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surface waters and landscapes of that region indicated they were previously extensive. Broadscale incision of ciénegas and conversion of large segments of former ciénegas to ephemeral surface flows through deeply incised former ciénega-formed soils, was hypothesized to have occurred predominantly in the late 1800s as a result of overgrazing, water diversions, and changing climates. More recent updates and geographically broadened inventories and status assessments of ciénegas now extend throughout
Arizona and New Mexico eastward into Texas and south into Chihuahua and Sonora (México). Though often diverse local factors have clearly played major roles in altering some former ciénegas, the hypothesis of ongoing region-wide erosion since arrival of Europeans, and subsequent alteration of the land and aquifers (including more recent pumping of them), has been generally supported. "Since the late 1800s, natural wetlands in arid and semi-arid desert grasslands of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico have largely disappeared.". Historic ciénegas are now deeply entrenched and generally dry, or left with far less-permanent, often now ephemeral water. Broad grasslands adjacent to former ciénegas, once supported by shallow and stable groundwater maintained by ciénegas, are gone, replaced largely by mesquite and other arid-land vegetation, sometimes with narrow, remnant ciénegas persisting in deeply incised channels. Additional resources about ciénegas are available, including an extensive bibliography of relevant literature.
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316:. For instance, in Arizona, 19% of threatened, endangered, or candidate threatened or endangered species are directly associated with ciénegas. Ciénegas also purify surface water and mitigate flooding when heavy precipitation occurs, and help to cycle nutrients between water and soil. Humans have also long relied on the water provided by ciénegas: Indigenous Americans used ciénegas for water and hunting grounds, and a majority of pre-historic agricultural settlements occurred in the vicinity of ciénegas. Indigenous inhabitants of the American Southwest also gave spiritual significance to ciénegas and local watering holes.
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In late 2018, as part of his effort to create a wetland action plan for the state of New Mexico, retired former New Mexico botanist Robert
Sivinski discovered via satellite an additional 119 small ciénagas in New Mexico. This surprising number of previously unidentified or unstudied ciénagas suggests
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Burro Ciénaga (2006) down channel about a quarter mile from the previous photograph. This section is shown more severely incised and creek-like: narrow rather than wide enough to cover the entire valley floor, but historically reaching the toes of the canyon on both sides. This ciénega has since been
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with shallow-gradient, permanently saturated soils in otherwise arid landscapes that often occupy nearly the entire widths of valley bottoms. That description satisfies historic, pre-damaged ciénagas, although few can be described that way now. Incised ciénagas are common today. Ciénagas are usually
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from the region. Preservation of existing ciénegas, and restoration of degraded ciénegas, depends on reversing these trends in land use and preventing their recurrence in the vicinity of ciénegas. This preservation is complicated by the fact that a majority of ciénegas are found on privately-owned
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The distribution and conservation status of ciénegas of
Arizona and adjacent New Mexico were first inventoried and assessed systematically in 1985. Characterized by slow-moving, broad flows through extensive emergent vegetation, intact ciénegas were then rare, but reviews of historic accounts of the
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It is likely that there were many hundreds of long lost ciénagas, although there are only 155 identified or named ciénagas since the
European arrival in the entire International Four Corners Region of the Southwest — that is, Arizona and New Mexico in the United States and Chihuahua and Sonora in
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The decline of ciénegas has been caused largely by changes in land use, primarily overgrazing (which removes water-absorbing vegetation) and overexploitation of ground water for agriculture and urban use. Direct removal of vegetation from the vicinity of wetlands has also been a cause of ciénega
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The structure of a natural ciénega is influenced by long-term climatic cycles of wet and dry periods. During dry periods, falling water tables lead to a reduction in vegetation. Prolonged wet periods lead to increased vegetation and trapping of sediment, while brief periods of high rainfall may
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Burro Ciénaga on the
Pitchfork Ranch south of Silver City, New Mexico. Today, many of the few remaining ciénagas that still have water look like this, deeply incised by fast-flowing water trapped between vertical walls.
