436:
793:
544:, while also eschewing specific references to "socialism", which was briefly successful in convincing both parties. However, by 1891, the SDHP grew dissatisfied with its compact with the ARF, believing that the socialists Mikaelian and Zavarian had lost influence to the anti-socialists, and ultimately split from the party.
887:. As the ceremony was "highly ritualized and publicized" event, the revolutionaries planned to present themselves as European guests, whereupon the appearance of the Sultan, they would begin throwing out small bombs they had brought with them and detonate a large bomb hidden in a carriage when the Sultan approached it.
603:, against the Ottoman Empire; and the decentralization of the party's structure, in order to create a "dynamic network" of autonomous organizations. Over the subsequent years, Mikaelian was actively involved in the ARF's activities in the Caucasus. After being imprisoned for 6 months in 1895, he organized the
607:
in 1897, before returning to exile and moving to Geneva in 1898. At the ARF's second congress in 1898, the organization reaffirmed its decentralized structure by establishing a western bureau in Geneva to act alongside the eastern bureau in
Tbilisi and ensuring that the bureaus would be elected by
454:
After the collapse of
Narodnaya Volya in the 1880s, Armenian students in Russia began returning to the Caucasus, where they began publishing and distributing revolutionary socialist literature. Mikaelian himself dropped out of university in 1887, in order to return to the Caucasus and initiate a
868:
In
November 1904, Joris rented a flat near the palace, which he made available to Mikaelian and Areshyan for the planning of the assassination. The Sultan rarely appeared in public, so they had to choose their moment carefully. Mikaelian initially suggested that they attack the Sultan during a
954:. In 1907, the ARF's fourth congress investigated the actions of the Demonstrative Body and held its members to account over the failure. Markarian was expelled from the ARF, both for his failure to assassinate the Sultan, but also because he was believed to be a source of posthumous
681:
published two issues per month until
October 1908 and was widely distributed to prominent figures throughout Europe. Through the bureau, Mikaelian managed to secure widespread support for the Armenian national liberation movement in Europe, mobilizing
915:
590:
At the ARF's first congress in 1892, the party agreed to its political programme, written with the collaboration of
Mikaelian and Zavarian, which called for: the liberation of Ottoman Armenia through an insurrection and the establishment of a
40:
937:
was arrested, the
Ottoman authorities discovered the role of the ARF in the assassination attempt, forcing the revolutionaries to also abort Mikaelian's planned action in Smyrna. The ARF subsequently gained the reputation of a simple
318:. He brought together several Armenian revolutionaries, and a couple European anarchists, in order to carry out the plot. Mikaelian himself never saw it through, as he was killed in an accidental explosion while testing explosives in
929:
on 21 July 1905. But as
Markarian had dropped Mikaelian's plan to control the situation with smaller bombs, the carriage explosion was mistimed and the Sultan survived the attempt. 26 people were killed and 58 wounded in the attack.
815:, the Demonstrative Body decided to moved forward with Mikaelian's assassination plot. Mikaelian himself took charge of the operation, which along with its main objective, also organized sabotage actions in
2274:(1994). "The role of the Armenian community in the foundation and development of the socialist movement in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey - 1876-1923". In Tunçay, Mete; Zürcher, Erik Jan (eds.).
435:
455:
revolutionary campaign. That year, he attempted to establish a revolutionary journal together with Stepan Zorian, but the operative costs were prohibitively high, despite the support of the
522:
The ARF issued a manifesto, calling for
Armenians to take action for the liberation of their compatriots in the Ottoman Empire. In Tbilisi, Mikaelian and Zavarian formed the organisation's
2995:
2568:
726:
as early as 1896. By April 1901, the ARF's western bureau had itself started making plans to assassinate the Sultan. In order to fund such an action, Mikaelian oversaw command of the
2960:
2509:
2376:
1016:, although no concrete evidence of this has been found. Another conspiracy theory alleged that Mikaelian had been murdered, but no solid evidence of this has been found either.
2609:
926:
919:
326:
2761:
551:, causing the central committee to effectively collapse. Responsibilities for organising the revolutionary movement were taken over by Stepan Zorian, who set about
1019:
Mikaelian's portrait still hangs in ARF buildings over a century after his death and the party continues to refer to their political ideology as "Christaporism".
677:, edited by Quillard, which solicited contributions from across Western Europe in support of Armenian national liberation. Financed by Mikaelian's Geneva bureau,
587:, coordinated the decentralized executive bodies in various regions, distributed funds and oversaw the implementations of proposals from the party's congresses.
