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and fired two shots at Craig, both of which missed. Since a .32 round could not be loaded into Craig's revolver and Craig was the only armed person in the vicinity at the time of the murder, the spent .32 round could only be one of
Fairfax's, fired some time subsequently. As the Court of Appeal found, 'Once the appellant had been taken down, D.C. Fairfax returned with a firearm, with which he had been issued, and went back up to the roof. He fired twice at Craig but missed, Craig having fired at him. Craig's revolver was by now empty and he jumped or dived off the roof, suffering a fractured spine, breast bone and left forearm. Notwithstanding this, he was able to tell the first police officer who reached him that he wished he had "killed the fucking lot". He later made a number of statements to police officers sitting with him in hospital, displaying a hatred of the police and a total lack of remorse at what he had done.'
862:, ruled that Lord Goddard had not made it clear to the jury that the prosecution was required to have proved Bentley had known that Craig was armed. He further ruled that Lord Goddard had failed to raise the question of Bentley's withdrawal from their joint enterprise. This would require the prosecution to prove the absence of any attempt by Bentley to signal to Craig that he wanted Craig to surrender his weapons to the police. Lord Bingham ruled that Bentley's trial had been unfair because the judge had misdirected the jury and, in his summing-up, had put unfair pressure on the jury to convict. It is possible that Lord Goddard may have been under pressure while summing up since much of the evidence was not directly relevant to Bentley's defence. Lord Bingham did not rule that Bentley was innocent, merely that there had been fundamental defects in the trial process.
775:
Yallop asserted it would have been impossible for him to use a bullet of .38 or smaller calibre. Haler did not offer in his trial evidence any estimate of the size of the bullet that had killed Miles. In July 1970, during an interview with Yallop, Craig accepted that the bullet that killed Miles came from his gun, but maintained that all of his shots were fired over the rear garden of a house adjacent to the warehouse, approximately 20 degrees to the right of Miles' location from where Craig had been firing.
538:, climbed the drainpipe to the roof and grabbed hold of Bentley, but Bentley broke free. What happened then is uncertain: police witnesses later claimed that Fairfax ordered Craig to "Hand over the gun, lad" and Bentley shouted, "Let him have it, Chris". Craig fired, striking Fairfax in the shoulder. Fairfax was nonetheless again able to restrain Bentley, who told Fairfax that Craig had further ammunition for the gun. Bentley had not used either of the weapons in his pockets.
36:
613:. Hill's report stated that Bentley was illiterate and of low intelligence, what today would be described as having learning difficulties. However, Matheson was of the opinion that whilst agreeing that Bentley was of low intelligence, he did not have epilepsy at the time of the alleged offence and he was not a "feeble-minded person" under the
853:
Though
Bentley had never been accused of attacking any of the police officers, who were shot at by Craig, for him to be convicted of murder as an accessory in a joint enterprise it was necessary for the prosecution to prove that he knew that Craig had a deadly weapon when they began the break-in. The
600:
Secondly, there was controversy over the existence and meaning of
Bentley's alleged instruction to Craig, "let him have it, Chris". Craig and Bentley denied that Bentley had said the words while the police officers testified that he had said them. Further, Bentley's counsel argued that even if he had
833:
Following the execution there was a public sense of unease about the decision, resulting in a long campaign to secure a posthumous pardon. The campaign was initially led by
Bentley's parents until their deaths in the 1970s, after which the drive to clear Bentley's name was led by his sister Iris. In
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and the conduct of the trial. Despite Craig's gun being the only one on the roof at the moment that Miles was shot, he proposed the theory that Miles was actually killed by a bullet from a gun other than Craig's sawn-off .455 revolver. Yallop drew this conclusion from an interview in March 1971 with
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Contrary to Yallop's claims, none of the police officers present was armed at the moment when PC Miles was shot. Det Con (later Det Sgt) Fairfax, after Miles was shot and after taking
Bentley to street level and putting him into a police car, returned to the roof armed with a Webley & Scott .32
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Maxwell Fyfe's autobiography, published in 1964, refers to the factors which he took into consideration: "the evidence of the trial, medical reports, family or other private circumstances ... and police reports, ... the available precedents, and ... public opinion". He went on to say that
Bentley's
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Eventually, on 30 July 1998, the Court of Appeal quashed
Bentley's conviction for murder. However, Bentley's sister Iris had died of cancer the year before. Her daughter, Maria Bentley-Dingwall, who was born 10 years after Derek Bentley's execution, continued the campaign after her mother's death.
