301:(ICMA) are bound by a rather rigid and strongly enforced code of ethics that was originally established in 1924. Since that time the code had been up-dated/revised on seven occasions, the latest taking place in 1998. The updates have taken into account the evolving duties, responsibilities, and expectations of the profession; however the core dictate of the body of the code--"to integrity; public service; seek no favor; exemplary conduct in both personal and professional matters; respect the role and contributions of elected officials; exercise the independence to do what is right; political neutrality; serve the public equitably and governing body members equally; keep the community informed about local government matters; and support and lead our employ-ees"—have not changed since the first edition.
179:
333:
form, was created in part to remove city government from the power of the political parties, and place management of the city into the hands of an outside expert who was usually a business manager or engineer, with the expectation that the city manager would remain neutral to city politics. By 1930,
293:
The responsibilities may vary depending upon charter provisions and other local or state laws, rules, and regulations. In addition, many states, such as the states of New
Hampshire and Missouri, have codified in law the minimum functions a local "manager" must perform. The City Manager position
310:
349:, and responded with the innovation of a paid, non-political city manager, hired by the commissioners to run the bureaucracy; civil engineers were especially preferred. Other small or middle-sized American cities, especially in the west, adopted the idea.
427:
The average tenure of a manager is now 7–8 years, and has risen gradually over the years. Tenures tend to be less in smaller communities and higher in larger ones, and they tend to vary as well, depending on the region of the country.
424:(MPA), and at least several years' experience as a department head in local government, or as an assistant city manager. As of 2005, more than 60% of those in the profession had a MPA, MBA, or other related higher-level degree.
419:
In the early years of the profession, most managers came from the ranks of the engineering professions. Today, the typical and preferred background and education for the beginning municipal manager is a master's degree in
329:(1914); Dayton was featured in the national media, and became a national standard. The first "City Manager's Association" meeting of eight city managers was in December 1914. The city manager, operating under the
259:
As the top appointed official in the city, the city manager is typically responsible for most if not all of the day-to-day administrative operations of the municipality, in addition to other expectations.
273:
Preparation, monitoring, and execution of the city budget, which includes submitting each year to the council a proposed budget package with options and recommendations for its consideration and possible
251:
In a technical sense, the term "city manager," in contrast to "chief administrative officer" (CAO), implies more discretion and independent authority that is set forth in a charter or some other body of
816:
1233:, ICMA is the professional and educational organization for chief appointed managers, administrators, and assistants in cities, towns, counties, and regional entities throughout the world.
886:
MacDonald, Lynn. "The Impact Of
Government Structure On Local Public Expenditures." Public Choice 136.3/4 (2008): 457-473. Political Science Complete. Web. 25 Sept. 2015.
294:
focuses on efficiency and providing a certain level of service for the lowest possible cost. The competence of a city manager can be assessed using composite indicators.
931:
298:
207:
1236:
280:
Public relations, such as meeting with citizens, citizen groups, businesses, and other stakeholders (the presence of a mayor may alter this function somewhat);
766:
1063:
Stefan
Couperus, "The managerial revolution in local government: municipal management and the city manager in the USA and the Netherlands 1900–1940."
783:
20:
831:
Nelson, Kimberly L.; Svara, James H. (2015-01-01). "The Roles of Local
Government Managers in Theory and Practice: A Centennial Perspective".
1178:
1163:
695:
200:
1272:
868:
1148:
1048:
1109:
1257:
1252:
193:
935:
232:
76:
957:
896:
Marozzi, Marco; Bolzan, Mario (2015). "Skills and training requirements of municipal directors: A statistical assessment".
1120:
Ammons, David M and
Matthew J. Bosse. (2005). "Tenure of City Managers: Examining the Dual Meanings of 'Average Tenure'."
57:
240:
19:
This article is about city managers in the United States. For county and city managers in the
Republic of Ireland, see
225:
283:
Operating the city with a professional understanding of how all city functions operate together to their best effect;
700:
363:
By 1940, there were small
American cities with city managers that would grow enormously by the end of the century:
330:
102:
1267:
431:
Educational Level of Local
Government Managers (MYB = Municipal Yearbook; SOP = State of the Profession survey):
372:
236:
790:
741:
322:
137:
735:
Svara, James H. and
Kimberly L. Nelson. (2008, August). Taking Stock of the Council-Manager Form at 100.