329:
against the Sultan failed, leading to the ARF losing western support and facing an internal leadership crisis. The ARF eventually secured the independence of an
314:" from rich Armenians, in order to fund their revolutionary activities. By the turn of the 20th century, he had begun planning to assassinate the Ottoman Sultan
2507:
Ketsemanian, Varak (2017). "Straddling Two
Empires: Cross-Revolutionary Fertilization and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's Military Academy in 1906–07".
978:
879:, in the old Narodnik method of throwing bombs at his passing carriage. But the Demonstrative Body decided that the best opportunity to kill him would be after
825:
802:
2945:
2665:
510:
through revolutionary struggle, Mikaelian, Zavarian and Zorian managed to unite all of the disparate groups into a single organisation, establishing the
2309:
Van
Ginderachter, Maarten (2018). "Edward Joris: Caught Between Continents and Ideologies?". In Alloul, Houssine; Eldem, Edhem; de Smaele, Henk (eds.).
2950:
2602:
2197:
Minassian, Gaïdz (2018). "The Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Operation 'Nejuik'". In Alloul, Houssine; Eldem, Edhem; de Smaele, Henk (eds.).
2538:
Sahakyan, Naira (2022). "Searching for Democracy, Finding Nationalism: The First Republic of Armenia in the Post-Revolutionary Discourse of 2018".
3000:
2935:
2121:
Altıntaş, Toygun (2018). "The Ottoman War on 'Anarchism' and Revolutionary Violence". In Alloul, Houssine; Eldem, Edhem; de Smaele, Henk (eds.).
844:
989:
held a mass demonstration in which they carried pictures of ARF founders Mikaelian, Zavarian and Zorian, alongside those of Bolshevik leaders
2940:
2497:
2334:
2222:
2146:
223:
184:
374:, as well as how to handle firearms. By 1884, he had taken over the leadership of an Armenian workers' group in Tbilisi. That same year, an
811:
By this time, Mikaelian had himself become fixated on the assassination plot. A few months after the ARF's third congress, at a meeting in
2975:
2595:
1003:
997:. On the 20th anniversary of their death, in 1925, a memorial to Mikaelian and Kendirian was unveiled in Sofia, where Bulgarian general
2725:
942:
organization, losing many of its prior sympathizers and supporters. In the west, it was directly compared to the anarchist assassins
2955:
2857:
2715:
2427:
2357:
2291:
2245:
2169:
1042:
511:
447:
278:
174:
2970:
2851:
533:
2985:
959:
789:. They began printing revolutionary literature for distribution, while also clandestinely importing and collecting explosives.
507:
2695:
2700:
77:
608:
and accountable to each ARF congress. Mikaelian was elected to the Geneva Bureau, where he served alongside Stepan Zorian,
982:
973:
Mikaelian himself, considered to have been the main leader of the ARF during his time, had been conferred the status of a
903:
895:
411:, which formed the basis of his proposal for Armenian national liberation through armed struggle. He became a follower of
2965:
2920:
699:
583:
within the party's new decentralized structure. From the bureau, they sent field workers to carry out agitation work in
884:
2930:
1072:
1008:
revealed to attending ARF members that he had collaborated with Mikaelian on the assassination attempt. This raised
2618:
687:
2980:
2925:
2778:
2234:
The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century
986:
898:
4 March] 1905, the two were killed in an accidental explosion, while testing the bombs on the slopes of
330:
2188:
540:
that had joined the ARF. Mikaelian and Zavarian resolved to employ terminology that recognised the goals of the
2990:
2877:
2768:
2237:
906:
10 March] 1905, attended by 6,000 people, including Armenian, Macedonian and Turkish revolutionaries.
891:
755:
686:
and carrying out propaganda in favor of other national minorities of the Ottoman Empire, notably including the
476:
319:
205:
105:
792:
2670:
2431:
766:
660:
408:
266:
835:
745:, where it was decided to replace Istanbul's central committee with what it called a "Demonstrative Body" (
2883:
2685:
943:
580:
548:
537:
617:
2773:
2705:
2460:
2435:
2271:
1013:
963:
774:
2181:"The Missed Occasion: Successes of the Hamidian Police Against the Armenian Revolutionaries, 1905-1908"
631:. From this position, he gathered together several Armenian journalists and writers to collaborate on
2915:
2910:
2690:
2452:
974:
876:
820:
797:
459:. Over the subsequent years, he briefly returned to teaching in Tbilisi and his home town of Agulis.
