1358:'s comments: "I am more and more convinced that, with reference to any public question, it is more important to know what the country thinks of it than what the city thinks. The city does not think much. On any moral question, I would rather have the opinion of Boxboro than of Boston and New York put together. When the former speaks, I feel as if somebody had spoken, as if humanity was yet, and a reasonable being had asserted its rights — as if some unprejudiced men among the country's hills had at length turned their attention to the subject, and by a few sensible words redeemed the reputation of the race. When, in some obscure country town, the farmers come together to a special town-meeting, to express their opinion on some subject which is vexing the land, that, I think, is the true Congress, and the most respectable one that is ever assembled in the United States."
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question lawfully submitted to them". In the late 1890s the state legislature shifted the meetings – by this time no more than town elections – to biennial to conform to the pattern of federal, state, and municipal elections in the state's cities. It also permitted, and later directed, town meetings to be held in
November. That process was not complete until the 1920s. Laws adopted in 1932 for the first time refer to "Biennial town elections", stating that these were "a substitute for a town meeting...and a reference in any law to a town meeting or special town meeting shall be construed as reference to a town election". The state's school districts (independent units with taxing powers) voted on budgets and capital levies and elected school board members in town-meeting style until the late 1950s.
611:
attendees of the meeting, Mansbridge also notes differences in participation on the basis of education and class when conflicts arise, writing that "the face-to-face assembly lets those who have no trouble speaking defend their interests; it does not give the average citizen comparable protection." Feminist critics have also identified mixed results in town meetings. While women's rates of attendance at town meetings was nearly equal relative to men's, their participation in discussion relative to men declined as the size of the town increased.
730:
1141:
964:" the intent of a ballot question; for example, changing a warrant article, "To see if the Town will raise and appropriate (amount) for (purpose)" to merely read, "To see." A 2011 law barred deliberative sessions from deleting the subject matter of a warrant article. In 2016, petitioners in Exeter submitted an article to place on the ballot an advisory "vote of no confidence" in a school official, and the deliberative session removed the word "no".
184:
260:
681:, having three, five, or seven members. Between sessions, the board of selectmen interprets the policy set at Town Meeting and is assigned numerous duties including: approving all town non-school expenditures, authorizing highway construction and repair, serving as town purchasing agent for non-school items, issuing licenses, and overseeing the conduct of all town activities. Often the part-time selectmen also serve as
420:
1030:, in which voters elect a small number of residents to act as the legislative body in their stead. Representative town meeting follows the same procedure as traditional town meetings, except they cannot decide matters that state law requires to be placed on the official town ballot. Representative town meeting is selected by a town charter, which may require additional matters to go onto the town ballot.
949:
three-fifths majority. This format was instituted by the state legislature in 1995 because of concerns that modern lifestyles had made it difficult for people to attend traditional town meetings. In 2019, however, the law was changed so that the three-fifths majority would have to occur at town meeting itself: The town meeting would have to vote to remove its own final decisions to the municipal ballot.
132:
32:
603:, have presented the town meeting as a setting of "empowered participation" in which thoughtful deliberation between all participating individuals can coexist with a sense of engaged citizenship and responsibility for solving local problems. Both camps, however, note the difficulties of maintaining the benefits of town meetings when the format is scaled to larger groups.
73:
940:, giving town meeting members the right to bar reconsideration of a specified vote (or any "action...which involves the same subject matter"). If a town meeting does not bar reconsideration and later does vote to reconsider a decision, the issue can be taken up only at an adjourned session at least one week later.
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call such a meeting, voters may call one through petition, and the number of signatures required on a petition to call a special town meeting is 200 or 20% of the registered voters, whichever number is lower. The selectmen have 45 days from the date of receiving such a petition to hold a special town meeting.
