543:(formerly known as The Huffington Post before their rebranding in 2017) the world's most powerful blog in 2008. "The Huffington Post became one of the most influential and popular journals on the web. It recruited professional columnists and celebrity bloggers," reported The Guardian in their "The world's 50 most powerful blogs" article. The HuffPost qualifies as citizen media as defined earlier in the article because audiences can also become participants in and interact with the media using the different resources offered; HuffPost writers are not always professional journalists.
317:
152:
25:
658:, and video publishing sites. Aligning with the objective of participatory video to create community and communication, YouTube currently has a strong community of over one billion users who watch a billion hours of video daily. The ability of users to choose media sources and which content they want to view adds to the concept of personalized media, a major component of citizen media.
577:. These professionals, who are often from relatively privileged backgrounds use their artistic license to design narrative stories and interpret the meaning of the images/actions that they film. As such, the film is often created for the benefit of outsiders and those that are filmed rarely benefit from their participation. The objectives of participatory video are to facilitate
191:
marketing and political campaigning. Citizen media usage and attention also increased in reaction to the 2016 US presidential election. Traditional news outlets and commercial media giants have experienced declines in profit and revenue which can be directly attributed to the wider acceptance of citizen produced media as an official source of information.
618:
dialogue, policy-makers introduced regulation changes. Snowden went on to apply the Fogo process all over the world until his death in India in 1984. Since then, most of the development of the participatory video technique has been led by non-academic practitioners in the United
Kingdom, France, Australia, and Canada.
485:
Affordable consumer technology and broader access to the internet has created new electronic distribution methods. While the corporate media market enjoyed a long period of monopoly on media distribution, the internet gave birth to countless independent media producers and new avenues for delivering
476:
Television is not as relevant or widely used in
American culture as it was in the 1950s, or even in the past decades. A study in 1990 found that Americans spend an average of seven years watching television. Other forms of media, such as online streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime,
190:
By 2007, the success of small, independent, private journalists began to rival corporate mass media in terms of audience and distribution. Citizen produced media has earned higher status and public credibility since the 2004 US presidential elections and has since been widely replicated by corporate
227:
Bias can be a problem in citizen media because there are multiple steps traditional journalists must undergo before publishing, such as waiting for confirmation before reporting a story. These steps do not always carry over to citizen media publication because they are not affiliated with any entity
220:
Media produced by private citizens may be as factual, satirical, neutral or biased as any other form of media but has no political, social or corporate affiliation. There is often no training or understanding of professional concepts – such as off-record, objectivity, and balance – amongst those who
203:
has a necessary relation to a concept of the nation-state. The fact that many millions of people are considered stateless and often without citizenship limits the concept to those recognised only by governments. Additionally the very global nature of many participatory media initiatives, such as the
211:
A different way of understanding
Citizen Media emerged from cultural studies and the observations made from within this theoretical frame work about how the circuit of mass communication was never complete and always contested, since the personal, political, and emotional meanings and investments
455:
is a government mandated model that provides citizens within a cable franchised municipality to get access to the local Public-access television channels to produce and distribute their own programming. Public-access television programming is community initiated and serves as a platform to meet
565:
Although videos/films can be produced by a single individual, production often requires a group of participants. And, so participatory filmmaking includes a set of techniques to involve communities/groups in conceptualizing and producing their own films. Chris Lunch, a preeminent contemporary
630:
has become one of the largest original video publishing sites over the past decade. It was initially thought of as a vast space for random content. A year after its creation, YouTube was suddenly being referred to as "the first signs of a post-television age, a focus of serious media industry
617:
By watching each other's films, the villagers realized that they shared many of the same concerns and they joined to create solutions. The villager's films were shared with policy-makers, many of whom had no real conception of the conditions in which Fogo
Islanders lived. As a result of this
331:, there are various definitions for zines, but they share the following features: "self-published and the publisher does not answer to anyone; small, self-distributed print run; motivated by the desire to express oneself rather than to make money; outside the mainstream; low budget."
566:
author on participatory video and executive director of
Insight, explains that "The idea behind this is that making a video is easy and accessible, and is a great way of bringing people together to explore issues, voice concerns, or simply to be creative and tell stories."
168:, who defined it as 'the transformative processes they bring about within participants and their communities.' Citizen media characterizes the ways in which audiences can become participants in the media using various resources by new media technologies.
443:
in the 1950s came public interest movements to democratize this new booming industry. Many countries around the world developed legislated means for private citizens to access and use the local cable systems for their own community-initiated purposes.