334:
831:
786:
298:, where he took a role in the ARF's Western Bureau, soliciting support for their cause from Western
2720:
2710:
2680:
2675:
2456:
998:
967:
839:
770:
656:
604:
463:
351:
303:
291:
270:
101:
854:
2741:
2658:
2526:
2481:
2401:
2318:
2283:
2206:
2180:
2130:
719:
644:
556:
456:
395:, where he enrolled in the Agronomical Institute. There he joined the revolutionary organization
388:, in a move that was protested by Mikaelian, who printed and distributed anti-Tsarist pamphlets.
307:
68:
865:, while a few remained behind in Bulgaria in order to arrange the transportation of explosives.
526:, which was tasked with organising the revolutionary movement, and began publishing the journal
60:
782:
722:, individual Armenian revolutionaries had already begun discussing plans to assassinate Sultan
2824:
2753:
2555:
2493:
2393:
2368:
2353:
2330:
2297:
2287:
2259:
2251:
2241:
2218:
2165:
2142:
1046:
1009:
746:
735:
652:
523:
467:
371:
311:
246:
196:
97:
2730:
2653:
2547:
2530:
2518:
2485:
2405:
2385:
2322:
2210:
2134:
648:
640:
636:
592:
552:
506:, also began gathering in Tbilisi. Emphasising their shared commitment to the liberation of
424:
381:
358:. His parents died while he was aged 10, leaving him an orphan. In 1870, he enrolled at the
355:
230:
64:
2871:
2845:
2783:
994:
871:
668:
624:
584:
487:
412:
396:
385:
367:
366:, from which he graduated in 1880. During the early 1880s, he taught migrant workers from
254:
238:
2829:
2809:
2747:
990:
947:
819:. He also enlisted the participation of other revolutionaries, including the Armenians
741:
In March 1904, Mikaelian attended the ARF's third congress in the Bulgarian capital of
723:
613:
575:. Before long Mikaelian and Zavarian had returned to Tbilisi, where they established a
541:
491:
443:
400:
315:
274:
262:
242:
164:
72:
2369:"Propaganda by the Deed and Hotel Registration Regulations in the Late Ottoman Empire"
494:. Other Armenian revolutionary groups with different, even opposing, ideologies, from
2904:
2819:
2804:
2477:
2279:
951:
925:
After Mikaelian's death, Markarian took command of the operation and carried out the
894:, where they began testing the explosives they planned to use. On 17 March [
880:
664:
600:
439:
420:
404:
359:
258:
219:
595:
in its place; the carrying out of propaganda, education and armed action, including
934:
850:
778:
695:
299:
2522:
2389:
532:. One of their first challenges was to quell discord between the Marxists of the
2326:
2214:
2138:
683:
673:
495:
269:. Upon returning to the Caucasus, he established the revolutionary organization
2551:
2439:
39:
2464:
914:
651:. He also secured written work from foreign sympathizers such as the Italians
609:
547:
By the following year, Mikaelian and Zavarian had been arrested and exiled to
499:
2587:
2559:
2397:
2263:
2788:
2489:
2349:
2301:
2158:
History Of The Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Dashnaktsutiun (1890/1924)
1050:
939:
858:
731:
691:
576:
416:
216:
116:
718:
Seeking revenge for the thousands of Armenians that were killed during the
560:
2814:
1384:
1382:
1097:
1095:
862:
596:
571:
in February 1892, before the journal's publication offices were moved to
2424:
The Relationship between Terrorism and Macroeconomics in the Middle East
2449:
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation: The Politics of a Party in Exile
955:
899:
528:
503:
363:
286:
234:
966:, despite Mikaelian's widely known opposition to an alliance with the
249:
in Armenia, he became involved in revolutionary activism. He moved to
2314:
2202:
2126:
1038:
816:
812:
773:. Mikaelian was himself elected to the demonstrative body, alongside
703:
671:. Mikaelian also oversaw the establishment of the French publication
572:
490:, with the eventual aim of launching an armed revolution against the
392:
295:
250:
958:
about Mikaelian. The following year, the ARF formed a pact with the
2569:"The Armenian Revolution and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation"
2799:
2161:
913:
791:
742:
462:
By 1889, Mikaelian had established the revolutionary organization
434:
376:
350:
Christapor Mikaelian was born in 1859, in the Armenian village of
738:" from Armenian capitalists, collecting 432,500 Francs in total.
2255:
2591:
277:. Together with Zorian and Zavarian, Mikaelian established the
1769:
1767:
902:. Mikaelian's funeral was held in Sofia on 23 March [
380:
by the Russian imperial government decreed the closing of all
1075:: Քրիստափոր Միքայելյան; sometimes translated to the English:
1912:
1910:
1478:
1476:
1403:
1401:
1197:
1195:
555:
the structure of the ARF. Mikaelian managed to escape into
2276:
Socialism and nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1923
710:
in 1903, with Sarkis Minassian taking over the position.
