1502:
877:
1347:
895:, and between India and Pakistan were cited as evidence of inter-civilizational conflict. He also argues that the widespread Western belief in the universality of the West's values and political systems is naïve and that continued insistence on democratization and such "universal" norms will only further antagonize other civilizations. Huntington sees the West as reluctant to accept this because it built the international system, wrote its laws, and gave it substance in the form of the
1181:, it has been noted that many of its people would support Westernization, as in the following quote by EU Minister Egemen Bağış: "This is what Europe needs to do: they need to say that when Turkey fulfills all requirements, Turkey will become a member of the EU on date X. Then, we will regain the Turkish public opinion support in one day." If this were to happen, it would, according to Huntington, be the first to redefine its civilizational identity.
1324:. They have a set of mutual cultural, social, economic and political views and norms which radically differ from those in the West and the Far East. In the Intermediate Region, therefore, one cannot speak of a civilizational clash or external conflict, but rather an internal conflict, not for cultural domination, but for political succession. This has been successfully demonstrated by documenting the rise of Christianity from the
3837:
269:
3847:
3030:
1067:
non-Western civilizations in international society will make the West begin to develop a better understanding of the cultural fundamentals underlying other civilizations. Therefore, Western civilization will cease to be regarded as "universal" but different civilizations will learn to coexist and join to shape the future world.
1172:
According to
Huntington, a torn country must meet three requirements to redefine its civilizational identity. Its political and economic elite must support the move. Second, the public must be willing to accept the redefinition. Third, the elites of the civilization that the torn country is trying to
1066:
Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance
Western power through modernization. They can develop economic/military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and institutions. Huntington believes that the increasing power of
950:
Huntington sees
Islamic civilization as a potential ally to China, both having more revisionist goals and sharing common conflicts with other civilizations, especially the West. Specifically, he identifies common Chinese and Islamic interests in the areas of weapons proliferation, human rights, and
1847:
le problème russo-américain, et là nous revenons à l'Algérie, va être dépassé lui-même avant très peu, cela ne sera pas un choc d'empires nous assistons au choc de civilisations et nous voyons dans le monde entier les civilisations colonisées surgir peu à peu et se dresser contre les civilisations
1251:
issued a response to
Huntington's thesis in his 2001 article, "The Clash of Ignorance". Said argues that Huntington's categorization of the world's fixed "civilizations" omits the dynamic interdependency and interaction of culture. A longtime critic of the Huntingtonian paradigm, and an outspoken
1031:
The growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West. On the one hand, the West is at a peak of power. At the same time, a return-to-the-roots phenomenon is occurring among non-Western civilizations. A West at the peak of its power confronts non-Western countries that
1019:
Differences among civilizations are too basic in that civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition, and, most importantly, religion. These fundamental differences are the product of centuries and the foundations of different civilizations, meaning they
915:
Sinic civilization, as opposed to the individualism and pluralism valued in the West. Regional powers such as the two Koreas and
Vietnam will acquiesce to Chinese demands and become more supportive of China rather than attempting to oppose it. Huntington therefore believes that the rise of China
1113:
civilization. Huntington argues that Russia is primarily a non-Western state although he seems to agree that it shares a considerable amount of cultural ancestry with the modern West. According to
Huntington, the West is distinguished from Orthodox Christian countries by its experience of the
1093:
These conflicts may result from a number of causes, such as: relative influence or power (military or economic), discrimination against people from a different civilization, intervention to protect kinsmen in a different civilization, or different values and culture, particularly when one
1229:
argues that distinct cultural boundaries do not exist in the present day. He argues there is no "Islamic civilization" nor a "Western civilization", and that the evidence for a civilization clash is not convincing, especially when considering relationships such as that between the
1279:
called the clash of civilizations a misleading thesis. He wrote that
Islamic fundamentalism is more of a threat to a global civilization, rather than a confrontation with the West. He also argued that talking about civilizations using analogies from evolutionary biology is wrong.
