1842:
1871:
266:
CSE are formally diagnosed in the medical field. This may, in part, be a reason for the syndrome's lack of widespread recognition. The solvents responsible for neurological effects dissipate quickly after an exposure, leaving only indirect evidence of their presence, in the form of temporary or permanent impairments.
190:. Some psychological symptoms are believed to be linked to frustration with other symptoms, neurological, or pathophysiological symptoms of CSE. A case study of a painter diagnosed with CSE reported that the patient frequently felt defensive, irritable, and depressed because of his memory deficiencies.
265:
Furthermore, CSE must be diagnosed "by exclusion". This means that all other possible causes of the patient's symptoms must first be ruled out beforehand. Because screening and assessing for CSE is a complex and time-consuming procedure requiring several specialists of multiple fields, few cases of
355:
intoxication at a rubber manufacturing company and coined the term "psycho-organic syndrome". Studies of solvent effects on intellectual functioning, memory, and concentration were carried out in the Nordic countries, with
Denmark spearheading the research. Growing awareness of the syndrome in the
338:. Furthermore, existing symptoms of CSE can potentially worsen with age. Some symptoms of CSE, such as depression and sleep issues, can be treated separately, and therapy is available to help patients adjust to any untreatable disabilities. Current management for CSE involves treating accompanying
367:
indoors, which resulted in a considerable reduction of solvent exposure to painters. As a result, the number of CSE cases dropped substantially after 2002. In 2005–2007, no new CSE cases were diagnosed among construction painters in the
Netherlands, and no occupational CSE has been encountered in
91:
impairments. There are, however, numerous other symptoms that accompany to varying degrees. Variability in the research methods studying CSE makes characterizing these symptoms difficult, and some may be questionable regarding whether they are actual symptoms of solvent-induced syndromes, simply
379:
Occupations that have been found to have higher risk of causing CSE are painter, printer, industrial cleaner, and paint or glue manufacturer. Of them, painters have been found to have the highest recorded incidence of CSE. Spray painters in particular have higher exposure intensities than other
333:
Like diagnosis, treating CSE is difficult because it is vaguely defined and data on the mechanism of CSE effects on neural tissue are lacking. There is no existing treatment that is effective at completely recovering any neurological or physical function lost due to CSE. This is believed to be
371:
Though movements to reduce CSE have been successful, CSE still poses an issue to many workers that are at occupational risk. Statistics published in 2012 by Nicole Cherry et al. claim that at least 20% of employees in
Finland still encounter organic solvents at the workplace, and 10% of them
206:
compounds that are typically liquids at normal temperature. These can be compounds or mixtures used to extract, dissolve, or suspend non-water-soluble materials such as fats, oils, lipids, cellulose derivatives, waxes, plastics, and polymers. These solvents are often used industrially in the
350:
Cases of CSE have been studied predominantly in northern Europe, though documented cases have been found in other countries such as the United States, France, and China. The first documented evidence for CSE was in the early 1960s from a paper published by Helena
Hanninen, a Finnish
226:, ingestion, or direct absorption through the skin. Of the three, inhalation is the most common form of exposure, with the solvent able to rapidly pass through lung membranes and then into fatty tissue or cell membranes. Once in the bloodstream, organic solvents easily cross the
473:
Bast-Pettersen, Rita (November 2009). "The neuropsychological diagnosis of chronic solvent induced encephalopathy (CSE)—A reanalysis of neuropsychological test results in a group of CSE patients diagnosed 20 years ago, based on comparisons with matched controls".
262:. Together, the team of specialists assess the patient's history of exposure, symptoms, and course of symptom development relative to the amount and duration of exposure, presence of neurological signs, and any existing neuropsychological impairment.
