253:
moral teacher who is not God certainly suffers, as all men, from human weakness. Jesus could been a wise moral teacher, and yet made an error of judgement (as the Bible itself records of Moses, David, and Elijah who it views as wise moral teachers who were rebuked by God or his prophets), even one as extreme as declaring himself to be a God. Or, someone can begin with wisdom and moral teachings and be corrupted by experience of power to commit particular abuses, even though his teachings are wise and moral.
2210:
3241:
2200:
733:) to make faith triumph finally over the forces of evil and adversity. “So truly with hardship comes ease”, (XCIV, 5, 6). For Jesus to die on the cross would have meant the triumph of his executioners; but the Quran asserts that they undoubtedly failed: “Assuredly God will defend those who believe”; (XXII, 49). He confounds the plots of the enemies of Christ (III, 54)." (cf. `Isa,
22:
252:
Disputing premise 4: A person can be a wise moral teacher despite lying. Jesus could have believed (as some later philosophers have held) that religion is false but beneficial to society, and that by establishing a new religion (or a reform of
Judaism) he was doing a good deed nonetheless. And a wise
358:
and for boasting, "We killed the
Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, the messenger of Allah." But they neither killed nor crucified him—it was only made to appear so. Even those who argue for this ˹crucifixion˺ are in doubt. They have no knowledge whatsoever—only making assumptions. They certainly did not
248:
argued that Jesus was not a wise moral teacher by arguing against several of his teachings. For example, of Jesus' teaching "Let him who is without sin cast the first stone", Hitchens wrote: "if only the non-sinners have the right to punish, then how could an imperfect society ever determine how to
236:
Disputing premise 1: Jesus was indeed a wise moral teacher, but his reported teachings have been distorted or misrepresented. For instance, he may not have actually claimed to be divine; this claim may have been added by later writers. Many modern New
Testament scholars argue that Jesus did not, in
345:
This is the major position in Islam, which rejects that Jesus ever was crucified. Islamic texts categorically deny the crucifixion and death of Jesus at the hands of the Jews. The Qur'an states that the Jews sought to kill Jesus, but they did not kill or crucify him, although a likeness of it was
256:
Disputing premise 5: A person can be a wise moral teacher despite being delusional. Granting credence to some, or even most, of someone's claims does not require that we give credence to all of them. Someone can believe
Socrates' philosophical claims about justice without also believing Socrates'
333:
Such arguments have had many responses which depends on the version in question. The "minimal facts argument", for instance, have been criticized both regarding the actual veracity of the claimed historical facts as well as the inference to the best explanation being that God rose Jesus from the
539:
To judge from the many sayings attributed to Jesus in the New
Testament Gospels... n addition to proclaiming and teaching about God's kingdom, Jesus also seems to have engaged in other activities that had the effect of drawing further attention to him but were primarily intended to demonstrate
269:
criticises Lewis for failing to recognise the significance of Jesus' Jewish identity and setting—an oversight which "at best, drastically short-circuits the argument" and which lays Lewis open to criticism that his argument "doesn't work as history, and it backfires dangerously when historical
728:
The
Encyclopedia of Islam further elaborates: "The denial, furthermore, is in perfect agreement with the logic of the Qur’an. The Biblical Prophets alluded to in it (e.g., Job, Moses, Joseph etc.) and the episodes relating to the history of the beginning of Islam demonstrate that it is “God's
342:, do by more methodological reasons. Regarding the claimed facts, Ehrman and others defend that the sources used in their defense (normally the Gospels) are not trustworthy and so the facts cannot be credibly established, while others have provided positive reasons to attest them as false.