1002:
and demographic explosion in Islam, coupled with the values of
Western universalism—that is, the view that all civilizations should adopt Western values—that infuriate Islamic fundamentalists. All these historical and modern factors combined, Huntington wrote briefly in his
2412:"Kulturelles Selbstverständnis und Koexistenz: Voraussetzungen für einen fundamentalen Dialog" (Cultural Identity and Co-existence: Preconditions for a Fundamental Dialogue). Public lecture delivered at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, 19 October 1972, published in:
1780:
1753:
234:
had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different
1726:
1304:, is neither Western nor Eastern (at least, with respect to the Far East) but is considered distinct. Concerning this region, Huntington departs from Kitsikis contending that a civilizational fault line exists between the two dominant yet differing religions (
40:
1027:
Due to economic modernization and social change, people are separated from longstanding local identities. Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which provides a basis for identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites
318:
of the Soviet Union are included, or are instead their own separate civilizations, will be an important future consideration for those regions, according to
Huntington. The traditional Western viewpoint identified Western Civilization with the
1216:, and particularly in the last century or so. To read in this a historical commitment of the West—over the millennia—to democracy, and then to contrast it with non-Western traditions (treating each as monolithic) would be a great mistake."
1055:
Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation in order to preserve their own values and protect themselves from
Western invasion. However, Huntington argues that the costs of this action are high and only a few states can pursue
1176:
The book claims that to date no torn country has successfully redefined its civilizational identity, this mostly due to the elites of the 'host' civilization refusing to accept the torn country, though if Turkey gained membership in the
906:
In Huntington's view, East Asian Sinic civilization is culturally asserting itself and its values relative to the West due to its rapid economic growth. Specifically, he believes that China's goals are to reassert itself as the regional
1208:(1999) argues that "diversity is a feature of most cultures in the world. Western civilization is no exception. The practice of democracy that has won out in the modern West is largely a result of a consensus that has emerged since the
2895:
1149:, whose political leadership has systematically tried to Westernize the country since the 1920s, is his chief example. Turkey's history, culture, and traditions are derived from Islamic civilization, but Turkey's elite, beginning with
969:
Huntington also argues that civilizational conflicts are "particularly prevalent between Muslims and non-Muslims", identifying the "bloody borders" between Islamic and non-Islamic civilizations. This conflict dates back as far as the
1244:
objects to the 'extreme cultural determinism... crude to the point of parody' of Huntington's idea that Catholic and Protestant Europe is headed for democracy, but that Orthodox Christian and Islamic Europe must accept dictatorship.
260:, world politics moved into a new phase, in which non-Western civilizations are no longer the exploited recipients of Western civilization but have become additional important actors joining the West to shape and move world history.
1252:
proponent of Arab issues, Said (2004) also argues that the clash of civilizations thesis is an example of "the purest invidious racism, a sort of parody of Hitlerian science directed today against Arabs and Muslims" (p. 293).
902:
Huntington identifies a major shift of economic, military, and political power from the West to the other civilizations of the world, most significantly to what he identifies as the two "challenger civilizations", Sinic and Islam.
1023:
The world is becoming a smaller place. As a result, interactions across the world are increasing, which intensify "civilization consciousness" and the awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within
251:
In addition, the clash of civilizations, for Huntington, represents a development of history. In the past, world history was mainly about the struggles between monarchs, nations and ideologies, such as that seen within
247:
article, "The Clash of Civilizations?", Huntington writes, "This is not to advocate the desirability of conflicts between civilizations. It is to set forth descriptive hypothesis as to what the future may be like."
3226:
1417:, to overcome cultural and social barriers between mainly the Western and predominantly Muslim worlds, and to reduce the tensions and polarization between societies which differ in religious and cultural values.
1168:
Mexico and Russia are also considered to be torn by Huntington. He also gives the example of Australia as a country torn between its Western civilizational heritage and its growing economic engagement with Asia.
916:
poses one of the most significant problems and the most powerful long-term threat to the West, as Chinese cultural assertion clashes with the American desire for the lack of a regional hegemony in East Asia.
1941:
Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations (1996), p. 246: " 'La premiere guerre civilisationnelle' the distinguished Moroccan scholar Mahdi Elmandjra called the Gulf War as it was being fought."
1106:
have modernized in many respects while maintaining traditional or authoritarian societies which distinguish them from the West. Some of these countries have clashed with the West and some have not.
