648:
214:
2353:
1054:
965:("unofficial 'protection' tax") demanded of the local peasantry by various Bedouin tribes—which came at the detriment of government tax collection—they managed to make agreements to mutually benefit the two factions. Nonetheless, clashes still periodically occurred between the Circassians of the Golan and
1024:
In
Circassian narratives of these years, there were rarely any negative words against the local Arab population, which welcomed the Circassian immigrants. Because of their Muslim religion, which was the dominant faith in Syria, and their arrival to the region well before the struggle for independence
1141:
between the government and anti-government rebels, which began in March 2011. However, a significant number serve in the security apparatus, including the military, while a number have either defected, or have joined rebel ranks. At least 35 Circassians have been reported killed during the conflict,
1274:
from which many of Aleppo's
Circassians had emigrated from. Manbij, northeast of Aleppo, also contains a significant Circassian community. In 1970 the Circassian population in Khanasir and Manbij was 2,500 and 1,500, respectively. Khanasir had been reestablished by Circassian immigrants from Manbij
1226:
and the massive wave of Syrian refugees, many ethnic
Circassians have also left the country, with amongst them, many repatriating to their ancestral lands in Russia's Caucasus region. Professor John Shoup said in 2018 that the Circassian population formed about 1% of the country's total population.
1205:
Circassians are generally well-off, with many being employed in government posts, the civil service and the military. In the rural regions, Circassians are organized by a tribal system. In these areas, the communities mostly engage in agriculture, especially grain cultivation, and raise livestock
977:
region to the east. Historians have asserted that the
Ottomans encouraged Circassian settlement in this particular region to serve as a pro-sultanate buffer between the two Druze-inhabited areas. In addition, Circassians generally favored residence in the Golan as compared to the city quarters
1243:. The latter, which had a significant Circassian population, was depopulated during the war and although it is under Syrian control, it has not been resettled. Circassian-dominated villages included Jawziah, Khishniyyah, Ayn Ziwan, Salmaniyah, Mumsiyah, Mansura, Faham, Mudariyah, Ramthaniya,
1258:
Many
Circassians have relocated to Damascus after being displaced from the Golan in the 1967 War. Most settled in the Rukn al-Din district of the city, where they form the majority of the residents. The main Circassian population center in the area outside Damascus is the village of
1752:
Syria has several other ethnic groups, the Kurds... they make up an estimated 9 percent...Turkomen comprise around 4-5 percent of the total population. The rest of the ethnic mix of Syria is made of
Assyrians (about 4 percent), Armenians (about 2 percent), and Circassians (about 1
1005:-dominated town. Funds from the provincial treasury and local contributors enabled each immigrant family to own a plot of land, a two-room house, a horse stable, two oxen and five grain sacks. Talustan Anzor, the leader of this Kabardian faction, acquired prestige in the
832:. While they have become an increasingly assimilated part of Syrian society, they have maintained a distinct identity, having retained their language (in addition to Arabic), their tribal heritage, and some of their other traditional customs.
1202:, the Circassians have maintained a distinct identity, although in recent times they have become increasingly assimilated. During weddings and holidays, some members of the community wear traditional dress and engage in folk songs and dance.
1146:
between the rebels and the Syrian Army have occurred in both Beer Ajam and Bariqa as well as in Marj Sultan near
Damascus, all three being Circassian villages. According to journalist Fahim Tastakin, writing in the Turkish newspaper
47:
1197:
and today many still speak Adyghe among themselves, although all learn Arabic in school, as it is the official language of the state. English is also studied. Unlike other non-Arab Sunni Muslim minorities in Syria, such as the
1263:, 15 kilometers to the city's east. But all Circassians had to leave this village during the Syrian civil war as it was totally destroyed in 2016. Others had previously moved to the Caucasus after the fall of the
1029:, the Circassians played a role in the founding of the modern state of Syria and immediately became full citizens. However, because of the creation of a number of Circassian cavalry units within the French
906:
of 1877–78. That group of
Circassians was mostly resettled by the Ottoman authorities as part of an effort to counterbalance increasing dissent by the local population in Syria, far from the capital
1549:
1073:
Following Syria's independence from French control in 1946, Circassian-dominated military units were disbanded. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, a few were hastily reassembled as part of the
1921:
869:
In 2018 Professor John Shoup said that the
Circassian population in Syria formed about 1% of the country's total population, making them the sixth largest ethnic group in the country.