690:. He formed a particularly close alliance with European
486:), which was formed to carry out clandestine attacks in
2472:
Erickson, Edward J. (2013). "Insurgency by Committee".
1118:
1116:
1114:
706:. Mikaelian finally stepped down as editor-in-chief of
2510:
Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association
2377:
Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association
760:
481:
210:
427:, principles he would hold to throughout his life.
310:. He also took command of an operation to exact a "
180:
170:
160:
122:
112:
86:
46:
23:
1012:that alleged Mikaelian had been an agent for the
890:In January 1905, Mikaelian and Kendirian went to
290:and organised a number of actions, including the
273:and began organizing violent actions against the
1901:
1861:
1686:
284:During the 1890s, he edited the ARF's newspaper
694:, who he sympathized with, due to their shared
391:Out of work as a teacher, in 1885, he moved to
2996:People from the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
920:Abdul Hamid II assassination attempt in Yıldız
148:
139:
130:
2961:Armenian Revolutionary Federation politicians
2603:
2104:
1213:
407:. At this time, he also adopted the cause of
8:
281:(ARF), in which he became a leading figure.
1992:
1960:
1928:
1916:
1889:
1849:
1833:
1817:
1801:
1746:
1734:
1718:
1702:
1678:
1658:
1638:
1614:
1602:
1570:
1522:
1510:
1494:
1482:
1467:
1455:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1388:
1373:
1361:
1321:
1309:
1285:
1265:
1237:
1225:
1201:
1178:
1134:
1101:
237:and worked to educate migrant workers from
2666:Liberation struggle of Artsakh (1724-1731)
2627:
2610:
2596:
2588:
2100:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1293:
1269:
1253:
1162:
1150:
1138:
442:(left), Christapor Mikaelian (centre) and
215:; 18 October 1859 – 17 March 1905) was an
38:
20:
2076:
2064:
2040:
2024:
2012:
1996:
1968:
1948:
1936:
1897:
1877:
1857:
1837:
1821:
1805:
1785:
1758:
1722:
1706:
1646:
1590:
1574:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1289:
1182:
333:, where Mikaelian gained the status of a
2716:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery (1901)
1797:
1773:
1674:
1626:
1091:
1064:
985:in 1918, the ARF-led government of the
861:, most of the revolutionaries moved to
623:That same year, Mikaelian took over as
579:to act as the revolutionary movement's
265:, and which informed his conversion to
2052:
1865:
1690:
1578:
1498:
1443:
1392:
1297:
1273:
1241:
1186:
1166:
1122:
1105:
2088:
2036:
2008:
1980:
1964:
1932:
1893:
1853:
1682:
1662:
1642:
875:, when he was scheduled to visit the
399:, through which he was introduced to
224:Armenian national liberation movement
185:Armenian national liberation movement
7:
1037:] (in Armenian) (3rd ed.).
977:. Following the independence of the
765:), which was tasked with organizing
2726:Yıldız assassination attempt (1905)
567:. He published the third issue of
241:. During the mid-1880s, after the
16:Armenian revolutionary (1859–1905)
14:
2946:Armenian emigrants to Switzerland
2858:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2422:Brazfield, Victor Joseph (2022).
2346:Armenia: The Survival of a Nation
1043:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
883:, during his weekly visit to the
512:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
448:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
279:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
222:who played a leading role in the
175:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2640:Organizations and military units
2344:Walker, Christopher J. (1990) .
534:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
2951:Armenian independence activists
1029:Mikayelian, Kristapor (1931) .
960:Committee of Union and Progress
508:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
3001:People from the Russian Empire
2936:Armenian emigrants to Bulgaria
2762:Resistance during the genocide
2637:Political and military leaders
78:Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
1:
2686:Kum Kapu demonstration (1890)
514:(ARF) in the summer of 1890.
446:(right), the founders of the
370:how to read and write in the
2941:Armenian emigrants to Russia
2701:Ottoman Bank Takeover (1896)
2634:Persecution of the Armenians
2531:10.2979/jottturstuass.4.2.06
2523:10.2979/jottturstuass.4.2.06
2406:10.2979/jottturstuass.4.1.08
2390:10.2979/jottturstuass.4.1.08
2232:Nalbandian, Louise (1975) .
2156:Dasnabedian, Hratch (1990).
1300:, pp. 68, 131, 431–432.