3147:
3131:
3236:
954:
Russia, Japan, and India are what Huntington terms 'swing civilizations' and may favor either side. Russia, for example, clashes with the many Muslim ethnic groups on its southern border (such as
1258:
has criticized the concept of the clash of civilizations as just being a new justification for the United States "for any atrocities that they wanted to carry out", which was required after the
1038:
Economic regionalism is increasing. Successful economic regionalism will reinforce civilization-consciousness. Economic regionalism may succeed only when it is rooted in a common civilization.
2107:
1189:
The book has been criticized by various academic writers, who have empirically, historically, logically, or ideologically challenged its claims. Political scientist Paul Musgrave writes that
887:
Huntington argues that the trends of global conflict after the end of the Cold War are increasingly appearing at these civilizational divisions. Wars such as those following the break up of
1312:), hence a dynamic of external conflict. However, Kitsikis establishes an integrated civilization comprising these two peoples along with those belonging to the less dominant religions of
1051:'s phrase, the conflict between "the West and the Rest". He offers three forms of general and fundamental actions that non-Western civilization can take in response to Western countries.
1234:. In addition, he cites the fact that many Islamic extremists spent a significant amount of time living or studying in the Western world. According to Berman, conflict arises because of
2416:. (Publications of the Working Group for Science and Politics at the University of Innsbruck, Vol. IV.) Innsbruck: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Wissenschaft und Politik, 1973, pp. 75-78.
958:) but—according to Huntington—cooperates with Iran to avoid further Muslim-Orthodox violence in Southern Russia, and to help continue the flow of oil. Huntington argues that a "
3526:
2140:
Henderson, E. A., & Tucker, R. (2001). Clear and Present Strangers: The Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 45, pp. 317 338.
1985:
Murden S. Cultures in world affairs. In: Baylis J, Smith S, Owens P, editors. The Globalization of World Politics. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011. p. 416-426.
5729:
1394:
introduced the concept at the global level. At his initiative, the United Nations proclaimed the year 2001 as the "United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations".
1090:
are on a global level between the major states of different civilizations. Core state conflicts can arise out of fault line conflicts when core states become involved.
1084:
are on a local level and occur between adjacent states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civilizations.
795:
There are also others which are considered "cleft countries" because they contain very large groups of people identifying with separate civilizations. Examples include
203:
Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post–Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that
2131:
Mungiu-Pippidi, A., & Mindruta, D. (2002). Was Huntington Right? Testing Cultural Legacies and the Civilization Border. International Politics, 39(2), pp. 193 213.
1962:
entre l'ancienne Chrétienté et l'Islam prit un nouvel aspect, par invasion (sans échange) de l'échelle de valeurs occidentales dans la mentalité collective musulmane."
859:
was also included as "cleft" between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa; this division became a formal split in July 2011 following an overwhelming vote for independence by
3531:
1378:, a response to Huntington's Clash of Civilizations, has become the center of some international attention. The concept was originally coined by Austrian philosopher
3051:
1899:
Elst, K. India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of Sita Ram Goel, in Sharma, A. (2001). Hinduism and secularism: After Ayodhya. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
981:
Huntington also believes that some of the factors contributing to this conflict are that both Christianity (upon which Western civilization is based) and Islam are:
804:
602:
587:
are identified as separate from other civilizations, but Huntington believes that they do not constitute a major civilization in the sense of international affairs.
1555:
788:
could be considered a unique state with its own civilization, Huntington writes, but one which is extremely similar to the West. Huntington also believes that the
3883:
3083:
2378:
3562:
3516:
1386:, Köchler had earlier proposed that the cultural organization of the United Nations should take up the issue of a "dialogue between different civilizations" (
5794:
3735:
943:
article was that "Islam has bloody borders". Huntington believes this to be a real consequence of several factors, including the previously mentioned Muslim
864:
3765:
1880:""Some recollections from my acquaintance with Sita Ram Goel", ch.6 of K. Elst, ed.: India's Only Communalist, In Commemoration of Sita Ram Goel"
4314:
3270:
2122:
Fox, J. (2005). Paradigm Lost: Huntington's Unfulfilled Clash of Civilizations Prediction into the 21st Century. International Politics, 42, pp. 428–457.