1074:
from the colonial period into the 20th century. They were typically held between
February 1 and May 1 of each year primarily for the election of town officials but were also empowered to set "rules for fences and for impounding animals," supporting the poor, raising taxes, and to "determine any other
952:
Under SB 2, a first session, called a "Deliberative
Session", is held about a month prior to the town election. This session is similar in many ways to the traditional town meeting. However, unlike the town meeting, while the wording and dollar amounts of proposed ballot measures may be amended,
888:
Special town meetings' may be held whenever necessary, usually to deal with financial or other pertinent issues that develop between annual town meetings. They function the same as an annual town meeting, only the number of signatures required on a petition rises to 100. While the
Selectmen generally
859:
change process in the State
Legislature. Representative Town Meetings function largely the same as an Open Town Meeting except that not all registered voters can vote. The townspeople instead elect Town Meeting Members by precinct to represent them and to vote on the issues for them. Before it became
645:
Town meetings may have binding votes for some items in which the meeting participants vote to approve or deny the measure. Some towns require a referendum for items such as annual budgets and changes to the town's ordinances. For those items, the town meeting votes to whether or not to send the issue
576:
Town meetings represent some of the only modern institutions, apart from some townships in
Minnesota and the cantons of Switzerland, in which everyday citizens can regularly participate in "face-to-face" assemblies that deliberate binding collective action decisions in the form of laws. Proponents of
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The moderator also has the authority to postpone and reschedule the town meeting (or deliberative session, if SB 2 is in effect) to another reasonable date, place, and time certain in the case of a weather emergency in which the moderator reasonably believes the roads to be hazardous or unsafe.
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Deliberative sessions are less well attended, in bodies that have adopted SB 2, than are plenary town meetings in bodies that have not adopted SB 2, as their decisions are not final. However, the final vote by secret ballot attracts more voters than town meetings do because of the shorter
479:
At a town meeting, attendees determine the ordinances or rules of the town, its boards and commissions, elected and appointed positions, capital investments, expenditures, budgets, and local taxation, as well as the manner and frequency of future town meetings. Because towns self-govern and maintain
1156:
Vermont towns are normally required to hold an annual town meeting on the first
Tuesday in March at a place designated by the select board. The date of the annual Town meeting may be changed by a vote of the citizens at a Town meeting duly warned for that purpose. The purpose of town meeting is to
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reports and after consultations with other officials and the
Secretary of State, to postpone elections. As stated in at the beginning of the bill, it "provides for the postponement of town, city, village, and school district elections in the event of a winter storm warning, blizzard warning, or ice
1044:
are elected to two-year terms on even years in towns and are elected in city wards at every other city election. The moderator presides over town meetings, regulates their business, prescribes rules of procedure, decides questions of order, and declares the outcome of each vote. Town meeting voters
975:
Center for Public Policy studies, 171 towns in New
Hampshire had traditional town meeting, while 48 had SB 2. Another 15 municipalities, most of them incorporated cities, had no annual meeting. The study found that 102 school districts had traditional town meeting, 64 had SB 2 meeting and
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have the option of choosing one of two types of annual meeting: Traditional meetings, and ballot-vote meetings that are known informally as "SB 2" or "Senate Bill 2". A variation of SB 2 and representative town meeting are also allowed under state law but as of 2015 are not in use by
610:
and Donald L. Robinson have argued that town meetings in
Vermont and Massachusetts feature extremely low turnout in part because they last for a full working day, leading to disproportionate representation of seniors and non-working residents in the meetings. As participation is still voluntary for
1199:
Citizen's Guide to Town Meeting, Vermont gives state employees the day off on town meeting day. Vermont "law also gives a private employee the right to take unpaid leave from work to attend his or her annual town meeting, subject to the essential operation of the business or government. Employees
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states. Like Connecticut, a few towns utilize a so-called Financial Town Meeting in which an Open Town Meeting exists with limited jurisdiction to vote only on financial affairs and the town's legislative powers have been vested in a Town Council. The direct democracy tradition is now uncommon in
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The Budgetary Town Meeting is a variation of the Open Meeting, but only the annual town operating budget as presented by the governing body can be voted on by the registered voters. When a town charter provides for a Budgetary Town Meeting it also must establish the procedures for the transfer of
967:
The second session, held on a set election day, is when issues such as the town's budget and other measures, known as warrant articles, are voted upon. When adopting SB 2, towns or school districts may hold elections on the second Tuesday in March, the second Tuesday in April, or the second
791:
Open town meeting is the form of town meeting in which all registered voters of a town are eligible to vote, together acting as the town's legislature. Town Meeting is typically held annually in the spring, often over the course of several evenings, but there is also provision to call additional
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created principles to regulate taxation and land distribution; it bought land for town use and forbade the use of it forever to those who could not pay their share within a month; it decided the number of pines each family could cut from the swamp and which families could cover their house with
994:
The Official Ballot Town Council is a variant form of the Town Council, in which certain items are to be placed on the ballot to be voted on by the registered voters. This process mimics the SB 2 process, except that the Town Council makes the determination of what items will go on the ballot.