2327:10.1057/978-1-137-48932-6_3
2215:10.1057/978-1-137-48932-6_2
2139:10.1057/978-1-137-48932-6_4
1035:Thoughts of a Revolutionary
761:
482:
211:
3017:
2976:Deaths by explosive device
2711:Khanasor Expedition (1897)
2696:Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)
2681:Gugunian Expedition (1890)
2619:Armenian national movement
2552:10.30965/23761202-20220008
2189:Review of Armenian Studies
983:International Workers' Day
700:socialist internationalism
294:of 1897. He then moved to
2659:Battle of Halidzor (1727)
2625:
1076:
849:, as well as the Flemish
750:
471:
200:
149:
140:
131:
37:
30:
2956:Armenian revolutionaries
2878:Armenian volunteer units
2567:Vratzian, Simon (1950).
2447:Caprielian, Ara (1975).
2238:University of California
1852:, pp. 47n6, 76–77;
962:and participated in the
767:political demonstrations
31:
2971:Asian newspaper editors
2731:Battle of Sulukh (1907)
2654:Syunik rebellion (1722)
2490:10.1057/9781137362216_2
2432:Northcentral University
409:revolutionary socialism
346:Early life and activism
267:revolutionary socialism
257:, through which he met
245:decreed the closure of
2986:Libertarian socialists
2884:French Armenian Legion
2691:Sasun rebellion (1894)
2671:Zeitun uprising (1862)
2474:Ottomans and Armenians
2367:Yılmaz, İlkay (2017).
2272:Ter Minassian, Anahide
2179:Gauin, Maxime (2014).
1268:, pp. 23–24, 31;
944:Sante Geronimo Caserio
922:
885:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
808:
702:and desire to abolish
451:
419:, which advocated for
2721:Sasun uprising (1904)
2676:Bashkale clash (1889)
1902:Van Ginderachter 2018
1862:Van Ginderachter 2018
1687:Van Ginderachter 2018
1077:Christopher Mikaelian
1014:Imperial Russian Army
964:Young Turk Revolution
933:When the conspirator
927:assassination attempt
917:
836:Vramshabouh Kendirian
795:
762:Ts’uts’adrakan Marmin
518:Leadership of the ARF
438:
327:assassination attempt
2286:. pp. 109–156.
1935:, pp. 119–120;
1896:, pp. 119–120;
1800:, pp. 112–113;
1272:, pp. 145–148;
1073:Reformed orthography
975:revolutionary martyr
968:Turkish nationalists
918:Illustration of the
661:Francis de Pressensé
417:anarchist philosophy
335:revolutionary martyr
325:Mikaelian's planned
212:Kristapor Mikayelian
201:Քրիստափոր Միքայէլեան
193:Christapor Mikaelian
32:Քրիստափոր Միքայէլեան
25:Kristapor Mikayelian
2966:Armenian socialists
2921:Armenian anarchists
2576:The Armenian Review
2457:New York University
2133:. pp. 99–128.
1776:, pp. 112–113.
1665:, pp. 118–119.
1352:, pp. 163–164.
1340:, pp. 153–154.
1244:, pp. 431–432.
1216:, pp. 129–130.
1189:, pp. 68, 431.
1141:, pp. 138–139.
1031:Հեղափոխականի մտքերը
1010:conspiracy theories
657:Ricciotti Garibaldi
618:Smpad Khachadourian
605:Khanasor Expedition
483:Yeritasard Hayastan
292:Khanasor Expedition
2931:Armenian educators
2742:Hamidian massacres
2706:Van Defense (1896)
2482:Palgrave Macmillan
2321:. pp. 67–97.
2319:Palgrave Macmillan
2284:Palgrave Macmillan
2209:. pp. 35–65.
2207:Palgrave Macmillan
2164:: Oemme Edizioni.
2131:Palgrave Macmillan
2105:Ter Minassian 1994
1900:, pp. 49–51;
1860:, pp. 47–48;
1836:, pp. 76–77;
1324:, pp. 31–32;
1214:Ter Minassian 1994
923:
809:
775:Mardiros Markarian
769:in support of the
751:Ցուցադրական մարմին
720:Hamidian massacres
714:Assassination plot
645:Khachatur Malumian
563:, where he edited
472:Երիտասարդ Հայաստան
457:Free Russian Press
452:
308:Italian anarchists
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2840:Political parties
2825:Drastamat Kanayan
2754:Armenian genocide
2648:Until World War I
2499:978-1-137-36220-9
2484:. pp. 7–37.
2336:978-1-137-48931-9
2224:978-1-137-48931-9
2148:978-1-137-48931-9
2107:, p. 194n69.
2103:, p. 214n2;
2079:, pp. 62–63.
2043:, pp. 56–58.
2027:, pp. 63–64.
