043:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 6855:10.1182/blood.V27.3.297.297 6057:10.1101/cshperspect.a021410 5791:Digestive and Liver Disease 5664:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.033 5308:Digestive and Liver Disease 5265:Annals of Internal Medicine 5117:Annals of Internal Medicine 4022:Schaefer S (January 2007). 3981:Journal of Medical Virology 3575:10.1101/cshperspect.a021378 3353:10.1099/0022-1317-67-7-1215 3340:Journal of General Virology 3073:European Addiction Research 2811:10.1056/NEJM199105233242103 2682:10.1056/NEJM197107222850401 1609:Infectious causes of cancer 946:antibodies specific to the 779:core protein and the viral 650:of HBV is made of circular 8743: 6666:. 2013 July (7): 1234–41. 6636:Ben Guarino (9 May 2018). 6178:Journal of Viral Hepatitis 6128:Preventing Chronic Disease 5975:"Hepatitis B Reactivation" 5827:Journal of Viral Hepatitis 5712:Peters MG (January 2019). 5568:Bell SJ, Nguyen T (2009). 4240:10.1016/j.jhep.2007.01.007 1880:Logan CM, Rice MK (1987). 1718:10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.013 1073: 1057:, characteristically have 662:. The genome is 3020–3320 571: 8114:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 6701:Gerlich, Wolfram (2013). 6604:10.1038/s41586-018-0097-z 6423:World Health Organization 6277:10.1186/s12879-019-4428-y 6217:Seminars in Liver Disease 5767:10.1016/j.cld.2007.08.001 5607:Pediatric Transplantation 5217:10.1016/j.gtc.2006.10.002 3201:Seminars in Liver Disease 3035:10.1016/j.bpa.2008.05.003 2592:Seminars in Liver Disease 2366:World Health Organization 2319:10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.006 2235:10.1038/s41575-020-0332-6 2174:Annual Review of Virology 2097:World Health Organization 1673:World Health Organization 1567:World Health Organization 763:on the surface and being 426:fulminant hepatic failure 390:World Health Organization 51: 42: 8216:Infectious mononucleosis 8033:Chandipura vesiculovirus 7863:Hepatocellular carcinoma 7808:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 7741:Hepatocellular carcinoma 7363:lymphogranuloma venereum 6716:10.1186/1743-422X-10-239 5973:Bonacini, Maurizio, MD. 5941:10.3748/wjg.v17.i34.3881 5517:Cao GW (December 2009). 4669:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.5724 3744:Bruss V (January 2007). 3375:Kay A, Zoulim F (2007). 2386:: CS1 maint: location ( 2307:Clinics in Liver Disease 1706:Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 1669:"Hepatitis B Fact Sheet" 1357:hepatocellular carcinoma 1156:alanine aminotransferase 1059:ground glass hepatocytes 1030:alanine aminotransferase 985:Ground glass hepatocytes 911:virus infection involve 480:Gianotti–Crosti syndrome 441:hepatocellular carcinoma 378:hepatocellular carcinoma 8012:Encephalitis lethargica 7713:viral systemic diseases 7380:Klebsiella granulomatis 6817:. Boston. 16 April 1987 6536:10.1126/science.abi5658 6264:BMC Infectious Diseases 5761:(4): 727–759, vii–759. 5506:(subscription required) 4322:Ann. Ist. Super. Sanità 3303:10.35772/ghm.2023.01065 2936:(10 Suppl 3): S158–68. 2635:Journal of Autoimmunity 2415:10.1001/jama.276.10.841 2057:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1914:"Hepatitis MedlinePlus" 1415:Immunosuppressive drugs 845:cytotoxic T lymphocytes 787:Serotypes and genotypes 602:) consists of an outer 431:Chronic infection with 241:(HBV) that affects the 8384:Human orthopneumovirus 8038:Herpesviral meningitis 7999:Arbovirus encephalitis 7428:Ureaplasma urealyticum 6944:Hepatitis B Foundation 6315:Clinical Liver Disease 5250:20 August 2017 at the 5177:10.1001/jama.2019.9365 4628:10.1542/peds.2017-1870 4128:World J. Gastroenterol 3957:10.1006/viro.1994.1060 3750:World J. Gastroenterol 3658:10.1186/1743-422X-7-45 2647:10.1006/jaut.2000.0502 2604:10.1055/s-2008-1063929 1526:(NIH), discovered the 1522:, then working at the 1435: 1391:Transient elastography 1341: 1043: 998: 829:duck hepatitis B virus 747:is one of a few known 736: 643: 613:core composed of core 598:. The virus particle ( 588: 311:are the most frequent 7842:Merkel-cell carcinoma 7574:Molluscum contagiosum 7453:Trichomonas vaginalis 7392:Neisseria gonorrhoeae 7368:Chlamydia trachomatis 7291:NCBI Taxonomy Browser 7014:"Hepatitis B vaccine" 6793:Berl Klin Woschenschr 5450:10.1056/NEJMra0801644 5232:registration required 5090:10.1093/humrep/dep258 4932:10.1093/epirev/mxj009 4919:Epidemiologic Reviews 4540:10.1055/s-2006-951602 4228:Journal of Hepatology 4141:10.3748/wjg.v13.i1.22 4041:10.3748/wjg.v13.i1.14 3763:10.3748/wjg.v13.i1.65 3525:10.3748/wjg.v13.i1.48 3471:10.3748/wjg.v13.i1.22 3223:10.1055/s-2004-828672 3158:Zuckerman AJ (1996). 