145:
Even supposing that Jesus was correct, wise, and knowledgeable about a great many things does not imply that he was knowledgeable about everything. A deep knowledge of moral philosophy and the iniquities of the human condition, for example, do not necessarily imply any valid expertise on
520:
Jesus identified himself as a divine agent with a unique authority and a unique relationship with Israel's God. In addition, he spoke as one who spoke for God in an immediate sense and believed himself to be embodying the very person of God in his mission to renew and restore
86:, which exists in several forms, holds that if certain claims about Jesus are valid, one should accept that God exists. There are three main threads: the argument from the wisdom of Jesus, the argument from the claims of Jesus as son of God and the argument from the
192:
This argument is very popular with
Christian apologists, although some theologians and biblical scholars do not view Jesus as having claimed to be God. Some argue that he identified himself as a divine agent, with a unique relationship to
390:) leaning affirmed the crucifixion by arguing that Jesus' body had been crucified, but his spirit had ascended. However, this interpretation was generally rejected, and according to the
244:
expressed the opinion that any mere man who claimed to be God could not, by definition, be a wise moral teacher (and that, conversely, any wise moral teacher would not claim to be God).
398:
have demonstrated that it is possible that Jesus was not crucified at all. Modern commentators such as M. Hayek interpret the verse to say that the crucifixion "seemed thus to them" .
261:
Philosopher John
Beversluis described Lewis's arguments as "textually careless and theologically unreliable", and this particular argument as logically unsound and an example of
257:
theological speculations about the Greek gods, or accept
Aristotle's views on poetry without also accepting his claim that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones.
1126:
774:
3215:
3263:
2173:
323:
On multiple occasions and under various circumstances, different individuals and groups of people experienced appearances of Jesus alive from the dead
2184:
304:, which defend that God raising Jesus from the dead is "the best explanation for a set of claimed historical facts about Jesus and his disciples".
185:
radio talk and in his writings. It is sometimes described as the "Lunatic, Liar, or Lord", or "Mad, Bad, or God" argument. It takes the form of a
1167:
638:
2648:
2623:
767:
296:'s argument from the nature of the claim of resurrection to its occurrence and the "minimal facts argument", defended by scholars such as
694:
2943:
2899:
2246:
1059:
279:
746:
See Shabir's debate with
William Lane Craig, where he demonstrated to be open to the possibility of a real crucifixion without death.
2811:
1586:
609:
495:
65:
32:
3139:
182:
2463:
983:
2869:
2213:
1871:
1784:
760:
3207:
326:
The original disciples believed that Jesus was risen from the dead despite their having every predisposition to the contrary.
120:
are introduced to Jesus as a historical character and the merits of Jesus' teachings are discussed. In such a context, the
3004:
2999:
2738:
2163:
1996:
1789:
1648:
1499:
2938:
2138:
3122:
1550:
1507:
1037:
1027:
200:
The argument relies on the premise that Jesus was a great moral teacher. The structure of the argument is as follows:
47:
3187:
2458:
1512:
1177:
1142:
938:
166:
292:
occurred and was an act of God, hence God must exist. Some versions of this argument have been presented, such as
43:
3089:
1731:
1192:
270:
critics question his reading of the gospels", although he believes this "doesn't undermine the eventual claim".
3220:
3169:
3014:
2653:
1849:
1779:
1600:
1365:
1294:
1289:
988:
394:, there was unanimous agreement among the scholars in denying the crucifixion, despite famous Muslim apologist
139:
3099:
3154:
2958:
2855:
2374:
2046:
1761:
1701:
1693:
1390:
1385:
1172:
1157:
2904:
2239:
1643:
1462:
1079:
1074:
783:
412:
102:
The character and wisdom of Jesus is such that his views about reality are (or are likely to be) correct.
3044:
2948:
2718:
2681:
2633:
2521:
2178:
2133:
2071:
2061:
1400:
1264:
1109:
1099:
1084:
1042:
1032:
671:
347:
289:
87:
516:
How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature — A Response to Bart D. Ehrman
320:
On the Sunday following the crucifixion, Jesus’ tomb was found empty by a group of his women followers
3268:
3064:
2713:
2168:
1811:
1613:
1545:
1488:
1472:
1457:
1437:
1395:
1269:
1114:
1104:
1089:
1054:
1049:
1017:
579:
350:. This raising is understood by them to mean bodily ascension, while some Qur'anic scholars, such as
245:
174:
121:
117:
3159:
2790:
2728:
2638:
2575:
2485:
2473:
2153:
1854:
1726:
1605:
1274:
1197:
1187:
1064:
948:
943:
666:
315:
156:
3240:
2199:
330:
In light of these, he goes on to say the best explanation is that God raised Jesus from the dead.