2015:, pp. 57–59.
1999:, pp. 57–58.
1971:, pp. 52–53.
1939:, pp. 51–52.
1904:, pp. 69–70.
1880:, pp. 48–49.
1840:, pp. 46–47.
1761:, pp. 45–46.
1725:, pp. 40–42.
1721:, p. 76n31;
1605:, pp. 71–72.
1561:, pp. 38–39.
1549:, pp. 37–38.
1537:, pp. 44–45.
1513:, pp. 61–62.
1434:, pp. 33–35.
1376:, pp. 32–33.
1312:, pp. 31–32.
987:Armenian Republic
877:Dolmabahçe Palace
759:
736:revolutionary tax
730:operation, which
659:, and the French
653:Amilcare Cipriani
524:central committee
480:
382:parochial schools
372:Armenian language
331:Armenian Republic
312:revolutionary tax
247:parochial schools
209:
190:
189:
3008:
2981:Failed regicides
2926:Armenian editors
2779:Shabin-Karahisar
2628:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2534:
2503:
2468:
2443:
2409:
2373:
2363:
2348:(2nd ed.).
2340:
2311:To Kill a Sultan
2305:
2267:
2228:
2199:To Kill a Sultan
2193:
2185:
2175:
2152:
2123:To Kill a Sultan
2108:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1993:Dasnabedian 1990
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1961:Dasnabedian 1990
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1929:Dasnabedian 1990
1926:
1920:
1917:Dasnabedian 1990
1914:
1905:
1890:Dasnabedian 1990
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1850:Dasnabedian 1990
1847:
1841:
1834:Dasnabedian 1990
1831:
1825:
1818:Dasnabedian 1990
1815:
1809:
1802:Dasnabedian 1990
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1747:Dasnabedian 1990
1744:
1738:
1737:, p. 76n31.
1735:Dasnabedian 1990
1732:
1726:
1719:Dasnabedian 1990
1716:
1710:
1703:Dasnabedian 1990
1700:
1694:
1679:Dasnabedian 1990
1672:
1666:
1659:Dasnabedian 1990
1656:
1650:
1649:, p. 39n10.
1639:Dasnabedian 1990
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1615:Dasnabedian 1990
1612:
1606:
1603:Dasnabedian 1990
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1571:Dasnabedian 1990
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1523:Dasnabedian 1990
1520:
1514:
1511:Dasnabedian 1990
1508:
1502:
1495:Dasnabedian 1990
1492:
1486:
1483:Dasnabedian 1990
1480:
1471:
1468:Dasnabedian 1990
1465:
1459:
1456:Dasnabedian 1990
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1432:Dasnabedian 1990
1429:
1423:
1420:Dasnabedian 1990
1417:
1411:
1408:Dasnabedian 1990
1405:
1396:
1389:Dasnabedian 1990
1386:
1377:
1374:Dasnabedian 1990
1371:
1365:
1362:Dasnabedian 1990
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1322:Dasnabedian 1990
1319:
1313:
1310:Dasnabedian 1990
1307:
1301:
1286:Dasnabedian 1990
1283:
1277:
1266:Dasnabedian 1990
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1238:Dasnabedian 1990
1235:
1229:
1226:Dasnabedian 1990
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1202:Dasnabedian 1990
1199:
1190:
1179:Dasnabedian 1990
1176:
1170:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1135:Dasnabedian 1990
1132:
1126:
1120:
1109:
1102:Dasnabedian 1990
1099:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1054:
1007:
848:
829:
806:
771:Sasun resistance
764:
754:
752:
649:Sarkis Minassian
641:Avetik Isahakyan
637:Avetis Aharonian
593:social democracy
577:political bureau
485:
475:
473:
431:Founding the ARF
425:decentralization
214:
204:
202:
152:
151:
143:
142:
134:
133:
123:Other names
93:
81:
56:
54:
42:
21:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2991:Narodnaya Volya
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2834:
2793:
2735:
2621:
2616:
2586:
2571:
2566:
2540:Caucasus Survey
2537:
2506:
2500:
2471:
2446:
2421:
2417:
2415:Further reading
2412:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2343:
2337:
2308:
2294:
2270:
2248:
2231:
2225:
2196:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2155:
2149:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2101:Nalbandian 1975
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:, p. 119;
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:, p. 119;
2007:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:, p. 120;
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1856:, p. 119;
1848:
1844:
1832:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1717:
1713:
1701:
1697:
1685:, p. 119;
1677:, p. 113;
1673:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1645:, p. 119;
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:, p. 72n7.
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1573:, p. 200;
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1470:, p. 58n4.
