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464:. Under the pseudonym of Antimus Conygius, Fabri wrote in 1655 the first paper on cinchona published in Italy, as well as the first of the long list of brochures defending its use and the only independent article on this bark which has been issued by a Jesuit. The two Genoese, Girolamo Bardi, a priest, and Sebastiano Baldo, a physician, who were among the pioneer advocates of the plant, were intimate with the cardinal, and Baldo prefixed to his principal work a letter from de Lugo, dated 1659, on cinchona, which shows that the cardinal even when seventy-seven years old was still active in its behalf.
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Circumstances created a suitable opportunity for disseminating the bark from Rome throughout Europe by means of the
Jesuits. In 1646, 1650, and 1652 the delegates to the eighth, ninth, and tenth general councils of the order (three from each province) returned to their homes, taking it with them, and
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in 1658 contained in four numbers the announcement that: "The excellent powder known by the name of 'Jesuit's powder' may be obtained from several London chemists". It remains to recall the fact that even in the 17th and 18th centuries the bark kept in the Jesuit pharmacies or in their colleges was
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observed, "Few subjects in natural history have excited general interest in a higher degree than cinchona; none perhaps have hitherto merited the attention of a greater number of distinguished men". Dissension, however, was rife at the time, mainly due to its source of discovery, the
Jesuits.
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considered particularly efficacious because they were better able to provide a genuine unadulterated supply. Further, that in those two centuries Jesuit missionaries took the remedy to the malaria regions of foreign countries, even reaching the courts of
507:, Japan, where they cured the emperor by its means; that in Peru during the 18th century they urged American collectors to lay out new plantations; and in the 19th century they were the first to plant cinchona outside of South America.
395:. The countess was saved from death, and in thanksgiving caused large quantities of the bark to be collected. This she distributed to malaria sufferers, partly in person and partly through the Jesuits of St. Paul's College at Lima (
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and other parts of Italy, in 1632. In the meanwhile its merits must have been ascertained both in Lima and in various parts of Europe, as Count
Chinchon and his physician Juan de Vega brought it back with them in 1640.
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said, "It almost goes without saying that among
Protestant physicians hatred of the Jesuits and religious intolerance lie at the bottom of the long conflict over the good or harm effected by Peruvian Bark".
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declared that this bark had proved more precious to mankind than all the gold and silver that the
Spaniards had obtained from South America. In the 18th century, the Italian professor of medicine
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399:). She returned to Europe in 1640 and was the first to bring the bark there to spread its use through Spain and the rest of the continent, as stated by Markham. The Jesuit
460:, a French Jesuit, who stayed for a time in Rome, de Lugo won a determined defender of the bark against the first anticinchona pamphlet written by the Brussels doctor
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Count
Chinchon, however, troubled himself little about the use or sale of the bark. A greater distribution resulted from the large quantity brought over by the Jesuit
415:, who, like Cobo, came to Spain in 1643 while procurator of the Peruvian province of his order, proceeded through France (there is an alleged cure of the young
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403:, in his capacity as procurator of the Peruvian province of his order, is credited with first bringing the bark from Lima to Spain, and afterwards to
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665:(Reprinted from Bulletin of the history of medicine, Vol. X, 3 and 4, October and November 1941 ed.). Place of publication not identified.
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The
Spanish Jesuit missionaries in Peru were taught the healing power of the bark by natives, between 1620 and 1630, when a Jesuit at
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learned about the cinchona from Tafur in 1643, and became an outspoken advocate for it throughout Europe, earning him the nickname
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Among those who came to support the drug through de Lugo's influence was Pietro Paolo
Pucciarini, a lay brother and
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said that the introduction of
Peruvian bark would be of the same importance to medicine that the discovery of
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missionaries as a traditional treatment for malaria by indigenous people in Peru during the 17th century.
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in the Jesuit
College at Rome. Pucciarini was instrumental in the drug's distribution, and published the
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The western history of cinchona bark dates back more than 350 years. Circa 1650, the physician
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for October 1749, telling the story of Robert Talbot's use of it to cure the French Dauphin.
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423:, effected by Father Tafur by means of Peruvian bark), and thence to Italy as far as Rome.
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was to the art of war, an opinion endorsed by contemporary writers on the
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at the same time there is evidence of its use in the Jesuit colleges at
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375:). It was used at the recommendation of the Jesuits in 1630, when the
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Conrad Wesselhoeft (July 1916) "The discovery of the cinchona bark,"
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702: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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391:, who had just arrived from Europe, was taken ill with malaria at
379:(Cinchon; the derivative is Cinchona, the appellation selected by
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was indebted to its use for his cure from an attack of malaria (
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618:"Three Hundred And Fifty Years Of The Peruvian Fever Bark"
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A Memoir of the Lady Ana de Osorio, Countess of Chinchon …
565:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1878. pp. 780–2.
94:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
662:
Fundamental Errors in the Early History of Cinchona
156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
670:Urdang, George (1945). "The Legend of Cinchona".
453:giving directions for its use as early as 1651.
522:Luis JerĂłnimo de Cabrera, 4th Count of ChinchĂłn
579:(London, England: TrĂĽbner & Co., 1874),
563:Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. V
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61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
387:preferred "Chinchona", ), wife of the new
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234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
90:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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337:, who wittily commented upon it in his
471:Peruvian bark plantation in India 1864
7:
718:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
305:of South America, was introduced to
154:adding citations to reliable sources
708:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
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599: : 349–361; see especially
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291:of several species of the genus
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593:The New England Medical Gazette
287:used to treat the disease. The
141:needs additional citations for
50:or discuss these issues on the
360:Sebastiano Bado's book on the
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616:Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. (1988).
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575:Markham, Sir Clements R.,
301:indigenous to the western
634:10.1136/bmj.296.6635.1486
279:, is a former remedy for
436:. The pope's physician,
748:Natural history of Peru
622:British Medical Journal
340:Poor Richard's Almanack
283:, as the bark contains
672:The Scientific Monthly
659:Haggis, A. W. (1941).
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350:Alexander von Humboldt
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715:Catholic Encyclopedia
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462:Jean-Jacques Chifflet
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377:Countess of Chinchon
323:Bernardino Ramazzini
150:improve this article
83:factual accuracy is
743:Antimalarial agents
684:1945SciMo..61...17U
628:(6635): 1486–1487.
495:Mercurius Politicus
331:history of medicine
517:History of malaria
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537:Juan de Lugo
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727:Categories
581:pp. 73–89.
543:References
445:apothecary
277:China bark
176:newspapers
47:improve it
417:Louis XIV
383:in 1742;
373:Loxa Bark
362:Chinchona
327:gunpowder
299:Rubiaceae
297:, family
92:talk page
53:talk page
511:See also
490:Ratisbon
294:Cinchona
85:disputed
738:Quinine
706::
680:Bibcode
652:3134079
643:2546010
421:dauphin
389:viceroy
313:History
285:quinine
281:malaria
190:scholar
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501:Peking
486:Leuven
307:Jesuit
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505:Kyoto
478:Genoa
303:Andes
197:JSTOR
183:books
648:PMID
482:Lyon
405:Rome
393:Lima
369:Loxa
289:bark
169:news
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638:PMC
630:doi
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