2708:Liang TJ (May 2009). 2528:10.1056/NEJMra1001683 1507:for the treatment of 1433: 1244: 1184:tenofovir alafenamide 1038: 983: 757:reverse transcription 734: 641: 619:reverse transcriptase 586: 538:vertical transmission 412:Acute infection with 374:Liver transplantation 205:liver transplantation 27:Human viral infection 8487:Adenovirus infection 7951:Human polyomavirus 2 7780:Oropharyngeal cancer 7534:Human papillomavirus 7423:Ureaplasma infection 6229:10.1055/s-2003-37583 6140:10.5888/pcd16.180104 5687:Ital J Gastroenterol 4731:Annals of Hepatology 1751:(10053): 1545–1602. 1413:have a higher risk. 1375:Polyarteritis nodosa 1180:tenofovir disoproxil 472:polyarteritis nodosa 362:antiviral medication 305:intravenous drug use 193:Antiviral medication 154:Intravenous drug use 8073:Post-polio syndrome 7709:Infectious diseases 7352:Haemophilus ducreyi 6982:1979Natur.281..646G 6642:The Washington Post 6596:2018Natur.557..418M 6528:2021Sci...374..182K 5981:on 27 November 2008 5880:(Suppl 1): 104–10. 5874:Liver International 5536:10.3748/wjg.15.5761 5314:(Suppl 1): S57-63. 4079:Journal of Virology 3879:2015InfGE..36..500A 3712:10.7554/eLife.00049 3425:(Suppl 1): S79–82. 3252:Harrison T (2009). 3160:"Hepatitis Viruses" 2720:(5 Suppl): S13–21. 2568:10.1155/2005/378587 1555:World Hepatitis Day 1550:Society and culture 1540:electron microscopy 1530:(later known to be 1200:interferon alpha-2a 1076:Hepatitis B vaccine 907:, for detection of 596:hepadnavirus family 313:routes of infection 183:Hepatitis B vaccine 53:Electron micrograph 18:Chronic hepatitis B 8206:Epstein–Barr virus 8176:Respiratory system 7813:Burkitt's lymphoma 7416:Treponema pallidum 7404:Mycoplasma hominis 7194:External resources 5797:(Suppl 1): S8–14. 5479:(Suppl): S125–45. 5077:Human Reproduction 4395:(3_suppl): 25–33. 3334:Howard CR (1986). 1995:Thomas HC (2013). 1501:hypodermic needles 1436: 1342: 1229:in types C and D. 1044: 1005:antibodies to the 999: 903:The tests, called 857:inflammatory cells 833:carboxypeptidase D 743:virus is complex. 739:The life cycle of 737: 712:open reading frame 660:HBV DNA polymerase 644: 589: 558:blood transfusions 451:and liver cancer. 408:Signs and symptoms 317:blood transfusions 309:sexual intercourse 272:, dark urine, and 245:; it is a type of 233:infectious disease 214:296 million (2019) 158:sexual intercourse 127:Short or long term 69:Infectious disease 8687: 8686: 8649: 8648: 8400: 8399: 8331:Influenza virus A 8248:Human coronavirus 8138: 8137: 8128:Herpes of the eye 7675: 7674: 7567:HSV-1 & HSV-2 7555:Hepatitis B virus 7285:Hepatitis B virus 7242: 7241: 7060:"Viral hepatitis" 6885:(6480): 691–692. 6762:10.1002/hep.26079 6709:. 2013, 10: 239. 6672:10.1111/jgh.12177 6590:(7705): 418–423. 6522:(6564): 182–188. 6466:10.1002/hep.31991 6429:on 11 August 2022 6370:on 11 August 2022 6211:Alter MJ (2003). 6190:10.1111/jvh.12697 6103:on 10 August 2022 6019:Our World in Data 5601:Kerkar N (2005). 5444:(14): 1486–1500. 5359:10.1002/hep.28156 4785:10.1111/apt.14068 4778:(12): 1493–1505. 4446:10.1002/hep.21513 4389:Antiviral Therapy 4366:978-0-12-375147-8 4085:(10): 8696–8702. 3993:10.1002/jmv.20319 3844:10.1159/000150411 3617:978-1-118-62979-6 3606:Carter J (2013). 3271:978-0-12-375146-1 3173:978-0-9631172-1-2 3085:10.1159/000019005 2765:(7684): 1149–53. 2726:10.1002/hep.22881 2136:10.1002/hep.21347 2103:on 10 August 2022 2037:978-92-4-156545-5 1528:Australia antigen 1339: 1338: 1148:immunocompromised 938:core antigen, or 930:surface antigen ( 574:Hepatitis B virus 251:chronic infection 238:Hepatitis B virus 226: 225: 170:Diagnostic method 137:Hepatitis B virus 57:hepatitis B virus 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8734: 8413: 8408:digestive system 8325:Orthomyxoviridae 8291:SARS coronavirus 8277:MERS coronavirus 8193: 8005:Orthomyxoviridae 7928: 7894:Immune disorders 7818:Hodgkin lymphoma 7794:Kaposi's sarcoma 7702: 7695: 7688: 7679: 7654: 7635: 7616: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7300: 7294: 7278: 7266: 7086: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7064: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6991:10.1038/281646a0 6976:(5733): 646–50. 