1620:
1218:
put the number at 100,000 in 1987. Other more recent sources have also estimated the population to be at 100,000, although specific years for the figures are not provided. The
1157:
reported in late
January 2013, that the number of Syrian Circassians who have sought asylum in Turkey was 700. The majority reside with family members instead of camps hosting
969:(rural Damascus) regions and the Bedouin. The most severe local conflicts the Circassians engaged in at the time was with the often rebellious Druze, who dominated the area of
1951:
1895:
1708:
2384:
1041:(1925–27), relations with the Arab majority became somewhat tense in the early years of the republic. A minority of Circassians in the Golan Heights petitioned for
922:
at the time. At around this time, in the late 1870s, the influx of Circassians traveling through Damascus led to the establishment of a number of villages north of
2250:
1165:, south of Syria, where some Circassian families have relatives. Many Circassians are actively seeking repatriation in the various North Caucasus republics and
653:
1791:
1077:
and put under the command of Jawad Anzor. About 200 soldiers from this unit, including Anzor, were killed during the war. After the Syrian defeat in the 1967
2707:
1214:
According to statistics provided by the Caucasus Foundation, the Circassian population in 1990 was 28,500, increasing to about 40,000 in 2000. However, the
1546:
846:
Many of Syria's ethnic Circassians have left the country and have repatriated or are in the process of repatriation to the titular Circassian parts of
1143:
1206:
including horses, cattle, goats and sheep. Many also engage in traditional jobs as blacksmiths, gold and silversmiths, carpenters and stonemasons.
1587:
658:
1917:
1394:
1381:
2218:
2188:
2148:
2124:
796:
2377:
2032:
1642:
1745:
1617:
2243:
1017:, two other towns in the Euphrates valley, the Kabardian settlements were meant to serve as a strategic ring around Raqqa where the
1943:
1672:"Lidovky (Чехия): Абхазия ― одна из стран, которая радушно принимает беженцев. Им предлагают свободные дома и курсы русского языка"
1502:
1892:
2423:
1158:
1700:
839:, the Circassian population was estimated to be around 100,000. Since the decade long conflict began in 2011, the predominantly
2702:
1679:
2370:
2169:
981:
In the first decade of the 20th century the Ottoman government facilitated a wave of Circassian resettlement to the northern
677:
2001:
2697:
2573:
2445:
903:
2692:
2603:
2525:
2236:
1252:
687:
590:
2675:
Under the terms of the Syrian Constitution the Druze community is designated as a part of the Syrian Muslim community.
2477:
2327:
600:
277:
213:
2064:
1788:
887:
2085:
2418:
1117:. Some Circassians returned to villages east of the ceasefire line with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, namely
769:
332:
2433:
1098:
789:
2649:
2613:
2470:
2455:
2440:
647:
978:
because the area resembled the Caucasian ancestral lands with its wooded mountains, heavy rainfall and snow.
2275:
2270:
2138:
1026:
986:
910:, with more loyal subjects of the empire. Many Circassians subsequently concentrated their residence in the
302:
1255:
part of the territory. Displaced Circassians continue to claim their lands and homes in the Golan Heights.
