33:
583:
646:
are used to create articles in newspapers and other news media. Its purpose is to reduce cost by reducing original news-gathering and checking sources to counter revenue lost with the rise of
Internet news and decline in advertising, with a particularly steep fall in late 2015. The origin of the word
856:
commented that some level of "churnalism" is both normal and healthy for news organisations, but said it considered the Media
Standards Trust linked to campaigns supported by "wealthy and powerful individuals and celebrities" in favour of "state control of the media" in the UK, and claimed there was
831:
emphasised the role of speed in degrading the quality of modern journalism. An example is given of the BBC guide for online staff which gives advice to ensure good quality but also the contradictory advice, "Get the story up as fast as you can… We encourage a sense of urgency—we want to be first."
698:
while working for the BBC in 2008 (however, Zakir himself recollects it being a decade earlier). According to Zakir, the trend towards this form of journalism involves reporters becoming more reactive and less proactive in searching for news: "You get copy coming in on the wires and reporters churn
1247:
778:, it was agreed that there was a relationship between the numbers of PR staff employed and journalists unemployed. There was a particularly steep fall in UK advertising revenue in the 6 months to March 2016, with the
848:, launched churnalism.com, an online tool to discover churn. It used a database of known press releases and compared the text of a submitted URL to determine what percentage of it was derived churn.
708:
saw this trend as terminal for current journalism, "...a harbinger of the end of news journalism as we know it, the coroner's verdict can be nothing other than suicide." Others, such as
791:
Other commentators have said the modern journalism is increasingly being performed in a cheaper, high-volume way, describing the resulting product with derogatory terms such as
983:
1402:
1267:
1014:
618:
680:
and a team of researchers which found that 80% of the stories in
Britain's quality press were not original and that only 12% of stories were generated by
784:
issuing a warning to investors after its newspaper division reported a 29% fall in profits largely to a 13% decline in print advertising revenue; news
699:
it out, processing stuff and maybe adding the odd local quote. It's affecting every newsroom in the country and reporters are becoming churnalists."
651:
journalist Waseem Zakir. Churnalism is a portmanteau of "churn" and "journalism", referring to the perceived "churning out" of content by the press.
754:
Traditional newspapers have cut staff as their advertising revenue has declined because of competition from other media such as television and the
914:
1470:
1365:
1339:
1209:
1077:
956:
1513:
857:
significant irony in the
Sunlight Foundation tool launch announcement itself being "uncritically churned by many of the usual suspects".
742:
1294:
730:
1053:
2109:
611:
1612:
57:
780:
771:
758:. They no longer have sufficient staff to generate news stories by making the rounds of civic and business activities.
2114:
2081:
1784:
677:
228:
107:
1485:
1311:
1276:
991:
861:
604:
32:
766:
are commonly produced by only one or two staff and these rely upon stories which are increasingly brought to them by
1111:
2104:
1384:
704:
1878:
1818:
1695:
1690:
1627:
1506:
869:
775:
684:. The result is a reduction of quality and accuracy, as the articles are open to manipulation and distortion.
324:
264:
143:
138:
72:
1873:
1616:
737:
319:
61:
1070:
Flat Earth News: An Award-winning
Reporter Exposes Falsehood, Distortion and Propaganda in the Global Media
1848:
1775:
1652:
664:
294:
219:
97:
1228:
2085:
2006:
1991:
1898:
1883:
1740:
1730:
1428:
920:
845:
844:, a non-profit organisation which advocates for openness and transparency, in partnership with the UK's
828:
638:
term for a form of journalism in which instead of original reported news, pre-packaged material such as
450:
435:
344:
329:
188:
178:
691:
found that only 44% were written by staff journalists and thus could be considered original reporting.
2119:
1981:
1888:
1868:
1863:
1828:
1800:
1715:
425:
334:
314:
309:
274:
244:
163:
1479:
2043:
1948:
1838:
1790:
1780:
1750:
1680:
1637:
1499:
864:
841:
592:
487:
394:
284:
234:
224:
198:
128:
82:
1467:
1928:
1903:
1843:
1808:
1720:
1705:
1700:
1622:
926:
899:
894:
673:
374:
349:
289:
254:
168:
153:
148:
67:
1182:
2069:
2054:
2021:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1823:
1766:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1657:
1361:
1335:
1205:
1199:
1073:
1049:
952:
785:
587:
513:
498:
465:
389:
379:
369:
269:
193:
183:
173:
102:
1329:
687:
A 2016 study of 1.8 million articles published by the U.S. and international editions of the
654:
Churnalism has increased to the point that many stories found in the press are not original.