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A colony law required all voters to be church members until 1647, though it may not have been enforced. The law changed in 1647, requiring voters to be above 24 years of age. The colony added a new requirement that a man must own taxable property with a value of at least 20 pounds in 1658 and
712:
concept to the town meeting-selectmen framework. Under this system, the manager is administrative head of town government, responsible to the select board for the administration of all departments under its control. The manager's duties include acting as purchasing agent, seeing that laws and
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Official ballot referenda, or the SB 2 format, provides that town voters make binding decisions not at town meeting but by secret ballot in the municipal election. To adopt SB 2, or to revert to traditional town meetings, a question to that effect on the municipal ballot must win a
782:
In provincial elections, only church members could vote. The number continued to fall from there. While in many respects Massachusetts society resembled England, the franchise was more widespread in the colony than it was in the mother country, as were the powers of local elected officials.
762:
declared that final authority on bylaws rested with town meetings and not selectmen. Two years later, in 1694, the General Court took authority to appoint assessors from selectmen and gave it to town meetings. An act of the colonial legislature gave town meeting the right to elect its own
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Cities and towns are governed by either a city council or a select board. They are fully empowered to act on most issues and are generally referred to as the municipality's legislative body. But all town budgets (and those of other independent taxing authorities) must be approved by
876:
An annual town meeting is held in the spring and may also be known as the annual budget meeting. Towns were once required to hold their annual town meetings between February 1 and May 31, but Chapter 85 of the Acts of 2008 extended this window of time to June 30. (Town
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town meetings are usually bound to a published agenda; meeting participants can not alter proposed items or add new business. Each town determines the method, frequency, and range of governance for its town meeting and codifies these in its ordinances or town charter.
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are elected to one-year terms. The moderator's duties include reviewing the warrant (published agenda) for town meeting, presiding over town meeting, deciding questions of order, making public declarations of each vote passed, and prescribing rules of the proceeding.
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start on July 1.) At this meeting, the town budgets for the new fiscal year and takes care of any outstanding housekeeping items from the current fiscal year. It may also vote on non-budgetary warrant articles, including the town's general and zoning bylaws.
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clapboard. The men who went to that town meeting hammered out the abstract principles under which they would live and regulated the most minute details of their lives. The decisions they made then affected the lives of their children and grandchildren.
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The town meeting "was the original and protean vessel of local authority." The early meetings were informal, with all men in town likely participating. Even when it did not fully exercise it, "the power of the town meeting knew no limit." Town meeting
506:
Town meetings have been practiced in the U.S. region of New England since colonial times and in some western states since at least the late 19th century. Town meeting can also refer to meetings of other governmental bodies such as regional water or
1181:; explaining the local government's budget request to the voters is the principal business of Town Meeting. Voters at Town Meeting may also vote on non-binding resolutions, and may place items on the ballot for the following year's meeting.
1188:. When the Town of South Burlington was re-chartered as the City of South Burlington in 1971, the new charter provided for city elections in April and required only budget increases of 10% or more per annum to be placed before voters.
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specifying each issue to be decided. Town meeting can amend the warrant articles before voting on them, and can conduct non-binding discussions of other issues, but cannot make other binding votes without this notice to town voters.
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presides over the meeting, making sure that the town's chosen rules of parliamentary procedure are followed, judging the results of voice votes or shows of hands and counting votes that are too close to be judged by eye or ear. The
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The 2017 municipal election was preceded by a large snowstorm, and the Secretary of State clarified that this statutory authority does not extend to postponing elections, but moderators in several towns did so anyway. In 2019, the
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or other municipal bodies in Europe. Tocqueville believed that town meetings, with direct power given to attending residents, trained citizens for participation in broader democratic society. Town meetings also influenced American
720:
From 1927 to 1939, eleven other Maine towns adopted special act charters similar to the Camden charter. Today, 135 Maine towns have the town meeting-selectmen-manager system, while 209 use the town meeting-selectmen system.
666:. Most cities and towns operate under the town meeting form of government or a modified version of it. Maine annual town meetings traditionally are held in March. Special town meetings also may be called from time to time.
1169:, are required by the terms of their charters to hold an annual town meeting, on Town Meeting Day. Many towns vote on matters of substance (e.g., budgets, elected officials, etc.) by secret ballot (also known as
979:
Because traditional-meeting communities tend to be smaller, only one third of the state's population was governed by traditional town meetings in 2002 and only 22 percent by traditional school-district meetings.