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When Yallop telephoned Haler the day after the initial interview, he reportedly confirmed his estimate of the bullet size. Shortly before the publication of Yallop's book, Haler was provided with a transcript of the interview, and Yallop says Haler again confirmed as accurate. After the subsequent
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on Miles, who Yallop reports estimated the head wound was inflicted by a bullet of between .32 and .38 calibre fired from between six and nine feet away. Craig had been firing from a distance of just under 40 feet and had used a variety of undersized .41, and .45 calibre rounds in his revolver;
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Christopher Craig, by then aged 62 (born May 1936), issued a statement welcoming the pardon for
Bentley, stating that "his innocence has now been proved". He also apologised to the families of both PC Miles and Bentley for his actions, as well as his own family for the press intrusion they had
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prevented execution of those under 18; consequently, of the two defendants, despite Craig having fired the fatal shot, only
Bentley faced the death penalty if convicted. Bentley's best defence was that he was effectively under arrest when Miles was killed. There were three principal points of
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expert cast doubt on whether Craig could have hit Miles if he had shot at him deliberately. The fatal bullet was not found. Craig had used bullets of different undersized calibres, and the sawn-off barrel made it inaccurate to a degree of six feet at the range from which he fired.
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test. Kingswood staff reported
Bentley to be "lazy, indifferent, voluble and of the 'wise guy' type", whilst a court described him as "indifferent, smug, self-satisfied and ready to tell tales". After his arrest in November 1952, further IQ tests were administered to him at
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pm, neighbours called police after spotting Craig and Bentley climbing over the gate and up a drainpipe to the roof of the warehouse. When police arrived, Craig and Bentley hid behind the lift-housing. Craig taunted the police. One of the officers, Detective Constable
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There was much political pressure to commute Bentley's sentence, including a memorandum signed by over 200 members of Parliament. Despite several attempts, Parliament was given no opportunity to debate the issue until the sentence had been carried out. The
796:, the prosecution's ballistics expert Lewis Nickolls stated that he recovered four bullets from the roof, two of .45, one of .41 and one of .32 calibre. The last was not entered as an exhibit in the trial, nor mentioned in Nickolls' evidence to the court.
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Malcolm Coulthard showed that certain patterns, such as the frequency of the word "then" and the grammatical use of "then" after the grammatical subject ("I then" rather than "then I"), were not consistent with Bentley's use of language (his
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calibre revolver, the barrel of which he had shortened so that it could be carried easily in his pocket. He also carried a number of undersized rounds for the revolver, some of which he had modified by hand to fit the gun. Bentley carried a
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case also involved the issue of the police force, since it was a police officer who was killed. Maxwell Fyfe then stresses that a reprieve would mean the Home Secretary is "intervening in the due process of the law".
353:'s interpretation of the ambiguous phrase "Let him have it", Bentley's alleged exhortation to Craig, which prosecutors argued was an order to shoot and defence counsel argued was an order to surrender; this after
429:, and in one of these incidents the house in which he lived collapsed around him, but a court did not find any indication that he was physically injured in the incident. However, Bentley was later seen to have
890:, starring Harry Miller as Bentley, was devised by the Coventry Belgrade TIE Team for fifth and sixth form students and toured from 1975. The play, with an introduction by Miller, was included in a 1980 book
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Thirdly, there was disagreement over whether Bentley was fit to stand trial in light of his mental capacity. The Principal Medical Officer responsible was Dr Matheson and he referred Bentley to Dr Hill, a
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Bentley was released from Kingswood school on 28 July 1950, a year early, though he was told that he would remain under the care of Kingswood until 29 September 1954, by which time he was dead. He was a
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On the night of Sunday, 2 November 1952, Bentley and a 16-year-old companion, Christopher Craig, broke into the warehouse of the Barlow & Parker confectionery company at 27–29 Tamworth Road,
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said the words, it could not be proven that Bentley had intended the words to mean the informal meaning of "shoot him, Chris" instead of the literal meaning of "give him the gun, Chris".