2450:
2428:
2321:
2285:
1034:
739:
619:
318:
267:
56:
2659:
2413:
2393:
2337:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2208:
2159:
1434:
1082:
629:
479:
469:
310:
257:
252:
247:
1584:
1389:
1376:
2664:
2496:
2342:
2316:
2280:
1236:
1090:
915:
863:
829:
782:
624:
507:
297:
282:
272:
162:
84:
2654:
2501:
2295:
2290:
2259:
2040:
1596:
1453:
1429:
1424:
1334:
1215:
1194:
1182:
1038:
859:
825:
813:
682:
641:
496:
292:
287:
234:
224:
218:
121:
1411:
2568:
2563:
2546:
1174:
1030:
882:
Circassians began a forced migration from their homeland in the Northwest Caucasus region to the
855:
759:
672:
526:
92:
2639:
2583:
2578:
2511:
2506:
2405:
2214:
2184:
2165:
2144:
2120:
1741:
1370:
990:
749:
702:
634:
150:
1650:
1081:, the Circassian population largely fled the Golan Heights region, which was occupied by the
2530:
1283:
1279:
1223:
1151:, as of November 2012, 250 Circassians have fled to Turkey, while 5,000 "want to come." The
1138:
994:
919:
836:
754:
707:
104:
100:
71:
2644:
2634:
2598:
2460:
2068:
1899:
1795:
1624:
1591:
1553:
1506:
1461:
982:
744:
520:
126:
117:
2210:
Diasporic Representations: A Study of Circassian and Armenian Identities in Greater Syria
1408:– Deputy Vice President for Security Affairs, former director of National Security Bureau
985:. They largely left the Caucasus on their own accord, fearing forcible conversion to the
1499:
2618:
2608:
2516:
2491:
1307:
1290:
itself. These villages are mostly situated north or east of Homs along the edge of the
1260:
1153:
1126:
1006:
974:
931:
883:
847:
566:
1251:. Only the latter two have been repopulated, most of the remainder are located in the
2686:
2593:
2482:
1358:
1340:
1295:
1291:
1094:
1086:
1085:. Most relocated to the cities of Damascus and Aleppo, while many later moved to the
1066:
942:
927:
911:
821:
1671:
2465:
2116:
1303:
1264:
1199:
970:
840:
734:
491:
392:
201:
1222:
writes the Circassian population to be as high as 130,000. With the advent of the
2134:
2009:
1405:
1364:
1352:
1114:
1078:
1074:
1018:
206:
174:
138:
52:
2352:
1558:
1346:
1311:
453:
418:
377:
367:
1248:
1235:
Prior to the 1967 War, about half of the Circassian population lived in the
1118:
1062:
1014:
935:
764:
614:
571:
538:
382:
196:
1585:
A Country Study: Syria: Chapter 2 - The Society and Its Environment: Others
1053:
2061:
1737:
1315:
1299:
1271:
1240:
1058:
1042:
907:
891:
448:
428:
387:
372:
357:
96:
88:
2362:
2556:
2551:
1270:
Aleppo city is another major center, in addition to the nearby town of
1110:
1106:
958:
954:
950:
895:
721:
443:
438:
413:
362:
352:
46:
2228:
1337:– former Syrian interior minister and director of the military police.
1244:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1122:
1102:
1033:, and particularly due to their role in quelling the Druze forces of
1010:
966:
899:
851:
595:
458:
433:
408:
2397:
1319:
1052:
998:
946:
930:, as well as in the area surrounding Damascus city itself, namely
902:) in large numbers (about 70,000) after the Ottoman defeat in the
817:
576:
486:
423:
1287:
1002:
923:
2366:
2232:
1701:"Репатрианты из Сирии создают в Абхазии рабочие места: EADaily"
898:, they began emigrating to the empire's Syrian provinces (the
1137:
Circassians have generally stayed neutral during the ongoing
1069:
region of Syria. The statue has been destroyed by terrorists.
1001:, establishing their new settlement immediately west of the
945:
were located on known conflict fronts, mostly involving the
961:. Since the Circassians were militarily able to resist the
1318:
and Telil. The last village is located west of Homs, near
2181:
Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia
2086:"Monday Briefing: Strengthening Egypt's ties with Africa"
1185:. Tastikin writes a total of 1,200 have left for Russia.
843:
population of ethnic Circassians in Syria has dwindled.
2140:
Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East
1349:– 5th Prime Minister of Syria and 2nd President of Syria
1330:
Notable Syrian citizens of Circassian ancestry include:
1789:
The Circassians of Syria: Opting for the Rightful Cause
1355:– a prominent Islamic scholar and nonviolence advocate.
1193:
In the past Syria's Circassian community mainly spoke
2033:"Veteran Syrian director takes on Muslim "extremism""
1944:"How Circassians maintain identity in changing Golan"
824:) in the 19th century. They moved to Syria after the
938:. Circassians eventually abandoned the latter town.
2627:
2539:
2404:
890:in 1864. While they originally settled in parts of
144:
132:
110:
78:
64:
27:
1918:"Syria's Circassians wait for trip back to Russia"
1893:Circassians in Syria Seek Ways to Return Homeland
1618:Syrian Circassians have begun to arrive in Turkey
1278:Circassians also reside in seven villages in the
1045:from Damascus during the French Mandatory years.
941:Nearly all of the Circassian villages founded in
1239:, inhabiting 11 villages and the major town of
1009:as a noted mediator of disputes. Together with
1414:– Head of the General Intelligence Directorate
59:are escorted by Circassian cavalry volunteers.