3144:
3107:
3074:
3069:
3034:
2991:
2879:
2850:
2770:
2733:
2268:
2143:
2101:
2011:
1976:
1716:
1618:
1560:
1522:
1517:
1353:
1343:
1119:
1069:
860:
820:
407:
307:
1906:
1859:
1751:
1147:
3197:
2830:
2775:
2765:
2757:
2723:
2608:
2557:
2379:
2232:
2203:
2081:
2066:
1939:
1736:
1706:
1683:
1663:
1565:
1555:
1482:
1311:
1301:
1094:
882:
802:
644:
634:
605:
491:
471:
3049:
2909:
2861:
2780:
2598:
2106:
1969:
1929:
1924:
1821:
1806:
1452:
1348:
1182:
1002:
973:
912:
850:
630:
583:
485:
432:
335:
135:
83:
535:
How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God?: Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus
374:
According to some Muslim traditions, Jesus was replaced by a double; others suggest it was
346:
shown to them. Traditionalists believe that Jesus was not crucified but instead was raised
3244:
3149:
3079:
2835:
2785:
2603:
2490:
2113:
2096:
2051:
2041:
1986:
1959:
1896:
1891:
1876:
1801:
1537:
1527:
1162:
1152:
953:
830:
511:
375:
382:. Some others view it as Jesus surviving the crucifixion. A minority of commentaries of
3009:
2676:
2500:
2495:
2468:
2337:
2086:
2076:
2016:
1964:
1901:
1796:
1721:
1678:
1658:
1447:
1323:
1284:
978:
968:
963:
887:
601:
379:
339:
142:", criticized Jesus' personal character and philosophical positions on various grounds.
3257:
2919:
2820:
2412:
2317:
2056:
1981:
1864:
1844:
1756:
1711:
922:
351:
297:
262:
197:. Others see him as wanting to direct attention to the divine kingdom he proclaimed.
3134:
3039:
3029:
2929:
2894:
2874:
2815:
2743:
2628:
2531:
2478:
2001:
1991:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1826:
1741:
1673:
1570:
1234:
958:
907:
730:
662:
293:
266:
359:
kill him. Rather, Allah raised him up to Himself. And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise.
189:—a choice among three options, each of which is in some way difficult to accept.
3112:
3024:
2953:
2889:
2845:
2663:
2618:
2571:
2505:
2349:
2312:
2021:
2006:
1886:
1881:
1427:
1360:
1279:
1244:
1224:
892:
540:
something of the power and the purposes of the divine kingdom that he announced.
395:
354:, while cross referencing the text consider it to mean being raised in honour:
301:
283:
178:
162:
3177:
3084:
3059:
3019:
2613:
2384:
2369:
2364:
2332:
2307:
1949:
1746:
1668:
1653:
1442:
1412:
1375:
1333:
1328:
1259:
897:
695:"See "The Resurrection of Jesus" by William Lane Craig at ReasonableFaith.org"
241:
134:
Jesus' views about reality are not (or not likely to be) necessarily correct.
113:
338:
justify their rejection based on philosophical reasons while others, such as
2840:
2671:
2562:
2359:
2344:
2327:
2322:
2302:
2091:
1816:
1638:
1467:
1432:
1417:
1380:
797:
648:
551:
435:
although there are subsidiary suggestions that Jesus may not have existed.