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2202:
2064:
Hungtington SP, The Clash of Civilizations? In: Lechner FJ, Boli J, editors. The globalization reader. 4th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. 37–44
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1047:
Huntington suggests that in the future the central axis of world politics tends to be the conflict between Western and non-Western civilizations, in
4858:
2104:
888:
414:
978:, the attacks of the Ottoman Turks on Eastern Europe and Vienna, and the European imperial division of the Islamic nations in the 1800s and 1900s.
188:
in his book "La première guerre civilisationnelle" published in 1992. Even earlier, the phrase appears in a 1926 book regarding the Middle East by
5819:
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3265:
3197:
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3680:
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2511:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
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1973:
1790:
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1736:
1709:
98:
911:, and that other countries in the region will 'bandwagon' with China due to the history of hierarchical command structures implicit in the
1162:
1035:
Cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic ones.
1701:
Contemporary Politics and Social Movements in an Isolated World: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities
5829:
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919:
Huntington argues that the Islamic civilization has experienced a massive population explosion which is fueling instability both on the
149:
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5774:
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1406:
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2266:
3582:
1998:
5546:
3996:
3705:
3649:
3644:
3597:
3567:
3034:
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In Huntington's view, intercivilizational conflict manifests itself in two forms: fault line conflicts and core state conflicts.
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article and in much more detail in his 1996 book, would lead to a bloody clash between the Islamic and Western civilizations.
988:
Universal, "all-or-nothing" religions, in the sense that it is believed by both sides that only their faith is the correct one
951:
democracy that conflict with those of the West, and feels that these are areas in which the two civilizations will cooperate.
129:
argued that future wars would be fought not between countries, but between cultures. It was proposed in a 1992 lecture at the
5703:
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1826:
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1440:
876:
224:
130:
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5330:
4368:
4001:
3720:
3612:
2950:
2856:, Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures—Continental Europe and its Empires, Edinburgh University Press, 2008.
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1375:
971:
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1809:
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3659:
3424:
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1909:
1288:
Huntington's geopolitical model, especially the structures for North Africa and Eurasia, is largely derived from the "
2744:
The "Clash of Civilizations": Perception and Reality in the Context of Globalization and International Power Politics
5814:
4638:
4628:
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and population growth and Islamic proximity to many civilizations including Sinic, Orthodox, Western, and African.
519:
994:
religions, that is, that their values and beliefs represent the goals of existence and purpose in human existence.
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4213:
3592:
3541:
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3107:
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1852:
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196:(p. 196). This expression derives from "clash of cultures", already used during the colonial period and the
118:
2399:, Athens, Hestia, 1978. Supplemented 2nd edition: Hestia, 1990. 3rd edition: Hestia, 1998, 357 pp.. In Turkish,
2151:
5804:
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3812:
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959:
5506:
5426:
5240:
4843:
4432:
4343:
3740:
3123:
1410:
1305:
1145:
Huntington refers to countries that are seeking to affiliate with another civilization as "torn countries".
932:
474:
386:
215:
had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post–Cold War world. Specifically,
2585:
2203:"H-Diplo/ISSF Teaching Roundtable 11-6 on The Clash of Civilizations in the IR Classroom | H-Diplo | H-Net"
847:(cleft between Hindu and Buddhist), and the Philippines (cleft between Islam, in the case of south western
5824:
4833:
4813:
4700:
4663:
3961:
3840:
3775:
3242:
3183:
2166:
1119:
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789:
699:
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2882:
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4348:
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3607:
2913:
1582:
1221:
1213:
4803:
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5145:
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4952:
4793:
4720:
4412:
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3587:
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3393:
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3092:
2743:
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2656:
2642:
2606:
2077:
1507:
1209:
1123:
881:
320:
126:
50:
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Rethinking Civilizational Identity from the Bottom Up: A Case Study of Russia and a Research Agenda.
2525:
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4243:
4163:
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1535:
1435:
1289:
1131:
651:
212:
68:
1197:, but few specialists in international relations rely on it or even cite it approvingly. Bluntly,
243:, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. At the end of his 1993
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who took power as first President in 1923, imposed Western institutions and dress, embraced the
1032:
increasingly have the desire, the will and the resources to shape the world in non-Western ways.