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must provide at least seven days notice to their employer to take advantage of this right to attend town meeting. Students who are over 18 also have the right to attend town meeting" and not be declared truant.
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of the town are eligible to participate in and vote at town meetings. Representative town meeting is used by some larger towns, where voters elect representatives to participate in town meetings, similar to a
2087:
1330:, annual meetings for deciding on legislative referendums. In the 17th century this was common across the region, but in the 21st century the meetings continue to exist only in the cantons of
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2409:(University of Massachusetts Press; 2011) 344 pages; analyzes the rocky but productive process of town-meeting democracy in Ashfield, Mass., a community of just under 2,000 in the Berkshires.
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A moderator is chosen at the start of each meeting, which is typically held in a public venue, either in the town itself or nearby. Votes are taken by voice, and if close by show of hands.
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can call special town meetings throughout the year as needed, although these must be approved by a judge if they affect the budget. State law prohibits town meetings from being held on the
550:
Since the turn of the nineteenth century, political scientists have characterized New England's town meetings as notable examples of direct democracy. In 1831, political philosopher
968:
Tuesday in May. The election dates may be changed by majority vote. If a vote is taken to approve the change of the local elections, the date becomes effective the following year.
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An article may be placed on the warrant by the Selectmen, sometimes at the request of town departments, or by a petition signed by at least ten registered voters of the town.
194:
448:
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Attendance wanes over the course of a town meeting, and a traditional tactic was to re-vote after many on the opposite side had gone home. In 1991, the state enacted
1999:
SB 2 means "Senate Bill 2" of the 1995 legislature. The term in context is always understood to mean the referendum option for town government. The statute is
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where only elected representatives can participate in the governing assembly, any town voter may participate in an open town meeting. This form is distinct from
828:
summons the town meeting into existence by issuing the warrant, which is the list of items—known as articles—to be voted on, with descriptions of each article.
518:
Records of early New England governance are sparse, leading to debate about the origin of town meeting. One interpretation is that it was adapted from local
2470:
1383:
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Traditional town meeting is held annually on the second Tuesday of March to choose town officers, approve a town budget, and approve large contracts. Town
538:. In colonial New England there was very little separation between church and town governance, but town meeting continued to play a secular role after the
1263:
allows municipalities with fewer than 100 people, as well as municipalities that have traditionally used the system, to operate under an open council.
2501:
1326:, that is of approximately 90% of all Swiss municipalities. The meetings are usually held twice a year. At the cantonal level, some regions also hold
606:
Other political scientists have expressed more skepticism toward town meetings on the basis of their poor attendance and lack of representativeness.
2621:
483:
Since town residents directly participate in their own governance and represent themselves without any intermediary, town meeting is an example of
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storm warning. The bill also allows any person to vote absentee in the event of such a warning if he or she has concerns for his or her safety."
1173:). However, there is no state law that requires towns to vote by Australian ballot; several towns still conduct all business "from the floor".
2391:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1980, provides an in-depth account of the dynamics in one Vermont town of about 500 people.
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allowing all those who previously were qualified to keep the franchise. In 1691, the property requirement was lowered back to 20 pounds.
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Town meeting often had a reputation for being "active, suspicious, contradictory, and cantankerous," but it was well regarded by others.
2187:
511:. While the uses and laws vary by town and state, the general form is for residents of the town to periodically gather and serve as the
864:, which at the time was the largest town in the Commonwealth by population, had 216 representatives in Town Meeting, twelve from each
840:, often called the Advisory Committee, makes recommendations on articles dealing with money and often drafts the proposed budget. The
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that were responsible for financial decisions of the parish church. Another is that it stemmed from New England colonists aboard the
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59:
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This article is about the form of municipal decision-making. For the public event in which politicians speak with constituents, see
1295:) all the residents of a town would meet outside the door of the largest church and vote on local matters. They would also elect a
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passed, and the Governor signed, SB 104, which created a procedure to postpone elections. It empowers the Town moderator, based on
925:
State law lets the town moderator adjourn a long-running meeting and reconvene it at a later date to finish the town's business.
