La Ciudad Blanca - Knowledge (XXG)

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Griffin, the ethnohistorian working with Ted Maschal and author of several books on the Indigenous peoples of northeast Honduras, particularly the Pech. Dr. Chris Begley did not agree with this identification and felt that the peoples native to the Mosquitia adopted traits like ball courts, stone-sided temple mounds with stairs reaching 12 meters high, walled cities, white stone paved roads down to the rivers and between parts of the sites, the extensive use of stone corn grinding stones, terraced agriculture, the use of fine orange pottery, the adoption of incised punctates and dots designs (such as were found on Fine Orange and coarser ceramics in Cholula in the Classic Period), and the use of caves for ceremonial purposes such as are found at the archaeological site of Las Crucitas on the Aner river near the Guampu River from contact with Mesoamerican neighbors and traders. According to the Honduran government SEDINAFROH website about Nahuas, they mention that caves used for ceremonial uses were an important identifying part of that culture and El Heraldo reporters noted that the use of caves, the stone grinding stones, and the stone statues in the Rio Platano/Ciudad blanca area were similar to what was found in Southern Honduras in Choluteca (name from Cholulateca, people from Cholula in Nahua).

334:(at one time referred to as Paya) "trace their ancestry to Chilmeca in the Plátano River headwaters, near the legendary and lost 'Ciudad Blanca'." In the past another group of indigenous peoples known to the Miskitos as the Rah, who were very warlike and ate people, also lived in the area. The Rio Platano Biosphere declared in the 1980s is a larger area that includes all the protected area decreed in 1961 by the Honduran Congress at the suggestion of the Maker of Honduras's 1954 General Map Dr. Jesús Aguilar Paz as the Ciudad Blanca Protected Area. The Honduran-Nicaraguan border dispute wasn't decided until 1960 in the World Court at The Hague. Aguilar Paz had included on his map a place called "Ciudad Blanca" with a question mark. The Pech name for the ruin is Kao Kamasa (White House in English, Casa Blanca in Spanish). 1084:, project archaeologist Chris Fisher claimed, "We never said it’s Ciudad Blanca or the city of the lost monkey god" and he dismissed the charges as "ridiculous" and coming from archaeologists who had not participated in the expedition, had no idea where the site was, and had no knowledge of the archaeological findings as they had not yet been published. The Honduran government also defended the joint Honduran-American research project against its critics. “They criticized, because they were not involved," said Virgilio Paredes, Director of the Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History. “Come on! They should be saying, ‘How can we get involved and help?’ This is a project for my country, Honduras—for my children's children.” 779:. The Biosphere program was renamed as the Man in the Biosphere, to include the understanding that this is not a park without people, but rather the area has thousands of native people, some of whom tell the stories that the big rocks with petroglyphs on the Rio Platano such as Walpa Ulban Silp (Pequeña Piedra tallada) y walpan Ulban Tara (Grande Piedra tallada) mark the umbilical cord of their people, that that is where they came out of the earth to this earth. According to Dr. Chris Begley, there have been people in what is now the Rio Plátano Biosphere and the Ciudad Blanca area for at least 3,000 years 483:

Miskito King, Ana Frederica as regent, signed a peace treaty with the Nicaraguan government. In 1860 the Honduran government and Great Britain signed a treaty turning the Honduran Mosquitia over to the Honduran government "wherever the border might be with Nicaragua" and Great Britain also signed a similar treaty with the Nicaraguans. However, Honduran control remained minimal in the area, and the actual decision that the Ciudad Blanca area actually even belonged to the Honduran government was not made until 1960, after a brief border war in 1958-1959 known as "Guerra de Mocoron".

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steps to the dais were said to have been flanked by immense balustrades. “At the beginning of one was the colossal image of a frog; at the beginning of the other a crocodile.” He also said the guides told him the city had been inhabited by the Chorotegas "a thousand or more years ago". Morde thought the ruins which he found with white stone walls, large bases, and stairways were built by the Chorotegas (people from Cholula in Mangue, who in Honduras also sometimes appears as Cholulatecas—people from Cholula in Nahuat and those in Honduras seemed to have spoken Nahua).

1041:, numerous small sites, and possible a small city at T2. According to Fisher, the sites at T1 and T3 are as large or larger than the biggest previous finds in Mosquitia. "Each of these areas was once a completely modified human environment," he said. Fisher said each of the sites had clear division of space, social stratification, and had roads leading to farms and outskirt settlements but, unlike Copán and Caracol, which were built around a central core, the Mosquitia settlements were more dispersed. 1074:

of Virgilio Paredes, Director of the Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia. However, the archaeological discoveries generated criticism from several Honduran archaeologists, who asserted that Ciudad Blanca was and remains a myth and not a "discovery". Honduran archaeologist Ricardo Agurcia remarked, "What I have been able to see has very little scientific merit. What I find strange as well is that news of this type comes out first published outside Honduras".

619: 755:, that Morde's claim of finding the Lost City was entirely fabricated, and that his and Brown's search for the legendary city was actually a cover for a secret hunt for placer gold—which Morde and Brown discovered and mined in quantity along a tributary of the Rio Blanco, far from where Morde claimed to have found the ruins. Morde's journals suggest he hastily acquired the artifacts near the coast, after the expedition emerged from the jungle. 402:. Although it is often assumed that Cortés and other conquistadors searched for it, there is no record of such attempts and it was never located. The Spanish of Trujillo strongly affected the Peoples of the Ciudad Blanca area through epidemics against which they had no defenses such as bubonic plague (peste) and smallpox (viruelas), through capturing 150,000 people, which they sent from Trujillo to be slaves in the Caribbean Islands of 990:(IHAH), said the 200 or so known archeological sites in Mosquitia may have been part of a single political system dominated by a "huge primate center," meaning a single settlement many orders of magnitude larger than others, that has not yet been identified. Hasemann, referring to archaeological remains of settlements as well as the tales told about them, told a journalist that there might be multiple " 1574: 1484:

endangered species in the Biosphere, and theft of archaeological artifacts in the Ciudad Blanca area through Olancho that already exists as shown on the 2011 video "Paradise in Peril" and the 2000 video "Discover the Rio Platano Biosphere in Search of Ciudad Blanca". The difference between trekking through dense jungle in 2000 and cattle ranches in 2011 as far as the eye can see is alarming.

939:, called it "big hype" and "bad archaeology". She said: "This is at least the fifth time someone's announced that they've found the White City... there is no White City. The White City is a myth. I'm quite biased against this group of people because they are adventurers and not archeologists. They're after spectacle." However, she confirmed that the images did show what appeared to be 1001:. Most professional archaeologists remain skeptical that the various legends surrounding Ciudad Blanca refer to a specific site. According to Begley, the various version of the legend do not provide "any characteristics, traits, or identifying attributes" making it impossible to say that any given archaeological site is THE Ciudad Blanca. Jason Colavito, an author and blogger about 43: 827:(DEM) of the study area and to combine various data sources "to allow visual interpretation of the remnants of Ciudad Blanca by visual photo interpretation". This work sought to "guide a group expedition in the future", The archaeology shown includes Quetzalcoatl heads, corn grinding stones (manos and metates), and petroglyphs of a king with a crown and a monkey head. 518:, Sweden. In his paper, Spinden identified a "Chorotegan" culture whose material remains were found in a region that extended from central Honduras to eastern and northwestern Costa Rica. He reported, photographed, and described large, elaborately stone metates and cylindrical vessels that had been found as surface finds in Mosquitia and which he collected for the 958:

writer, support personnel and Honduran Special Forces soldiers. The team surveyed and mapped extensive plazas, earthworks, an earthen pyramid, irrigation canals and a possible reservoir. They also discovered an untouched cache of elaborately carved stone offerings at the base of the central pyramid, placed there when the city was abandoned 500 years ago.