305:(WHO) in 1985, WHO diagnostic criteria states that CSE can occur in three stages, organic affective syndrome (type I), mild chronic toxic encephalopathy (type II), and severe chronic toxic encephalopathy (type III). Shortly after, a workshop in
317:(type 3). Though not identical, the WHO and Raleigh criteria are relatively comparable. WHO type I and Raleigh types 1 and 2A are believed to encompass the same stages of CSE, and WHO type II and Raleigh type 2B both involve deficiencies in
1512:
1447:
372:
experience some form of disadvantage from the exposure. In Norway, 11% of the male population of workers and 7% of female workers are still exposed to solvents daily and as of 2006, the country has the highest rate of
1134:
132:. One study found that there was a correlation between decreased red blood cell count and level of solvent exposure, but not enough data has been found to support any blood tests to screen for CSE.
289:
abnormalities in patients with CSE, but the data were not different enough from healthy patients to be considered significant. The most promising brain imaging technique being studied currently is
116:, forgetfulness, and disorientation. The mechanism behind these symptoms beyond solvent molecules crossing the blood–brain barrier is currently unknown. Neurological signs include impaired
911:
Furu, Heidi; Markku Sainio; Hanna Kaisa
Hyvarinen; Ritva Akila; Beatrice Back; Sanni Uuksulainen; Ari Kaukiainen (2012). "Detecting chronic solvent encephalopathy in occupations at risk".
1012:
632:
van Valen, Evelien; Wekking, Ellie; van der Laan, Gert; Sprangers, Mirjam; van Dijk, Frank (November 2009). "The course of chronic solvent induced encephalopathy: A systematic review".
92:
because of how infrequently they appear. Characterizing of CSE symptoms is more difficult because CSE is currently poorly defined, and the mechanism behind it is not understood yet.
1862:
1470:
363:. Following, from 1998 to 2004, was a health surveillance program for CSE cases among construction painters in the Netherlands. By 2000, a ban was put into action against using
567:
75:. The multiple names of solvent-induced syndromes combined with inconsistency in research methods makes referencing this disease difficult and its catalog of symptoms vague.
1656:
1441:
325:. No other international classifications for CSE have been proposed, and neither the WHO nor Raleigh criteria have been uniformly accepted for epidemiological studies.
1857:
1491:
1453:
207:
production of paints, glues, coatings, degreasing agents, dyes, polymers, pharmaceuticals, and printing inks. Some common organic solvents known to cause CSE include
1501:
1397:
518:
Baker, EL; Letz, RE; Eisen, EA; Pothier, LJ; Plantamura, DL; Larson, M; Wolford, R (February 1988). "Neurobehavioral effects of solvents in construction painters".
1762:
865:
van der Hoek, Joffrey; Maarten M. Verberk; Gerard
Hageman (December 27, 1999). "Criteria for solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy: a systematic review".
1465:
1415:
1902:
1005:
1846:
1635:
998:
1875:
1822:
1681:
376:
CSE in Europe. Furthermore, due to the complexity of screening for CSE, there is still a high likelihood of a population of undiagnosed cases.
359:
To reduce cases of CSE in the workforce, a diagnostic criterion for CSE appeared on information notices in occupational disease records in the
290:
1802:
230:, due to their lipophilic properties. However, the sequence of effects that these solvents have on the brain is not yet fully understood.
1084:
309:(United States) released a second diagnostic criterion which recognizes four stages as symptoms only (type 1), sustained personality or
1752:
1675:
1665:
1420:
558:
269:
Brain imaging techniques which have been explored in research have shown little promise as alternative methods to diagnose CSE.
1897:
1852:
1717:
1372:
1021:
1109:
148:; however this may or may not have been actually caused by exposure to organic solvents. There is other evidence for subtle
1588:
1341:
1630:
1563:
1316:
1104:
1767:
1459:
1367:
1331:
1169:
169:
776:"A Review of Recent Research on Health Effects of Human Occupational Exposure to Organic Solvents: A Critical Review"
238:
Due to its non-specific nature, diagnosing CSE requires a multidisciplinary "Solvent Team" typically consisting of a
37:
and neurobehavioral deficits even after solvent exposure has been removed. This syndrome can also be referred to as
1827:
1732:
1506:
1209:
1425:
1336:
1321:
1179:
1154:
302:
1742:
1722:
1615:
1229:
1817:
1239:
1204:
227:
1787:
1573:
285:
in some cases. Examinations of regional cerebral blood flow in some imaging techniques have also shown some
282:
113:
105:
1382:
1362:
1149:
1119:
247:
199:
39:
1377:
243:
278:
1578:
1553:
1357:
1274:
1124:
1114:
1074:
1029:
124:, a possible effect from psychomotor damage in the brain. Other symptoms that have been seen include
427:
van der Laan, Gert; Markku Sainio (2012). "Chronic
Solvent induced Encephalopathy: A step Forward".