2616:
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in which eligible town residents can directly participate in an assembly which determines the governance of their town. Unlike
434:
2101:
2012:
317:
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1683:
901:, towns, village districts (which can deal with various government activities but usually concern public water supplies) and
837:
539:
1152:, was built in 1822 to be used for town meetings, which had previously been held in private homes. It is still in use today.
1988:
689:. Generally, there are other elected town officers whose duties are specified by law. These may include clerks, assessors,
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1323:
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45:
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Any town meeting or adjournment thereof must have its time and place published with three days' notice, along with the
91:
87:
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1234:. They were required once the voting population of a township reached 25 persons. Townships still hold town meetings.
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1013:
972:
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817:
797:
469:
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1845:
210:
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was the first western state to adopt the town meeting system, but it was initially very restricted in its function.
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Towns in several western states and counties also practice town meeting, though generally with more limited powers.
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714:
343:
2488:
158:
2611:
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861:
832:
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ordinances are enforced, making appointments and removals, and fixing the compensation of appointees. (See also:
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There is no general requirement for chartered municipalities to observe town meeting or to put their budgets to
2636:
2553:
1093:
1058:
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form of government. Massachusetts towns with 6,000 or more residents may adopt either open town meeting or the
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elect municipal officers, approve annual budgets and conduct any other business. All cities and some towns in
2575:
1248:
1109:
1105:
759:
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to a referendum, which is held at a later date pursuant to the schedule laid out in that town's ordinances.
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to vote solely on financial affairs while the town's legislative powers have been vested in a town council.
582:
531:
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may make legal recommendations on any articles of the warrant, to ensure town meeting is acting lawfully.
670:
596:
378:
1331:
1260:
1189:
768:
590:
560:(1835) that town governments in New England appeared to show greater political independence than French
551:
686:
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held by elected officials to communicate with their constituents, which have no decision-making power.
729:
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1944:
1101:
1097:
556:
293:
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region of the United States. In Massachusetts, towns with fewer than 6,000 residents must adopt the
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1355:
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funds among various departments, funds, accounts and agencies as may be necessary during the year.
264:
2483:
1977:
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Due to a change in the state's constitution, Rhode Island municipalities have a greater degree of
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1731:
1408:
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As of 2006, this form of government is not used in any town or school district in New Hampshire.
865:
776:
678:
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82:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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638:. Some towns use a financial town meeting form where an open town meeting exists with limited
535:
473:
275:
206:
51:
20:
2191:
1542:
1504:
573:, who believed they were "the perfect exercise of self-government and for its preservation."
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283:
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902:
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508:
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The best-known example of the Spanish town meeting system of government was found in the
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2371:
593:, have advocated town meetings as forms of direct democracy based upon unitary values.
542:
of the state churches, forming the core of government for most New England towns today.
259:
1231:
682:
586:
480:
their autonomy, town meetings vary from state to state, as well as from town to town.
419:
407:
Executive leader and executive committees elected by the council from among themselves
2590:
2524:
2137:
Jewett's Manual for Election Officers and Voters in the State of New York (1893-1918)
1327:
1170:
898:
705:
690:
663:
566:
491:
2373:
Civil Government in the United States: Considered with Some Reference to Its Origins
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989:
856:
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804:
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309:
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in 1715, but this had already been in practice for several years in towns such as
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to represent them in the regional assembly. The village or town was divided into
498:, where it has been the primary form of town government since the 17th century.
1272:
1256:
1088:
878:
808:
619:
495:
2396:
2260:
2221:
1827:
1185:
1178:
841:
1727:
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1587:
1303:, which dealt with day-to-day administration in each of the town's parishes.
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visited several townships in Massachusetts, remarking in the first volume of
1660:
1227:
1084:
915:
698:
694:
527:
94:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
1849:
2073:"Statehouse Debate Over Town Election Scheduling Bill Draws Packed Crowd"
1716:"Review of Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How it Works"
1221:
961:
674:
2412:
Zuckerman, Michael. "The Social Context of Democracy in Massachusetts,"
2283:"La Moncloa. Institutions of Spain [Spain/Spanish Institutions]"
1735:
1715:
1190:
No other municipality has been granted such a charter by the legislature
2417:
1307:
1158:
1149:
708:
adopted a special charter and became the first Maine town to apply the
523:
382:
1965:
1819:
1531:
Tocqueville, Alexis de; Mansfield, Harvey C.; Winthrop, Delba (2000).
1605:
1567:
1311:
519:
1640:
2088:"Moderators likely to gain authority to postpone town election day"
515:, voting on finances, ordinances, and other matters of governance.