858:(2012), in which he sought to retrace the explorations by Morde. Using Morde's journals as a guide, Stewart and Begley visited a number of archaeological sites in the region. However, they could not be sure they followed Morde's path exactly, and thus were unsure if what they found was what Morde claimed to have seen. 1193:

recounts his exploration of the rainforest habitat of Gracias a Dios in search of Ciudad Blanca. Archaeologist Christopher Begley helped lead the trip, which took Stewart to a previously documented archaeological site with monumental architecture. The story climaxes when Stewart and Begley arrive at

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A few archaeologists in the U.S. have also been critical of the project, with Rosemary Joyce stating: "Reading these reports, it seems like 1915 has come again and everything actual archaeologists have spent the last century learning has been swept away. For modern archaeologists who aren’t trying to

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The project conducted excavations in 2016 and 2017, uncovering hundreds of stone offerings left at the base of the central earthen pyramid, the first such intact cache that had ever been excavated in Honduras. The work was conducted by a joint Honduran American archaeological team under the direction

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suggested that people were misinterpreting white limestone cliffs as architecture. However, the Pech, the Miskitos, and Ladinos in the Mosquitia also report seeing the Ciudad Blanca and even spending the night there when out hunting and Ladinos in particular have guided film makers and archaeologists

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carrying LiDAR equipment over four target areas. The LiDAR data, merged with GPS data, was originally interpreted by Carter, who said: "I don't think it took me more than five minutes to see something that looked like a pyramid." He believed that the images showed some pillars, many geometric mounds,

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In the 1990s, explorer Ted Maschal (a.k.a. Ted Danger) undertook various expeditions in search of Ciudad Blanca that were sponsored by an organization he founded called the Society for the Exploration and Preservation of Honduras (SEPH). His principal interest was in tracing evidence for a historical

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in his amazing feats of strength and daring." According to Morde, he was told that the temple had a “long, staired approach” lined with stone effigies of monkeys. “The heart of the Temple was a high stone dais on which was the statue of the Monkey God himself. Before it was a place of sacrifice.” The

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Around 1520, Cortés received what he considered to be "trustworthy reports of very extensive and rich provinces, and of powerful chiefs ruling over them". For example, Cortés made inquiries about a place called Hueitlapatlán (literally Old Land of Red Earth in Nahua), also known as Xucutaco (written

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Archaeologists have come to realize that societies of what is now referred to as the Isthmo-Colombian Area likely cleared huge areas of land and practiced agriculture. Fisher believes the assumed "inhospitable jungle" was probably more like a "tended garden" of numerous crops mingled together around

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Morde vowed to return to Honduras in January 1941 to undertake further study and excavate the "city," but did not. He died in 1954 from an apparent suicide, never having secured funds to return to the area. He had not revealed the precise location of his supposed discovery, causing later conspiracy

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to perform the study. Explorer R. Stuart Murray was hired to lead the expedition. He brought back a few artifacts, and a rumor of "a great ruin, overrun by dense jungle." "There's supposedly a lost city... which the Indians call the City of the Monkey God", he reported. "They are afraid to go near

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notes, "So far as I know, Lindbergh’s 1927 claim is where many believe the name Ciudad Blanca comes from, but even this isn’t certain since this legend saw print only in the 1950s, some three decades after the fact." Lindbergh is said to have described it as "an amazing ancient metropolis." However,

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The Miskito King and General Thomas Lawrie signed a peace, friendship and mutual assistance treaty with Honduras in 1845, ending more than three centuries of war between the Kingdom of the Miskito peoples, which included the Ciudad Blanca area, and the Hondurans. The following year the sister of the

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is often cited as the earliest reference to the story, but he actually never mentioned a "white city" and his geographical references are vague. Begley suggests that elements of the legend probably originated with preexisting Pech and Tawahka stories and that those were conflated with Spanish fables

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in Honduras, has been the subject of multiple films, TV programs, books, articles, and in 2010 the Honduran government inaugurated an eco-tourism route to take advantage of its popularity called Ruta "Kao Kamasa" (Route plus the Pech name for the White City) between Santa Maria de Real (Escamilpa in

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culture who spoke Nahua. Academics who have supported the probable builders of the large ruins of the Ciudad Blanca area within and next to the Rio Plátano Biosphere include Dr. William Fowler, the leading ethnohistorian of Nahua speaking Pipiles and Nicaraos in the Central American area, and Wendy

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Morde also related a story about a monkey who had stolen three women with whom it bred, resulting in half-monkey half-human children. He claimed, “The native name for monkey is Urus, which translates literally into ‘sons of the hairy men.’ Their fathers, or fore-fathers, are the Ulaks, half-man and

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and director/producer Bill Benenson in search of the White City. It was conceived of as an illustrated companion volume to Preston's book, providing supplementary documentation of the UTL Productions expeditions in 2012 and 2015. Much of the content was written in the form of "chronicles" recorded

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motion picture filmed in Honduras. In the movie, four scientists experience a series of paranormal events that lead them to a place called Ciudad Blanca. The cast included Juan Pablo Olyslager (Carlos), Boris Barraza (Doc), Rocío Carranza (Marcela), and Fabian Sales (Diego). The marketing of the

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To the Pech people of Honduras, "the thing that's 'lost' in this lost city isn't the city itself", explains Begley. "It represents a kind of golden age, their lost autonomy, or hope, or opportunity." In a Pech story called the "Patatahua", collected by anthropologist Lazaro Flores, the people of

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In February 2015, a joint Honduran-American expedition organized by UTL and the Honduran government explored one of two larges sites revealed in the 2012 lidar survey. Ten PhD scientists took part, including Honduran and American archaeologists, anthropologists, engineers, along with filmmakers, a

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Carlos Fernandez Díaz, the Honduran LiDAR operator, presented their results live on Honduran television. They qualified their announcement by describing their find as "what appears to be evidence of archaeological ruins in an area long rumored to contain the lost of Ciudad Blanca", but reports in

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Only 200 archeological sites have been discovered and documented in all of Mosquitia during the twentieth century, ranging from large complex settlements to artifact scatters and petroglyphs. The ancient inhabitants of Mosquitia are one of the least-known cultures in Central America, with the most

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communities in Nicaragua. To date, the most extensive archaeological survey of the Department of Gracias a Dios was conducted by Begley, who documented dozens of sites with significant architectural remains. According to Begley, the region was subject to cultural influence from both the Maya and

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The British sent two expeditions Operation Drake and Operation Raleigh to look for the lost White City in the Plátano River and Rio Tinto and down the Paulaya River areas the early 1980s. They found both archaeological sites that were fairly simple such as would be expected of hunting and fishing

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German geographer Karl Helbig in 1953 did an extensive investigation of archaeological sites in the old Paya region, including Valley of Agalta, and the Rio Platano area identifying sites, and drawing examples of the archaeology with three pages of discussion specifically about "die Weisse stadt"

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Morde and Brown brought back thousands of artifacts, most of which became part of the collection of the Heye Foundation Museum of the American Indian in New York City. These included stone blades, a flute, stone statuary, and stone utensils. Morde and Brown also reported having found evidence of

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Archaeological interpretations of Ciudad Blanca are practically nonexistent. Ciudad Blanca is not mentioned in academic syntheses of Honduran archaeology or Begley's 1999 dissertation on the archaeology of the region. Stories about spotting la Ciudad Blanca from a distance are common in Honduras

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that he believed Ciudad Blanca had been located. According to Preston, both of them "credited the hand of God", with Madrid remarking: "There are no coincidences...I think that God has extraordinary plans for our country, and Ciudad Blanca could be one of them." On May 15, 2012, Elkins and Juan

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Popular accounts of the Ciudad Blanca claim it was a city of great wealth, associated with the town or Province of Taguzgalpa east of Trujillo, that the Spanish on repeated occasions tried to conquer but could not. Indigenous people such as the Pech, Tawahkas, and Miskitos talk about a city that

244:. Discovery of Ciudad Blanca was asserted by the media yet again after a 2015 expedition explored one of the settlements discovered in the 2012 lidar survey, which expedition archaeologists determined was in fact a Pre-Columbian city. This work has also been met with both acclaim and criticism. 414:

in 1645, and when they used forced labor for a short time in the 1530s to mine for gold in the Rio Paulaya and Rio Platano and at the site of Xeo (now Feo), Colón, before the Rah and Miskito and European pirates forced them to withdraw to Trujillo and from 1645 to 1797 all the way to Sonaguera,

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cannot be entered, or if regular people enter they can not take anything out of it, and if they tell where it is, they will be punished. In some versions, it is the hiding place of deities who retreated from the Spanish invaders. Some accounts of Ciudad Blanca include allusions to the legend of

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to Lindbergh, is actually another author’s paraphrase of a third author’s 1958 claim." The first mention by an academic of the ruins under the name Ciudad Blanca (White City) was by an ethnographer from Luxemburg Eduard Conzemius in 1927 in his report on the Paya of Honduras to the Society of

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in the municipio of Dulce Nombre de Culmi, Olancho, according to El Heraldo newspaper, the Honduran Tourism Ministry (ITH), and the National Chamber of Tourism (CANATURH). As roads to the area are improved and extended this facilitates the illegal logging, drug smuggling, illegal killing of

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Since the 1980s, archeologists including Begley, George Hasemann and Gloria Lara Pinto have explored the area and have documented hundreds of sites, including Crucitas del Río Aner, the largest recorded until the 2012 lidar expedition documented two larger sites, one of which still remains

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detailing what he had learned. "So wonderful are the reports about this particular province," he wrote, "that even allowing largely for exaggeration, it will exceed Mexico in riches, and equal it in the size of its towns and villages, the density of its population, and the culture of its

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Americanistes where he said the important ruins had been found about 25 years earlier between the Paulaya River and the Plantain River by someone looking for rubber and lost in the area. It was called the White City because its buildings and a wall around it were of white stone.