1712:
1595:
1583:
1548:
1326:
1311:
1304:
1284:
1054:
1036:
360:
293:(fMRI) but as of now, no specific brain imaging techniques are available to reliably diagnose CSE.
216:
1747:
1651:
1568:
1387:
890:
587:
306:
274:
187:
117:
33:, often—but not always—in the workplace, that lead to a wide variety of persisting sensorimotor
1797:
1610:
1289:
1264:
1159:
1144:
977:
928:
882:
844:
795:
751:
697:
649:
605:
579:
527:
491:
444:
335:
251:
179:
125:
84:
1538:
1533:
1199:
1139:
967:
959:
920:
874:
834:
826:
787:
741:
733:
687:
641:
595:
571:
483:
436:
352:
34:
1812:
1792:
1620:
1299:
1294:
339:
286:
149:
1249:
948:"Neurobehavioral effects of repeated occupational exposure to toluene and paint solvents"
1777:
1737:
1625:
1605:
1600:
1219:
1184:
1099:
972:
947:
839:
814:
746:
721:
600:
553:
381:
270:
101:
21:
1891:
1782:
1543:
1244:
1189:
791:
674:
Krstev, Srmena; Bogoljub
Perunicic; Boris Farkic; Radmila Banicevic (March 1, 2003).
385:
364:
183:
894:
676:"Neuropsychiatric Effects in Workers with Occupational Exposure to Carbon Disulfide"
1697:
1671:
1661:
1254:
1194:
1164:
259:
255:
208:
145:
990:
813:
Maizlish, N A; L J Fine; J W Albers; L Whitehead; G D Langold (January 1, 1987).
1707:
1174:
1069:
1064:
924:
645:
487:
440:
310:
239:
153:
1807:
1757:
1727:
1702:
1224:
1214:
1089:
1079:
1059:
1049:
815:"A neurological evaluation of workers exposed to mixtures of organic solvents"
203:
175:
583:
83:
Two characteristic symptoms of CSE are deterioration of memory (particularly
1528:
1496:
1234:
1044:
737:
380:
painters. Studies of instances of CSE have specifically been carried out in
322:
88:
932:
886:
755:
701:
653:
609:
495:
448:
981:
878:
848:
799:
531:
1772:
1259:
1129:
963:
575:
314:
223:
830:
160:
exacerbation of hearing loss, and loss of the sense of smell (anosmia).
591:
351:
neuropsychologist. Her paper described a case of workers who developed
212:
157:
141:
109:
30:
1448:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
692:
675:
1558:
554:"Chronic Toxic Encephalopathy in a Painter Exposed to Mixed Solvents"
318:
121:
775:
946:
Cherry, Nicola; Helen
Hutchins; T Pace; H A Waldron (May 1, 1985).
140:
A 1988 study indicated that some solvent-exposed workers developed
389:
552:
Feldman, Robert G.; Ratner, Marcia
Hillary; Ptak, Thomas (1999).
129:
994:
867:
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
313:(type 2A), impairment of intellectual function (type 2B), and
174:
Psychological symptoms of CSE that have been reported include
16:
Neurological condition caused by exposure to organic solvents
29:) is a condition induced by long-term exposure to organic
368:
workers under thirty years of age in Finland since 1995.
336:
regeneration capabilities in the central nervous system
1471:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
198:
Organic solvents that cause CSE are characterized as
1690:
1644:
1521:
1484:
1434:
1408:
1396:
1350:
1273:
1028:
568:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
1657:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
1442:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
342:, symptoms, and preventing further deterioration.