2378:
2244:
1783:
1781:
790:
654:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
8:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1643:"Абхазия охотно принимает беженцев из Сирии"
35:
29:
22:
2385:
2371:
2363:
2251:
2237:
2229:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
797:
783:
157:
21:
16:Branch of the Circassian diaspora in Syria
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
2031:Khaled Yacoub Oweis (7 September 2010).
1727:
1725:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1547:Syria’s Circassians Caught in Crossfire
1479:
1446:
719:
659:Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society
556:
536:
505:
467:
330:
232:
171:
99:), smaller communities in the areas of
1888:
1886:
1884:
1876:La France méditerranéenne et africaine
1343:– Syrian television and film director.
973:in the northern Golan Heights and the
2000:Sami Moubayed (16–22 February 2006).
1954:from the original on 10 February 2017
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1509:. Kafkas Vakfi – Caucasus Foundation.
862:, as well as to partially recognised
7:
2200:Palmyrena: A Topographical Itinerary
2088:. Middle East Institute. 8 July 2019
79:Regions with significant populations
51:The liberation of Damascus from the
2708:Syrian people of Circassian descent
1465:
1294:and along the eastern banks of the
36:
2183:. Global Vision Publishing House.
14:
1275:at the turn of the 20th century.
1021:could be conveniently recruited.
2424:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
2351:
2202:. American Geographical Society.
2161:The Caspian Region: The Caucasus
1732:Shoup, John A. (2018), "Syria",
1161:. Another common destination is
1025:from the Ottomans and later the
646:
212:
45:
2113:The monuments of Syria: a guide
1924:from the original on 8 May 2016
1711:from the original on 2021-10-26
1682:from the original on 2021-03-08
683:Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
2143:. Cambridge University Press.
1173:. About 400 have resettled in
678:Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria
1:
2574:Black people of Yarmouk Basin
2446:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
1904:Journal of the Turkish Weekly
1874:M. Proux, "Les Tcherkesses",
1220:Journal of the Turkish Weekly
1061:in the Circassian village of
926:and along the borders of the
2062:نجدة أنزور ("Najdat Anzour")
1649:(in Russian). Archived from
1310:, Asilah, Anzat, Tell Amri,
688:Shapsugsky National District
591:Mongol invasion of Circassia
401:Destroyed or barely existing
2478:Assyrian Church of the East
1402:Tulin Mustafa – anchorwoman
1286:in addition to the city of
997:group initially settled in
219:List of notable Circassians
125:Smaller numbers also speak
2724:
2619:Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks)
2164:. Vol. 2. Routledge.
1847:Chatty, 2010, pp. 109-110.
1838:Chatty, 2010, pp. 110–111.
1678:(in Russian). 2018-09-05.
918:regions, both part of the
822:part of the Ottoman Empire
770:Circassian Day of Mourning
30:
2673:
2349:
2266:
1099:Orange County, California
149:
137:
115:
83:
69:
44:
2471:Chaldean Catholic Church
2456:Armenian Catholic Church
2441:Catholic Church in Syria
2434:Armenian Orthodox Church
2002:"Strengthening the line"
1500:The Circassians of Syria
2419:Eastern Orthodox Church
2207:Neely, Kari S. (2008).
1920:. Hürriyet Daily News.
1623:March 30, 2013, at the
1231:Geographic distribution
987:Russian Orthodox Church
953:tribes, including the '
2703:Ethnic groups in Syria
2451:Syriac Catholic Church
2429:Syriac Orthodox Church
2158:Gammer, Moshe (2004).
1456:: Сирием ис Адыгэхэр,
1070:
1035:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
888:Russian–Circassian War
878:Exile and resettlement
740:Circassian nationalism
620:Circassian slave trade
509:Languages and dialects
2198:Musil, Alois (1928).
1972:Khanam, 2005, p. 573.
1916:Erkuş, Sevil (2013).
1829:Chatty, 2010, p. 114.
1820:Chatty, 2010, p. 111.
1811:Chatty, 2010, p. 110.
1435:Circassians in Turkey
1056:
630:Circassian Revolution
480:Religion in Circassia
145:Related ethnic groups
2698:Circassians in Syria
2111:Burns, Ross (2009).
1990:Burns, 2009, p. 175.
1981:Musil, 1928, p. 203.
1734:The History of Syria
1525:Gammer, 2004, p. 64.