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6857: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6815:Associated Press 6807: 6801: 6800: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6728: 6718: 6707:Virology Journal 6698: 6692: 6691: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6575: 6566: 6565: 6547: 6506: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6460:(5): 2353–2365. 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6338: 6327:10.1002/cld.1125 6306: 6300: 6299: 6289: 6279: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6151: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6102: 6096:. Archived from 6085: 6079: 6078: 6068: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5998: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5953: 5943: 5919: 5908: 5907: 5889: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5622: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5548: 5538: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5433: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5404: 5394: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5260: 5254: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5129:10.7326/M14-1018 5112: 5103: 5102: 5092: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5022: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4956: 4945: 4944: 4934: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4876:(11): CD007879. 4861: 4855: 4854: 4844: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4787: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4746: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4630: 4621:(3): e20171870. 4606: 4600: 4599: 4571: 4560: 4559: 4528:Semin. Liver Dis 4523: 4517: 4516: 4506: 4491:Gastroenterology 4482: 4476: 4475: 4457: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4404: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4354: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4300: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4251: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4194: 4192:10.1002/lt.22312 4170: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4143: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4043: 4019: 4013: 4012: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3775: 3765: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3724: 3714: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3670: 3660: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3586: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3527: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3483: 3473: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3381: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3355: 3346:(7): 1215–1235. 3331: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3259: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3216: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3135: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3052:on 7 August 2020 3051: 3045:. Archived from 3020: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2841:(8099): 1065–8. 2830: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2737: 2705: 2694: 2693: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2481:Gastroenterology 2476: 2470: 2469: 2450:10.1002/lt.20492 2433: 2427: 2426: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2363: 2354: 2341: 2340: 2330: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2189: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2072: 2070:10.4065/82.8.967 2048: 2042: 2041: 2029: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1949:on 9 August 2022 1945:. Archived from 1938: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1887: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1847: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1810: 1779: 1778: 1768: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1679:on 9 August 2022 1665: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1560: 1533: 1474: 1419:cytotoxic T cell 1407: 1380: 1368: 1346: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1165: 1144: 1027: 1008: 972: 964: 957: 949: 937: 929: 910: 893: 879: 814: 749:pararetroviruses 746: 742: 606:envelope and an 