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1399:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1350:Nalbandian 1975
1348:
1344:
1338:Nalbandian 1975
1336:
1332:
1326:Nalbandian 1975
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:, p. 151;
1294:Nalbandian 1975
1284:
1280:
1270:Nalbandian 1975
1264:
1260:
1254:Nalbandian 1975
1252:
1248:
1240:, p. 200;
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1193:
1177:
1173:
1165:, p. 144;
1163:Nalbandian 1975
1161:
1157:
1151:Nalbandian 1975
1149:
1145:
1139:Nalbandian 1975
1137:, p. 200;
1133:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1104:, p. 200;
1100:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1028:
1025:
1001:
995:Stepan Shaumian
912:
853:and the German
842:
823:
821:Rubina Areshyan
800:
798:Rubina Areshyan
796:Mikaelian with
716:
669:Pierre Quillard
625:editor-in-chief
585:Western Armenia
538:anti-socialists
536:(SDHP) and the
520:
488:Western Armenia
433:
413:Mikhail Bakunin
397:Narodnaya Volya
368:Western Armenia
348:
343:
302:, particularly
255:Narodnaya Volya
239:Western Armenia
171:Political party
156:
108:
95:
91:
82:
75:
58:
57:18 October 1859
52:
50:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2830:Garegin Nzhdeh
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2810:Kevork Chavush
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2748:Adana massacre
2745:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2564:
2535:
2517:(2): 339–363.
2504:
2498:
2469:
2444:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2384:(1): 137–156.
2364:
2358:
2341:
2335:
2306:
2292:
2268:
2246:
2229:
2223:
2194:
2192:(30): 113–131.
2176:
2170:
2153:
2147:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2093:
2091:, p. 119.
2081:
2077:Minassian 2018
2069:
2065:Minassian 2018
2057:
2055:, p. 284.
2045:
2041:Minassian 2018
2029:
2025:Minassian 2018
2017:
2013:Minassian 2018
2001:
1997:Minassian 2018
1995:, p. 77;
1985:
1983:, p. 120.
1973:
1969:Minassian 2018
1963:, p. 77;
1953:
1949:Minassian 2018
1941:
1937:Minassian 2018
1931:, p. 77;
1921:
1906:
1898:Minassian 2018
1892:, p. 77;
1882:
1878:Minassian 2018
1870:
1868:, p. 432.
1864:, p. 69;
1858:Minassian 2018
1842:
1838:Minassian 2018
1826:
1822:Minassian 2018
1820:, p. 76;
1810:
1806:Minassian 2018
1804:, p. 76;
1790:
1786:Minassian 2018
1778:
1763:
1759:Minassian 2018
1751:
1739:
1727:
1723:Minassian 2018
1711:
1707:Minassian 2018
1705:, p. 76;
1695:
1693:, p. 432.
1689:, p. 69;
1681:, p. 76;
1667:
1661:, p. 76;
1651:
1647:Minassian 2018
1641:, p. 76;
1631:
1629:, p. 113.
1619:
1607:
1595:
1591:Minassian 2018
1583:
1581:, p. 432.
1577:, p. 39;
1575:Minassian 2018
1563:
1559:Minassian 2018
1551:
1547:Minassian 2018
1539:
1535:Minassian 2018
1527:
1515:
1503:
1501:, p. 432.
1497:, p. 61;
1487:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1446:, p. 432.
1436:
1424:
1412:
1397:
1395:, p. 432.
1391:, p. 36;
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1328:, p. 155.
1314:
1302:
1292:, p. 36;
1290:Minassian 2018
1288:, p. 31;
1278:
1276:, p. 130.
1258:
1256:, p. 145.
1246:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1191:
1185:, p. 46;
1183:Minassian 2018
1181:, p. 31;
1171:
1169:, p. 431.
1155:
1153:, p. 139.
1143:
1127:
1125:, p. 431.
1110:
1108:, p. 431.
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1024:
1023:Selected works
1021:
991:Vladimir Lenin
979:South Caucasus
948:Gaetano Bresci
911:
908:
881:Friday prayers
832:Kris Fenerjian
787:Hovnan Tavtian
724:Abdul Hamid II
715:
712:
614:Arshak Vramian
601:assassinations
581:executive body
559:, settling in
553:decentralizing
542:labor movement
519:
516:
492:Ottoman Empire
444:Simon Zavarian
432:
429:
401:Simon Zavarian
347:
344:
342:
339:
316:Abdul Hamid II
275:Ottoman Empire
263:Simon Zavarian
243:Russian Empire
233:, he became a
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
155:
154:
145:
136:
126:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
96:
94:(aged 45)
88:
84:
83:
73:Russian Empire
59:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3013:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Aram Manukian
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Aghbiur Serob
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2359:0-415-04684-X
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:1-85043-787-4
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2247:0-520-00914-2
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2171:88-85822-11-8
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:, p. 62.