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the conquest period), Olancho and going through the Pech villages and the town of Dulce Nombre de Culmí either to the southern entrance of the Rio Platano Biosphere or to the Sierra de Agalta National Park or the proposed Malacate Mountain Wildlife Preserve in the

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people in the rainforest like the Pech and the Tawahkas, but they also reported large complex sites which are usually identified with stratified societies like Mesoamerican societies, instead of the more equalitarian leadership styles of the Pech and Tawahkas.

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in Mexico and Central America, contributing to a legacy of romantic speculation about "lost cities" in Latin America that persists to this day. In 1839, just a year after Honduras became an independent and sovereign state, attorney, explorer, and travel writer

1037:, Mexico, spent six months analyzing Elkins's data. In December, he presented his findings to the team. "There is a big city ," he said. "It's comparable in geographic area to the core of Copán" (about two square miles). He also identified a large city at 894:

site located in a dense rainforest. LiDAR mapping revealed that approximately 90% of the site's remains had not been identified by conventional ground survey and revealed large structures, roads, reservoirs, and even looted tombs. The mapping was funded by

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in May 2013. When asked if Ciudad Blanca had been found, Fisher laughed and said "I don't think there is a single Ciudad Blanca. I think there are many." The legend may hold cultural meaning, he said, but for archeologists it is mostly a distraction.

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extensive building period being 800-1250 AD. However, only a few have been systematically mapped and scientifically investigated so far and large parts of the region remain scientifically undocumented. The legend of Ciudad Blanca, a popular element of

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2010 – The Honduran government inaugurates the EcoRuta Kao Kamasa (White City Eco-Route) between the town of Santa Maria del Real (formerly Escamilpa), Olancho, through the Pech communities of Dulce Nombre de Culmi, Olancho and to the entrance to the

1237:, was published. It chronicles the history of the search for Ciudad Blanca or the Lost City of the Monkey God and provides a history of Steve Elkins' search for Ciudad Blanca and a description of the Under the LiDAR (UTL) expedition and its results. 1497:

2015 – A multidisciplinary team for UTL Productions with the participation of archaeologist Christopher Fisher reports archaeological remains in the area, including ruined structures and fragments of zoomorphic stone sculpture. The

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the large ruins, which may or may not have been what Morde found. It ends on a philosophical note. The site cannot possibly be la Ciudad Blanca, Begley explains, "because the White City must always be lost" by definition.

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it for they believe that any one who approaches it will, within the month, be killed by the bite of a poisonous snake." A return trip to complete the study and search for the city was held in 1934, but did not find it.

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aggrandize themselves or live a fantasy about tomb raiders, the imagery of 'discovery' and 'lost civilizations' make this story tragic: instead of knowledge, this story is a message of ignorance." In an interview with

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was filmed by a television crew. The crew traveled by airplane and helicopter to Mosquitia, where they located ancient mounds over which a local had built his dwelling. They also unearthed several stone monoliths.

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to fund the mapping, later ground searches, and film production focused on discovering settlements in the region where Ciudad Blanca is supposedly located in eastern Honduras. Over seven days in 2012, they flew a

458:, the public's imagination was ignited. However, early scholars tended to ignore the cultures of the challenging Mosquitia region and little exploration was undertaken. Even so, rumors of lost cities persisted. 574:

region, according to "local tradition". According to Strong, Spinden, who visited the area in 1924, "does not describe any ruins but mentions the occurrence of stone bowls with animal and bird heads, and great

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When he returned to the states, Morde described traveling miles through swamps, up rivers, and over mountains before coming across ruins that he interpreted as the remains of a walled city. In an article for

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Lara-Pinto, Gloria; Hasemann, George (1991). "Leyendas y arqueología: ¿cuántas ciudades blancas hay en la Mosquitia?" [Legends & archæology: how many white cities are there in Mosquitia?] (in

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became fascinated by the legend and made multiple trips into the Honduran rain forests in search of a "lost city", but did not find it. In 2009, he learned that a team led by archaeologists Arlen and

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There have been multiple claims of the discovery of Ciudad Blanca. "Every ten years or so, somebody finds it," says Begley, who documented this history of claims in a 2016 article for the book

293:. La Mosquitia is a 32,000 square mile stretch of dense forest, swamps, lagoons, and coastline encompassing eastern Honduras and northern Nicaragua. The ecology of this region is primarily a 189:

reported seeing a "white city" while flying over eastern Honduras. The first known mention by an academic of the ruins under the name Ciudad Blanca (White City) was by Eduard Conzemius, an

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Helbig, Karl (1956) Antiguales (Altertümer) der Paya Region und die Paya Indianer von Nordost-Honduras. Hamburg: Selbstverlag des Hamburgisch en Museum für Volkerkund und Vorgeschichte

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guides told him that there once was a temple with a large staircase leading to a statue of a "Monkey God." Morde speculated that the deity was an American parallel to the Hindu deity

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Conzemius, Eduard (1927) "Los Indios Payas de Honduras, Estudio geografico, historico, etnografico y linguistico" in Journal de la Societé des Americanistes, Tome 19, 1927, p. 245-302

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Conzemius, Eduard (1927) "Los Indios Payas de Honduras, Estudio geografico, historico, etnografico y linguistico" in Journal de la Societé des Americanistes, Tome 19, 1927, p.245-302

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Griffin, Wendy, Hernan Martinez Escobar, Juana Carolina Hernandez Torres (2009) Los Pech de Honduras: Una Etnia que vive. Tegucigalpa: Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia

209:. He said it was called the White City because its buildings and a wall around it were white stone. (See Timeline below for a list of the many attempts to identify the White City.) 2598:

Griffin, Wendy, Hernán Martinez Escober, Juana Carolina Hernandez Torres (2009)Los Pech de Honduras: Una Etnia que Vive, Tegucigalpa: Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia

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In May 2013, Elkins' archaeological team announced additional details based on further analysis of the LiDAR data, and news media once again promoted the legend of a "lost city".

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Fisher, Christopher; Juan Carlos Fernández-Díaz; Anna S. Cohen; Oscar Neil Cruz; Alicia M. González; Stephen J. Leisz; Forencia Pezzutti; Ramesh Shrestha; William Carter (2016).

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Conzemius, Eduard (1927) Los Indios Payas de Honduras, Estudio geografico, historico, etnografico y linguistico, in Journal de la Societe des Americanistes, Tome 19, 1927, p.302

178:. They point out that there are multiple large archaeological sites in the region and that references to the legendary White City cannot be proven to refer to any single place. 201:

of Honduras to the Society of Americanists, he said the ruins had been found about twenty-five years earlier by someone looking for rubber who got lost in the area between the

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families. Due to the many variants of the story in the region, most professional archaeologists doubt that it refers to any one actual settlement, much less one representing a

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between Sico on the Sico river and the North Coast highway facilitating illegal logging, drug smuggling, and theft of archaeological artifacts through the department of Colon

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Interest in Ciudad Blanca grew in the 1990s as numerous explorers searched for it and news of archeological work in the area was chronicled in popular media. In 2009, author

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Conzemius, Eduard (1927) "Los Indios Payas de Honduras, Estudio geografico, historico, etnografico y linguistico" in Journal de la Societé des Americanistes. Tome 19, p. 302

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populations and those of European and East or South Asian ancestry. These groups all speak their own languages, but Colonial-era reports also mention "Mexicano" (presumably

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to perform a third expedition. The goal of the expedition was to further study the local indigenous people, explore archaeological sites, chart the upper reaches of the

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Clark, Catherine et al. Archaeology on the Mosquitia Coast: A Reconnaissance of the Precolumbian and Historic Settlements along the Rio Tinto. Cambridge University Press

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Francis Yakam-Simen; Edmond Nezry; and James H. Ewing "Legendary lost city Ciudad Blanca found under tropical forest in Honduras, using ERS-2 and JERS-1 SAR imagery",

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film an expedition into the rainforests of Mosquitia. Jim Woodman, Bill Spohrer, and Fausto Padillo searched for the Ciudad Blanca on the Wampú River, as reported in

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In August 2016, the UTL team published an account of their findings in a peer-reviewed, online journal. A popular account of the expedition appears in a 2017 book by

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and northeastern part of the mainland. In his 1935 report on the expedition, Strong reports that "the famed 'White City' of the Paya" is said to reside in the upper

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unexplored. News of their finds, combined with the ease of spreading information on the Internet, has led to unprecedented interest since the turn of the century.