593: 531: 528:Transmission of 508:cryoglobulinemia 497: 485: 454: 434: 415: 334: 73:gastroenterology 47: 35: 21: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8683: 8645: 8625: 8533: 8507:Gastroenteritis 8465: 8462:Gastroenteritis 8456: 8444:Cytomegalovirus 8407: 8396: 8364:Paramyxoviridae 8353:Avian influenza 8229: 8224:Cytomegalovirus 8188:viral pneumonia 8186: 8183:nasopharyngitis 8182: 8179: 8170: 8134: 8108:Cytomegalovirus 8093: 8047: 7935: 7922: 7915: 7888: 7755:Cervical cancer 7715: 7706: 7676: 7671: 7650: 7631: 7612: 7603: 7597: 7541:Genital warts ( 7482: 7459: 7434: 7333: 7327: 7297: 7281: 7275: 7264: 7258: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7189: 7188: 7115: 7097: 7083: 7078: 7077: 7069: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6912:(7649): 695–8. 6903: 6902: 6898: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6627: 6577: 6576: 6569: 6508: 6507: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6013: 6012: 6008: 5991: 5984: 5982: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5921: 5920: 5911: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5413: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5384: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5252:Wayback Machine 5243: 5239: 5229: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5005:(3): CD003775. 4992: 4991: 4984: 4963:(4): CD000100. 4958: 4957: 4948: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4827:(2): CD008545. 4814: 4813: 4809: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4698:(2): CD004790. 4693: 4692: 4685: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4586:(RR-10): 1–19. 4573: 4572: 4563: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4402:10.3851/IMP1621 4379: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4021: 4020: 4016: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3803:(19): 2409–23. 3794: 3793: 3789: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3618: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3379: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3214:10.1.1.618.7033 3198: 3197: 3193: 3174: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3008: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2804:(21): 1457–63. 2791: 2790: 2786: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2707: 2706: 2697: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2522:(12): 1118–27. 2513: 2512: 2508: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2409:(10): 841–844. 2400: 2399: 2395: 2378: 2371: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2344: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2009: 1998:Viral Hepatitis 1994: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1849: 1848: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1812: 1811: 1782: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1667: 1666: 1627: 1622: 1599: 1592: 1587:Medicine portal 1585: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1558: 1552: 1531: 1520:Baruch Blumberg 1497:epidemiological 1472: 1461: 1428: 1405: 1403: 1387: 1378: 1366: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1239: 1163: 1142: 1139: 1114: 1078: 1072: 1067: 1025: 1006: 970: 962: 955: 947: 935: 927: 908: 901: 900: 899: 898: 897: 894: 885: 884: 883: 880: 869: 840:immune response 819:. A functional 812: 810: 789: 755:that still use 744: 740: 729: 656:double-stranded 636: 591: 581: 576: 570: 529: 526: 521: 512:aplastic anemia 495: 483: 452: 432: 413: 410: 332: 247:viral hepatitis 140:spread by some 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8740: 8738: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8694: 8693: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8667: 8659: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8635: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8611: 8599: 8587: 8575: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8477: 8471: 8469: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8425: 8423: 8410: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8239: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8201: 8199: 8190: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8148: 8146: 8144:Cardiovascular 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8103: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8057: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8001: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7947: 