310:, another advocate of this last argument, includes in the list of facts:
3192:
2825:
2407:
2354:
2255:
2158:
2148:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1575:
1422:
1338:
1306:
1219:
1211:
902:
877:
845:
840:
752:
186:
170:
367:
3182:
2884:
2795:
2643:
2590:
2526:
2420:
1407:
1318:
1239:
1229:
872:
825:
383:
364:
3130:
2693:
2280:
1477:
1370:
1249:
813:
514:(2014). "3: Did Jesus Think He Was God?". In Bird, Michael F. (ed.).
194:
146:
astrophysics, Phoenician literature, or the literal existence of God.
108:
Therefore, the view that God exists is (or is likely to be) correct.
50:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2686:
2536:
2427:
2402:
2297:
1254:
807:
2914:
2697:
2567:
835:
667:"Simply Lewis: Reflections on a Master Apologist After 60 Years"
2979:
2266:
2228:
756:
556:
The Metaphor of God Incarnate: Christology in a Pluralistic Age
169:
by arguing that the only alternatives were that he was evil or
3054:
2541:
2441:
917:
131:
The reports of Jesus' character in the Bible are not reliable.
15:
487:
Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
2224:
537:. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 3.
127:
The principal objections to (1) are the suggestions that:
98:
The essential structure of this argument is as follows:
39:
719:
Neal Robinson, Crucifixion, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
105:
One of Jesus' views about reality was that God exists.
314:
After his crucifixion, Jesus was buried in a tomb by
210:
By the trilemma, Jesus was dishonest, deluded or God
3206:
3168:
3121:
3098:
2990:
2928:
2804:
2756:
2706:
2662:
2589:
2550:
2514:
2451:
2440:
2393:
2288:
2279:
2126:
2030:
1915:
1835:
1770:
1692:
1599:
1584:
1536:
1498:
1210:
1135:
1010:
1001:
931:
859:
790:
490:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 5.
627:C. S. Lewis and the Search for Rational Religion
598:C. S. Lewis and the Search for Rational Religion
356:
232:Those who dispute these premises suggest that:
124:is a crucial factor in assessing the argument.
2240:
768:
165:argument traditionally used to argue for the
151:Argument from the claims of Jesus to divinity
8:
518:. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. p. 46.
2987:
2976:
2703:
2448:
2285:
2276:
2263:
2247:
2233:
2225:
1596:
1007:
865:
775:
761:
753:
706:
704:
2174:Relationship between religion and science
334:dead. In the second case, people such as
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
558:, Westminster John Knox Press, page 27.
424:
1100:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
7:
219:By 2 and 4, Jesus was not dishonest
3264:Arguments for the existence of God
378:, or one of the disciples such as
280:Arguments for the existence of God
213:No wise moral teacher is dishonest
14:
2812:Attributes of God in Christianity
222:By 2 and 5, Jesus was not deluded
173:. One version was popularised by
94:Argument from the wisdom of Jesus
3239:
2209:
2208:
2198:
448:(Eerdmans, 2014), pages 100–101.
216:No wise moral teacher is deluded
20:
2870:Great Architect of the Universe
431:This is the principal line in
274:Argument from the resurrection
207:Jesus was a wise moral teacher
116:take this approach. Potential
1:
2649:Trinity of the Church Fathers
468:The Metaphor of God Incarnate
288:Another argument is that the
2139:Desacralization of knowledge
710:"Isa", Encyclopedia of Islam
225:By 3, 6 and 7, Jesus was God
177:literary scholar and writer
2900:Phenomenological definition
1551:Best of all possible worlds
1508:Eschatological verification
1065:Fine-tuning of the universe
46:the claims made and adding
3285:
675:. Vol. 20, no. 2
625:Beversluis, John (2007) .
600:. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
533:Hurtado, Larry W. (2005).
484:Hurtado, Larry W. (2005).
277:
154:
3237:
2986:
2975:
2275:
2262:
2194:
868:
596:Beversluis, John (1985).