421:
52:
1011:
396:
724:
993:
985:
913:
346:
318:
267:
Supervision of day-to-day operations of all city departments and staff through department heads;
256:, as opposed to duties being assigned on a varying basis by a single superior, such as a mayor.
235:
form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are often referred to as the
309:
1277:
1174:
1159:
1144:
1044:
1040:
Making Sense of the City: Local
Government, Civic Culture, and Community Life in Urban America
977:
848:
760:
34:
1038:
969:
905:
840:
690:
400:
117:
97:
42:
24:
875:
1262:
872:
865:
183:
376:
1191:
Weinstein, James. "Organized business and the city commission and manager movements."
178:
166:
Executive leader and executive committees elected by the council from among themselves
1246:
997:
917:
364:
321:
in 1908. Some of the other cities that were among the first to employ a manager were
388:
338:
326:
253:
122:
68:
263:
Some of the basic roles, responsibilities, and powers of a city manager include:
1156:
Model Government Charters: A City, County, Regional, State, and Federal Handbook
357:
909:
705:
408:
228:
981:
852:
404:
1171:
Forms of Local Government: A Handbook on City, County and Regional Options
277:
Main technical advisor to the council on overall governmental operations;
1095:
The Rise of the City Manager: A Public Professional in Local Government.
1209:
1196:
1186:
The rise of the city manager: A public professional in local government
1141:
Managing America's Cities: A Handbook for Local Government Productivity
1125:
1037:
Robert Bruce Fairbanks; Patricia Mooney-Melvin; Zane L. Miller (2001).
989:
844:
141:
270:
Oversight of all recruitment, dismissal, disciplining and suspensions;
1173:, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK, 2007 (
1158:, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK, 2003 (
380:
353:
973:
334:
two hundred American cities used a city manager form of government.
1143:, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK 1998(
384:
368:
64:
1237:
Staunton, Virginia: Birthplace Of City Manager Form Of Government
286:
Attends all council meetings, but does not have any voting rights
392:
342:
958:"The City Manager Plan, the Latest in American City Government"
150:
Executive leader elected by the council from among themselves
745:
1230:
784:"Council Manager Form of Government, ICMA publication"
1239:, a history on the city manager system of government.
289:
Additional duties that may be assigned by the council
1231:International City/County Management Association
299:International City/County Management Association
23:. For County managers in the United States, see
826:
824:
317:Most sources trace the first city manager to
201:
8:
1097:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1043:. Ohio State University Press. p. 85.
127:Citizens vote on policy, officers, and laws
67:elected by the people, elected legislative
812:
810:
433:
208:
194:
107:Elected commission enacts laws and governs
29:
16:Administrative manager of an American city
1105:
1103:
1188:. (University of New Mexico Press, 1974)
778:
776:
308:
21:Chief executive (Irish local government)
1082:City Manager Government in Seven Cities
1065:Management & Organizational History
717:
40:
1078:City Manager Government in Nine Cities
765:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
758:
360:were specially attracted by the plan.
696:Local government in the United States
650:
158:Executive mayor elected by the people
7:
1080:(1940); Frederick C. Mosher et al.,
1122:State & Local Government Review
1208:Woodruff, Clinton Rogers (1928). "
14:
1124:, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 61-71. at:
1012:"City managing, a new profession"
962:American Political Science Review
86:hired by the elected City Council
224:is an official appointed as the
177:
243:(CAO) in some municipalities.
1:
1214:American Journal of Sociology
1093:Stillman, Richard J. (1974).
313:Municipal government diagram.
833:Public Administration Review
241:chief administrative officer
1193:Journal of Southern History
1294:
1184:Stillman, Richard Joseph.
932:"ICMA Code of Ethics page"
706:Clerk (municipal official)
701:Council-manager government
331:council-manager government
96:Executive and legislature
51:Executive and legislature
18:
1273:Heads of local government
956:James, Herman G. (1914).
910:10.1007/s11135-015-0192-2
618:
155:Elected mayor and cabinet
1076:Harold A. Stone et al.,
494:Some college, no degree
356:, smaller cities in the
1067:(2014) 9#4 pp: 336-352.