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Morde, Theodore (1939) Los Misterios de la Mosquitia Hondureña La Ciudad del Mono-Dios . Informe al Ministerio de Cultura, Turismo e Información. Tegucigalpa

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Flores, Lazaro H. and Wendy Griffin (1991) Dioses, Heroes, y Hombres en el Universo Mitico Pech, San Salvador: Universidad Centroamericana José Simeon Cañas

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1990s – Archaeologist Christopher Begley undertakes a regional survey in Dulce Nombre de Culmí that becomes the basis for his 1999 doctoral dissertation in

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Yakam-Simen, Francis; Edmond Nezry; James Ewing (1999). "A legendary lost city found in the Honduran tropical forest using ERS-2 and JERS-1 SAR imagery".

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Wood Ronas, Scott (2013) La Moskitia Desde Adentro Aspectos Historicos, Antropologicos, y Culturales. Tegucigalpa: Secretaría de Cultura, Artes y Deportes

2434:, Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, v. 9, No. 1, Cambridge, MA.: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 2216:

Wood Ronas, Scott (2013) La Moskitia Desde Adentro: Aspectos Historicos, Antropologicos y Culturales, Tegucigalpa: Secretaría de Cultura, Artes y Deportes

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reported hearing "trustworthy" information on a region with "towns and villages" of extreme wealth in Honduras, but never located them. In 1927, aviator

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In 1960, the Honduran government portioned off a 2,000 square mile piece of Mosquitia and called it the Ciudad Blanca Archaeological Reserve. In 1980,

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Aerial oblique photo of an archaeological site along the Pao River with architecture representative of other sites in the Mosquita region of Honduras.

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2016 – Christopher Begley publishes a history of claims for the discovery of Ciudad Blanca. Christopher Fisher and other authors publish the article,

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Wood, Scott(2013) La Moskitia Desde Adentro: Aspectos Históricos, antropologicos, y culturales, Tegucigalpa: Secretaria de Cultura, Artes y Deportes

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Hoopes, John W (2011). Chacon, Richard J; Mendoza, Rubén G (eds.). "Imagining Human Alteration of Ancient Landscapes in Central and South America".

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Fowler, William (1989) The Cultural Evolution of Ancient Civilizations: The Pipil-Nicaroa of Central America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press

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Indigenous societies of the region built monumental architecture, plazas, and even parallel-sided ballcourts for playing something similar to the

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made an expedition to visit sites on the Río Patuca and the Río Plátano in eastern Honduras, reporting on his experiences first in an article in

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dense housing settlements. Fisher's view is consistent with other recent interpretations of indigenous agriculture in southern Central America.

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Wood Ronas, Scott (2013) La Moskitia Desde Adentro: Aspectos, Antropológicos y Culturales. Tegucigalpa: Secretaría de Cultura, Artes y Deportes

1348: 733: 511: 450:

site in Honduras, as well as dozens of ruins in Central America and Mexico. When he described his discoveries in the best-selling, two-volume

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Begley, Christopher (2016). "The Lost White City of the Honduras: Discovered Again (and Again)". In Card, Jeb. J.; Anderson, David S. (eds.).

2891: 2682: 3981: 3874: 3655: 3285: 3208:

Wood Ronas, Scott (2013) La Moskitia: Aspectos Históricos, Antropólogicos, y Culturales, Tegucigalpa: Secretaría de Cultura, Artes y Deportes

3111: 3471: 3014: 1822: 2922: 3324: 1416: 1138: 772: 666:." Morde and Brown, following Spinden's earlier terminology, described their find as the capital of an agricultural civilization of the 278: 151: 3813: 3749: 2555: 2478: 1852:

Begley, Christopher Taylor (1999). "Elite Power Strategies and External Connections in Ancient Eastern Honduras (Ph.D. dissertation)".

240:

renewed interest in the legend. The lidar mapping revealed not one but two large settlements, one of which was the size of the core of

2708: 1607: 2265:

Spinden, Herbert J. (1925) "The Chorotegan Culture Area," 21st International Congress of Americanists, Gothenburg, Sweden 2: 529-545

86: 4020: 1598:

Begley, Christopher (2016). "The Lost White City of Honduras: Discovered Again (and Again)". In Card, Jeb; Anderson, David (eds.).

1025:, a Mesoamerican specialist with expertise in Western Mexico, joined the UTL project. Fisher, who had previously used LiDAR at the 53: 823:(SAR) images to "identify and locate the lost city" in thick vegetation. They also used "radargrammetric techniques" to produce a 4209: 3446: 2278: 2251:

Spinden, Herbert (May 25, 1924). "Adventuring in Archaeology, Or Boy-Scout-Led Up River and Through Jungle in Central America".

1526: 1249: 1229: 586:

sponsored an expedition to the region. The government was planning to open Mosquitia to colonization and wanted to perform an

4118:, Honduras Society, (2012). Parts 1-3 available in English on youtube.com and entire movie is available in Spanish on youtube. 652:. "'City of the Monkey God' is believed located: Expedition reports success in Honduras expedition" read the headline of the 3604: 2862: 1112:. Similar construction techniques as used in the Ciudad Blanca area were also reported by the Spanish for the Nahua speaking 708:

half-spirit, who lived on the ground, walked upright and had the appearance of great hairy ape-men.” According to journalist

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about the history of the search for Ciudad Blanca and the discoveries made by the UTL Productions expeditions and filmmaker

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habitat, although parts are savannah and swamp. Mosquitia is occupied by several different indigenous peoples including the

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Leyva, Hector (1991) Documentos Coloniales de Honduras Tegucigalpa: Centro de Publicaciones Obispado de Choluteca, Honduras

3458: 1866:

Herranz, Atanasio (2000) Estado, sociedad y lenguaje La politica linguistica en Honduras, Tegucigalpa: Editorial Guaymuras

1806: 1480: 1462: 875: 591: 386: 3305: 4204: 4199: 4021:"The Legendary Lost City of "Ciudad Blanca" Found Under Tropical Forest in Honduras, using ERS-2 and JERS-1 SAR Imagery" 3925: 816: 496: 379: 233: 807:

presence in the region. It was his conclusion that architectural remains in the region had been built by people of the

648:

After four months, Morde and his colleague Laurence C. Brown reported having made a great find, which included ancient

4177: 4167: 1499: 1205: 1062: 900: 31: 2143:

Gomez, Pastor (2012) Minería Aurifera, Esclavos negros, y las Relaciones Interetnicas de Siglo XVI. Tegucigalpa: IHAH

2107:

MacLeod, Murdo (1973) Spanish Central America: A Socio-Economic History 1520-1720, Berkeley: University of California

1364:

undertakes expedition to the Wampu and Patuca Rivers, returning with a collection of artifacts from eastern Honduras.

68: 3429: 2589:

Chapman, Anne (1974) Los Nicaroas y los Chorotegas según las Fuentes historicas. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica

2207:

Duran, Romulo E. (1936) "Efemerides de Honduras" Revista del Archivo y Biblioteca Nacional, T. XV, No. 1, pp. 15-19.

