45:
653:, opened in 1963, was essential to the later power development at Churchill Falls. It helped open up the area and supplied the power required during the construction phase of the project. In the planning stage, however, it became apparent that greater efficiency in the production of electricity could be achieved by diverting the flow of water from the Ossokmanuan Reservoir into the Smallwood Reservoir. Utilizing this water at the Churchill Falls plant enabled approximately three times as much electricity to be produced from the same volume of water. In July 1974 the Twin Falls plant was closed and the water diverted into the
780:, but has resulted in significant damage to their traditional territory. The plant caused flooding of over 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi), which damaged the habitats of many animals, disrupted caribou migratory routes, and drowned wildlife such as beavers. Furthermore, Innu burial sites and hunting grounds were destroyed, causing irreparable damage to the traditions and livelihoods of the Innu people. A 2016 study commissioned by the
815:. The amount represents approximately 5% of Hydro-Quebec's estimated $ 80 billion (CAD) profits over the 50-years that the hydro-electric plant has been in operation. Furthermore, the Innu Nation have united with First Nations in Canada and the United States to oppose Hydro-Québec's planned transmission line to Massachusetts. A large portion of the energy for this project would be generated in the Churchill Falls hydroelectric plant.
666:
32:
685:'s natural drainage area covers over 60,000 km (23,000 sq mi). Dyking Orma and Sail lakes brought the total to 72,000 km (28,000 sq mi). Studies showed this drainage area collected 410 mm (16 in) of rainfall plus 391 cm (154 in) of snowfall annually equalling 12.5 cu mi (52 km) of water per year; more than enough to meet the project's needs.
615:. But the only practical solution was to negotiate an agreement with Quebec. By 1969, after 16 years of attempts to finance the project, BRINCO was in dire financial straits whereas Quebec was flush with money, further strengthening Quebec's negotiating position. In the end BRINCO would sell 90 percent of the power to Hydro Quebec, at a fixed price, over 40 years renewable for a further 25.
631:
52:
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contract was signed and the court could not force the parties to re-open the contract. Gascon additionally said that unforeseeability would justify overturning the contract only if it made the contract less beneficial to one party and not in this case, where it merely made the contract more beneficial to one party (Hydro-Québec).
703:, is almost 300 m (980 ft) underground. The 1,800,000 cubic metres of rock excavated was used in roads, building the town site, and as dike material. The hall is about 300 m (980 ft) long, up to 25 m (82 ft) wide and about 50 m (160 ft) high. It houses 11 generating units. The
753:
rejected a bid to force Hydro-Québec to reopen the contract before 2041, deciding that the high profits of Hydro-Québec did not justify re-opening the contract. The majority decision held that the unforeseeability of future energy price increases was a risk that the CFLCo had assumed when the
516:. The advantage of the site was the river's drop of more than 300 metres in less than 32 km, and steady supply of water. These findings were confirmed in a 1947 survey, but development did not proceed due to the remoteness of the site and the distance from markets for the power.
555:, and inland waterways are under the jurisdiction of provincial, rather than the national government. Since Labrador had no internal market for the power, it had to negotiate with neighbouring Quebec to export the power. Controversy over the ownership of the
803:
initialed an agreement to compensate for the negative impacts of the
Churchill Falls plant. The agreement offered the Labrador Innu hunting rights within 34,000 km (13,000 sq mi) of land, plus $ 2 million (CAD) annually in compensation from
645:
After five years of non-stop work by 6,300 workers and a cost of almost a billion dollars in 1970, the first two generating units began delivering power in 1971, almost half a year ahead of schedule. In 1974 the station went into full-time production.
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has created a great deal of resentment. Events unforeseen at the time of the 1969 negotiation have greatly increased Hydro-Quebec's profit margin on the fixed price of energy from the station.
508:
In 1915 Wilfred
Thibaudeau surveyed the Labrador Plateau. He designed a channel scheme to divert water before it arrived at the falls. The scheme would use the natural capacity of the
472:
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Water is contained by a reservoir created not by a single large dam, but by a series of 88 dikes that have a total length of 64 km (40 mi). The reservoir, later known as
88:
696:
is 1,735 ft (529 m). As a comparison, the water starting 30 km (19 mi) upriver until it enters the power plant drops over 1,000 ft (300 m).
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stated that for Canada, the best judges are
Canadians. The Quebec government did not accept this judgement as seen by borders on maps issued in 1939 by the Quebec
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622:. It is unlikely that BRINCO would have found other investors willing to take on that risk. In 1981 it made a good return on the investment at almost no risk.
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and could contaminate the local water, food sources, and health of the Innu in the region. These negative impacts infringe on the aboriginal rights and
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At the time BRINCO was praised for having built the station with no public money from
Newfoundland, while Hydro-Québec assumed nearly all the
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ruled that Hydro-Quebec's right to sell
Churchill Falls energy had a monthly cap, simplifying the management of water resources for the
1155:"Power Politics and Questions of Political Will: A History of Hydroelectric Development in Labrador's Churchill River Basin, 1949-2002"
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he explored the possibility of transmitting
Churchill Falls power to the Maritimes and New England by the so-called Anglo-Saxon route.