7941: 7939: 7925: 7923:nervous system 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7775:Vaginal cancer 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7731: 7725: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7660: 7655: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7609: 7607: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7583: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7562:Herpes simplex 7559: 7547: 7538: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7505: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7469: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7448:Trichomoniasis 7444: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7372: 7356: 7343: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7303: 7296: 7295: 7279: 7274:978924154905-9 7273: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7224: 7210: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7175: 7164: 7153: 7142: 7123: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089:Classification 7082: 7081:External links 7079: 7076: 7075: 7051: 7005: 6956: 6931: 6896: 6869: 6848:(3): 297–309. 6828: 6802: 6783: 6740: 6693: 6654: 6625: 6567: 6494: 6440: 6410: 6381: 6350: 6321:(3): 111–116. 6301: 6250: 6203: 6184:(9): 759–767. 6163: 6114: 6080: 6031: 6006: 5965: 5934:(34): 3881–7. 5909: 5860: 5816: 5780: 5755:Clin Liver Dis 5745: 5724:(4): 112–116. 5704: 5693:(8): 498–502. 5677: 5642: 5613:(5): 685–691. 5593: 5560: 5529:(46): 5761–9. 5509: 5463: 5425: 5412:978924154905-9 5411: 5382: 5333: 5298: 5255: 5237: 5211:(4): 895–931. 5191: 5170:(4): 349–354. 5150: 5104: 5083:(11): 2676–8. 5060: 5034: 4982: 4946: 4905: 4856: 4807: 4758: 4717: 4683: 4642: 4601: 4561: 4534:(4): 309–317. 4518: 4497:(5): 1458–65. 4477: 4424: 4372: 4365: 4339: 4312: 4289:10.1038/nm1317 4283:(11): 1167–9. 4263: 4234:(4): 719–726. 4214: 4165: 4114: 4065: 4014: 3970: 3951:(2): 489–503. 3935: 3900: 3857: 3838:(1–2): 24–34. 3822: 3787: 3736: 3682: 3631: 3616: 3598: 3569:(8): a021378. 3549: 3495: 3444: 3409: 3390:(2): 164–176. 3384:Virus Research 3367: 3326: 3297:(4): 199–207. 3277: 3270: 3244: 3191: 3172: 3147: 3126:(9): 837–846. 3106: 3063: 3006: 2963: 2920: 2894: 2868: 2825: 2784: 2749: 2695: 2660: 2625: 2582: 2541: 2506: 2487:(7): 2557–76. 2471: 2428: 2393: 2342: 2313:(4): 607–628. 2290: 2266: 2229:(9): 533–542. 2209: 2180:(1): 437–458. 2157: 2130:(3): 521–526. 2114: 2084: 2063:(8): 967–975. 2043: 2036: 2014: 2007: 1987: 1980: 1960: 1930: 1905: 1898: 1872: 1835: 1780: 1731: 1712:(3): 160–167. 1690: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1601:Viruses portal 1590: 1574: 1571: 1551: 1548: 1460: 1457: 1427: 1424: 1402: 1399: 1386: 1383: 1337: 1336: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1250: 1238: 1235: 1194:, and the two 1138: 1135: 1113: 1110: 1102:kidney failure 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 950:core antigen ( 895: 888: 887: 886: 881: 874: 873: 872: 871: 870: 868: 865: 809: 806: 788: 785: 781:DNA polymerase 728: 725: 635: 632: 580: 577: 572:Main article: 569: 566: 554:sexual contact 525: 522: 520: 517: 409: 406: 274:abdominal pain 266:yellowish skin 235:caused by the 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 172: 166: 165: 151: 145: 144: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 103: 97: 96: 94:abdominal pain 92:, dark urine, 86:yellowish skin 82: 76: 75: 66: 60: 59: 49: 48: 40: 39: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8739: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8690: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8403: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8376:Parainfluenza 8374: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8212:EBV infection 8210: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8184: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8096: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8068:Poliomyelitis 8066: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7918: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7770:Vulvar cancer 7768: 7766: 7765:Penile cancer 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7698: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7312: 7310: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7292: 7288: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7068: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6957: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6829: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6798: 6795:(in German). 