1280:
1192:, and there is strong sentiment against making future exceptions.
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728:
655:
305:
258:
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Massachusetts towns having at least 6,000 residents may adopt a
658:, the town meeting system originated during the period when the
2497:
177:
125:
66:
25:
2364:
Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How it Works
953:
no actual voting on the merits of the proposals takes place.
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serves as the clerk of the meeting by recording its results.
391:
Executive leader elected by the council from among themselves
193:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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1695:
1322:
Town meetings are the usual legislative body of the smaller
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increased that sum to 80 pounds in 1670. The 1670 law had a
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1871:
1869:
1867:
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operate under charters instead of general legislation (see
1915:
1913:
1900:
1898:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1572:. Vol. 10. Princeton University Press. p. 225.
2366:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
2128:
McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York State Annotated
1445:
Direct Legislation Through the Initiative and Referendum
2407:
Town Meeting: Practicing Democracy in Rural New England
2013:
House Bill 415, signed into law in 2019 as Chapter 131.
1642:
The New England town meeting : democracy in action
1607:
Town meeting: practicing democracy in rural New England
1092:
Rhode Island. Ten towns have town meeting governments:
534:, gathered to adopt their own rules of governance, the
202:
154:
1676:
Strong democracy: participatory politics for a new age
1230:
has had town meetings as the policy-setting bodies of
487:, and examined as a case study in democratic theory.
464:, also known as an "open town meeting," is a form of
2549:
List of significant United States town hall meetings
2446:
UMaine Margaret Chase Smith Center for Public Policy
2422:
Town meeting time: A handbook of parliamentary law (
1947:. General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
1678:. University of California Press. pp. 269–281.
2489:
N.H. Center for Public Policy Studies report on SB2
2398:
County and Township Government in the United States
1287:(literally "in front of the church" from the Latin
2334:
2311:
1818:
1610:. Univ. of Massachusetts Press. pp. 214–217.
1720:Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory
1569:The papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement series
1499:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 213–231.
1462:The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action
1045:can override the moderator's procedural rulings.
490:The town meeting form is used in portions of the
2382:New England Town Meeting: Safeguard of Democracy
1566:Thomas, Jefferson; Looney, J. Jefferson (2018).
800:and town council, are representative democracy.
2249:. Werner School Book Company. pp. 107–115.
1306:The system was revived in the municipality of
1165:). The cities and chartered towns, except for
960:Deliberative sessions have been charged with "
803:It is a form of government typical of smaller
2509:
2484:NH RSA Chapter 40: Government of Town Meeting
1251:operate under a town meeting system called a
629:In towns with an open town meeting form, all
442:
191:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2384:, Brattleboro, VT: Stephen Daye Press, 1940.
1945:"Massachusetts Constitution, Article LXXXIX"
1022:(paragraph III)) gives the alternative of a
16:Form of direct democracy for cities or towns
2471:Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth
2188:"A Citizen's Guide to Vermont Town Meeting"
1537:. University of Chicago Press. p. 57.
1419:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199604432.001.0001
1413:. Oxford University Press. pp. 65–94.
368:Citizens vote on policy, officers, and laws
308:elected by the people, elected legislative
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2516:
2502:
2494:
1789:
1701:
957:time requirement, and absentees can vote.
449:
435:
348:Elected commission enacts laws and governs
270:
2247:History and Civil Government of Minnesota
1931:
1919:
1904:
1889:
1877:
1801:
1777:
1760:
1748:
247:Learn how and when to remove this message
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:by adding descriptive text and removing
2341:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
1377:
1375:
1371:
1347:
792:special meetings. Open town meeting is
281:
2173:24 App. V.S.A. ch. 149, § 22(b)(1)(C).
1543:10.7208/chicago/9780226924564.001.0001
1505:10.7208/chicago/9780226077987.001.0001
1448:. True Nationalist Publishing Company.
1255:("open council") that dates from the
944:Official ballot referenda (SB 2)
399:Executive mayor elected by the people
7:
2263:. Minnesota Association of Townships
2149:"Town Meeting & Local Elections"
1599:
1597:
1526:
1524:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1402:
1400:
1384:"Town Meeting as a Democratic Ideal"
2071:Casey McDermott (March 29, 2018).