2654:Trinitarian universalism
1780:Friedrich Schleiermacher
1366:Theories about religions
1168:Inconsistent revelations
265:. New Testament scholar
140:Why I Am Not a Christian
2856:Godhead in Christianity
204:Jesus claimed to be God
161:Lewis's trilemma is an
80:Christological argument
1644:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
784:Philosophy of religion
457:Davis (2006), page 151
413:Mental health of Jesus
372:
237:fact, claim to be God.
2682:Fate of the unlearned
2634:Shield of the Trinity
2179:Faith and rationality
2134:Criticism of religion
2072:Robert Merrihew Adams
2062:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1265:Divine command theory
735:Encyclopedia of Islam
629:. Buffalo, New York:
392:Encyclopedia of Islam
290:resurrection of Jesus
249:prosecute offenders?"
240:Disputing premise 2:
2169:Religious philosophy
1649:Pico della Mirandola
1614:Anselm of Canterbury
1546:Augustinian theodicy
1458:Religious skepticism
791:Concepts in religion
580:Christopher Hitchens
246:Christopher Hitchens
175:University of Oxford
122:historicity of Jesus
3216:Slavic Native Faith
2639:Trinitarian formula
2576:Father of Greatness
2459:Abrahamic religions
2154:History of religion
1855:Friedrich Nietzsche
1732:Gottfried W Leibniz
1727:Nicolas Malebranche
1659:King James VI and I
939:Abrahamic religions
316:Joseph of Arimathea
3178:Abrahamic prophecy
3108:Ayyavazhi theology
2880:Apophatic theology
2269:Conceptions of God
2164:Religious language
2144:Ethics in religion
2102:William Lane Craig
1977:Charles Hartshorne
1717:Desiderius Erasmus
1619:Augustine of Hippo
1561:Inconsistent triad
1523:Apophatic theology
1518:Logical positivism
1500:Religious language
1120:Watchmaker analogy
1085:Necessary existent
861:Conceptions of God
821:Intelligent design
408:Criticism of Jesus
308:William Lane Craig
31:possibly contains
3251:
3250:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2862:Latter Day Saints
2831:Divine simplicity
2752:
2751:
2609:Consubstantiality
2585:
2584:
2436:
2435:
2380:Theistic finitism
2222:
2221:
2122:
2121:
2082:Peter van Inwagen
2067:Richard Swinburne
2012:George I Mavrodes
1872:Vladimir Solovyov
1812:Søren Kierkegaard
1737:William Wollaston
1684:William of Ockham
1664:Marcion of Sinope
1566:Irenaean theodicy
1556:Euthyphro dilemma
1483:Transcendentalism
1312:Womanist theology
1302:Feminist theology
1206:
1205:
997:
996:
883:Divine simplicity
803:Euthyphro dilemma
640:978-1-59102-531-3
569:Mere Christianity
348:alive into heaven
167:divinity of Jesus
76:
75:
68:
33:original research
3276:
3243:
2988:
2977:
2864:
2704:
2599:Athanasian Creed
2449:
2286:
2277:
2264:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2107:Ali Akbar Rashad
1970:Reinhold Niebuhr
1930:Bertrand Russell
1925:George Santayana
1822:Albrecht Ritschl
1807:Ludwig Feuerbach
1597:
1593:(by date active)
1453:Process theology
1198:Russell's teapot
1008:
1003:Existence of God
913:Process theology
866:
851:Theological veto
814:religious belief
777:
770:
763:
754:
747:
744:
738:
726:
720:
717:
711:
708:
699:
698:
691:
685:
684:
682:
680:
659:
653:
652:
631:Prometheus Books
622:
616:
615:
593:
587:
584:God Is Not Great
577:
571:
565:
559:
549:
543:
542:
530:
524:
523:
512:Bird, Michael F.