4086: 2835: 1049: 903:(NSF) National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM), a research center for airborne scientific LiDAR mapping. 684: 943:

and remarked there were what seemed to be: "...three major clusters of larger structures, a plaza, a public space

64: 3733:"Explorer Returns with Indian Relics, Rare Stone Found in Honduras Bears Script Believed by Him Unidentifiable". 1642: 1624: 1045: 1022: 907: 286: 131: 2116:

Newson, Linda (1986) The Cost of Conquest: Indian Decline under Spanish Rule in Honduras. London: Westview Press

1212:, a documentary about Steve Elkins' quest to find the White City. It features interviews with Elkins and author 854:, accompanied by archaeologist Christopher Begley undertook an expedition as the basis for a book, published as 610:(1941), a major synthesis of the archaeology of Honduran Mosquitia that contained no reference to Ciudad Blanca 2950: 2007: 1448: 1108:

with foundations of rounded river cobbles, rather than the cut stone and rubble used in large buildings of the

820: 658:. According to the letter Morde sent home, the "city" was located in "an almost inaccessible area between the 2997: 947:, and a possible ball court, and many house mounds." Preston noted: "She guessed that the site dated from the 258: 554:

according to Colavito, "The oft-quoted phrase 'an amazing ancient metropolis,' attributed in the recent book

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theorists to assert that his death was the result of sinister forces. Later authors, including journalists

716:

speakers repeated a similar story to anthropologist James Taggart many years later. In Morde's version, the

274: 127: 2892:

http://www.elheraldo.hn/csp/mediapool/sites/ElHeraldo/AlFrente/story.csp?cid=565265&sid=300&fid=209

1385:

Hank Chapman, writes about discoveries on the Wampú River in an article titled “I Found a Lost City” for ‘’

1100:. These societies probably built their houses and large superstructures from perishable materials such as 3551: 2742: 2446: 2039: 1469: 1386: 1190: 851: 741: 567: 213: 3671: 2401: 2372: 3246: 2166: 1429: 1354: 1097: 940: 563: 479:

that the ruins of Mexico and Central America would eventually become the property of the United States.

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had a gold mine located between the Paulaya and Sico Rivers, an area named El Dorado in Colonial times.

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http://www.elheraldo.hn/alfrente/565231-213/fragmentos-milenarios-que-unen-el-este-y-el-sur-de-honduras

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and archaeologist Christopher Begley attempt to retrace Morde's journey as recounted in Stewart's book

1750: 411: 4035: 4019:

Yakam-Simen, Francis; Nezry, Edmond; Ewing, James (1998). Cecchi, Giovanna; Zilioli, Eugenio (eds.).

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1998 – Francis Yakam-Simen, Edmond Nezry, and James Ewing claim to have found la Ciudad Blanca using

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during the expeditions. This book also provides additional primary documentation of the expedition.

1070:

or stone seats and "finely carved vessels decorated with snakes, zoomorphic figures, and vultures".

1888:

Wood, Scott (2103) La Moskitia desde adentro. Tegucigalpa: Secretaria de Cultura, Artes y Deportes.

1026: 776: 676: 439: 282: 3374: 2524: 1311: 919:

When he learned of the find, Áfrico Madrid, the Minister of Interior, informed Honduran President

362: 182: 4051: 3880: 2134:

Leiva Vivas, Rafael (1982)Trafico de Esclavos Negros a Honduras. Tegucigalpa: Editorial Guaymuras

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The legend of Ciudad Blanca is widely known in Honduras. In June 2012, Honduran daily newspaper

1122: 920: 595: 527: 523: 472: 447: 399: 262: 163: 3278:

Lost City, Found Pyramid: Understanding Alternative Archaeologies and Pseudoscientific Practices

2771:[The archæological investigation in Honduras: lessons learned for a future projection]. 1600:

Lost City, Found Pyramid: Understanding Alternative Archaeologies and Pseudoscientific Practices

583: 549:, who is said to have reported ruins he saw while flying over Honduras in 1927. However, author 1438:

describes Steve Elkins' plans for an expedition in search for the "lost city" in an article in

410:

where by 1545 all but 11 had died and later sent the last of their 300 encomienda to guard the

4143: 4100: 3977: 3870: 3855:

IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293)

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featured a multi-part series on the legend of Ciudad Blanca and archaeological remains in the

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study of the indigenous peoples before their way of life was disturbed. They contracted with

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Axucutaco in one copy of Cortés' letters) for six years. In 1526, he wrote to Spanish Emperor

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of the Americas, one in which the predominant indigenous languages have included those in the

4063: 3834: 3447:

http://hondurasculturepolitics.blogspot.com/2015/03/honduran-archaeologists-criticize-us.html

2967: 2890:

Peña, Gustavo (2012)"Ciudad Blanca, una leyenda que ha sobrevivido al paso de los siglos" in

310: 4043: 3862: 3819: 3502: 3066: 3056: 2769:"La investigación arqueológica en Honduras: lecciones aprendidas para una futura proyección" 1337: 1117:

Nahua, but the principal pre-Columbian population appears to have been the ancestors of the

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genre of fantasy literature ignited the public imagination. Many people presumed under the

367: 324: 225: 206: 112: 107: 3037:"Identifying Ancient Settlement Patterns through LiDAR in the Mosquitia Region of Honduras" 545:

While some believe earliest mention of the "White City" appears to have been made by pilot

530:

in Costa Rica in the late 1800s as well as those reported in 1901 and 1907 publications by

3259: 3099: 2768: 1578: 1554: 1550: 1521: 1435: 1343:

1927 – Ethnographer Eduard Conzemius makes reference to a "white city" in a report on the

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describes a city whose inhabitants "eat off plates of gold", according to local informants

1298: 1294: 1286: 1234: 1213: 1165: 1160: 1145:

Ciudad Blanca were "allied with the spirits of the great storms" such as the Thundergods.

1101: 1057: 962: 882:

to map a 200 square kilometres (20,000 ha) area covering most of the Vaca Plateau in

745: 681: 503: 492: 462: 2225:

Griffin, Wendy y CEGAH(2005) Los Garifunas de Honduras, San Pedro Sula: Central Impresora

1511:

Identifying Ancient Settlement Patterns through LiDAR in the Mosquitia Region of Honduras

1168:

with a plot set in January 2013, after the supposed December 21, 2012 "Maya apocalypse."

931:

As with the previous finds, some archaeologists immediately criticized the announcement.

906:

Elkins teamed with film maker Bill Benenson to found UTL ("Under the LiDAR") Productions

465:

and other connections between the Bible and the Americas, especially as recounted in the

4173:

Aerial oblique photo of the south section of the “Curcitas de Aner” archaeological site.

4168:

Aerial oblique photo of the north section of the “Curcitas de Aner” archaeological site.

4039: 3052: 3459:

http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2015/03/03/theres-a-real-archaeological-surprise-in-honduras/

3400:"Colorado State University Scientists Aiding Search for Lost Cities in Central America" 3071: 3036: 1807:

http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2015/03/03/theres-a-real-archaeological-surprise-in-honduras/

1440: 1393: 1368: 1290: 1113: 932: 783: 654: 642: 638: 550: 467: 347: 302: 220:

in 1940 with the help of archaeologist Christopher Begley. His book about the search,

217: 2921:

Peña, Gustavo (2012) "Fragmentos milenarios que unen el este y el sur de Honduras" in

1898: 720:

children were hunted for revenge, while in the Nahuat version the child grew up to be

499:, while also undertaking an archaeological survey of the coastal rivers of Mosquitia. 4188: 4055: 2867:, The Society for the Exploration and Preservation of Honduras (SEPH), archived from 2840:, The Society for the Exploration and Preservation of Honduras (SEPH), archived from 2483: 1455: 1408: 975: 836: 709: 659: 623: 403: 391: 343: 306: 202: 3884: 2952:

Jungleland: A Mysterious Lost City, a WWII Spy, and a True Story of Deadly Adventure

2236:

The Archaeologist Was a Spy: Sylvanus G. Morley and the Office of Naval Intelligence

2196:

Lost Tribes and Sunken Continents: Myth and Method in the Study of American Indians.

1474:

Jungleland: A Mysterious Lost City, a WWII Spy, and a True Story of Deadly Adventure

390:

inhabitants." According to Cortés, this place was located "between fifty and sixty

1546: 1531: 1488: 1425: 1375: 1282: 1262: 1254: 1080: 867: 808: 800: 587: 359: 289:, Colon and Olancho Departments of Honduras in what archaeologists refer to as the 229: 3960:"Discover the Rio Platano Biosphere in Search of Ciudad Blanca" on www.youtube.com 3472:"Archaeologists condemn National Geographic over claims of Honduran 'lost cities'" 2868: 2292:

Goodbye, iPhone. Farewell, Brooklyn. Let’s move to Honduras and camp with jaguars.

1510: 1261:

in which he provided a personal narrative of his experiences with cinematographer

1034: 3711: 3061: 2308: 2614: 1412: 1382: 1344: 1118: 936: 725: 700: 692: 331: 298: 198: 190: 155: 139: 3866: 1877:

Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas.