2051:"SAU 16 officials make their case"
1978:Law establishing village districts
1639:Zimmerman, Joseph Francis (1999).
1459:Zimmerman, Joseph Francis (1999).
96:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
14:
1989:Forms of Town Government - NH.gov
327:hired by the elected City Council
41:This article has multiple issues.
2463:Citizen's Guide to Town Meetings
1442:Sullivan, James William (1893).
1407:Fishkin, James S. (2011-08-18).
677:, part-time board, known as the
673:agency of town government is an
418:
182:
130:
71:
30:
2622:Local government in New England
1070:Town meetings were the rule in
49:or discuss these issues on the
2086:Dave Solomon (March 9, 2019).
1465:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
585:in political thought, notably
522:meetings held in 17th century
1:
1324:municipalities of Switzerland
685:, overseers of the poor, and
2395:Porter, Kirk Harold (1922).
2376:. Houghton, Mifflin Company.
2310:Mansbridge, Jane J. (1980).
1964:See amendment LXXXIX of the
1674:Barber, Benjamin R. (1984).
1604:Robinson, Donald L. (2003).
1197:Vermont Secretary of State's
984:Official ballot town council
697:, school committee members,
2451:Maine Municipal Association
2333:Lockridge, Kenneth (1985).
1024:representative town meeting
1014:Representative town meeting
1008:Representative town meeting
973:University of New Hampshire
853:representative town meeting
818:representative town meeting
798:representative town meeting
470:representative town meeting
205:, discuss the issue on the
2658:
2414:William and Mary Quarterly
2389:Beyond Adversary Democracy
2314:Beyond Adversary Democracy
2222:Vermont Moderator statutes
2153:Vermont Secretary of State
2090:. Manchester Union-Leader.
1966:Massachusetts Constitution
1846:"Slavery in Massachusetts"
1011:
987:
976:10 had no annual meeting.
971:In 2002, according to the
922:election day in November.
855:system through the normal
796:, while its alternatives,
715:Council-manager government
337:Executive and legislature
292:Executive and legislature
18:
2559:Representation (politics)
2534:
2318:. New York: Basic Books.
2231:accessed February 9, 2008
2015:Retrieved 8 January 2020.
1645:. Praeger. pp. 1–3.
1382:Field, Jonathan Beecher.
910:Traditional town meetings
569:thought particularly for
396:Elected mayor and cabinet
2597:United States town halls
2554:Representative democracy
2030:www.gencourt.state.nh.us
1821:Slavery in Massachusetts
1714:Piper, Laurence (2005).
1493:Bryan, Frank M. (2003).
1059:National Weather Service
2241:Niles, Sanford (1897).
1249:municipalities of Spain
1026:, similar to that of a
760:Great and General Court
532:Plymouth, Massachusetts
359:Direct democratic forms
159:less pertinent examples
2617:History of New England
2576:21st-century movements
2467:William Francis Galvin
1153:
1087:compared to the other
999:Budgetary town meeting
753:
737:
597:Deliberative democrats
379:Executive arrangements
268:
2261:"Information Library"
1410:When the People Speak
1332:Appenzell Innerrhoden
1143:
748:
732:
591:University of Vermont
552:Alexis de Tocqueville
530:who, upon landing in
262:
2571:Indivisible movement
2370:Fiske, John (1904).
2287:www.lamoncloa.gob.es
2075:. N.H. Public Radio.
1842:Thoreau, Henry David
1815:Thoreau, Henry David
1534:Democracy in America
1261:Spanish constitution
821:form of government.
704:In 1927 the town of
557:Democracy in America
211:create a new article
203:improve this article
2607:Deliberative groups
2416:(1968) 25:523-544
2131:(Chapter 634,
1852:on November 8, 2008
1356:Henry David Thoreau
1163:special legislation
583:civic republicanism
425:Politics portal
265:Huntington, Vermont
155:improve the article
2642:Popular assemblies
2602:Community building
2566:Tea Party movement
2528:town hall meetings
2405:Robinson, Donald.
2387:Mansbridge, Jane,
2337:A New England Town
2227:2008-06-26 at the
2184:Markowitz, Deborah
1354:See, for example,
1154:
1144:The Town House of
777:grandfather clause
738:
687:road commissioners
679:Board of Selectmen
474:town hall meetings
387:Leader and cabinet
269:
263:A town meeting in
2632:New England towns
2584:
2583:
2544:Town hall meeting
2362:Bryan, Frank M.,
2348:978-0-393-95459-3
2194:on August 5, 2012
2053:. Seacoast Online
1763:, pp. 47–48.