2939:
2876:
1413:. The initiative is intended to galvanize collective action across diverse societies to combat
268:
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5235:
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2015:
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1705:
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beliefs various groups share (or do not share), regardless of cultural or religious identity.
1110:
1103:
667:
398:
240:
208:
111:
93:
3850:
2295:
2105:
Bağış: Fransa'nın tutumunda değişimin başladığını görüyoruz | AB ve Türkiye | EurActiv.com.tr
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630:
549:
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216:
144:
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Perhaps the ultimate example of non-Western modernization is Russia, the core state of the
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4422:
4417:
4397:
4385:
3715:
3459:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3015:
2984:
2908:
2812:
The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory
2650:
2541:
2444:
2111:
2002:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1457:
999:
928:
374:
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324:
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185:
171:
135:
2739:
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2707:
1379:
197:
2824:
Tusicisny, Andrej, "Civilizational Conflicts: More Frequent, Longer, and Bloodier?", in
2425:
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1994:
1958:, t. I, Paris, Robert Laffont, 2009, p. 629: "Après la venue de Bonaparte au Caire, le
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1340:
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1135:
1080:
998:
More recent factors contributing to a Western–Islamic clash, Huntington wrote, are the
896:
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295:
220:
17:
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5295:
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3690:
3638:
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3310:
3206:
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2568:
1565:
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808:
742:
504:
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189:
175:
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5035:
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4778:
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4392:
4328:
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4102:
4092:
4036:
3926:
3685:
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1328:
1297:
1263:
1255:
1060:
991:
770:
729:
located in southern Africa, Middle Africa (excluding Chad), East Africa (excluding
647:
430:
279:
Huntington divided the world into the "major civilizations" in his thesis as such:
236:
204:
180:
167:
163:
39:
2787:
Potter, Robert (2011), 'Recalcitrant Interdependence', Thesis, Flinders University
1725:
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland; Garsten, Christina; Randeria, Shalini (October 1, 2014).
1094:
civilization attempts to impose its values on people of a different civilization.
927:
movements are becoming increasingly popular. Manifestations of what he terms the "
2887:
2307:
Said, E. W. (2004). From Oslo to Iraq and the Road Map. New York: Pantheon, 2004.
1926:
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4705:
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2180:
1827:"WashingtonPost.com: The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order"
1570:
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The clash of civilizations according to Samuel Huntington – Orthodox criticism
2364:
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754:
695:
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478:
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1645:
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has not proven to be a useful or accurate guide to understanding the world."
5406:
5345:
4902:
4545:
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4457:
4378:
4298:
4293:
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4173:
4153:
4132:
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1414:
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1193:"enjoys great cachet among the sort of policymaker who enjoys name-dropping
912:
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711:
634:
580:
527:
442:
307:
2459:
3029:
2240:
2152:"Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Déjà Vu? Some Evidence"
1974:"Civilizations, their nature and clash possibilities (c) Rashad Mehbal..."
792:, former British colonies in the Caribbean, constitutes a distinct entity.
5681:
5260:
4997:
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3300:
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2016:"Summary of "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order""
1259:
1130:
rather than contiguous expansion and colonialism; and by the infusion of
955:
936:
892:
848:
840:
828:
777:
750:
730:
719:
715:
691:
663:
638:
618:
584:
572:
564:
556:
496:
450:
438:
390:
346:
257:
231:
122:
2414:
Philosophie und Politik. Dokumentation eines interdisziplinären Seminars
1653:
1621:
421:
Countries with a non-Orthodox majority are usually excluded e.g. Muslim
5718:
5631:
4519:
4487:
4477:
4248:
4208:
4041:
3966:
3951:
3931:
3861:
3464:
3061:
3052:"If Not Civilizations, What? Samuel Huntington Responds to His Critics"
2940:
The 'Clash of Civilizations' 25 Years On: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal
1430:
1321:
1317:
1194:
908:
824:
796:
766:
734:
707:
687:
655:
610:
576:
535:
500:
462:
454:
434:
426:
406:
311:
2261:
Berman, Paul (2003). Terror and Liberalism. W W Norton & Company.
1856:
4467:
4268:
4056:
4031:
4021:
3991:
3976:
1637:
1383:
1343:
rule from the Islamic caliphates and the Christianized Roman Empire.