6794: 6787: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6756:(3): 908–16. 6755: 6751: 6744: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6655: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6441: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6382: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6115: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6032: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5833:(2): 89–102. 5832: 5828: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5594: 5588: 5583: 5580:(4): 99–104. 5579: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5353:(1): 261–83. 5352: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5049:. 31 May 2015 5048: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4737:(2): 187–95. 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4455:2027.42/55941 4451: 4447: 4443: 4440:(2): 507–39. 4439: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4352: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4328:(2): 217–23. 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4185:(8): 955–62. 4184: 4180: 4179:Liver Transpl 4176: 4169: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832:Intervirology 3826: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3029:(3): 503–17. 3028: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641:(3): 269–74. 2640: 2636: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2561:(10): 625–9. 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444:(7): 716–32. 2443: 2439: 2438:Liver Transpl 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2383: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2258: 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WHO. 2017. 2026: 2025: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2008:9781118637302 2004: 2000: 1999: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1981:9780781795166 1977: 1973: 1972: 1964: 1961: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1899:0-397-54589-4 1895: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1876: 1873: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1823: 1820:. July 2014. 1819: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1588: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1467: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1440: 1432: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1333: >500 1327: 250–500 1321: 200–250 1315: 150–200 1309: 125–150 1303: 100–125 1298: 1259: no data 1254: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:immune system 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1122:sperm washing 1119: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1019:window period 1016: 1012: 1004: 997: 996:H&E stain 993: 990: 986: 982: 978: 976: 968: 959: 953: 945: 941: 933: 924: 922: 918: 914: 906: 892: 878: 866: 864: 862: 858: 855:-nonspecific 854: 850: 846: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 807: 805: 801: 798: 794: 786: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 733: 726: 724: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 684: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 640: 633: 631: 629: 625: 620: 616: 612: 609: 605: 601: 597: 585: 578: 575: 567: 565: 563: 559: 555: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 523: 518: 516: 513: 509: 505: 504:hematological 501: 493: 492:polyarteritis 489: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 450: 446: 442: 438: 429: 427: 423: 419: 407: 405: 401: 399: 398:public health 395: 391: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 239: 234: 230: 221: 217: 213: 209: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 181: 177: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 150: 146: 143: 139: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 111: 107: 104: 102: 101:Complications 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 65: 61: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 36: 30: 19: 8689: 8669: 8662: 8638: 8631:Pancreatitis 8613: 8601: 8589: 8577: 8570: 8557: 8551: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8500: 