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1951:, p. 52.
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:, p. 77.
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1824:, p. 46.
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:, p. 46.
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:Altıntaş 2018
1794:
1791:
1788:, p. 46.
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:Altıntaş 2018
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1749:, p. 76.
1748:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1709:, p. 39.
1708:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:Altıntaş 2018
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:Altıntaş 2018
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1593:, p. 39.
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1525:, p. 62.
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:, p. 61.
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1458:, p. 58.
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1422:, p. 45.
1421:
1416:
1413:
1410:, p. 36.
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:, p. 32.
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1228:, p. 23.
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1204:, p. 31.
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
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851:Edward Joris
810:
779:Tuman Tumyan
740:
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684:Armenophiles
678:
672:
635:, including
632:
628:
622:
589:
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285:
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192:
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92:(1905-03-17)
61:Verin Agulis
18:
2916:1905 deaths
2911:1859 births
2886:(1916–1920)
2880:(1914–1917)
2053:Walker 1990
1866:Walker 1990
1691:Walker 1990
1579:Walker 1990
1499:Walker 1990
1444:Walker 1990
1393:Walker 1990
1298:Walker 1990
1274:Walker 1990
1242:Walker 1990
1187:Walker 1990
1167:Walker 1990
1123:Walker 1990
1106:Walker 1990
1002: [
843: [
824: [
801: [
688:Macedonians
679:Pro Armenia
674:Pro Armenia
496:nationalism
356:Nakhichevan
253:and joined
231:Nakhichevan
161:Citizenship
113:Nationality
65:Nakhichevan
2905:Categories
2089:Gauin 2014
2037:Gauin 2014
2009:Gauin 2014
1981:Gauin 2014
1965:Gauin 2014
1933:Gauin 2014
1894:Gauin 2014
1854:Gauin 2014
1683:Gauin 2014
1663:Gauin 2014
1643:Gauin 2014
1087:References
859:pseudonyms
692:anarchists
610:Armen Garo
549:Bessarabia
500:liberalism
102:Kyustendil
53:1859-10-18
2846:Armenakan
2789:Musa Dagh
2744:(1894–96)
2560:2376-1199
2398:2376-0702
2350:Routledge
2264:500605937
940:terrorist
783:Sev Ashod
756:romanized
477:romanized
341:Biography
206:romanized
2815:Andranik
2478:New York
2461:ProQuest
2440:28968549
2436:ProQuest
2302:32130916
2280:New York
2256:63-13806
1051:46685144
892:Bulgaria
863:Istanbul
857:. Under
807:in 1904.
747:Armenian
732:extorted
597:sabotage
468:Armenian
320:Bulgaria
229:Born in
217:Armenian
197:Armenian
181:Movement
147:Edward (
129:Hellen (
117:Armenian
106:Bulgaria
2852:Hunchak
2631:History
2465:7610156
956:slander
900:Vitosha
758::
728:Potorig
708:Droshak
704:borders
633:Droshak
629:Droshak
569:Droshak
565:Droshak
557:Romania
529:Droshak
504:Marxism
479::
386:Armenia
364:Tbilisi
287:Droshak
235:teacher
208::
165:Russian
150:Էդուարդ
138:Topal (
98:Sablyar
76:(today
2872:Fedayi
2860:(1890)
2854:(1887)
2848:(1885)
2769:Zeitun
2756:(1915)
2750:(1909)
2558:
2529:
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1039:Athens
910:Legacy
872:bayram
817:Smyrna
813:Athens
573:Geneva
561:Galați
393:Moscow
352:Agulis
304:French
296:Geneva
251:Moscow
69:Erivan
2865:Units
2800:Arabo
2572:(PDF)
2527:JSTOR
2402:JSTOR
2372:(PDF)
2184:(PDF)
2162:Milan
1059:Notes
1033:[
1006:]
981:, on
847:]
828:]
805:]
743:Sofia
599:and
450:(ARF)
354:, in
141:Թոփալ
132:Էլլէն
2784:Urfa
2582:(3).
2556:ISSN
2494:ISBN
2394:ISSN
2354:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2298:OCLC
2288:ISBN
2260:OCLC
2252:LCCN
2242:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2143:ISBN
1047:OCLC
993:and
950:and
904:O.S.
896:O.S.
785:and
667:and
655:and
647:and
616:and
502:and
423:and
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