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Particles finer than 0.1 Ξm (10m) in water remain continuously in motion due to electrostatic charge (often negative) which causes them to repel each other. Once their electrostatic charge is neutralized by the use of a coagulant chemical, the finer particles start to collide and agglomerate
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and other suspended particles in liquids to aggregate, forming a floc. Flocculants are used in water treatment processes to improve the sedimentation or filterability of small particles. For example, a flocculant may be used in
113:. This form allows easy handling of viscous polymers at high concentrations. These emulsion polymers require "activation" â inversion of the emulsion so that the polymer's molecules form an aqueous solution.
86:. These positively charged molecules interact with negatively charged particles and molecules to reduce the barriers to aggregation. In addition, many of these chemicals, under appropriate
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26:, causing the solids to form larger aggregates that can be easily removed after they either float to the surface or sink to the bottom of the containment vessel.
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process. The most common liquid polyacrylamide is supplied as an emulsion with 10-40% actives and the rest is a non-aqueous carrier fluid, surfactants and
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which, upon precipitating, link together to form long chains or meshes, physically trapping small particles into the larger floc.
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Flocculants, or flocculating agents (also known as flocking agents), are chemicals that promote flocculation by causing
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P. Somasundaran "Encyclopedia of surface and colloid science, Volume 7, pp 4980-4982."
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63:(cloudy) and which would be difficult or impossible to remove by filtration alone.
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filtration to aid removal of microscopic particles which would otherwise cause the
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forces. These larger and heavier particles are called flocs.
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are used to remove suspended solids from liquids by inducing
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The following natural products are used as flocculants:
270:"Conventional Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation"
101:Long-chain polymer flocculants, such as modified
16:Agent used to remove suspended solids from liquid
268:Global Health and Education Foundation (2007).
276:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
90:and other conditions such as temperature and
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35:(collect together) under the influence of
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239:Clarification and stabilization of wine
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66:Many flocculants are multivalent
274:Safe Drinking Water is Essential
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223:(brown seaweed extracts)
212:seeds (Nirmali nut tree)
199:seeds (Horseradish tree)
128:aluminium chlorohydrate
244:Particle aggregation
209:Strychnos potatorum
154:iron(III) chloride
156:(ferric chloride)
150:(ferrous sulfate)
143:calcium hydroxide
133:aluminium sulfate
20:Clarifying agents
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196:Moringa oleifera
170:sodium aluminate
148:iron(II) sulfate
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314:Water treatment
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175:sodium silicate
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103:polyacrylamides
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160:polyacrylamide
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53:drinking water
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280:on 2007-10-07
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49:swimming pool
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37:Van der Waals
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319:Food science
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282:. Retrieved
278:the original
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107:flocculation
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24:flocculation
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249:Coagulation
308:Categories
284:2007-12-01
255:References
165:polyDADMAC
96:hydroxides
221:Alginates
190:Isinglass
84:magnesium
72:aluminium
228:See also
216:Guar gum
185:Chitosan
92:salinity
70:such as
44:colloids
234:Finings
203:Gelatin
80:calcium
68:cations
30:Process
117:Agents
61:turbid
59:to be
111:latex
57:water
123:alum
76:iron
82:or
51:or
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272:.
88:pH
78:,
74:,
287:.
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