817:Sample Ordinance, ICMA.
739:Magazine, pp 6-14, at:
297:Manager members of the
237:chief executive officer
118:Direct democratic forms
1258:Management occupations
1253:Government occupations
1210:The City-Manager Plan"
581:Other graduate degree
323:Sumter, South Carolina
314:
138:Executive arrangements
422:Public Administration
337:In 1913, the city of
312:
898:Quality and Quantity
465:High school or less
184:Politics portal
1201:White, Leonard D.
871:2013-07-28 at the
845:10.1111/puar.12296
725:City of Naperville
523:Bachelor's degree
319:Staunton, Virginia
315:
146:Leader and cabinet
1195:(1962): 166–182.
1179:978-0-7864-3100-7
1164:978-0-7864-3154-0
737:Public Management
682:
681:
231:of a city in the
218:
217:
77:Council - Manager
1285:
1268:Local government
1203:The city manager
1127:
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1008:
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1001:
953:
947:
946:
944:
943:
934:. Archived from
928:
922:
921:
904:(3): 1093–1115.
893:
887:
884:
878:
863:
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856:
828:
819:
814:
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802:
801:
795:
789:. Archived from
788:
780:
771:
770:
764:
756:
754:
753:
744:. Archived from
733:
727:
722:
691:Local government
631:2012 SOP Survey
628:2006 SOP survey
434:
247:Responsibilities
210:
203:
196:
182:
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163:Committee system
159:
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43:local government
41:Common forms of
30:
25:County executive
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1139:Kemp, Roger L.
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1134:Further reading
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1110:ICMA statistics
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58:Mayor - Council
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35:Politics series
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1018:. Dec 14, 1914
1003:
968:(4): 602–613.
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654:not reported
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1039:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1015:
1006:
965:
961:
951:
940:. Retrieved
936:the original
926:
901:
897:
891:
882:
861:
839:(1): 49–61.
836:
832:
798:. Retrieved
791:the original
750:. Retrieved
746:the original
736:
731:
720:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
636:Sample size
430:
426:
418:
362:
351:
336:
327:Dayton, Ohio
316:
296:
292:
262:
258:
254:codified law
250:
222:city manager
221:
219:
162:
154:
148:
123:Town meeting
84:city manager
83:
75:
69:City council
61:
33:Part of the
552:MPA degree
358:Netherlands
347:great flood
345:suffered a
325:(1912) and
1247:Categories
942:2009-12-07
800:2009-12-12
752:2009-12-19
712:References
409:California
82:Executive
63:Executive
1169:_______,
1154:_______,
998:145433051
982:0003-0554
918:121952677
853:1540-6210
625:2001 MYB
622:1996 MYB
619:1990 MYB
616:1965 MYB
613:1940 MYB
405:San Diego
397:Rochester
373:Charlotte
274:approval;
239:(CEO) or
1278:Managers
1197:in JSTOR
1022:July 24,
869:Archived
761:cite web
685:See also
678:= 1,816
672:= 2,752
666:= 3,175
648:= 1,582
401:New York
53:separate
990:1945258
610:Source
415:Profile
305:History
229:manager
142:England
1263:Titles
1205:(1927)
1177:
1162:
1147:
1084:(1940)
1047:
996:
988:
980:
916:
876:NH RSA
851:
660:=2 65
642:= 449
403:; and
389:Dayton
381:Dallas
365:Austin
354:Europe
339:Dayton
994:S2CID
986:JSTOR
914:S2CID
794:(PDF)
787:(PDF)
460:2012
457:2006
454:2000
451:1995
448:1984
445:1974
442:1964
439:1935
385:Texas
369:Texas
98:fused
65:mayor
1175:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1024:2012
978:ISSN
849:ISSN
767:link
605:27%
602:21%
599:63%
596:28%
593:58%
590:38%
576:43%
573:37%
567:44%
558:18%
547:23%
544:27%
541:26%
538:24%
535:30%
532:38%
529:41%
526:35%
515:11%
506:10%
503:18%
500:22%
497:21%
471:14%
468:42%
393:Ohio
343:Ohio
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