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Cloverdale Ciénega in the
Bootheel area of southwest New Mexico. This illustrates what an undamaged ciénaga looks like under normal conditions: marsh-like, broad, shallow, slow-migrating water through thick vegetation.
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Former San Simon Ciénega on the
Arizona/New Mexico Border. Now dead, this ciénaga is beyond any possible recovery due to a serious water overdraft, despite a determined, long-term government effort. (2010)
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Ciénagas are not considered true swamps due to their lack of trees, which will drown in historic ciénagas. However, trees do grow in many damaged or drained ciénagas, making the distinction less clear.
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forces water to the surface, over large areas, not merely through a single pool or channel. In a healthy ciénaga, water slowly migrates through long, wide-scale mats of thick, sponge-like wetland
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there may be more to be found. Further site-specific status assessment information and general information about ciénegas may be found in an open bibliography of ciénega literature.
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lead to carving of gullies. Runaway gully growth, as can occur when vegetation is artificially removed (e.g., by overgrazing), can lead to channelization and loss of the ciénega.
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Mexico. The tables below (with minor updates from ) summarize current knowledge of the distribution and status of ciénegas in the indicated U.S. and
Mexican states.
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Canelo Hills, Arizona. This is what a healthy ciénaga looks like after a flood, erosion is avoided by plants that lie down and spring back after heavy flows. (2009)
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Minckley, T.A.; Turner, D.S. (2013). "The relevance of wetland conservation in arid regions: A re-examination of vanishing communities in the
American Southwest".
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Ciénegas occur at intermediate elevations (1000–2000 m) and are characterized by saturated, reducing soils with reliable water supply via seepage.
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San
Solomon Spring-fed ciénega, near Balmorhea, is in arid West Texas. The springs have a tremendous flow of 22 to 28 million gallons a day. (2009)
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93:. Ciénaga soils are squishy, permanently saturated, highly organic, black in color or anaerobic. Highly adapted sedges, rushes and
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Cienequita, Las Ciénegas, southeast of Tucson, Arizona. With very little incising, this is a smaller, functioning ciénaga. (2012)
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109:—found on drier margins, down-valley in healthy ciénagas where water goes underground or along the banks of incised ciénagas.
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As a primary source of water in arid environments, ciénegas support a broad range of terrestrial life, including numerous
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Spatial Database of Known and Potential Ciénegas in the Greater Madrean Archipelago Ecoregion - ScienceBase-Catalog
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Dec. 21, Avery McGaha; Now, 2015 From the print edition Like Tweet Email Print Subscribe Donate (2015-12-21).
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725:"An Overview of Aridland Ciénagas, With Proposals for Their Classification, Restoration and Preservation"
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300:. Ciénegas trap organic matter from their surroundings, and are thus highly productive ecosystems.
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Hendrickson1;Minckley2;Contreras-Arquieta3, Dean A.1;Thomas A.2;Arturo3 (April 18, 2016).
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Middleton, Barry R.; Norman, Laura M.; Hendrickson, Dean A.; Minckley, Thomas A. (2022).
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land, most of which do not have binding conservation agreements or easements in place.
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are the dominant plants, with a few trees that can withstand saturated soils, such as
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Hendrickson, Dean A; Minckley, Thomas A; Middleton, Barry R; Norman, Laura M (2021),
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Hendrickson, D.A.; Kubly, D.M. (1984). "Desert waters: Past, present, and future".
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A Legacy of Change: Historic Human Impact on Vegetation of the Arizona Borderlands
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Minckley and Brunelle (2007). "Paleohydrology and Growth of a Desert Ciénega".