1458:, with Begley and survival expert Ray Mears, films a documentary of the region. 4115: 1643:

http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/on-the-development-of-the-ciudad-blanca-myth

1625:"The Lost City That's Not Lost, Not a City, and Doesn't Need to Be Discovered" 1187: 1179: 1038: 1006: 688: 539: 515: 395: 294: 194: 147: 3399: 2305:"Selections from the Field Journal of William Duncan Strong (Honduras, 1933)" 224:, was published in 2013. In May 2012, press releases issued by a team led by 17: 4172: 3710:. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from 2307:. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from 2168:

Romancing the Maya: Mexican Antiquity in the American Imagination, 1820–1915

1558: 1216:, who accompanied the 2015 expedition to Honduras, as well as with Stewart. 1105: 635: 339: 3445:"Honduran Archaeologists Criticize US Claim of Archaeological 'Discovery'" 3196:

Elite Power Strategies and External Connections in Ancient Eastern Honduras

3080: 2083:"Have archaeologists discovered the mysterious lost city of Ciudad Blanca?" 691:, he claimed to have evidence of large, ruined buildings. He said that his 2968:"Lifting the Canopy Veil: Airborne LiDAR for Archeology of Forested Areas" 526:. Spinden drew comparisons between this material and objects collected by 1514: 1487:

2012 – A multidisciplinary team for UTL Productions headed by filmmakers

1030: 443: 249: 241: 135: 4092: 3935:"Inauguran Ruta Turistica Kao Kamasa en Olancho. Noti Tur 11/08/2010 at 3898: 3571: 3325:"Honduran President Embraces "White City" Myth in Push for Tourist Cash" 2841: 1314:

writes about Hueitapalan, a province that "will exceed Mexico in riches"

566:

explored Honduras for the Smithsonian Institution, concentrating on the

30:

This article is about a legendary city of Honduras. For other uses, see

3441: 3439: 3339:

Indiana Jones goes geek: Laser-mapping LiDAR revolutionizes archaeology

2794: 2063: 1960: 1010: 887: 804: 748:, have associated Morde's "City of the Monkey God" with Ciudad Blanca. 696: 320: 315: 4158: 4047: 3457:

Joyce, Rosemary "There’s a Real Archaeological Surprise in Honduras…"

4122: 3799:

Herencia de Nuestro Pasado. La Reserva de La Biosfera del Rio Platano

1805:

Joyce, Rosemary There’s a Real Archaeological Surprise in Honduras…"

1067: 883: 768: 713: 576: 120: 1915:(Aquilar Paz, Jesus (1954) Mapa General de la Republica de Honduras) 935:, a Mesoamerican specialist and expert on Honduran archaeology from 732:

gold, silver, platinum, and oil. The artifacts are now part of the

71:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2746: 358:

The precise origin of the Ciudad Blanca legend is unclear. Spanish

3165:

Pre-Columbian Man Finds Central America: The Archaeological Bridge

2373:"Explorer Seeks Fabled Lost City; Spurns Weaker Sex Companionship" 2183:

Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory.

1538:

with additional primary documentation, including many photographs.

1492: 879: 649: 617: 614:

Theodore Morde and the "Lost City of Ancient America's Monkey God"

433:

beginning in 1830 aroused significant interest in cultures of the

237: 4134: 634:

In 1940, George Gustav Heye hired American adventurer and future

630:

representing the Temple in Morde's "Lost City of the Monkey God."

3971: 3645: 1517:, a peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal, on August 25. 896: 407: 171: 4133:

Fisher, Christopher, archæologist; Leisz, Stephen, geographer,

3015:"Archaeologists find two 'lost cities' deep in Honduras jungle" 1654: 1652: 1650: 1641:

Colavito, Jason "On the Development of the Ciudad Blanca Myth"

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1993 – Explorers Jim Ewing and Ted Maschal (a.k.a. Ted Danger)

36: 3948: 2479:"Razor Blades Used by Natives In Latin Areas 1,500 Years Ago" 1777:"Exclusive: Lost City Discovered in the Honduran Rain Forest" 1005:, identifies promotion of the "White City" myth as part of a 916:

linked plazas, and extensive areas of human-altered terrain.

751:

Preston uncovered Morde's journals and revealed in his book,

327:(Colo, Ulúa, Lenca) in the Taguzgalpa area east of Trujillo. 4075: 3915:

CEGAH and Witness.org (2004) Video "Garifuna Holding ground"

2941:

3496, Earth Surface Remote Sensing II, 21 (October 9, 1998).

815:

Francis Yakam-Simen, Edmond Nezry, and James Ewing used the

452:

Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatán

1048:, presented their findings at the annual conference of the 579:

and slabs similar to those at Las Mercedes in Costa Rica."

154:, has long been the subject of multidisciplinary research. 3973:

Chasing the Lost City: Chronicles of Discovery in Honduras

3647:

Chasing the Lost City: Chronicles of Discovery in Honduras

3607:[The Mayan apocalipsis arrives with ‘El Xendra’], 3375:"Ruins of Lost City May Lurk Deep in Honduras Rain Forest" 2041:

The Fifth Letter of Hernan Cortes to the Emperor Charles V

1536:

Chasing the Lost City: Chronicles of Discovery in Honduras

1259:

Chasing the Lost City: Chronicles of Discovery in Honduras

3422:"Archaeologists Begin Excavation of Honduran "Lost City"" 771:

named a larger area encompassing the earlier Reserve the

1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1524:, an American author and journalist, publishes the book 1289:

along with critics of the project such as archaeologist

1155:

In 2012, Honduran filmmaker Juan Luís Franconi directed

2912:

Nahoas, www.sedinafroh.gob.hn Consulted 14 January 2014

2615:"Legendary Ciudad de Mono Dios tells important stories" 1545:, produced and directed by Bill Benenson and featuring 1281:, produced and directed by Bill Benenson and featuring 60: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3357:"Ancient city yielding new clues in Michoacan, Mexico" 1823:"Ciudad Blanca es un mito para arqueólogos hondureños" 1021:

In mid-June 2012, archaeologist Christopher Fisher of

831:

Early-twenty-first-century exploration and speculation

2171:, Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 89, 102 2002: 2000: 1056:

Additional research in the area has been reported by

3177:

Lange, Frederick W. and Doris Z. Stone, eds. (1984)

2903:

Coe, Michael (1984) Mexico, London:Thames and Hudson

2683:

Book review: 'Jungleland,' by Christopher S. Stewart

2273: 2271: 1371:

claims to discover "The Lost City of the Monkey God"

510:

and in a paper presented that same year at the 21st

1461:2004 – A dirt highway is opened which connects the 699:, who he says "was the equivalent of America's own 487:

Early-twentieth-century exploration and speculation

4124:Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage Site 4088:The Search for the Legendary City of Ciudad Blanca 3750:"In the Lost City of Ancient America's Monkey God" 3529:The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research 2837:The Search for the Legendary City of Ciudad Blanca 2556:"In the Lost City of Ancient America's Monkey God" 782:A 1976 expedition by David Zink and archaeologist 759:Late-twentieth-century exploration and speculation 2677: 2675: 4081:, Archaeology of the Mosquito Coast of Honduras. 3797:; George Hasemann (1992). Vicente Murphy (ed.). 2933: 2931: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2509:"'City of the Monkey God' is believed located". 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2185:Philadelphia: University of Pennsylviania Press. 986:, former head of the Archaeology Section of the 3708:"William Duncan Strong – 1933 Honduras Journal" 3402:(Press release). Colorado State. April 30, 2013 3306:"How Lasers Helped Discover Lost Honduras City" 3280:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 35–45. 2886: 2884: 2743:"Archaeology of the Mosquito Coast of Honduras" 2643:. Associated Press. June 28, 1954. p 28, col 3. 3189: 3187: 2504: 2502: 2445:Reisman, Arnold; Wolf, George (October 2010). 1847: 1845: 1843: 988:Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia 608:The Archaeology of The North Coast of Honduras 3299: 3297: 3104:The Lost City of the Monkey God: A True Story 2701:The Lost City of the Monkey God: A True Story 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2425: 2423: 2044:. de Gavango, Don Pascual transl. p. 118 1965:Archaeology of the Mosquito Coast of Honduras 1527:The Lost City of the Monkey God: A True Story 1250:The Lost City of the Monkey God: A True Story 1230:The Lost City of the Monkey God: A True Story 1044:Fisher and geographer Stephen Leisz, both of 8: 4148:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4105:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3818:, KU Department of Geography, archived from 3605:"El apocalipsis maya llega con 'El Xendra.'" 3181:University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 2333:Strong, William Duncan (February 12, 1935). 2279:On the Development of the Ciudad Blanca Myth 1602:. University Alabama Press. pp. 35–45. 1247:After the release of Douglas Preston's book 3841:. Vol. October 20, 1997. pp. 79–. 2996:"Good science, big hype, bad archaeology", 2966:Fernandez-Diaz, Juan Carlos (Spring 2011). 2238:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1816: 1814: 1381:1960 - Mining engineer Sam Glassmire, with 1378:funded by the Honduran Ministry of Culture. 1330:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 520:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2432:Archaeology of the North Coast of Honduras 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 764:(Ciudad Blanca or White City in German) . 273:La Ciudad Blanca is said to be located in 3179:The Archaeology of Lower Central America. 3070: 3060: 2328: 2326: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1357:explores la Mosquitia for The Smithsonian 1257:published a well-illustrated book called 866:During the 1990s, documentary film maker 835:A documentary featuring Begley and actor 87:Learn how and when to remove this message 3094: 3092: 3090: 3030: 3028: 2662:""Jungleland": In search of a lost city" 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2447:"Istanbul Intrigue: An unlikely quintet" 2408:. United Press. April 7, 1940. p. 7 2335:"Archeology of the Bay Island, Honduras" 2160: 2158: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1506:a documentary film about the expedition. 1491:and Bill Benenson survey the area using 645:, and search for a rumored "lost city." 461:In the United States, speculation about 27:Legendary settlement in eastern Honduras 3801:. Honduras: Lithopress. pp. 16–19. 2396: 2394: 2246: 2244: 1590: 979:to archaeological sites in the region. 146:("White Town"). This extensive area of 4141: 4098: 3748:Morde, Theodore (September 22, 1940). 3255: 3244: 3198:(Ph.D. dissertation), Ref. No. 9934024 3167:, Cambridge, MA.: Peabody Museum Press 3106:. New York: Grand Central Publishing. 2608: 2606: 2604: 2487:. New York. August 2, 1940. p. 11 1349:International Congress of Americanists 839:aired on American television in 2001. 734:National Museum of the American Indian 512:International Congress of Americanists 3152:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 3148:Introduction to American Archaeology, 3134:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 3130:Introduction to American Archaeology, 2339:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 2198:Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1879:Island Press, Washington, DC. p. 106. 1623:Begley, Christopher (13 April 2017). 1336:explores archaeological sites on the 1088:Increased understanding of the region 232:and by the Honduran government about 106: 7: 3976:. Portland, Oregon: Eckhartz Press. 3650:. Portland, Oregon: Eckhartz Press. 1392:1976 – David Zink and archaeologist 1360:1934 – Explorer R. Stuart Murray of 454:, with illustrations by his partner 4030:. Earth Surface Remote Sensing II. 3501:Stabenow, Dana (11 February 2017). 3323:Colavito, Jason (January 9, 2016). 3194:Begley, Christopher Taylor (1999), 2773:Revista Pueblos y Fronteras digital 2613:Griffin, Wendy (October 19, 1998). 2402:"Seek Long Lost City of Monkey God" 928:announced the city had been found. 158:refer to it as being a part of the 3373:Pappas, Stephanie (May 15, 2013). 3355:Maugh II, Thomas H. (2010-04-13), 1775:Preston, Douglas (March 2, 2014). 899:and the data was collected by the 491:During World War I, archaeologist 216:attempted to retrace the steps of 25: 3861:. Vol. 5. pp. 2578–80. 3672:"The Lost City of the Monkey God" 3503:"The Lost City of the Monkey God" 3428:. 12 January 2016. Archived from 3132:Vol. 1 (North and Middle America) 1017:UTL interpretations of LiDAR data 687:edited by fantasy fiction author 582:Also in 1933, Honduran president 2554:Morde, Theodore (Sep 22, 1940). 2371:Raphael, Leona (June 16, 1934). 1749:Preston, Douglas (May 6, 2013). 1572: 613: 394:" (around 130–155 miles/210–250 197:, in 1927. In his report on the 41: 3812:Herlihy, Peter, "People page", 2699:Preston, Douglas (2017-09-05). 2290:Stewart, Christopher S. (2013) 1271:The Lost City of the Monkey God 1221:The Lost City of the Monkey God 1060:in a March 2, 2015 article for 775:. In 1982, it was designated a 753:The Lost City of the Monkey God 495:collected intelligence for the 4114:Barado, Tony and Danger, Ted, 3560:] (in Spanish), El Heraldo 3470:Yuhas, Alan (March 11, 2015). 3304:Diep, Francie (June 8, 2012). 1821:Paz, Tatiana (March 4, 2015). 1374:1952 – Expedition by explorer 969:Archaeological interpretations 419:Nineteenth-century speculation 1: 4195:Mythological populated places 3998:"Lost City of the Monkey God" 3690:"Lost City of the Monkey God" 2513:. July 12, 1940. p 17, col 1. 1481:Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve 1463:Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve 1417:Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve 1227:On January 3, 2017, the book 1139:Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve 876:University of Central Florida 862:Under the LiDAR (UTL) project 773:Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve 592:Museum of the American Indian 279:Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve 152:Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve 3062:10.1371/journal.pone.0159890 3013:Yuhas, Alan (5 March 2015). 2081:Walker, Tim (May 14, 2013). 1967:. The Exploration Foundation 1541:2021 - The documentary film 951:, between 500 and 1000 AD." 949:late- or post-classic period 497:Office of Naval Intelligence 471:, and the popularity of the 380:Spanish conquest of Honduras 277:, reportedly in or near the 3937:http://www.iht.hn/=node/139 3627:National Geographic Channel 3507:Los Angeles Review of Books 2954:, by Christopher S. Stewart 1557:, as a "Spooky Special" on 1543:Lost City of the Monkey God 1500:National Geographic Channel 1279:Lost City of the Monkey God 1206:National Geographic Channel 901:National Science Foundation 886:that includes the ruins of 342:, an imaginary location in 67:the claims made and adding 4226: 3867:10.1109/IGARSS.1999.771582 3623:"Legend of the Monkey God" 2925:Consulted January 14, 2015 2894:Consulted January 14, 2015 2523:Maliszewski, James (2011) 2294:Salon.com, 5 January 2013. 2234:Harris, Charles H. (2009) 1899:"Search for Ciudad Blanca" 1050:American Geophysical Union 412:Fort Santo Tomas Guatemala 377: 138:. It is also known by the 126:said to be located in the 108:[lasjuˈðaðˈblaŋka] 29: 3833:Preston, Douglas (1997). 2639:"TV Producer a Suicide". 2181:Williams, Stephen (1991) 1504:Legend of the Monkey God, 1046:Colorado State University 1023:Colorado State University 132:Gracias a Dios Department 4116:Search for Ciudad Blanca 4068:(article), Imaging notes 3924:"EcoTura Kao Kamasa" at 3775:Underwood, John (1978). 3426:National Geographic News 3220:"George Ernest Hasemann" 2864:Ciudad Blanca Hypothesis 2687:The Dallas Morning News, 2194:Wauchope, Robert (1962) 2038:Cortés, Hernán (1868) . 