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Another factor in the posthumous defence was that a "confession" recorded by Bentley, which was claimed by the prosecution to be a "verbatim record of dictated monologue", was shown by
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641: – where the accused is unable to distinguish right from wrong – was then the only medical defence to murder. Bentley, while he had a severe debilitation, was not insane.
878:), as evidenced in court testimony. These patterns fit better the recorded testimony of the policemen involved. This is one of the earliest uses of forensic linguistics on record.
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459:. He was described there as "borderline feeble-minded", with a verbal score of 71, a performance IQ of 87 and a full scale IQ of 77. Bentley was discovered to still be "quite
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and starring Charles Bolton, Haler sought to deny that he had given any specific estimate of the size of the bullet that killed Miles beyond being "of large calibre". The
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In March 1951, he was employed by a furniture removal firm but was forced to leave the job after injuring his back in March 1952. In May 1952, Bentley was taken on by the
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Sidney Miles, who was immediately killed by a shot to the head. After exhausting his ammunition and being cornered, Craig jumped 30 feet (10 metres) from the roof onto a
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377:, which was granted in 1993, and then a further campaign for the quashing of his murder conviction, which occurred in 1998. Bentley's case is thus considered a case of
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691:. Lord Goddard forwarded the jury's recommendation of mercy, but added that he himself "could find no mitigating circumstances". His later statements to author
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Bentley was sent to Kingswood Training School, Bristol, on 27 October 1948. There he was administered diagnostic tests which eventually determined, when he was
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for unsatisfactory performance. One month after that, he was sacked by the corporation. He was still unemployed at the time of his arrest in November 1952.
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327:. Christopher Craig, then aged 16, a friend and accomplice of Bentley, was accused of the murder. Bentley was convicted as a party to the crime under the
463:" at the time of his arrest in November 1952. The prison medical officer said he "cannot even recognise or write down all the letters of the alphabet".
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had described Bentley as "mentally aiding" the murder. Goddard sentenced Bentley to be hanged, despite a recommendation for mercy by the jury: under the
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evidence, Bentley's mental age and the fact that he did not fire the fatal shot. Bentley's appeal was heard on 13 January 1953 and was unsuccessful.
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405:. Just before leaving, in March 1948, he and another boy were arrested for theft. Six months later, Bentley was sentenced to serve three years at
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Bentley had a series of health problems. His parents reported that in a childhood accident he had broken his nose and since then he had three
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The jury took 75 minutes to decide that both Craig and Bentley were guilty of Miles' murder, with a plea for mercy for Bentley. Bentley was
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in respect of the sentence of death passed upon him and carried out. However, in English law this did not quash his conviction for murder.
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1070:"Bentley (Deceased), R v | [1999] Crim LR 330 | England and Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) | Judgment | Law | CaseMine"
652:. He was eventually released in May 1963 after serving 10 years' imprisonment, married two years later and subsequently became a plumber.
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Judgement of England and Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) in R v. Derek William Bentley (Deceased) [1998] EWCA Crim 2516
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was not an option, as the "malicious intent" of the armed robbery was transferred to the shooting. They were tried by jury before the
470:: a reading on 16 November 1949 indicated he was an epileptic and a reading on 9 February 1950 was "abnormal". Both were taken at the
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fits, including one in which they said he nearly died of choking. The family also said they were bombed out three times during the
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R.M. Coulthard (2000): "Whose text is it? On the linguistic investigation of authorship", in S. Sarangi and R.M. Coulthard:
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assisting. There were protests outside the prison and two people were arrested and fined for damage to property.
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documented Bentley's psychiatric problems, as well as what he believed were inconsistencies in the police and
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Bentley was originally scheduled to be hanged on 30 December 1952, but this was postponed to allow for an
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A group of uniformed police officers arrived and were sent onto the roof. The first to reach the roof was
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At the time of the burglary and Miles' death, murder was a capital offence in England and Wales. The
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Both Craig and Bentley were charged with the murder of PC Miles the following day. The doctrine of
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Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence
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In March 1966, Bentley's remains were removed from Wandsworth and re-interred in
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When his appeal was turned down, Bentley's life was placed in the hands of the
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notes that the Bentley case has reduced the support for capital punishment.