508:
502:
501:
481:
475:
464:
458:
455:
449:
442:
436:
433:The God Delusion
429:
386:or rationalist (
370:
228:By 8, God exists
157:Lewis's trilemma
138:, in his essay "
136:Bertrand Russell
84:existence of God
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
48:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:Religion portal
3225:
3202:
3164:
3145:Holy Scriptures
3117:
3094:
2982:
2963:
2924:
2860:
2836:Divine presence
2800:
2748:
2702:
2658:
2604:Comma Johanneum
2581:
2546:
2510:
2444:
2432:
2389:
2271:
2258:
2253:
2223:
2218:
2190:
2118:
2114:Alexander Pruss
2097:Jean-Luc Marion
2052:Alvin Plantinga
2047:Dewi Z Phillips
2034:
2032:
2026:
1997:Walter Kaufmann
1987:Frithjof Schuon
1960:Rudolf Bultmann
1917:
1911:
1907:Joseph Maréchal
1897:Pavel Florensky
1892:Sergei Bulgakov
1877:Ernst Troeltsch
1860:Harald Høffding
1837:
1831:
1802:William Whewell
1790:Georg W F Hegel
1785:Karl C F Krause
1772:
1766:
1762:Johann G Herder
1752:Baron d'Holbach
1702:Augustin Calmet
1688:
1604:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1580:
1538:Problem of evil
1532:
1528:Verificationism
1494:
1202:
1148:Atheist's Wager
1131:
993:
927:
855:
831:Problem of evil
786:
781:
751:
750:
745:
741:
727:
723:
718:
714:
709:
702:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
661:
660:
656:
641:
633:. p. 132.
624:
623:
619:
612:
595:
594:
590:
578:
574:
566:
562:
550:
546:
532:
531:
527:
510:
509:
505:
498:
483:
482:
478:
465:
461:
456:
452:
446:God in the Dock
443:
439:
430:
426:
421:
404:
376:Simon of Cyrene
371:
363:
286:
276:
159:
153:
96:
72:
61:
55:
52:
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3155:Predestination
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Biblical canon
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2805:Other concepts
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2677:Apocalypticism
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2591:Trinitarianism
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2506:Zoroastrianism
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2455:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2338:Urmonotheismus
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2127:Related topics
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:Daniel Dennett
2084:
2079:
2077:Ravi Zacharias
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:William L Rowe
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:William Alston
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1965:Gabriel Marcel
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1902:Ernst Cassirer
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:Thomas Carlyle
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Baruch Spinoza
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:René Descartes
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1679:Thomas Aquinas
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Possibilianism
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Fundamentalism
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1285:Existentialism
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:Noncognitivism
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1127:Transcendental
1124:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:Pascal's wager
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1025:
1023:Christological
1020:
1014:
1012:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
869:
863:
857:
856:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
817:
816:
805:
800:
794:
792:
788:
787:
782:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
749:
748:
739:
721:
712:
700:
686:
665:(March 2007).
654:
639:
617:
610:
602:W. B. Eerdmans
588:
572:
560:
544:
525:
503:
496:
476:
459:
450:
444:Lewis, C. S.,
437:
423:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
410:
403:
400:
380:Judas Iscariot
361:
340:Bart D. Ehrman
328:
327:
324:
321:
318:
275:
272:
259:
258:
254:
250:
238:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
152:
149:
148:
147:
143:
132:
112:Some forms of
110:
109:
106:
103:
95:
92:
74:
73:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:Denominations
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3160:Last Judgment
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2920:Unmoved mover
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Binitarianism
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2542:Supreme Being
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:Gender of God
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Kathenotheism
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Anthony Kenny
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Mircea Eliade
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:William James
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Ernst Haeckel
1843:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Immanuel Kant
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Blaise Pascal
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:Language game
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:Occam's razor
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:Consciousness
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
930:
924:
923:Unmoved mover
921:
919:
918:Supreme Being
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
864:
862:
858:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
815:
811:
810:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
793:
789:
785:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
758:
755:
743:
740:
736:
732:
725:
722:
716:
713:
707:
705:
701:
696:
690:
687:
674:
673:
668:
664:
663:Wright, N. T.