1237:Quneitra Governorate
1091:Paterson, New Jersey
920:Province of Damascus
864:Republic of Abkhazia
830:Russo-Circassian War
810:Circassians in Syria
765:Circassian mythology
625:Russo-Circassian War
122:Circassian languages
85:Quneitra Governorate
70:40,000–100,000 (pre-
23:Circassians in Syria
2693:Circassian diaspora
2260:Circassian diaspora
2179:Khanam, R. (2005).
2012:on 24 December 2012
1950:. 9 February 2017.
1865:Neely, 2008, p. 61.
1856:Neely, 2008, p. 62.
1597:Library of Congress
1458:Siriëm is Adygekher
1430:Circassians in Iran
1425:Circassians in Iraq
1335:Bassam Abdel Majeed
1216:Library of Congress
1183:Karachay-Cherkessia
1039:Great Syrian Revolt
860:Karachay-Cherkessia
826:Circassian genocide
814:Circassian diaspora
642:Circassian genocide
497:Circassian paganism
236:Circassian diaspora
225:Circassian genocide
95:area (particularly
24:
2067:2013-06-01 at the
1898:2014-12-26 at the
1800:Circassian Voices.
1794:2013-10-23 at the
1787:Jaimoukha, Amjad.
1590:2022-11-20 at the
1552:2014-12-26 at the
1505:2013-10-24 at the
1386:– actor and singer
1175:Kabardino-Balkaria
1071:
1031:Army of the Levant
856:Kabardino-Balkaria
760:Circassian cuisine
673:Republic of Adygea
31:Сирием ис Адыгэхэр
2680:
2679:
2628:Foreign nationals
2594:Dom/Nawar (Gypsy)
2360:
2359:
2220:978-0-549-51210-3
2190:978-81-8220-062-3
2150:978-0-521-81792-9
2126:978-1-84511-947-8
1545:Tastekin, Fahim.
1390:Nadine Tahsin Bek
1371:Tamer Haj Mohamad
1049:Post-independence
807:
806:
750:Circassian beauty
703:Battle of Kanzhal
635:Circassian Majlis
334:Circassian tribes
323:
315:
307:
188:
156:
155:
151:Circassian people
2715:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2203:
2194:
2175:
2154:
2130:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2043:on July 17, 2012
2039:. Archived from
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2008:. Archived from
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1913:
1907:
1890:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1785:
1756:
1755:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1638:
1632:
1616:Kanbolat, Hasan.
1614:
1601:
1582:
1563:
1543:
1526:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1468:
1467:
1451:
1398:
1385:
1377:Husam Tahsin Bek
1284:Hama Governorate
1280:Homs Governorate
1253:Israeli-occupied
1224:Syrian Civil War
1139:Syrian Civil War
850:, in particular
837:Syrian Civil War
816:that settled in
799:
792:
785:
755:Circassian music
724:
708:Battle of Qbaada
650:
541:
510:
472:
335:
321:
313:
305:
237:
216:
187:
186:
182:
177:
165:
158:
65:Total population
49:
39:
38:
33:
32:
25:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2623:
2535:
2461:Maronite Church
2400:
2391:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2262:
2257:
2227:
2221:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2178:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2133:
2127:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:Wayback Machine
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
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1915:
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1900:Wayback Machine
1891:
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1615:
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1583:
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1544:
1529:
1524:
1513:
1507:Wayback Machine
1498:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1466:الشركس في سوريا
1452:
1448:
1443:
1421:
1392:
1379:
1328:
1282:and two in the
1233:
1212:
1191:
1159:Syrian refugees
1135:
1125:after the 1973
1051:
983:Euphrates River
880:
875:
803:
774:
745:Circassian flag
726:
722:
715:
712:
698:
693:
668:
663:
610:
605:
586:
581:
562:
555:
554:
553:
543:
539:
532:
527:East Circassian
521:West Circassian
512:
508:
501:
482:
474:
470:
463:
403:
397:
347:
337:
333:
326:
239:
235:
221:
217:
211:
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
163:
124:
60:
40:
37:الشركس في سوريا
34:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
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2149:
2131:
2125:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2077:
2073:Discover-Syria
2054:
2023:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1935:
1908:
1880:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1757:
1747:978-1440858352
1746:
1721:
1707:(in Russian).
1692:
1663:
1641:Брук, Джеймс.