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and reburied in a family grave. On 29 July 1993, Bentley was granted a
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The jury at the trial found Bentley guilty based in large part on the
1002:"Sentenced to Death (and Other Tales from the Dark Side of Language)"
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413:. Christopher Craig also attended the same Secondary Modern school.
617:. Matheson said that he was sane and fit to plead and stand trial.
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Sub-postmasters operating the Post Office Horizon computer system
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as Craig, relates the story, as do the songs "Derek Bentley" by
315:(30 June 1933 – 28 January 1953) was a British man who was
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explores the inconsistencies in the police version of events.
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29:
1166:. Crimes of the century. Taylor & Francis. p. 101.
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also refused Dr Hill permission to make his report public.
1968:
List of miscarriage of justice cases in the United Kingdom
981:
List of British police officers killed in the line of duty
792:, a number of which were issued on the night. In his book
1265:
Political adventure: the memoirs of the Earl of Kilmuir
1126:"Let him have it: the short, sad life of Derek Bentley"
892:
Theatre in Education – Four Secondary School Programmes
2097:
British people convicted of murdering police officers
1338:
Bentley (Deceased), R v [1998] EWCA Crim 2516
1324:
London Cemeteries: An Illustrated Guide and Gazetteer
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convinced Yallop that Goddard had wanted a reprieve.
581:, Senior Treasury Counsel, led for the prosecution.
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and led to a 40-year-long campaign to win Bentley a
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577:in London between 9 December and 11 December 1952.
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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869:methods to have been largely edited by policemen.
498:; one month later, in June 1952 he was demoted to
821:bullet is not considered to be of large calibre.
27:British man hanged but later pardoned (1933–1953)
1152:The Trial of Craig and Bentley - Montgomery Hyde
561:or "constructive malice" meant that a charge of
1481:Dad, Help Me Please: The Story of Derek Bentley
1479:Berry-Dee, Christopher; Odell, Robinn (1991).
1444:Reel Justice: The Courtroom Goes to the Movies
679:, who had to decide whether to recommend that
2132:People executed for murdering police officers
1612:
714:am on 28 January 1953, Bentley was hanged at
621:at the time did not recognise the concept of
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2127:20th-century executions by England and Wales
2122:Overturned convictions in the United Kingdom
1199:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1190:"Goddard, Rayner, Baron Goddard (1877–1971)"
1447:. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel. p. 47.
1283:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1619:
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1502:. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
747:(the title is an acknowledged allusion to
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133:
834:March 1966 his remains were removed from
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2112:History of the London Borough of Croydon
1094:
1092:
1090:
648:whilst Craig was ordered to be detained
1441:Bergman, Paul; Asimow, Michael (2006).
1196:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1164:Gangland: the case of Bentley and Craig
992:
346:to Bentley, were highly controversial.
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1030:
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1026:
1024:
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387:campaign to abolish capital punishment
1326:, by Hugh Meller & Brian Parsons.
794:The Scientific Investigation of Crime
633:(it was introduced to England by the
7:
397:Derek Bentley entered Norbury Manor
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2142:Recipients of British royal pardons
2117:Murder trials in the United Kingdom
1521:. London: Robinson Publishing Ltd.
1269:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p.
1133:The New South Wales Bar Association
586:Children and Young Persons Act 1933
2087:1952 murders in the United Kingdom
1404:"Craig's relief at Bentley pardon"
1187:Smith, K. J. M. (September 2010).
25:
1984:West Midlands Serious Crime Squad
1824:West Midlands Serious Crime Squad
1519:The Murder Guide to Great Britain
687:to commute his death sentence to
236:Wrongful conviction and execution
2005:Criminal Cases Review Commission
1739:Guildford Four and Maguire Seven
1627:Miscarriage of justice in the UK
1578:by Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger
1386:"Bentley cleared after 45 years"
385:, and pivotal in the successful
34:
1473:Cited works and further reading
45:needs additional citations for
1431:, London, Longman, pp. 270–287
1299:"Efforts to save Bentley Fail"
466:Bentley was examined twice by
1:
1360:"Derek Bentley's sister dies"
1039:[1998] EWCA Crim 2516
1000:Luu, Chi (6 September 2017).