2059:
2016:
2011:
1938:
1908:
1858:
1813:
1710:
1252:
1162:
1138:
946:
824:
819:
767:
503:
460:
455:
384:
354:
304:
259:
158:
840:
Some organizations and tools have arisen to combat churnalism. In April 2013, the
American
1913:
1833:
1685:
1675:
1573:
1474:
1315:
1224:
788:
Roy
Greenslade said in response to this "print cliff fall" that newspapers had no future.
759:
564:
359:
279:
133:
123:
1893:
1647:
1568:
1010:
796:
763:
726:
559:
339:
92:
2098:
2000:
1971:
1918:
1853:
1563:
709:
643:
639:
554:
444:
415:
364:
299:
1986:
1976:
1558:
1232:
904:
852:
801:
714:
549:
430:
420:
1403:""Churnalism" tracker catches journalists copying press releases, Knowledge (XXG)"
1355:
1094:
1043:
2064:
1632:
909:
669:
508:
77:
1996:
1755:
1642:
1602:
1538:
1522:
882:
878:
874:
719:
635:
529:
474:
440:
203:
87:
47:
24:
1167:
2039:
1966:
1543:
1308:
923: – Practice of publishing poor-quality outsourced reports as local news
534:
483:
410:
2049:
755:
688:
681:
493:
1112:"L'agrégation de news : quel taux d'originalité au HuffPost ?"
1606:
1553:
722:
of journalism in which journalists were not subject to such pressures.
544:
51:
1578:
1452:
1015:"Suddenly, national newspapers are heading for that print cliff fall"
569:
1229:"WiReD editor 'fesses to churnalism: Information wants to be stolen"
694:
The journalist Waseem Zakir has been credited for coining the term
1795:
1597:
1548:
539:
239:
42:
1495:
718:, see the issue as over-wrought, saying that there was never a
1429:"Announcement of 'churnalism detector' gets furiously churned"
648:
1491:
16:
Form of journalism based on press releases and agency stories
917:– one-time supplier of pre-written articles to US newspapers
736:
Churnalism does not only occur in newspapers; for example,
1383:
Rosenberg, Howard; S. Feldman, Charles (19 August 2008),
2031:
1958:
1765:
1667:
1589:
1529:
867:airs a highly critical weekly 15-minute programme,
1296:Hacks beat Flacks to knockout in Pall Mall debate
1480:Search engine for detecting churnalism in the UK
1204:, vol. 2, House of Commons, 21 April 2009,
1354:Rosenberg, Howard; S. Feldman, Charles (2008),
1486:Another search engine for detecting churnalism
1507:
1488:, Sunlight Foundation + Media Standards Trust
612:
8:
881:and unethical behaviour by journalists and
740:'s wide use of "writethroughs" in his book
1514:
1500:
1492:
1275:, Mass Communication Group, archived from
619:
605:
20:
1331:Political Communication and Social Theory
1166:
1378:
1376:
1037:
1035:
1005:
1003:
1001:
937:
915:National Automobile Chamber of Commerce
770:representatives, according to a senior
521:
473:
402:
211:
115:
23:
873:, which regularly exposes churnalism,
774:. When the matter was debated at the
1401:Gitlin, Jonathan M. (24 April 2013).
7:
1334:, Taylor & Francis, p. 60,
1110:Roy, Jean-Hugues (9 November 2017).
977:
975:
948:Journalism: Principles and Practice
743:Free: The Future of a Radical Price
729:gave evidence on the matter to the
1201:Press standards, privacy and libel
1181:Wasserman, Herman (30 June 2008),
984:"Fearing the rise of 'churnalism'"
731:Culture, Media and Sport Committee
702:An editorial on the matter in the
14:
1318:Word Spy. Retrieved: 9 July 2011.
1137:Zakir, Waseem (25 January 2018),
581:
31:
1468:John May interviews Nick Davies
1116:European Journalism Observatory
1072:. London: Chatto & Windus.
951:(3 ed.). SAGE. p. 8.
982:Jackson, Sally (5 June 2008),
781:Daily Mail & General Trust
746:has been labelled churnalism.
1:
1579:Pundit / commentator
1427:Page, Lewis (26 April 2013).
1269:The Impact of PR on the Media
1183:"The dangers of 'churnalism'"
860:In Australia, the nationwide
772:public relations professional
570:Pundit / commentator
1248:"When trash appears as news"
108:Index of journalism articles
2082:List of journalism articles
1246:Nyhan, David (2 May 1991),
795:(combination of "news" and
2136:
1293:Mair, John (19 May 2009),
2079:
1155:British Journalism Review
1068:Davies, Nicholas (2008).
776:Foreign Press Association
705:British Journalism Review
668:, the British journalist
593:Category: Journalism
1168:10.1177/0956474808090188
1096:Criticising the critical
2110:Criticism of journalism
1539:Journalists (reporters)
1482:, Media Standards Trust
1473:4 December 2016 at the
1140:Waseem Zakir on Twitter
642:or stories provided by
530:Journalists (reporters)
1653:Editorial independence
1385:"Why Is Speed So Bad?"