1633:
1602:
1564:
1527:
1511:
1478:
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1409:
1403:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1326:Notable people
1324:
1308:Murayj al-Durr
1306:, Abu Hamama,
1261:Marj al-Sultan
1232:
1229:
1211:
1208:
1190:
1187:
1154:Anadolu Agency
1134:
1131:
1127:Yom Kippur War
1089:(particularly
1050:
1047:
1007:Raqqa District
975:Jabal al-Druze
932:Marj al-Sultan
886:following the
884:Ottoman Empire
879:
876:
874:
871:
848:North Caucasia
828:following the
805:
804:
802:
801:
794:
787:
779:
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601:Inal the Great
598:
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582:
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579:
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569:
567:Maykop culture
563:
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28:
18:
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13:
10:
9:
6:
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2:
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2540:Ethnic groups
2538:
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2399:
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2354:
2344:
2343:United States
2341:
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2329:
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2173:
2167:
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2156:
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2136:
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2087:
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2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1906:. 2013-01-31.
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
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1877:
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1868:
1862:
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1754:
1749:
1743:
1740:, p. 6,
1739:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1653:on 2019-12-23
1652:
1648:
1647:ГОЛОС АМЕРИКИ
1644:
1637:
1634:
1631:. 2012-11-19.
1630:
1629:Today's Zaman
1626:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1600:. April 1987.
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:. 2012-11-21.
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
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1401:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:Feras Esmaeel
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:Najdat Anzour
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Orontes River
1293:
1292:Syrian Desert
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
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1207:
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1140:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:New York City
1092:
1088:
1087:United States
1084:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1067:Golan Heights
1064:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Ottoman Syria
939:
937:
933:
929:
928:Syrian Desert
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:Golan Heights
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
872:
870:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
835:Prior to the
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:refer to the
811:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
780:
778:
777:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
729:
725:
718:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:
689:
686:
684:
681:
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623:
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613:
612:
609:
602:
599:
597:
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589:
588:
585:
578:
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573:
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568:
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564:
561:
557:
547:
546:
542:
535:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
516:
515:
511:
504:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
466:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
404:
402:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
348:
346:
341:
340:
336:
329:
320:
317:
312:
309:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
273:United States
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
243:
242:
238:
231:
228:
227:
226:
220:
215:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
179:
178:
170:
166:
160:
159:
152:
148:
143:
140:
136:
131:
128:
123:
119:
114:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:Allied forces
54:
48:
43:
26:
2660:Palestinians
2588:
2466:Latin Church
2414:Christianity
2394:Demographics
2332:
2328:Saudi Arabia
2324:(historical)
2313:(historical)
2209:
2199:
2180:
2160:
2139:
2135:Chatty, Dawn
2117:I. B. Tauris
2112:
2104:Bibliography
2090:. Retrieved
2080:
2072:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2036:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
2005:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1911:
1903:
1875:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1799:
1751:
1733:
1713:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1646:
1636:
1628:
1595:
1557:
1457:
1449:
1412:Hossam Louka
1373:– footballer
1367:– footballer
1361:– footballer
1329:
1304:Ayn al-Niser
1277:
1269:
1265:Soviet Union
1257:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1192:
1152:
1148:
1136:
1083:Israeli Army
1072:
1023:
980:
971:Mount Hermon
962:
940:
881:
868:
845:
841:Sunni Muslim
834:
809:
808:
735:Adyghe Xabze
695:
690:(until 1945)
666:Contemporary
665:
640:
639:
607:
583:
559:
492:Christianity
400:
398:
344:
342:
322:(historical)
314:(historical)
306:(historical)
278:Saudi Arabia
262:
223:
222:
202:Adyghe Xabze
173:
19:Ethnic group
2665:Venezuelans
2589:Circassians
2092:22 February
2016:21 December
1958:10 February
1406:Ali Mamlouk
1393: [
1380: [
1365:Yanal Abaza
1353:Jawdat Said
1298:. They are
1115:Netherlands
1079:Six-Day War
1075:Syrian Army
1037:during the
1019:gendarmerie
993:forces. A
916:Transjordan
696:Key battles
529:(Kabardian)
207:Circassians
176:Circassians
139:Sunni Islam
53:Axis powers
2687:Categories
2655:Pakistanis
2483:Protestant
2171:0203005120
2047:10 January
1948:Al-Monitor
1878:, IV, 1938
1802:July 2012.