938:, and "Bentley and Craig" by
514:. Craig armed himself with a
472:Burden Neurological Institute
417:Health and mental development
1938:Shirley and Lynette Banfield
1220:UK public library membership
829:Posthumous pardon and appeal
260:Conviction overturned (1998)
2107:Executed people from London
1989:Police Complaints Authority
782:pistol at the time was the
401:in 1944, after failing the
2173:
1540:. Pan Books. p. 205.
1103:. New York: Bantam Books.
685:royal prerogative of mercy
364:The Bentley case became a
359:Judgment of Death Act 1823
355:Lord Chief Justice Goddard
218:Wandsworth Prison Cemetery
2157:English criminal case law
1694:Murder of Maxwell Confait
1429:Discourse and Social Life
1124:Watson, Geoffrey (2016).
850:suffered over the years.
650:at Her Majesty's Pleasure
623:diminished responsibility
407:Kingswood Approved School
306:
267:
143:
1867:Michelle and Lisa Taylor
1498:Heard, Brian J. (2011).
860:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
2092:1950s murders in London
1819:Cardiff Newsagent Three
1647:William Herbert Wallace
1483:. London: W. H. Allen.
1235:To Encourage the Others
1162:Francis Selwyn (1988).
1101:To Encourage the Others
934:, "Let Him Have It" by
811:To Encourage the Others
745:To Encourage the Others
738:To Encourage the Others
629:, though it existed in
403:eleven-plus examination
399:Secondary Modern School
389:in the United Kingdom.
2051:Southall Black Sisters
1963:Miscarriage of justice
1673:Mahmood Hussein Mattan
1536:Wynn, Douglas (1996).
1237:. Corgi. p. 266.
1233:Yallop, David (1990).
1205:10.1093/ref:odnb/31152
1099:Yallop, David (1991).
1035:R v Bentley (Deceased)
908:The 1991 feature film
899:Let Him Have It, Chris
615:Mental Deficiency Acts
478:Release from Kingswood
379:miscarriage of justice
916:Christopher Eccleston
589:contention at trial:
313:Derek William Bentley
157:Derek William Bentley
1517:Lane, Brian (1991).
1390:www.derekbentley.com
1259:Kilmuir, 1st Earl of
1051:Murder in Cold Blood
975:R v Betts and Ridley
867:forensic linguistics
770:who carried out the
627:retarded development
342:'s failure to grant
319:for the murder of a
206:Execution by hanging
54:improve this article
2152:Wrongful executions
2137:People from Croydon
1538:On Trial for Murder
1041: (30 July 1998)
780:Metropolitan Police
594:forensic ballistics
579:Christmas Humphreys
492:Croydon Corporation
202:Cause of death
1689:Jonathan Rosenhead
1562:Derek Bentley Page
945:In the 2013 novel
882:In popular culture
856:Lord Chief Justice
720:Albert Pierrepoint
677:David Maxwell Fyfe
667:Denial of reprieve
646:sentenced to death
567:Lord Chief Justice
381:alongside that of
340:David Maxwell Fyfe
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1951:
1950:
1509:978-1-119-96477-3
1490:978-1-852-27131-2
1366:. 23 January 1997
1305:. 28 January 1953
1218:(Subscription or
1110:978-0-552-13451-4
836:Wandsworth Prison
800:broadcast of the
766:David Haler, the
763:forensic evidence
743:In his 1971 book
716:Wandsworth Prison
689:life imprisonment
639:Criminal insanity
635:Homicide Act 1957
611:Maudsley Hospital
536:Frederick Fairfax
310:
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302:Christopher Craig
196:, London, England
194:Wandsworth Prison
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18:Christopher Craig
16:(Redirected from
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2147:Trials in London
2102:Murder in Surrey
2056:Harriet Wistrich
1943:Andrew Malkinson
1829:Winchester Three
1776:Bridgewater Four
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928:Let Him Dangle
897:The 1990 book
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813:, directed by
809:adaptation of
806:Play for Today
740:
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673:Home Secretary
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524:knuckle-duster