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Database of Cienega Locations in Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico
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The Secret Knowledge of Water, Discovering the Essence of the American Desert
536: – census-designated place in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States
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Table 1. Distribution of Known Ciénagas by State in the US and Mexico
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563: – Meadow within a forested and relatively small drainage basin
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587:"Ciénegas - Vanishing Climax Communities of the American Southwest"
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693:"Wetlands Action Plan, Arid-land Spring Ciénegas of New Mexico"
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U.S. Department Of The Interior | Bureau of Land Management
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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Ciénagas in Progressive States from Healthy to Dead
939:"The story behind a saved cienega in New Mexico"
869:"North American Cienegas bibliographic database"
663:"Ecology, Geography, Hydrology, Land Use Change"
631:"Ecology, Geography, Hydrology, Water Resources"
97:are the dominant plants, with succession plants—
991:"Bringing the Water Back | The Pitchfork Ranch"
27:Wetland system unique to the American Southwest
1735:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
1015:Lisenby, P.E.; Tooth, S.; Ralph, T.J. (2019).
585:Hendrickson, Dean A.; Minckley, W. L. (1985).
1820:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
1745:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
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1124:Gila, The Life and Death of an American River
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995:New Mexico Land Conservancy print newsletter
892:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1092:. New York, Boston, London: Back Bay Books.
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913:"Las Cienegas National Conservation Area"
838:Hendrickson, Dean A. (January 29, 2023).
171:Learn how and when to remove this message
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723:Cole, A. T.; Cole, Cinda (August 2015).
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825:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.10.014
790:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.09.001
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1855:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
1845:Society of Wetland Scientists
1073:Bahre, Conrad Joseph (1991).
1470:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
840:"Ciénegas | Hendrickson Lab"
805:Journal of Arid Environments
770:Journal of Arid Environments
1740:National Wetlands Inventory
1105:The Nature Conservancy News
691:Svinski, Robert C. (2018).
308:Importance and conservation
151:the claims made and adding
32:La Cienega (disambiguation)
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1825:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
669:. U.S. Geological Survey.
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1804:Wetland indicator status
1126:. New York: Orian Books.
426:Percent of Total Number
1515:Freshwater swamp forest
1850:Wetlands International
1621:List of wetland plants
1088:Childs, Craig (2001).
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420:Condition of Ciénagas
72:, freshwater, spongy,
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41:A restored cienega in
1495:Salt pannes and pools
262:laboriously restored.
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453:Severely Damaged
43:Balmorhea State Park
30:For other uses, see
1996:Springs (hydrology)
1955:Wetlands portal
1586:Constructed wetland
1171:Types and landforms
1036:2019ScTEn.663..980L
817:2007JArEn..69..420M
782:2013JArEn..88..213M
423:Number of Ciénagas
347:Number of Ciénagas
103:Fremont cottonwoods
1799:Salt marsh die-off
1717:Salt marsh dieback
1626:List of fen plants
1465:Palustrine wetland
1366:Intertidal wetland
1361:Interdunal wetland
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1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
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1813:Organizations
1811:
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1669:Tropical peat
1667:
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1660:
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1579:
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1576:
1572:
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1563:
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1553:
1551:
1550:Várzea forest
1548:
1546:
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1539:
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1534:
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1523:
1521:
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1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Polygonal bog
1238:
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1228:
1226:
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1218:
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1213:
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1211:
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1158:
1153:
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1135:
1125:
1118:
1115:
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1106:
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1084:
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1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1008:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
970:
965:|first2=
958:
944:
940:
933:
930:
918:
914:
907:
904:
899:
895:
889:
874:
873:Zotero Groups
870:
863:
861:
857:
845:
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834:
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581:
579:
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436:
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328:
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317:
315:
307:
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279:
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257:
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220:
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207:
202:
195:
190:
187:
185:
175:
172:
164:
161:February 2021
154:
150:
146:
140:
139:
134:This section
132:
123:
122:
117:Current state
116:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:geomorphology
84:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
1900:List of bogs
1755:Conservation
1686:Ombrotrophic
1630:
1601:Water-meadow
1525:
1336:Grass valley
1326:Flood-meadow
1289:Cypress dome
1278:
1220:Cataract bog
1195:Beach meadow
1123:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1027:
1023:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
994:
984:
946:. Retrieved
942:
932:
920:. Retrieved
916:
906:
876:. Retrieved
872:
847:. Retrieved
843:
833:
808:
804:
798:
773:
769:
733:cite journal
703:. Retrieved
699:
666:
656:
646:, retrieved
634:
624:
603:cite journal
561:Grass valley
506:
485:
480:
475:
405:
400:
332:
318:
311:
302:
283:
182:
167:
158:
135:
111:
53:
49:
47:
1925:Telmatology
1920:River delta
1787:Ramsar site
1777:Marsh organ
1676:Hydric soil
1555:Vernal pool
1538:Shrub swamp
1406:Tidal marsh
1235:Plateau bog
1225:Coastal bog
1215:Blanket bog
1030:: 980–991.