8479: 8442: 8428: 8389: 8382: 8368: 8362: 8329: 8323: 8303: 8289: 8275: 8246: 8222: 8204: 8159:Pericarditis 8151: 8120: 8106: 8079: 8060: 8018: 8003: 7984: 7970: 7949: 7932:Encephalitis 7901: 7874: 7855: 7834: 7800: 7786: 7747: 7733: 7651: 7639:Epididymitis 7632: 7613: 7605:inflammation 7589: 7577: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7499: 7451: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7390: 7378: 7366: 7350: 7290: 7284: 7260: 7226: 7212: 7201: 7177: 7166: 7155: 7144: 7125: 7101: 7054: 7021: 7017: 7008: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6947:. Retrieved 6943: 6934: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6819:. Retrieved 6814: 6805: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6706: 6696: 6663: 6657: 6645:. Retrieved 6641: 6587: 6583: 6519: 6515: 6485:. Retrieved 6457: 6453: 6443: 6431:. Retrieved 6427:the original 6422: 6413: 6401:. Retrieved 6397: 6384: 6372:. Retrieved 6368:the original 6363: 6353: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6223:(1): 39–46. 6220: 6216: 6206: 6181: 6177: 6166: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6105:. Retrieved 6098:the original 6093: 6083: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6022:. Retrieved 6018: 6009: 5983:. Retrieved 5979:the original 5968: 5931: 5927: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5658:(1): 71–76. 5655: 5651: 5645: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5441: 5437: 5398: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5271:(1): 58–61. 5268: 5264: 5258: 5240: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5123:(1): 58–66. 5120: 5116: 5080: 5076: 5051:. Retrieved 5046: 5037: 5002: 4998: 4960: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4824: 4820: 4810: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4695: 4662:(1): 83–90. 4659: 4655: 4645: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4583: 4579: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4392: 4388: 4375: 4350: 4342: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4134:(1): 22–38. 4131: 4127: 4117: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4034:(1): 14–21. 4031: 4027: 4017: 3987:(1): 24–32. 3984: 3980: 3973: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3913: 3910:Gene Reports 3909: 3903: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3756:(1): 65–73. 3753: 3749: 3739: 3702: 3698: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3607: 3601: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3518:(1): 48–64. 3515: 3511: 3464:(1): 22–38. 3461: 3457: 3447: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3387: 3383: 3370: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3255: 3247: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3163: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3079:(1): 20–30. 3076: 3072: 3066: 3054:. Retrieved 3047:the original 3026: 3022: 3009: 2979:(1): 66–72. 2976: 2972: 2966: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2913:19 September 2911:. Retrieved 2897: 2885:. Retrieved 2871: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2717: 2713: 2676:(4): 185–9. 2673: 2669: 2663: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2598:(1): 45–57. 2595: 2591: 2585: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2370:. Retrieved 2365: 2310: 2306: 2281:. Retrieved 2275: 2269: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2177: 2173: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2105:. Retrieved 2101:the original 2096: 2087: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2023: 2017: 1997: 1990: 1970: 1963: 1951:. Retrieved 1947:the original 1921:. Retrieved 1917: 1908: 1883: 1875: 1863:. Retrieved 1826:. Retrieved 1817: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1709: 1705: 1681:. Retrieved 1677:the original 1672: 1553: 1517: 1513: 1479:occurred in 1470: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1426:Epidemiology 1411:chemotherapy 1404: 1401:Reactivation 1388: 1361: 1349: 1343: 1295: 80–100 1265: <10 1245:Estimate of 1231: 1208: 1170:medications 1160: 1140: 1127: 1115: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1045: 1023: 1015:anti HBc IgG 1014: 1010: 1000: 974: 960: 952:anti-HBc IgM 951: 925: 902: 837: 811: 802: 790: 753:retroviruses 738: 727:Pathogenesis 721: 716:polypeptides 645: 611:nucleocapsid 590: 550: 527: 524:Transmission 461: 430: 411: 402: 382: 286: 282:liver cancer 255: 236: 228: 227: 149:Risk factors 135: 110:liver cancer 29: 8702:Hepatitis B 8528:Coronavirus 8269:Common cold 8181:acute viral 8164:Myocarditis 8008:(probable) 7760:Anal cancer 7644:Prostatitis 7550:Hepatitis B 7501:HIV-1/HIV-2 7375:Donovanosis 7247:Hepatitis B 7233:Hepatitis B 7203:MedlinePlus 5574:Aust Prescr 5053:13 December 5047:www.cdc.gov 3056:17 December 1865:29 November 1563:hepatitis C 1559:hepatitis B 1532:hepatitis B 1473:hepatitis B 1406:Hepatitis B 1381:infection. 