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2036:Chris Mullin
2031:Sarah Conlon
2026:Sarah Clarke
2021:Julie Bindel
1977:Institutions
1923:Barry George
1887:Siôn Jenkins
1855:Raphael Rowe
1792:Sean Hodgson
1761:Robert Brown
1744:Gerry Conlon
1709:Andrew Evans
1592:Find a Grave
1575:
1537:
1518:
1499:
1480:
1458:. Retrieved
1443:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1363:
1354:
1345:28 September
1343:, retrieved
1337:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:The Guardian
1302:
1293:
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1234:
1228:
1208:. Retrieved
1194:
1182:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1138:28 September
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1119:
1100:
1079:28 September
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
995:
973:
957:Peter Wimsey
946:
944:
940:Ralph McTell
909:
907:
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891:
887:
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864:
852:
848:
844:
840:royal pardon
832:
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793:
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759:David Yallop
752:
744:
742:
737:
728:
709:
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693:David Yallop
670:
654:
643:
631:Scottish law
607:psychiatrist
603:
599:
591:
583:
571:Lord Goddard
563:manslaughter
556:
540:
528:
509:
489:
481:
474:in Bristol.
465:
435:
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312:
311:
282:(overturned)
188:(1953-01-28)
167:30 June 1933
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2082:1953 deaths
2077:1933 births
2046:Clare Short
1897:Sally Clark
1729:Judith Ward
1714:Liam Holden
1460:12 November
1006:JSTOR Daily
924:Karl Dallas
914:, starring
901:written by
815:Alan Clarke
784:.32-calibre
768:pathologist
724:Harry Allen
705:Home Office
619:English law
519:.455 Webley
496:dustbin man
351:prosecution
329:English law
110:August 2023
2071:Categories
1933:Sam Hallam
1222:required.)
987:References
969:Ruth Ellis
936:The Bureau
903:M. J. Trow
575:Old Bailey
547:greenhouse
461:illiterate
393:Early life
372:posthumous
298:Partner(s)
252:Posthumous
163:1933-06-30
80:newspapers
1872:Lee Clegg
1850:M25 Three
1704:Oval Four
1408:bbc.co.uk
1279:cite book
1210:16 August
790:automatic
681:the Queen
661:ballistic
573:, at the
323:during a
321:policeman
221:Reburied
177:, England
171:Southwark
1261:(1964).
1011:18 April
963:See also
876:idiolect
871:Linguist
749:Voltaire
431:epilepsy
344:clemency
325:burglary
246:Executed
2014:Related
1633:Accused
1583:YouTube
888:Example
886:A play
819:.32 ACP
772:autopsy
754:Candide
722:, with
625:due to
609:at the
512:Croydon
485:recluse
445:⁄
423:seizure
411:Bristol
248:(1953)
94:scholar
1998:Review
1956:Issues
1570:, 1998
1544:
1525:
1506:
1487:
1451:
1241:
1216:
1170:
1107:
1056:
787:Webley
712:
657:appeal
531:
375:pardon
317:hanged
280:Murder
257:(1993)
255:pardon
225:(1966)
175:London
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1911:2000s
1843:1990s
1785:1980s
1682:1970s
1656:1950s
1640:1930s
1413:8 May
1370:8 May
1309:8 May
1129:(PDF)
1037:
930:" by
553:Trial
506:Crime
494:as a
409:near
101:JSTOR
87:books
1542:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1462:2012
1449:ISBN
1415:2015
1372:2015
1347:2020
1311:2015
1285:link
1239:ISBN
1212:2014
1168:ISBN
1140:2020
1105:ISBN
1081:2020
1054:ISBN
1013:2024
710:At 9
183:Died
153:Born
73:news
1590:at
1581:on
1271:206
1201:doi
951:by
802:BBC
757:),
751:'s
637:).
468:EEG
56:by
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1281:}}
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161:(
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117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
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84:·
77:·
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20:)
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