658:
655:
650:
646:
642:
636:
632:
628:
621:
618:
613:
611:0-8028-0046-7
607:
603:
599:
592:
589:
585:
581:
576:
573:
570:
564:
561:
557:
553:
548:
545:
541:
536:
529:
526:
522:
517:
513:
507:
504:
499:
497:0-8028-3167-2
493:
489:
488:
480:
477:
473:
469:
463:
460:
454:
451:
447:
441:
438:
434:
428:
425:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
366:
365:Surah An-Nisa
360:
355:
353:
352:Muhammad Asad
349:
343:
341:
337:
336:Gerd Lüdemann
331:
325:
322:
319:
317:
313:
312:
311:
309:
305:
303:
299:
298:Gary Habermas
295:
291:
285:
281:
273:
271:
268:
264:
263:false dilemma
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
233:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
196:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
158:
150:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
123:
119:
115:
107:
104:
101:
100:
99:
93:
91:
89:
85:
81:
70:
67:
59:
56:November 2014
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
3055:Hamartiology
3040:Ecclesiology
3030:Pneumatology
2939:Christianity
2930:Names of God
2905:Philo's view
2895:Personal god
2875:Great Spirit
2814: /
2771:Christianity
2629:Perichoresis
2532:Emanationism
2474:Christianity
2464:Baháʼí Faith
2442:Singular god
2415:
2375:Spiritualism
2183:
2002:Martin Lings
1955:Emil Brunner
1945:Paul Tillich
1935:Martin Buber
1850:W K Clifford
1827:Afrikan Spir
1742:Thomas Chubb
1694:Early modern
1674:Adi Shankara
1587:Philosophers
1571:Natural evil
1487:
1463:Spiritualism
1438:Perennialism
1391:Metaphysical
1235:Antireligion
1110:Teleological
1033:Cosmological
1022:
984:Baháʼí Faith
949:Christianity
908:Personal god
742:
734:
731:sunnat Allah
724:
715:
689:
677:. Retrieved
670:
657:
626:
620:
597:
591:
586:, Chapter 8.
575:
568:
567:C.S. Lewis,
563:
555:
547:
538:
534:
528:
519:
515:
506:
486:
479:
467:
466:Hick, John,
462:
453:
445:
440:
427:
391:
387:
373:
357:
344:
332:
329:
306:
294:N. T. Wright
287:
267:N. T. Wright
260:
231:
199:
195:Israel's God
191:
160:
126:
111:
97:
88:resurrection
79:
77:
62:
53:
30:
3269:Christology
3113:Krishnology
3090:Soteriology
3045:Eschatology
3025:Christology
2890:Open theism
2846:Exotheology
2744:Zoroastrian
2707:By religion
2664:Eschatology
2619:Homoiousian
2572:Ahura Mazda
2350:Panentheism
2313:Hermeticism
2022:Antony Flew
2007:Peter Geach
1940:René Guénon
1887:Lev Shestov
1882:Rudolf Otto
1589:of religion
1428:Panentheism
1361:Inclusivism
1280:Exclusivism
1275:Esotericism
1245:Creationism
1225:Agnosticism
1193:Poor design
1188:Omnipotence
1115:Natural law
1090:Ontological
1043:Contingency
893:Holy Spirit
729:practice” (
679:11 February
396:Shabir Ally
302:Mike Licona
284:Christology
179:C. S. Lewis
3258:Categories
3198:Philosophy
3085:Sophiology
3065:Philosophy
3060:Messianism
3020:Paterology
2624:Hypostasis
2614:Homoousian
2445:theologies
2385:Theopanism
2370:Polytheism
2333:Monotheism
2308:Henotheism
1992:J L Mackie
1950:Karl Barth
1747:David Hume
1669:Maimonides
1654:Heraclitus