1715:2018-09-22
1686:2018-09-22
1657:2018-09-22
1559:Al-Monitor
1475:References
1454:Circassian
1347:Ahmad Nami
1312:Tell Sinan
1210:Population
1181:and 40 in
1057:Statue of
904:Balkan War
454:Yegeruqway
419:Cherchenay
74:estimates)
2569:Assyrians
2564:Armenians
2547:Albanians
2406:Religions
1753:percent).
1676:ИноСМИ.Ru
1399:– actress
1249:Beer Ajam
1200:Turkomans
1177:, 220 in
1133:Civil war
1119:Beer Ajam
1065:, in the
1063:Beer Ajam
1015:Khanasser
995:Kabardian
936:al-Dumayr
615:Circassia
572:Maeotians
378:Kabardian
368:Chemirgoy
345:Surviving
197:Circassia
111:Languages
72:Civil War
2650:Lebanese
2640:Iranians
2614:Lebanese
2584:Chechens
2579:Bosniaks
2557:Bedouins
2512:Ismailis
2507:Alawites
2276:Bulgaria
2137:(2010).
2065:Archived
2006:Al-Ahram
1952:Archived
1922:Archived
1896:Archived
1792:Archived
1738:ABC-CLIO
1709:Archived
1680:Archived
1621:Archived
1588:Archived
1550:Archived
1503:Archived
1419:See also
1316:Tell Ady
1300:Deir Ful
1272:Khanasir
1241:Quneitra
1113:and the
1059:Satanaya
1043:autonomy
908:Istanbul
894:and the
892:Anatolia
584:Medieval
523:(Adyghe)
471:Religion
449:Mamkhegh
429:Hakuchey
383:Natukhaj
373:Hatuqway
358:Besleney
303:Bulgaria
185:Адыгэхэр
164:a series
161:Part of
133:Religion
97:Khanasir
89:Damascus
55:, 1941.
2531:Yazidis
2322:Romania
2286:Germany
2271:Albania
2037:Reuters
1705:EADaily
1189:Culture
1167:oblasts
1149:Radikal
1144:clashes
1111:Austria
1107:Germany
991:Czarist
959:Al Fadl
955:Annizah
951:Bedouin
896:Balkans
873:History
723:Culture
560:Ancient
540:History
444:Makhosh
439:Khegayk
414:Chebsin
388:Shapsug
363:Bzhedug
353:Abzakhs
319:Romania
268:Germany
116:Mostly
2645:Iraqis
2635:Greeks
2599:Greeks
2338:Turkey
2311:Kosovo
2306:Jordan
2301:Israel
2217:
2187:
2168:
2147:
2123:
1744:
1462:Arabic
1245:Bariqa
1195:Adyghe
1179:Adygea
1171:Russia
1163:Jordan
1123:Bariqa
1103:Canada
1027:French
1011:Manbij
967:Ghouta
963:khuwwa
900:Levant
852:Adygea
820:(then
608:Modern
596:Zichia
459:Zhaney
434:Khatuq
409:Ademey
311:Kosovo
258:Israel
253:Jordan
248:Turkey
167:on the
127:Abkhaz
118:Arabic
93:Aleppo
2609:Kurds
2552:Arabs
2517:Druze
2497:Sunni
2492:Islam
2398:Syria
2333:Syria
2317:Libya
2281:Egypt
1928:8 May
1441:Notes
1397:]
1384:]
1320:Houla
999:Raqqa
947:Druze
818:Syria
577:Zygii
487:Islam
424:Guaye
393:Ubykh
298:Egypt
283:Libya
263:Syria
2604:Jews
2526:Jews
2502:Shia
2296:Iraq
2291:Iran
2215:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2094:2024
2049:2011
2018:2010
1960:2017
1930:2016
1742:ISBN
1288:Homs
1247:and
1142:and
1121:and
1097:and
1013:and
1003:Arab
957:and
949:and
934:and
924:Homs
914:and
858:and
552:Show
293:Iran
288:Iraq
120:and
105:Hama
103:and
101:Homs
2396:of
1169:of
1101:),
989:by
2689::
2213:.
2119:.
2115:.
2071:.
2035:.
2004:.
1946:.
1902:.
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1750:,
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1645:.
1627:.
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1594:.
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1556:.
1530:^
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1482:^
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