631:
interest, the site of new and difficult legal issues and moral and ethical concerns." YouTube has quickly become an outlet for both news channels and individual users to post news and other media content. Major news networks such as
231:
Transparency is another point of criticism. In citizen media, the user generating the content is often anonymous, hidden by a username. In traditional media, the reporter or editor's identity is known and can be identified by their
336:
Zines are self-published and free of any responsibility to an internet service provider, as blogs are. As a result, creators are able to bypass traditional journalism guidelines, such as copyright and ethical considerations.
593:
The first experiments in PV were the work of Don
Snowden, a Canadian who pioneered the idea of using media to enable a people-centered community development approach. Then Director of the Extension Department at
221:
produce their own media. Some argue that ordinary citizens may do more harm than good if they are able to publish their personal thoughts and opinions and pass them off as legitimate journalism.
554:
is an approach to and medium of participatory or citizen media that has become increasingly popular with the falling cost of film/video production, availability of simple consumer
504:
decision making, mandatory inclusion of women and minorities, non-corporate control, the anonymous accreditation. IMCs have been founded in over 200 cities all over the world.
208:, makes talking of journalism in relation to a particular nation-state largely redundant as its production and dissemination do not recognise national boundaries.
292:
and many other forms. Many organizations and institutions exist to facilitate the production of media by private citizens including, but not limited to,
293:
212:
that the audience made in the mass-distributed products of popular culture were frequently at odds with the intended meanings of their producers.
171:
Citizen media has bloomed with the advent of technological tools and systems that facilitate production and distribution of media, notably the
511:(CMS) in the late 1990s, which allowed non-technical people to author and publish articles to the internet, spawned the birth of weblogs or
595:
897:
Aldred, Jessica; Behr, Rafael; Pickard, Anna; Wignall, Alice; Hind, John; Cochrane, Lauren; Wiseman, Eva; Potter, Laura (2008-03-09).
472:
are private non-profit organizations found in the US that serve to increase access and training in technology for social applications.
486:
content to viewers. Commercial models that use these new methods are being born and acquired by media corporations on a daily basis.
861:
463:
411:
108:
369:
1115:
1070:
930:
Lunch, C. (2004). Participatory Video: Rural People
Document their Knowledge and Innovations. Indigenous Knowledge Notes; 71.
125:
46:
42:
89:
1108:
921:
Lunch, N., & Lunch, C. (2006). Insights Into
Participatory Video: A Handbook for the Field (1st ed.). Oxford: Insight.
603:
61:
972:
702:
228:
that would have additional editors. This can result in a lack of accountability and a strong presence of personal bias.
1097:
224:
The following are ways that citizen media negatively differentiates from traditional journalism, according to critics:
941:
682:
469:
361:
305:
68:
573:
approaches, in which indigenous knowledge and local initiatives are filmed and disseminated by outside professional
1119:
1075:
459:
415:
35:
707:
611:
508:
501:
757:
236:. Conversely, there are some forms of citizen media, in which the author is known; this is most often in blogs.
697:
497:
448:
301:
205:
75:
1085:
477:
have both supplemented and replaced television as a common form of visual media for entertainment and news.
1135:
401:
57:
741:
Meikle Graham, Networks of
Influence: Internet Activisim in Australia and Beyond" in Gerard Goggin (ed.)
599:
650:
Participatory videos are distributed online and offline. Online, they are uploaded and shared through
404:
have program models which allow citizen participation in aspects of the station, including production.
1089:
1056:
947:
607:
257:
184:
462:
in Canada also provides access for citizens to distribute their own programming content, as well as
1103:
782:
BARNES, CORINNE (2012). "Citizen
Journalism vs. Traditional Journalism: A Case for Collaboration".
712:
551:
373:
265:
165:
141:
987:
175:. With the birth of the Internet and into the 1990s, citizen media has responded to traditional
966:
867:
807:
799:
672:
490:
377:
137:
1011:
Lunch, C. (2006, March). Participatory Video as a Documentation Tool. Leisa Magazine, 22, 31-33.
857:
667:
423:
381:
791:
692:
582:
570:
440:
145:
898:
82:
1060:
761:
717:
687:
655:
419:
350:
346:
328:
261:
180:
129:
1088:— The wiki & global project to develop a community based media framework using
988:"Challenge for Change launched, a participatory media approach to citizenship education"
493:
websites which encourage members of the public to publish news that is relevant to them.
994:. The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE/UT)
316:
16:
Journalistic content produced by private citizens who are not professional journalists
1129:
811:
722:
555:
452:
427:
365:
285:
871:
795:
536:
151:
1093:
578:
24:
1049:
Bulletin by Openreporter- An app to share your story directly with journalists.
1054:
The VideoVoice Collective does research and evaluation on participatory video.
647:, have their own channels where they post clips of broadcasts and interviews.