1454:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
1502:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
186:such as spontaneous laughing or crying, and a
184:uncontrollable and intense displays of emotion
1466:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1416:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
1006:
8:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
1405:
1110:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
1013:
999:
991:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
971:
860:
858:
838:
745:
691:
599:
547:
545:
543:
541:
669:
667:
665:
663:
356:Nordic countries occurred in the 1970s.
1636:Immediately dangerous to life or health
906:
904:
769:
767:
765:
726:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
400:
301:Introduced by a working group from the
112:, altered visual perceptive abilities,
100:Reported neurological symptoms include
1823:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
1095:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
952:British Journal of Industrial Medicine
819:British Journal of Industrial Medicine
715:
713:
711:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
291:functional magnetic resonance imaging
156:or "blue-yellow" color discernment),
7:
1870:
1513:Working Environment Convention, 1977
774:Baker, Edward L. (October 1, 1994).
1903:Peripheral nervous system disorders
1682:Workers' right to access the toilet
281:, and effects in dopamine-mediated
122:inability to maintain steady motion
53:occupational solvent encephalopathy
1753:International Chemical Safety Card
222:Exposure to solvents can occur by
128:, decreased strength, and unusual
14:
1763:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
1421:International Labour Organization
559:Environmental Health Perspectives
106:decrease in intellectual capacity
1869:
1841:
1840:
792:10.1097/00043764-199410000-00010
780:Journal of Occupational Medicine
520:Journal of Occupational Medicine
1718:Environment, health and safety
1373:Occupational health psychology
1022:Occupational safety and health
680:Journal of Occupational Health
188:severe lack of interest in sex
1:
1589:Personal protective equipment
1342:Workplace health surveillance
388:manufacturing companies, and
1631:Standard operating procedure
1564:Hierarchy of hazard controls
1317:Hierarchy of hazard controls
69:chronic toxic encephalopathy
1768:NIOSH air filtration rating
1460:Health and Safety Executive
1368:Occupational health nursing
1332:Occupational exposure limit
1170:Hospital-acquired infection
1135:Exposure to human nail dust
925:10.1016/j.neuro.2012.04.018
646:10.1016/j.neuro.2009.06.002
488:10.1016/j.neuro.2009.04.008
441:10.1016/j.neuro.2012.04.012
170:Substance-induced psychosis
114:affected psychomotor skills
1919:
1828:Workplace health promotion
1733:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
1507:Worker Protection Standard
1210:Noise-induced hearing loss
720:Dick, F D (1 March 2006).
178:, increased irritability,
167:
152:(especially impairment of
150:impairment of color vision
49:chronic painter's syndrome
1836:
1426:World Health Organization
1337:Occupational epidemiology
1322:Prevention through design
1180:Laboratory animal allergy
1105:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
1080:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
303:World Health Organization
1743:Hostile work environment
1723:Environmental toxicology
1616:Redundancy (engineering)
1230:Repetitive strain injury
182:, a lack of initiative,
45:organic solvent syndrome
20:Chronic solvent-induced
1788:Quality of working life
1574:Administrative controls
738:10.1136/oem.2005.022400
722:"Solvent neurotoxicity"
334:because of the limited
283:frontostriatal circuits
40:psycho-organic syndrome
1383:Occupational therapist
1363:Industrial engineering
1155:Glassblower's cataract
1120:Decompression sickness
248:occupational hygienist
244:occupational physician
120:at extremities and an
61:toxic solvent syndrome
1898:Occupational diseases
1853:Occupational diseases
1818:Workers' compensation
1378:Occupational medicine
1240:Silo-filler's disease
1205:Mule spinners' cancer
879:10.1007/s004200000119
73:neurasthenic syndrome
1579:Engineering controls
1554:Emergency evacuation
1358:Environmental health
1125:De Quervain syndrome
1115:Concussions in sport
964:10.1136/oem.42.5.291
576:10.1289/ehp.99107417
365:solvent-based paints
57:solvent intoxication
1713:Effects of overtime
1596:Job safety analysis
1584:Hazard substitution
1549:Emergency procedure
1327:Exposure assessment
1312:Occupational stress
1305:Psychosocial hazard
1285:Occupational hazard
1150:Flock worker's lung
831:10.1136/oem.44.1.14
361:European Commission
228:blood–brain barrier
136:Sensory alterations
118:vibratory sensation
102:difficulty sleeping
1748:Indoor air quality
1652:Diving regulations
1569:Hazard elimination
1388:Safety engineering
307:Raleigh-Durham, NC
275:functional imaging
254:, and sometimes a
79:Symptoms and signs
1885:
1884:
1798:Safety data sheet
1611:Operations manual
1492:Bangladesh Accord
1480:
1479:
1290:Biological hazard
786:(10): 1079–1092.