596:
all of its hydro-electric facilities, and proposed to
Newfoundland that it do the same with the Hamilton Falls project, which Premier
589:
to develop the hydroelectric project. Through this subsidiary BRINCO obtained a 99 year monopoly on the sale of
Labrador hydro power.
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The station cost almost a billion
Canadian dollars to build in 1970. Commissioned from 1971 to 1974, it is owned and operated by the
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722:, covers 5,700 km (2,200 sq mi) and can contain more than 28 km (1 trillion cu ft) of water.
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in the United
Kingdom ruled in favour of the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1927, an unpopular judgment in Quebec. Member of the
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BRINCO could not get funding for the generating station without a guaranteed market for its power. In 1963 Quebec
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refused. BRINCO explored alternatives to sending the electricity to neighbouring Quebec, including sending it to
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In October 2020, the Innu Nation of Labrador filed a $ 4 billion (CAD) claim against Hydro-Québec through the
585:(BRINCO) was formed for the purpose of exploiting Labrador's resources. In 1958, it created a subsidiary, the
1452:"Lower Churchill Project - Agreement with Innu Nation of Labrador | Government of Newfoundland and Labrador"
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The Churchill Falls hydroelectric plant development was undertaken in the absence of any agreement with the
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includes much of western and central Labrador. Ossokmanuan Reservoir, originally developed as part of the
512:, which covers over 23,300 sq mi (60,000 km), eliminating the need for the construction of
547:
where legal authority is split between the federal and provincial governments; natural resources such as
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818:
The timing of this lawsuit comes as the Innu Nation seeks to formalise a land claims agreement with the
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added to the difficulties of negotiating between Newfoundland and Quebec. A British colony at the time,
528:
465:
1550:
Churchill Falls Hydroelectric project overview at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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Newfoundland and Labrador will be able to renegotiate the project in 2041, when the contract expires.
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project ever undertaken in North America and the largest underground power station in the world.
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892:"Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Announces Sanction of the Muskrat Falls Development"
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from 1818 to 1823. The waterfall itself was called Grand Falls. In 1965, after the death of
358:
1264:"Supreme Court rejects Churchill Falls Corp.'s bid to reopen energy deal with Hydro-Québec"
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708:
704:
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301:
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1477:"Innu Nation suing over disruption to land and culture caused by Churchill Falls project"
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300 metres underground. It is about 300 metres long and as high as a 15-story building.
368:. At 5,428 MW, it is the sixteenth largest in the world, and the second-largest in
1428:"First Nations in Canada Urge Northeast U.S. to Reject Greenwashed Canadian Hydropower"
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1124:"The Renewal Clause in the Churchill Falls Contract: The Origins of a Coming Crisis"
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Churchill Falls as it appeared in 2008, four decades after the water was redirected.
31:
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Government (government of the Labrador Inuit) concluded that the flooding produced
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434:
1317:"Quebec's top court rules for N.L. in Churchill Falls dispute with Hydro-Québec"
874:"Churchill hydro deal signals era of Atlantic co-operation – The Globe and Mail"
781:
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has unsuccessfully challenged the 1969 contract in court. In November 2018, the
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544:
1047:"Pragmatic Federalism: The Politics Behind the 1969 Churchill Falls Contract"
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321:
59:
Location of Churchill Falls Generating Station in Newfoundland and Labrador
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the falls, river, town, and generating station were all renamed again.
411:
404:
1291:"Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corp. v. Hydro‑Québec - SCC Cases (Lexum)"
548:
464:, in 1821 the river was called Hamilton by Captain William Martin of
377:
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1160:. Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada
604:
and asking for federal intervention. This proposal was known as the
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to develop the remaining 35 percent of the Churchill River basin.
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800:
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1210:"The Churchill Falls Project: What Happened and What's to Come"
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to supply power to iron mining industries in western Labrador.
513:
384:
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936:"Maritime Link energy project approved by Nova Scotia's UARB"
578:. Certain newspapers called for a takeover of the territory,
563:
disputed ownership with the Canadian province of Quebec. The
1401:
894:. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. December 17, 2012
638:
Construction started in July, 1967, at the time the largest
1523:"Innu of Labrador launch $ 4B lawsuit against Hydro Quebec"
399:
of about 72,000 square kilometres, an area larger than the
519:
In 1954 the region was opened up by the completion of the
433:(34.2%). Workers at the station live in the purpose-built
51:
1589:
Hydroelectric power stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
403:. It drops over 305 metres to the site of the plant's 11
1343:"Privatisation d'Hydro-Québec: Claude Garcia s'explique"
669:
One of the main turbines of the station during repairs
460:
Originally called the Mishtashipu (Big River) by the
1108:(Canadian ed.). 22 September 1947. p. 17.
991:. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
531:. In 1963 a 225 MW generating station was built at
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Hydroelectric power station in north eastern Canada
854:. Canadian Mining & Energy. 27 October 2015
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1036:
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772:Legal cases brought forward by the Innu Nation
587:Hamilton Falls (Labrador) Corporation Limited
8:
914:"$ 1.5B Maritime Link approved by Emera Inc"
688:Total natural drop of the water starting at
583:British Newfoundland Development Corporation
419:Churchill Falls Labrador Corporation Limited
410:The plant's power house was hewn from solid
193:2,200,000 m (2,900,000 cu yd)
681:Power System also drains into this system.
504:issued a 30-cent stamp depicting the falls.
395:has a capacity of 33 cubic kilometres in a
387:, the plant's reservoir is contained by 88
1117:
1115:
813:Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador
30:
21:
1375:"Innu Nation Claim against Hydro-Quebec"
1122:Feehan, James P.; Baker, Melvin (2005).
832:List of largest power stations in Canada
576:Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
19:Dam in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
1614:Energy infrastructure completed in 1974
843:
747:Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
565:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
521:Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway
232:71,750 km (27,700 sq mi)
736:Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation
527:575 km north through Labrador to
448:is a joint venture between Nalcor and
391:, totalling 64 km in length. The
1396:
1394:
1369:
1367:
1349:(in French). Montreal. Archived from
1262:Harris, Kathleen (November 2, 2018).
1215:. Memorial University of Newfoundland
852:"Top 10 hydroelectric dams in Canada"
240:6,988 km (2,698 sq mi)
7:
872:McCarthy, Shawn (18 November 2010).
795:In February 2010, the Government of
757:In 2019 Quebec's highest court, the
1521:Richardson, Lindsay (2020-10-08).
1185:Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador
726:Post-construction legal challenges
699:The machine hall, hewn from solid
374:Robert-Bourassa generating station
355:Churchill Falls Generating Station
25:Churchill Falls Generating Station
14:
1379:OKT | Olthuis Kleer Townshend LLP
1341:Baril, Hélène (4 February 2009).
1153:Cleo Research Associates (2003).
1051:Newfoundland and Labrador Studies
989:"The History of Churchill Falls"
50:
43:
1594:Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
1502:"News release (March 30, 2021)"
1402:"Fifty-year-old bill comes due"
657:under an agreement with CFLCo.
1475:Quinn, Mark (6 October 2020).
569:Legislative Assembly of Quebec
1:
1609:1974 establishments in Quebec
1082:Assemblée Nationale du Québec
1045:Churchill, Jason L. (1999).
273:312.4 m (1,025 ft)
383:Rather than a single large
1630:
1604:Underground power stations
765:'s Muskrat Falls station.
673:The drainage area for the
1241:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1078:"Introduction historique"
1017:The Canadian Encyclopedia
797:Newfoundland and Labrador
732:Newfoundland and Labrador
661:Technical characteristics
362:underground power station
328:
104:53.5287361°N 63.9658750°W
72:Newfoundland and Labrador
38:
29:
1432:www.culturalsurvival.org
1179:Martin, Melanie (2006).
938:. CBC News. Nov 29, 2013
916:. CBC News. Dec 18, 2012
651:Twin Falls power station
502:Dominion of Newfoundland
477:Governor of Newfoundland
763:Lower Churchill Project
751:Supreme Court of Canada
734:, the contract between
446:Lower Churchill Project
289:Installed capacity
185:64 km (40 mi)
120:Construction began
109:53.5287361; -63.9658750
1208:Feehan, James (2009).
759:Quebec Court of Appeal
670:
635:
523:which runs north from
505:
312:Annual generation
136:Construction cost
1132:Dalhousie Law Journal
792:of the Innu people.
668:
633:
529:Schefferville, Quebec
499:
210:Ossokmanuan Reservoir
163:Type of dam
1234:James Marsh (2010).
1010:Thompson, Andrew R.
820:Government of Canada
492:Early investigations
473:Sir Charles Hamilton
302:Capacity factor
260:Commission date
218:32.64 km (1.153
167:88 rock-filled dikes
1181:"The 1969 Contract"
962:Canadian Geographic
720:Smallwood Reservoir
707:wheels are cast of
655:Smallwood Reservoir
401:Republic of Ireland
393:Smallwood Reservoir
228:Catchment area
222:10 cu ft)
215:Total capacity
207:Smallwood Reservoir
100: /
1567:2019-07-14 at the
1555:2010-09-24 at the
1297:. November 2, 2018
1076:Toupin, Nicholas.
968:on 1 February 2020
878:The Globe and Mail
671:
636:
557:Labrador Peninsula
506:
340:/nalcor-operations
1295:scc-csc.lexum.com
1236:"Churchill Falls"
1012:"Resource Rights"
958:"Churchill River"
640:civil engineering
606:Anglo-Saxon route
525:Sept-Îles, Quebec
481:Winston Churchill
351:
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237:Surface area
157:Dam and spillways
128:Opening date
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1562:Nalcor's website
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1353:on 17 April 2009
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598:Joey Smallwood
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