574:
516:
354:
269:
176:
133:
772:
Flew, Terry "New Media: An Introduction". Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
1048:
677:
951:
320:
The following are examples of zines from the Colorado College Tutt Library.
1021:
644:
559:
540:
384:
have not made concessions for private citizen programming or production.
297:
277:
253:
172:
803:
199:
Many people prefer the term 'participatory media' to 'citizen media' as
825:
627:
200:
1122:
programme edited by Tony Dowmunt, Mark Dunford and Nicole van Hemert.
754:
349:
has been driven by participatory methodologies with rich examples of
233:
569:
Participatory video was developed in opposition to more traditional
651:
524:
520:
512:
315:
281:
273:
249:
245:
150:
408:
397:
393:
389:
324:
1118:: First hand accounts and critical analysis of work across the
500:(IMCs) introduced collaborative Citizen media with concepts of
155:
Ana Maria Brambilla, citizen journalist for OhmyNews in Brazil.
943:
The Fogo Process: An Experiment in Participatory Communication
640:
636:
632:
289:
18:
856:(NED - New edition, 3 ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
1080:
1053:
244:
There are many forms of citizen-produced media including
1065:
558:
and other equipment, and ease of distribution via the
884:
The more proper "fora" is rarely used in this context.
745:
University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, pp 73-87.
430:), with various levels of participation by the public.
357:
community owned, operated and driven model of media.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
892:
890:
854:Cultural Studies and the Study of Popular Culture
327:are an example of citizen media. According to
527:, and web-based bulletin boards and "forums".
8:
294:Public, educational, and government access
743:Virtual Nation: the Internet in Australia
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
734:
964:
847:
845:
418:(NCE) license holders are considered
268:and more, and may be distributed via
7:
899:"The world's 50 most powerful blogs"
187:portrayal of news and world events.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
826:"Definition | Barnard Zine Library"
755:Peter Leyden, New Politic Institute
596:Memorial University of Newfoundland
14:
507:The technological development of
464:community television in Australia
412:Federal Communications Commission
376:funding for producing electronic
598:, Snowden worked with filmmaker
23:
370:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
34:needs additional citations for
1081:Center for Media and Democracy
796:10.1080/00086495.2012.11672440
610:program to apply his ideas in
164:"Citizen media" was coined by
1:
986:Schugurensky, Daniel (2005).
614:, a small fishing community.
604:National Film Board of Canada
523:(video blogs), collaborative
1112:, Boston Review, Summer 1998
703:Independent World Television
470:Community technology centers
380:. Traditionally, PBS radio
306:community technology centers
683:Community Media Association
362:Public Broadcasting Service
1154:
509:Content Management Systems
496:The social development of
416:non-commercial educational
708:Learner generated context
612:Fogo Island, Newfoundland
498:Independent Media Centers
302:Independent Media Centers
132:who are not professional
1066:Center for Citizen Media
971:: CS1 maint: location (
698:Independent Media Center
449:Public Access Television
206:Independent Media Center
148:are related principles.
1120:Inclusion Through Media
1116:Inclusion Through Media
1109:Making Media Democratic
1076:Media Democracy Project
402:Pacifica Radio Network
378:television programming
321:
156:
852:Storey, John (2010).
585:, and communication.
319:
154:
992:History of Education
948:University of Guelph
872:10.3366/j.ctt1g0b5qb
608:Challenge for Change
422:stations (including
258:digital storytelling
43:improve this article
1071:Media Democracy Day
784:Caribbean Quarterly
713:Mass amateurization
552:Participatory video
374:public broadcasting
266:participatory video
166:Clemencia Rodriguez
142:participatory media
1086:Demosphere Project
1059:2008-06-23 at the
760:2007-04-28 at the
673:Citizen journalism
491:Citizen Journalism
460:Community channels
439:With the birth of
322:
157:
138:Citizen journalism
1104:McChesney, Robert
1022:"Press - YouTube"
830:zines.barnard.edu
668:Alternative Views
626:Created in 2005,
424:high school radio
368:initiated by the
119:
118:
111:
93:
1143:
1098:Wikinews article
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
983:
977:
976:
970:
962:
960:
959:
950:. Archived from
946:. 1994: Thesis,
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
894:
885:
882:
876:
875:
849:
840:
839:
837:
836:
822:
816:
815:
779:
773:
770:
764:
752:
746:
739:
693:Democratic media
583:self-sufficiency
571:documentary film
441:cable television
372:sets aside some
146:democratic media
130:private citizens
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1126:
1125:
1061:Wayback Machine
1045:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1026:www.youtube.com
1020:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
997:
995:
985:
984:
980:
963:
957:
955:
940:Quarry, Wendy.
939:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
916:
907:
905:
896:
895:
888:
883:
879:
864:
851:
850:
843:
834:
832:
824:
823:
819:
781:
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:Wayback Machine
753:
749:
740:
736:
731:
718:Media democracy
688:Community radio
664:
656:social software
624:
591:
549:
534:
519:(audio blogs),
483:
437:
420:community radio
351:community radio
347:Community Radio
343:
329:Barnard College
314:
262:community radio
242:
218:
197:
181:public interest
162:
115:
104:
98:
95:
58:"Citizen media"
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1101:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1051:
1044:
1043:External links
1041:
1038:
1037:
1013:
1004:
978:
932:
923:
914:
886:
877:
862:
841:
817:
790:(2/3): 16–27.
774:
765:
747:
733:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
663:
660:
623:
620:
590:
587:
548:
545:
533:
530:
529:
528:
505:
494:
482:
479:
474:
473:
467:
457:
436:
433:
432:
431:
405:
388:Stations like
342:
339:
313:
310:
241:
238:
217:
214:
196:
193:
179:'s neglect of
161:
158:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1136:Citizen media
1134:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
993:
989:
982:
979:
974:
968:
954:on 2001-11-04
953:
949:
945:
944:
936:
933:
927:
924:
918:
915:
904:
900:
893:
891:
887:
881:
878:
873:
869:
865:
863:9780748640386
859:
855:
848:
846:
842:
831:
827:
821:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
775:
769:
766:
763:
759:
756:
751:
748:
744:
738:
735:
728:
724:
723:Radical media
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
621:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
563:
561:
557:
556:video cameras
553:
546:
544:
542:
538:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
492:
489:
488:
487:
480:
478:
471:
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
453:United States
451:(PEG) in the
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
434:
429:
428:college radio
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:United States
364:(PBS) in the
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
340:
338:
334:
333:
330:
326:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:movie theatre
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
235:
229:
225:
222:
215:
213:
209:
207:
202:
194:
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
159:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:Citizen media
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1107:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:
1016:
1007:
996:. Retrieved
991:
981:
956:. Retrieved
952:the original
942:
935:
926:
917:
906:. Retrieved
903:The Guardian
902:
880:
853:
833:. Retrieved
829:
820:
787:
783:
777:
768:
750:
742:
737:
649:
625:
616:
592:
581:, community
568:
564:
550:
537:The Guardian
535:
484:
475:
456:local needs.
438:
359:
353:providing a
344:
335:
332:
323:
243:
230:
226:
223:
219:
210:
198:
189:
170:
163:
128:produced by
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1096:software. (
1094:interactive
1090:open source
579:empowerment
345:World Wide
134:journalists
1031:2018-03-02
998:2009-10-16
958:2009-10-16
908:2018-03-02
835:2018-03-01
729:References
575:filmmakers
517:Podcasting
435:Television
382:affiliates
355:non-profit
300:channels,
270:television
195:Definition
177:mass media
160:Background
69:newspapers
967:cite book
812:141481473
678:City wiki
600:Colin Low
502:consensus
409:low power
216:Criticism
99:June 2018
1130:Category
1057:Archived
804:41708775
758:Archived
662:See also
645:Fox News
602:and the
560:Internet
541:HuffPost
481:Internet
298:cable TV
278:internet
254:podcasts
185:partisan
173:Internet
628:YouTube
622:YouTube
589:Origins
201:citizen
126:content
83:scholar
870:
860:
810:
802:
643:, and
539:named
414:(FCC)
400:, and
296:(PEG)
234:byline
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
868:JSTOR
808:S2CID
800:JSTOR
652:vlogs
547:Video
532:Blogs
525:wikis
521:Vlogs
513:blogs
407:Many
341:Radio
325:Zines
312:Print
282:email
274:radio
250:vlogs
246:blogs
240:Modes
90:JSTOR
76:books
1092:and
973:link
858:ISBN
426:and
398:KPFK
394:KPFA
390:WBAI
360:The
304:and
183:and
144:and
62:news
792:doi
641:BBC
637:NBC
633:CNN
606:'s
290:DVD
136:.
124:is
45:by
1132::
1106:,
1024:.
990:.
969:}}
965:{{
901:.
889:^
866:.
844:^
828:.
806:.
798:.
788:58
786:.
654:,
639:,
635:,
562:.
515:,
396:,
392:,
308:.
288:,
284:,
280:,
276:,
272:,
264:,
260:,
256:,
252:,
248:,
140:,
1100:)
1034:.
1001:.
975:)
961:.
911:.
874:.
838:.
814:.
794::
466:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