1379:hepatitis B 1367:hepatitis B 1363:Hepatitis D 1345:Hepatitis B 1289: 60–80 1283: 40–60 1277: 20–40 1271: 10–20 1198:modulators 1188:telbivudine 1164:hepatitis B 1143:hepatitis B 1061:on biopsy. 1055:viral loads 1026:hepatitis B 1007:hepatitis B 971:hepatitis B 965:e antigen ( 963:hepatitis B 956:hepatitis B 948:hepatitis B 936:hepatitis B 928:hepatitis B 917:blood tests 909:hepatitis B 817:hepatocytes 813:Hepatitis B 765:endocytosed 745:Hepatitis B 741:hepatitis B 696:proteolytic 664:nucleotides 624:hepatocytes 608:icosahedral 592:Hepatitis B 530:hepatitis B 500:nephropathy 496:hepatitis B 484:hepatitis B 453:Hepatitis B 433:hepatitis B 414:hepatitis B 385:vaccination 333:hepatitis B 329:acupuncture 293:body fluids 229:Hepatitis B 174:Blood tests 142:body fluids 116:Usual onset 38:Hepatitis B 8696:Categories 8655:Urogenital 8521:Astrovirus 8481:Adenovirus 8305:SARS-CoV-2 8062:Poliovirus 7937:meningitis 7663:Urethritis 7620:Cervicitis 7591:Zika virus 7586:Zika fever 7473:Crab louse 7228:Patient UK 7168:DiseasesDB 6949:8 November 6821:8 November 6750:Hepatology 6545:1826/17264 6454:Hepatology 6270:(1): 811. 5985:24 January 5347:Hepatology 4925:: 112–25. 4615:Pediatrics 4434:Hepatology 3916:: 100548. 3873:: 500–10. 3705:: e00049. 2714:Hepatology 2124:Hepatology 1828:4 November 1620:References 1536:David Dane 1485:vaccinated 1226:Interferon 1222:viral load 1214:interferon 1172:lamivudine 1065:Prevention 1051:viral load 921:antibodies 808:Mechanisms 704:polymerase 370:interferon 338:antibodies 201:interferon 179:Prevention 8727:Hepatitis 8566:RNA virus 8547:DNA virus 8539:Hepatitis 8514:Norovirus 8502:Rotavirus 8496:RNA virus 8475:DNA virus 8421:Esophagus 8349:Influenza 8235:RNA virus 8197:DNA virus 7966:RNA virus 7945:DNA virus 7851:RNA virus 7729:DNA virus 7721:Oncovirus 7658:Proctitis 7543:condyloma 7465:Parasitic 7440:Protozoal 7387:Gonorrhea 7359:Chlamydia 7347:Chancroid 7339:Bacterial 7214:eMedicine 7179:SNOMED CT 6647:9 January 6562:238475573 6487:11 August 6482:235371274 6433:11 August 6403:11 August 6398:IRIS PAHO 6374:11 August 6107:12 August 4556:260317291 4209:206211853 3930:209577328 3626:865013042 3239:260320531 3209:CiteSeerX 2887:24 August 2372:10 August 2283:6 January 2243:1759-5053 2196:2327-056X 2107:10 August 1614:Oncovirus 1505:Salvarsan 1385:Cirrhosis 1353:cirrhosis 1237:Prognosis 1211:PEGylated 1192:entecavir 1168:antiviral 1152:cirrhosis 1137:Treatment 1131:pregnancy 1089:Tenofovir 867:Diagnosis 861:platelets 849:cytokines 793:serotypes 579:Structure 488:skin rash 449:cirrhosis 437:cirrhosis 418:hepatitis 366:tenofovir 344:viruses: 342:hepatitis 325:Tattooing 278:cirrhosis 211:Frequency 197:tenofovir 189:Treatment 106:Cirrhosis 90:tiredness 64:Specialty 8664:BK virus 8467:diarrhea 8311:COVID-19 8053:Myelitis 7511:cervical 7411:Syphilis 7293:. 10407. 7184:66071002 7067:Archived 7046:43614988 6778:25933906 6770:22987324 6735:23870415 6680:23432545 6620:13684815 6612:29743673 6554:34618559 6474:34097776 6345:34691396 6296:31533643 6245:25088865 6237:12616449 6198:28211256 6158:30676936 6075:25934461 5995:cite web 5960:22025876 5904:19400774 5896:21205146 5855:37659362 5847:18184191 5811:21195374 5775:17981227 5740:30641484 5672:16364738 5652:Virology 5629:16176431 5555:19998495 5501:26270129 5493:12000599 5458:18832247 5417:Archived 5377:26566064 5328:21195373 5293:40746103 5285:17606962 5248:Archived 5225:17129820 5186:31334800 5137:24863637 5099:19625309 5029:15266500 4977:16235273 4941:16754644 4900:25385500 4851:28188612 4802:23620357 4794:28436552 4753:24552860 4712:16625613 4678:26578611 4637:28847980 4596:Archived 4592:24352112 4548:17051445 4513:17935720 4464:17256718 4419:25592461 4411:21041901 4307:16258538 4277:Nat. 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