1000:January 29,
943:www.hcn.org
922:January 29,
878:January 29,
849:January 29,
776:: 213–221.
705:January 29,
442:Restorable
431:Functional
74:wet meadows
1986:Topography
1980:Categories
1885:Bog butter
1581:Bog garden
1574:Artificial
1545:Wet meadow
1411:High marsh
1401:Salt marsh
1304:Fen-meadow
1272:Alder carr
1255:Upland bog
1250:String bog
1245:Raised bog
948:2023-01-30
648:2023-01-29
568:References
534:La Cienega
329:Occurrence
280:Properties
145:improve it
1707:Hydrosere
1695:Processes
1681:Marsh gas
1526:Myristica
1416:Low marsh
1230:Kermi bog
1205:Bofedales
1185:Backswamp
149:verifying
1991:Wetlands
1965:Category
1895:Bog-wood
1890:Bog iron
1880:Bog body
1702:Halosere
1654:Histosol
1649:Acrotelm
1632:Sphagnum
1490:Reed bed
1435:Moorland
1314:Rich fen
1309:Poor fen
1164:Wetlands
1060:73421044
1052:30739866
957:cite web
888:cite web
543:Dry lake
512:See also
70:alkaline
1930:Turbary
1910:Estuary
1485:Pothole
1475:Pocosin
1440:Mudflat
1279:Ciénega
1262:Callows
1178:Natural
1111:: 6–12.
1032:Bibcode
813:Bibcode
778:Bibcode
298:willows
294:grasses
143:Please
83:springs
56:) is a
54:ciénaga
50:ciénega
18:Cienaga
1500:Slough
1455:Pakihi
1445:Muskeg
1371:Kettle
1341:Guelta
1058:
1050:
344:State
322:beaver
292:, and
290:rushes
286:Sedges
249:(2005)
212:(2008)
1596:Swale
1565:Yaéré
1528:swamp
1505:Swamp
1460:Palsa
1450:Oasis
1430:Misse
1381:Marsh
1351:Igapó
1346:Hamun
1321:Flark
1294:Dambo
1190:Bayou
1056:S2CID
1020:(PDF)
696:(PDF)
555:Oasis
476:TOTAL
464:Dead
401:TOTAL
95:reeds
79:seeps
1792:List
1659:Peat
1614:Life
1480:Pond
1425:Mere
1376:Lagg
1356:Ings
1267:Carr
1048:PMID
1002:2023
976:link
969:help
924:2023
898:link
894:link
880:2023
851:2023
746:help
707:2023
616:help
486:100%
470:44%
459:12%
448:18%
437:26%
64:and
1299:Fen
1210:Bog
1040:doi
1028:663
821:doi
786:doi
671:doi
639:doi
591:doi
481:155
467:69
456:18
445:28
434:40
406:155
371:20
363:61
355:66
147:by
91:sod
81:or
1982::
1109:34
1107:.
1054:.
1046:.
1038:.
1026:.
1022:.
993:.
961::
959:}}
955:{{
941:.
915:.
890:}}
886:{{
871:.
859:^
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809:69
807:.
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774:88
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754:^
737::
735:}}
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683:^
665:.
633:,
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601:{{
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48:A
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1042::
1034::
1004:.
978:)
971:)
951:.
926:.
900:)
882:.
853:.
827:.
823::
815::
792:.
788::
780::
748:)
744:(
727:.
709:.
677:.
673::
641::
618:)
614:(
597:.
593::
174:)
168:(
163:)
159:(
141:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