1146:
1015:
Huntington offers six explanations for why civilizations will clash:
836:
785:
703:
671:
659:
560:
531:
402:
394:
378:
358:
342:
291:
2475:
2084:(The Free Press ed.). London: Simon $ Schuster. p. 207f.
1879:
966:, Pakistan, and other states to augment its international position.
4497:
3986:
3921:
2795:
The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations
1345:
939:. Perhaps the most controversial statement Huntington made in the
875:
856:
820:
812:
781:
758:
746:
675:
598:
594:
590:
545:
523:
512:
508:
267:
369:
may be considered a part of Western civilization. Many people in
4492:
3916:
3295:
3285:
3175:
1358:
1296:
and published in 1978. The Intermediate Region, which spans the
1158:
963:
832:
816:
568:
362:
3865:
3179:
3065:
2871:
The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?
2573:
The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?
2528:, '[L'Anti-Choc des Civilisations: Méditations Méditerranéennes
2476:"Dialogue Among Civilizations | United Nations University"
4061:
3956:
2393:
A Comparative History of Greece and Turkey in the 20th century
1429:, a Russian geopolitical concept based on the civilization of
962:" is emerging in which China will cooperate more closely with
3132:
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
2734:
After September 11, 2001: Clash of Civilizations or Dialogue?
2628:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 79–80.
773:. Considered as a possible eighth civilization by Huntington.
3807:
Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
2080:(2002) . "Chapter 9: The Global Politics of Civilizations".
1063:", non-Western countries can join and accept Western values.
2403:, İstanbul, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi, II-8, 1980.
272:
The clash of civilizations according to Huntington (1996)
33:
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
2814:, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2003
2661:
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
2082:
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
1204:
In an article explicitly referring to Huntington, scholar
776:
Instead of belonging to one of the "major" civilizations,
381:
regard themselves as full members of Western civilization.
274:
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
194:
Young Islam on Trek: A Study in the Clash of Civilizations
156:
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
3148:
Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity
1728:
Anthropology Now and Next: Essays in Honor of Ulf Hannerz
2041:""western christianity" "western world" - Google Search"
1382:
in an essay on cultural identity (1972). In a letter to
548:, considered a hybrid of Chinese civilization and older
2758:
Senza radici: Europa, Relativismo, Cristianesimo, Islam
2590:
Civilization and Its Enemies: The Next Stage of History
2397:Συγκριτική Ἱστορία Ἑλλάδος καί Τουρκίας στόν 20ό αἰῶνα
153:. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book
2852:
Venn, Couze "Clash of Civilisations", in Prem Poddar
2777:, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books, 1999
2695:
Bad Moon Rising: a chronicle of the Middle East today
1138:
rather than through the continuous trajectory of the
613:, located in Muslim-Majority countries which icludes
2714:, Vienna, International Progress Organization, 1999
2428:, addressed to the Division of Philosophy of UNESCO.
5589:
5358:
5006:
4739:
4619:
4538:
4450:
4441:
4307:
4141:
4070:
3899:
3673:
3625:
3550:
3498:
3491:
3402:
3341:
3334:
3258:
3251:
3158:
3099:
2877:
Huntington's Clash of Civilization: Twenty Years On
2575:, Washington, D.C., Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2005
2509:
Global communication without universal civilization
1098:
Modernization, Westernization, and "torn countries"
481:is also included, despite its dominant faith being
121:
will be the primary source of conflict in the post–
92:
84:
74:
64:
56:
46:
27:
Theory of cultural conflict by Samuel P. Huntington
985:Missionary religions, seeking conversion of others
835:(all cleft between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa),
1782:A Quarter Century of the "Clash of Civilizations"
2611:Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress
2227:Sen A (1999). "Democracy as a Universal Value".
1361:(in office 1997–2005), introduced the theory of
1845:
1409:and co-sponsored by the Turkish Prime Minister
843:(cleft between Hindu and Sub-Saharan African),
2842:, New York & London, The Free Press, 1991
2775:Fighting for the Future: Will America Triumph?
2653:", vol. 72, no. 3, Summer 1993, pp. 22–49
2401:Yırmı Asırda Karşılaştırmalı Türk-Yunan Tarihi
2150:Russett, B. M.; Oneal, J. R.; Cox, M. (2000).