1617:978-1-55849-854-9
1579:978-1-4008-4004-5
1552:978-0-226-80536-8
1514:978-0-226-07797-0
1472:978-0-275-96523-5
1428:978-0-19-960443-2
1195:According to the
1171:Australian ballot
838:Finance Committee
813:open town meeting
660:District of Maine
631:registered voters
546:Democratic theory
536:Mayflower Compact
494:, principally in
459:
458:
318:Council - Manager
257:
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239:
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213:, as appropriate.
176:
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2190:. Archived from
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2139:
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2118:
2112:
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2104:. July 10, 2019.
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1917:
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1887:
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1861:
1859:
1857:
1848:. Archived from
1844:(July 4, 1854).
1838:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1817:(July 4, 1781).
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
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1722:(107): 119–124.
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1167:South Burlington
1055:NH General Court
903:school districts
860:a city in 2018,
794:direct democracy
579:communitarianism
571:Thomas Jefferson
540:disestablishment
513:legislative body
509:school districts
485:direct democracy
466:local government
451:
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437:
423:
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408:
404:Committee system
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284:local government
282:Common forms of
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2637:Vermont culture
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2357:Further reading
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2229:Wayback Machine
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2026:"House Bill 77"
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1283:. Known as the
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1253:Concejo abierto
1245:
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1238:Other countries
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906:any community.
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608:Jane Mansbridge
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299:Mayor - Council
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276:Politics series
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2212:21 V.S.A.§472b
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2102:"SB 104-LOCAL"
2093:
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1932:Lockridge 1985
1924:
1920:Lockridge 1985
1909:
1905:Lockridge 1985
1894:
1892:, p. 121.
1890:Lockridge 1985
1882:
1880:, p. 128.
1878:Lockridge 1985
1863:
1833:
1806:
1804:, p. 124.
1802:Lockridge 1985
1794:
1792:, p. 131.
1782:
1778:Lockridge 1985
1765:
1761:Lockridge 1985
1753:
1749:Lockridge 1985
1741:
1706:
1704:, p. 274.
1691:
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988:Main article:
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805:municipalities
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701:, and others.
691:tax collectors
683:town assessors
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2186:(July 2008).
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153:Please help
141:may contain
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2304:Works cited
2159:January 24,
1856:October 29,
1318:Switzerland
1285:anteiglesia
1273:Middle Ages
1257:middle ages
1247:Some small
1089:New England
1018:State law (
809:New England
620:Connecticut
615:Connecticut
496:New England
267:, US (2006)
2591:Categories
2428:0971167907
2292:2021-03-03
2243:"The Town"
2057:2016-08-30
1951:2019-04-08
1828:Wikisource
1685:0520051157
1366:References
1291:- and not
1209:Moderators
1186:plebiscite
1179:plebiscite
1094:Barrington
1042:Moderators
1020:RSA 49-D:3
962:sabotaging
872:Scheduling
862:Framingham
842:Town Clerk
765:moderators
699:constables
695:treasurers
599:, such as
567:republican
323:Executive
304:Executive
147:irrelevant
92:relocating
46:improve it
2267:8 January
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2001:RSA 40:13
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1626:837668161
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1106:Glocester
1085:home rule
1037:Moderator
938:RSA 40:10
916:selectmen
833:Moderator
736:in Boston
671:executive
528:Mayflower
207:talk page
143:excessive
52:talk page
2627:Meetings
2418:in JSTOR
2225:Archived
2035:17 April
1736:41802293
1661:55214672
1222:Michigan
1146:Marlboro
1126:Tiverton
1122:Scituate
1118:Richmond
1072:New York
1066:New York
920:biennial
866:precinct
562:communes
294:separate
201:You may
149:examples
1308:Iurreta
1297:sindico
1275:in the
1159:Vermont
1150:Vermont
1136:Vermont
930:warrant
857:charter
807:in the
741:History
710:manager
675:elected
589:of the
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1098:Exeter
769:Dedham
706:Camden
520:vestry
2440:Maine
1732:JSTOR
1389:1 Dec
1342:Notes
1281:Spain
1243:Spain
787:Forms
656:Maine
650:Maine
339:fused
306:mayor
209:, or
2424:ISBN
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2269:2020
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