1443:Polytheism
1413:Nondualism
1401:Humanistic
1386:Naturalism
1376:Monotheism
1334:Henotheism
1329:Gnosticism
1260:Demonology
1143:747 gambit
1060:Experience
898:Misotheism
672:Touchstone
419:References
278:See also:
242:C.S. Lewis
163:apologetic
155:See also:
114:evangelism
40:improve it
3075:Practical
3070:Political
3035:Cosmology
2992:Christian
2851:Holocaust
2841:Egotheism
2796:Goddesses
2791:Mormonism
2719:Christian
2672:Afterlife
2558:Sustainer
2365:Polydeism
2360:Pantheism
2345:Mysticism
2328:Monolatry
2323:Nontheism
2303:Dystheism
2092:Loyal Rue
1817:Karl Marx
1639:Gaudapada
1468:Shamanism
1433:Pantheism
1418:Nontheism
1396:Religious
1381:Mysticism
1354:Christian
1344:Religious
1295:Atheistic
1290:Christian
1173:Nonbelief
1158:Free will
974:Mormonism
798:Afterlife
552:John Hick
368:4:157-158
44:verifying
3193:Kabbalah
3140:Prophets
3015:Glossary
2981:By faith
2944:Hinduism
2826:Demiurge
2816:in Islam
2776:Hinduism
2766:Buddhism
2758:Feminist
2714:Buddhist
2522:Absolute
2515:Concepts
2491:Hinduism
2486:Buddhism
2452:By faith
2416:and gods
2408:Divinity
2394:Concepts
2355:Pandeism
2256:Theology
2214:Category
2159:Religion
2149:Exegesis
1634:Boethius
1629:Averroes
1624:Avicenna
1606:medieval
1576:Theodicy
1423:Pandeism
1339:Humanism
1307:Thealogy
1250:Dharmism
1220:Acosmism
1212:Theology
1080:Morality
1075:Miracles
954:Hinduism
944:Buddhism
903:Pandeism
878:Demiurge
846:Theodicy
649:85899079
402:See also
388:falāsifa
362:—
187:trilemma
118:converts
82:for the
3183:Aggadah
3131:Oneness
3123:Islamic
3005:Outline
3000:History
2959:Judaism
2954:Jainism
2910:Process
2885:Olelbis
2786:Judaism
2729:Islamic
2644:Trinity
2527:Brahman
2501:Sikhism
2496:Jainism
2469:Judaism
2421:Goddess
2185:more...
1918:postwar
1601:Ancient
1489:more...
1408:New Age
1349:Secular
1319:Fideism
1270:Dualism
1240:Atheism
1230:Animism
1136:Against
979:Sikhism
969:Judaism
964:Jainism
873:Brahman
826:Miracle
521:Israel.
472:page 27
384:Ismaili
171:deluded
38:Please
3221:Wiccan
3170:Jewish
3150:Angels
3080:Public
3050:Ethics
2739:Taoist
2734:Jewish
2694:Heaven
2551:God as
2281:Theism
2204:Portal
1478:Theism
1371:Monism
1105:Reason
1055:Desire
1050:Degree
1018:Beauty
932:God in
888:Egoism
841:Spirit
647:
637:
608:
494:
3208:Pagan
3100:Hindu
2949:Islam
2781:Islam
2724:Hindu
2687:Fitra
2537:Logos
2479:Islam
2428:Numen
2403:Deity
2298:Deism
2289:Forms
1473:Taoic
1255:Deism
1038:Kalam
989:Wicca
959:Islam
808:Faith
181:in a
2915:Tian
2698:Hell
2568:Good
2563:Time
2035:2010
2033:1990
2031:1970
1916:1920
1838:1900
1836:1880
1773:1850
1771:1800
1163:Hell
1153:Evil
1070:Love
836:Soul
681:2009
645:OCLC
635:ISBN
606:ISBN
492:ISBN
300:and
282:and
78:The
3135:God
3133:of
1603:and
1011:For
812:or
183:BBC
42:by
3260::
2932:in
2696:/
2574:,
703:^
669:.
643:.
604:.
582:,
554:,
470:,
90:.
2578:)
2570:(
2248:e
2241:t
2234:v
776:e
769:t
762:v
737:)
697:.
683:.
651:.
614:.
500:.
474:.
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.