1875:Stevens, Stanley (1997) 1449:Synthetic aperture radar 1404:1985 – Operation Raleigh 1210:Legend of the Monkey God 1204:On October 4, 2015, the 1199:Legend of the Monkey God 999:Lost City, Found Pyramid 821:synthetic aperture radar 4210:Archaeology of Honduras 4085:Danger, Ted, explorer, 4065:LiDAR use in archeology 3899:"Trips Money Can't Buy" 3145:Willey, Gordon (1971), 3127:Willey, Gordon (1966), 2681:Nawotka, Edward (2013) 2406:The Sunday Morning Star 2277:Colavito, Jason (2013) 2165:Evans, R Tripp (2004), 2006:Griffin, Wendy (2013) " 1751:"The El Dorado Machine" 1301:, on October 31, 2021. 1029:archaeological site of 941:archaeological features 825:digital elevation model 602:In 1941, archaeologist 562:In 1933, archaeologist 502:In 1924, archaeologist 442:visited the remains of 4136:Legacies of Resilience 3970:Weinberg, Tom (2017). 3754:The Milwaukee Sentinel 3644:Weinberg, Tom (2017). 3633:on September 29, 2015. 3254:Cite journal requires 3150:Vol. 2 (South America) 2775:(in Spanish). MX: UNAM 2560:The Milwaukee Sentinel 2064:"Ciudad Blanca Legend" 1961:"Ciudad Blanca Legend" 1470:Christopher S. Stewart 1191:Christopher S. Stewart 974:today. Archaeologist 852:Christopher S. Stewart 631: 4074:Begley, Christopher, 3777:"Quest in the Jungle" 3361:The Los Angeles Times 3310:Innovation News Daily 3163:Stone, Doris (1975), 2430:Stone, Doris (1941), 1430:University of Chicago 1355:William Duncan Strong 1353:1933 – Archaeologist 1324:1924 – Archaeologist 1277:The documentary film 1242:Chasing the Lost City 1098:Mesoamerican ballgame 799:basis of the myth of 621: 564:William Duncan Strong 430:Antiquities of Mexico 366:from the time of the 291:Isthmo-Colombian Area 259:Dulce Nombre de Culmí 181:Spanish conquistador 160:Isthmo-Colombian Area 150:, which includes the 3676:Benenson Productions 3432:on January 15, 2016. 2799:mosquitia.tripod.com 2767:Lara Pinto, Gloria. 2377:Calgary Daily Herald 2281:, JasonColavito.com. 2068:mosquitia.tripod.com 1905:(video). SEPH. 2000. 1553:, which is owned by 1319:Cristóbal de Pedraza 1297:, which is owned by 1164:film referenced the 913:Cessna 337 Skymaster 850:In 2009, journalist 736:in Washington, D.C. 604:Doris Zemurray Stone 532:Carl Vilhelm Hartman 456:Frederick Catherwood 348:Colonial era Spanish 4205:History of Honduras 4200:Culture of Honduras 4040:1998SPIE.3496...21Y 4028:Proceedings of SPIE 3531:. New York: 235–37. 3053:2016PLoSO..1159890F 2685:, GuideLive Books, 2451:The Jewish Magazine 1856:. Ref. No. 9934024. 1781:National Geographic 1579:Honduras portal 1549:, premieres on the 1347:of Honduras to the 1293:, premiered on the 1159:, a feature-length 1063:National Geographic 777:World Heritage Site 742:Christopher Stewart 677:The American Weekly 628:The American Weekly 622:An illustration by 538:and other sites in 440:John Lloyd Stephens 427:of his nine-volume 423:The publication by 346:. In Honduras, the 283:World Heritage Site 214:Christopher Stewart 4164:(official website) 3951:" on www.Vimeo.com 3795:Lara Pinto, Gloria 3781:Sports Illustrated 2795:"Current Research" 2641:The New York Times 2619:Honduras This Week 2525:Merritt and Memory 2511:The New York Times 1468:2008 – Journalist 1407:1990 – Geographer 1399:Sports Illustrated 1362:The Explorers Club 1334:Harvard University 1125:-speaking people. 1009:strategy to bring 921:Porfirio Lobo Sosa 632: 596:George Gustav Heye 528:Minor Cooper Keith 524:Harvard University 508:The New York Times 323:) and variants of 263:Olancho Department 236:exploration using 52:possibly contains 4048:10.1117/12.332730 3983:978-0-9985171-0-0 3949:Paradise in Peril 3876:978-0-7803-5207-0 3657:978-0-9985171-0-0 3287:978-0-8173-1911-3 3113:978-1-4555-4000-6 2999:The Berkeley Blog 1854:UMI Dissertations 1757:. pp. 34–40. 1110:Maya civilization 1003:pseudoarchaeology 992:ciudades blancas" 547:Charles Lindbergh 435:Pre-Columbian era 425:Lord Kingsborough 187:Charles Lindbergh 176:Pre-Columbian era 97: 96: 89: 54:original research 16:(Redirected from 4217: 4163: 4153: 4147: 4139: 4128: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4091:, archived from 4080: 4069: 4059: 4025: 4006: 4005: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3860: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3756:. pp. 28–29 3745: 3739: 3738: 3737:. 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Archived from 1772: 1759: 1758: 1746: 1659: 1656: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1595: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1367:1940 – Explorer 926:mainstream media 668:Chorotega people 477:Manifest Destiny 374:Spanish conquest 368:Spanish Conquest 325:Lencan languages 226:documentary film 128:Mosquitia region 110: 105: 100:La Ciudad Blanca 92: 85: 81: 78: 72: 69:inline citations 45: 44: 37: 21: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4185: 4184: 4157: 4140: 4132: 4121: 4097: 4084: 4073: 4062: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4009: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3877: 3858: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3835:"The Lost City" 3832: 3831: 3827: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3345:March 10, 2012. 3336: 3332: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3253: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3098: 3097: 3088: 3047:(8): e0159890. 3034: 3033: 3026: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2872: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2845: 2834: 2833: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2680: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2648: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2553: 2552: 2535: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2477: 2476: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2370: 2369: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2087:The Independent 2080: 2079: 2075: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2037: 2036: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2005: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1959: 1958: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1850: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1774: 1773: 1762: 1748: 1747: 1662: 1657: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1555:Discovery, Inc. 1551:Science Channel 1522:Douglas Preston 1436:Douglas Preston 1326:Herbert Spinden 1307: 1299:Discovery, Inc. 1295:Science Channel 1287:Douglas Preston 1275: 1245: 1235:Douglas Preston 1225: 1214:Douglas Preston 1202: 1176: 1166:2012 phenomenon 1161:science fiction 1153: 1131: 1129:Cultural impact 1102:wattle and daub 1090: 1058:Douglas Preston 1019: 984:George Hasemann 971: 963:Douglas Preston 864: 848: 833: 761: 746:Douglas Preston 726:Thunderbolt god 682:Sunday magazine 616: 584:Tiburcio Carías 504:Herbert Spinden 493:Sylvanus Morley 489: 421: 382: 376: 356: 271: 103: 93: 82: 76: 73: 58: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4155: 4130: 4119: 4112: 4082: 4071: 4060: 4014: 4013:External links 4011: 4008: 4007: 3989: 3982: 3962: 3953: 3940: 3928: 3917: 3908: 3890: 3875: 3844: 3839:The New Yorker 3825: 3804: 3786: 3767: 3740: 3735:New York Times 3725: 3699: 3681: 3663: 3656: 3636: 3614: 3596: 3579: 3563: 3543: 3534: 3519: 3488: 3462: 3450: 3435: 3413: 3391: 3365: 3347: 3330: 3315: 3293: 3286: 3265: 3256:|journal= 3232: 3210: 3201: 3183: 3170: 3155: 3137: 3119: 3112: 3086: 3024: 3005: 3002:, June 7, 2012 2988: 2958: 2943: 2927: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2880: 2853: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2786: 2759: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2710:978-1455540013 2709: 2691: 2671: 2646: 2631: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2533: 2516: 2498: 2463: 2437: 2419: 2390: 2356: 2322: 2296: 2283: 2267: 2258: 2253:New York Times 2240: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2187: 2174: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2073: 2055: 2021: 2012: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1890: 1881: 1868: 1859: 1839: 1810: 1798: 1760: 1755:The New Yorker 1660: 1646: 1634: 1615: 1609:978-0817319113 1608: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1539: 1518: 1507: 1495: 1485: 1476: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1441:The New Yorker 1432: 1422: 1419: 1405: 1402: 1394:Edwin M. Shook 1390: 1379: 1372: 1369:Theodore Morde 1365: 1358: 1351: 1341: 1322: 1317:1544 – Bishop 1315: 1306: 1303: 1291:Rosemary Joyce 1274: 1268: 1244: 1239: 1224: 1218: 1201: 1196: 1175: 1170: 1152: 1147: 1130: 1127: 1089: 1086: 1018: 1015: 994:in Mosquitia. 970: 967: 945:par excellence 933:Rosemary Joyce 863: 860: 847: 841: 832: 829: 817:remote sensing 784:Edwin M. Shook 760: 757: 664:Plátano Rivers 655:New York Times 639:Theodore Morde 615: 612: 551:Jason Colavito 488: 485: 468:Book of Mormon 420: 417: 378:Main article: 375: 372: 355: 352: 287:Gracias a Dios 281:, a protected 270: 267: 234:remote sensing 218:Theodore Morde 156:Archaeologists 117:The White City 95: 94: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4222: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4095:on 2014-01-08 4094: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3822:on 2012-09-16 3821: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3805: 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