693:10.1539/joh.45.81
252:neuropsychologist
202:, blood soluble,
85:short-term memory
1910:
1873:
1872:
1844:
1843:
1539:Contingency plan
1534:Code of practice
1406:
1200:Metal fume fever
1015:
1008:
1001:
992:
986:
985:
975:
943:
937:
936:
908:
899:
898:
862:
853:
852:
842:
810:
804:
803:
771:
760:
759:
749:
717:
706:
705:
695:
671:
658:
657:
640:(6): 1172–1186.
629:
614:
613:
603:
549:
536:
535:
515:
500:
499:
482:(6): 1195–1201.
470:
453:
452:
424:
392:viscose plants.
353:carbon disulfide
279:cortical atrophy
277:have shown mild
65:painters disease
35:polyneuropathies
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1832:
1813:Toxic workplace
1793:Risk management
1686:
1640:
1621:Risk assessment
1517:
1476:
1430:
1401:
1392:
1346:
1300:Physical hazard
1295:Chemical hazard
1276:
1269:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1019:
989:
945:
944:
940:
913:NeuroToxicology
910:
909:
902:
864:
863:
856:
812:
811:
807:
773:
772:
763:
719:
718:
709:
673:
672:
661:
634:NeuroToxicology
631:
630:
617:
551:
550:
539:
517:
516:
503:
476:NeuroToxicology
472:
471:
456:
429:NeuroToxicology
426:
425:
402:
398:
382:naval dockyards
348:
340:psychopathology
331:
299:
287:cerebrovascular
236:
196:
172:
166:
138:
98:
81:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Source control
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:Process safety
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:Health physics
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Safety culture
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1606:Permit To Work
1603:
1601:Lockout-tagout
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1265:Writer's cramp
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:Pneumoconiosis
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Lead poisoning
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:Golfer's elbow
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:Fiddler's neck
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:Chronic stress
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:Cardiovascular
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
988:
987:
958:(5): 291–300.
938:
919:(4): 734–741.
900:
873:(6): 362–368.
854:
805:
761:
732:(3): 221–226.
707:
659:
615:
537:
501:
454:
435:(4): 897–901.
399:
397:
394:
347:
344:
330:
327:
298:
297:Classification
295:
271:Neuroradiology
235:
232:
195:
192:
165:
162:
137:
134:
97:
94:
80:
77:
22:encephalopathy
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1915:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1863:Organizations
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Public health
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:United States
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:United States
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
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1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Diving safety
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
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1489:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:International
1407:
1404:
1402:organizations
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1275:Occupational
1272:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Sports injury
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Low back pain
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:Farmer's lung
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1030:Occupational
1027:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
993:
983:
979:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
859:
855:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
757:
753:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
714:
712:
708:
703:
699:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
668:
666:
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
548:
546:
544:
542:
538:
533:
529:
526:(2): 116–23.
525:
521:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
401:
395:
393:
391:
387:
386:mineral fiber
383:
377:
375:
369:
366:
362:
357:
354:
345:
343:
341:
337:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
171:
164:Psychological
163:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:or damage to
143:
142:loss of smell
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
93:
90:
86:
78:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
28:
24:
23:
1874:
1845:
1672:Right to sit
1662:Potty parity
1255:Tennis elbow
1250:Surfer's ear
1195:Mesothelioma
1165:Hearing loss
1094:
955:
951:
941:
916:
912:
870:
866:
825:(1): 14–25.