98:Editorial independence
2007:Pink-slime journalism
1992:Horse race journalism
1328:Davis, Aeron (2010),
1042:Harcup, Tony (2004),
945:Harcup, Tony (2015).
921:Pink-slime journalism
846:Media Standards Trust
647:has been credited to
588:Journalism portal
451:Pink-slime journalism
436:Horse race journalism
1982:Freedom of the press
1314:12 July 2014 at the
836:Combating churnalism
807:junk-food journalism
672:reported a study at
426:Freedom of the press
2115:Types of journalism
2044:Newspaper of record
1266:Macnamara, Jim R.,
842:Sunlight Foundation
712:, former editor of
488:Newspaper of record
1153:"Trivia pursuit",
927:Video news release
900:Circular reporting
895:24-hour news cycle
829:Charles S. Feldman
674:Cardiff University
2092:
2091:
2070:Alternative media
2022:Yellow journalism
1658:Journalism school
1455:official web site
1367:978-0-8264-2931-5
1341:978-0-415-54712-3
1282:on 12 August 2008
1211:978-0-215-54407-0
1079:978-0-7011-8145-1
958:978-1-4739-1813-9
865:public TV service
786:media commentator
629:
628:
514:Alternative media
466:Yellow journalism
103:Journalism school
2127:
2105:2000s neologisms
2017:Propaganda model
2012:Public relations
1516:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1357:No Time to Think
1351:
1345:
1344:
1325:
1319:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:The Boston Globe
1243:
1237:
1236:
1227:(25 June 2009).
1225:Orlowski, Andrew
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1161:(1): 3–4, 2008,
1150:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1099:, The Journalist
1090:
1084:
1083:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1048:, pp. 3–4,
1039:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1007:
996:
995:
990:, archived from
979:
970:
969:
967:
965:
942:
825:Howard Rosenberg
820:No Time to Think
768:public relations
760:Local newspapers
725:Nick Davies and
621:
614:
607:
586:
585:
584:
461:Propaganda model
456:Public relations
35:
21:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2027:
2026:
2025:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1914:Photojournalism
1785:Interventionism
1761:
1760:
1759:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1525:
1520:
1475:Wayback Machine
1464:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1316:Wayback Machine
1307:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1223:
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1218:
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1180:
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1152:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1093:Merrill, Gary,
1092:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1013:(27 May 2016).
1009:
1008:
999:
981:
980:
973:
963:
961:
959:
944:
943:
939:
935:
891:
883:radio talk-back
838:
815:
764:trade magazines
752:
750:Economic causes
665:Flat Earth News
660:
625:
582:
580:
360:Photojournalism
229:Interventionism
17:
12:
11:
5:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:New Journalism
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Human-interest
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Digital/Online
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1758:
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1748:
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1733:
1728:
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1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Sensationalism
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1617:code of ethics
1610:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:News presenter
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1463:
1462:External links
1460:
1458:
1457:
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1419:
1393:
1372:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1320:
1301:
1285:
1258:
1238:
1216:
1210:
1191:
1187:moneyweb.co.za
1173:
1145:
1129:
1102:
1085:
1078:
1060:
1054:
1031:
1011:Roy Greenslade
997:
994:on 31 May 2009
988:The Australian
971:
957:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
924:
918:
912:
907:
902:
897:
890:
887:
837:
834:
817:In their book
814:
811:
751:
748:
738:Chris Anderson
727:Roy Greenslade
659:
656:
640:press releases
627:
626:
624:
623:
616:
609:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
590:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
560:News presenter
557:
552:
547:
542:
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532:
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372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
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342:
340:New Journalism
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
310:Human-interest
307:
302:
297:
292:
290:Digital/Online
287:
282:
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146:
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126:
118:
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113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
93:Sensationalism
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
62:code of ethics
55:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2132:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:News agencies
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:False balance
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Fourth Estate
1970:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1959:Social impact
1957:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Press release
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Investigative
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Fact-checking
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Collaborative
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
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1789:
1786:
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1764:
1757:
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1734:
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1729:
1727:
1724:
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1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Entertainment
1689:
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1641:
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1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:Writing style
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Meteorologist
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
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1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1466:
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1412:6 September
964:23 November
910:Hack writer
870:Media Watch
670:Nick Davies
550:Copy editor
380:Underground
295:Explanatory
220:Adversarial
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144:Environment
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1997:Media bias
1899:Non-profit
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1590:Profession
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1122:29 January
1045:Journalism
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879:media bias
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682:reporters
535:Columnist
494:Magazines
411:Fake news
335:Narrative
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275:Community
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