822:
818:
808:
783:
779:
729:
725:
686:(2): 81–87.
683:
679:
637:
633:
563:
557:
523:
519:
479:
475:
432:
428:
378:
373:
370:
358:
349:
332:
300:
268:
264:
260:toxicologist
256:psychiatrist
237:
221:
209:formaldehyde
197:
173:
154:Tritan color
146:color vision
139:
99:
96:Neurological
82:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
26:
19:
18:
1708:Drug policy
1645:Legislation
1351:Professions
1175:Indium lung
1070:Brucellosis
1065:Berylliosis
311:mood swings
240:neurologist
176:mood swings
158:synergistic
1892:Categories
1808:Toxic tort
1758:Job strain
1728:Ergonomics
1703:Break room
1225:Radium jaw
1215:Phossy jaw
1090:Chalicosis
1060:Barotrauma
1050:Asbestosis
570:: 417–22.
396:References
224:inhalation
204:lipophilic
180:depression
168:See also:
1529:Checklist
1497:ISO 45001
1485:Standards
1235:Silicosis
1045:Acrodynia
584:0091-6765
374:diagnosed
329:Treatment
323:attention
234:Diagnosis
110:dizziness
89:attention
1858:Journals
1847:Category
1773:Overwork
1691:See also
1444:(Canada)
1435:National
1398:Agencies
1260:Tinnitus
1130:Erethism
1037:injuries
1032:diseases
933:22560996
895:39903241
887:11007338
756:16497867
702:14646298
654:19538991
610:10210698
496:19422849
449:22560998
315:dementia
217:alcohols
213:acetates
200:volatile
31:solvents
1876:Commons
1456:(Spain)
1450:(Italy)
1277:hygiene
1075:Burnout
982:3872680
973:1007475
849:3814530
840:1007773
800:7830166
747:2078137
601:1566426
592:3434546
532:3351646
346:History
126:fatigue
87:), and
1559:Hazard
1522:Safety
1055:Asthma
980:
970:
931:
893:
885:
847:
837:
798:
754:
744:
700:
652:
608:
598:
590:
582:
530:
494:
447:
319:memory
215:, and
194:Causes
1698:Break
891:S2CID
588:JSTOR
566:(5).
390:rayon
71:, or
1509:(US)
1473:(US)
1462:(UK)
1400:and
1035:and
978:PMID
929:PMID
883:PMID
845:PMID
796:PMID
752:PMID
698:PMID
650:PMID
606:PMID
580:ISSN
528:PMID
492:PMID
445:PMID
321:and
273:and
130:gait
968:PMC
960:doi
921:doi
875:doi
835:PMC
827:doi
788:doi
742:PMC
734:doi
688:doi
642:doi
596:PMC
572:doi
564:107
484:doi
437:doi
258:or
27:CSE
1894::
976:.
966:.
956:42
954:.
950:.
927:.
917:33
915:.
903:^
889:.
881:.
871:73
869:.
857:^
843:.
833:.
823:44
821:.
817:.
794:.
784:36
782:.
778:.
764:^
750:.
740:.
730:63
728:.
724:.
710:^
696:.
684:45
682:.
678:.
662:^
648:.
638:30
636:.
618:^
604:.
594:.
586:.
578:.
562:.
556:.
540:^
524:30
522:.
504:^
490:.
480:30
478:.
457:^
443:.
433:33
431:.
403:^
384:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
219:.
211:,
108:,
104:,
67:,
63:,
59:,
55:,
51:,
47:,
43:,
1678:)
1674:(
1668:)
1664:(
1014:e
1007:t
1000:v
984:.
962::
935:.
923::
897:.
877::
851:.
829::
802:.
790::
758:.
736::
704:.
690::
656:.
644::
612:.
574::
534:.
498:.
486::
451:.
439::
25:(
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