2072:
2070:
871:
3877:
3191:
3077:
811:(cleft between Latin America, and the West),
465:is included, despite its dominant faith, the
178:in an article in the September 1990 issue of
8:
4383:
2320:Noam Chomsky on The "Clash of Civilizations"
1388:dialogue entre les différentes civilisations
433:, as well as majority Muslim regions in the
32:
4319:
3766:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2736:University of the Philippines, Manila, 2002
1804:
1802:
872:Huntington's thesis of civilizational clash
855:; and the Westernized Christian Majority).
542:, especially in relation to Southeast Asia.
264:Major civilizations according to Huntington
4447:
3884:
3870:
3862:
3495:
3338:
3255:
3198:
3184:
3176:
3084:
3070:
3062:
2828:, vol. 41, no. 4, 2004, pp. 485–498 (
2377:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1556:Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world
1401:(AOC) initiative was proposed at the 59th
601:, and culturally adhered to by the global
230:Huntington believed that while the age of
38:
31:
2879:E-International Relations, Bristol, 2013.
2170:
1752:Krieger, Douglas W. (November 22, 2014).
1292:" geopolitical model first formulated by
184:titled "The Roots of Muslim Rage" and by
3563:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
125:world. The American political scientist
5467:Reflections on the Revolution in France
3271:Operation Enduring Freedom participants
2678:The Clash of Civilizations?: The Debate
2663:, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996
1609:
1405:in 2005 by the Spanish Prime Minister,
722:and parts of south-western Philippines.
219:argued that the world had reached the '
3011:
3001:
2980:
2970:
2894:Hale, H., & Laruelle, M. (2020). "
2891:, 2008. (postgraduate thesis in Greek)
2370:
2327:from the original on November 17, 2021
1403:General Assembly of the United Nations
162:The phrase itself was earlier used by
3800:Targeted Killing in International Law
3681:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
3116:Political Order in Changing Societies
2558:; Paperback: Ballantine Books, 1996,
1995:THE WORLD OF CIVILIZATIONS: POST-1990
1365:as a response to Huntington's theory.
143:", in response to his former student
133:, which was then developed in a 1993
7:
3846:
2712:Civilizations: Conflict or Dialogue?
1665:
1663:
1615:
1613:
441:and central Russian regions such as
5795:Books about international relations
5577:The End of History and the Last Man
5487:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1072:Core state and fault line conflicts
972:initial thrust of Islam into Europe
803:-dominated western section and its
150:The End of History and the Last Man
2680:, New York, Foreign Affairs, 1996
1698:Emily, Stacey (October 29, 2021).
25:
3731:Enhanced interrogation techniques
3527:Georgia Sustainment and Stability
3415:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
2921:Meaney, Thomas (March 11, 2022).
2592:, New York, The Free Press, 2004
2014:Walter, Natalie (June 15, 2016).
1928:Première guerre civilisationnelle
784:are labeled as "Lone" countries.
593:civilization, located chiefly in
5547:The Open Society and Its Enemies
3845:
3836:
3835:
3706:Combatant Status Review Tribunal
3655:President's Surveillance Program
3650:Military Commissions Act of 2009
3645:Military Commissions Act of 2006
3598:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
3573:Moro conflict in the Philippines
3568:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
3028:
1779:Haynes, Jeffrey (May 11, 2021).
1500:
974:, its eventual expulsion in the
314:. Whether Latin America and the
256:. However, after the end of the
4354:Family as a model for the state
3522:Georgia Train and Equip Program
2347:21 lessons for the 21st century
1972:mehbaliyev (October 30, 2010).
1374:In recent years, the theory of
1272:21 Lessons for the 21st Century
1266:was no longer a viable threat.
538:. This group also includes the
5820:International relations theory
5780:Books about cultural geography
5704:Separation of church and state
5602:Collectivism and individualism
5557:The Origins of Totalitarianism
3711:Criticism of the war on terror
3665:Terrorist Surveillance Program
3470:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
3223:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)
2613:, New York, Basic Books, 2001
2426:Letter dated 26 September 1972
1808:Official copy (free preview):
1620:Huntington, Samuel P. (1993).
1390:). In 2001, Iranian president
1232:United States and Saudi Arabia
1173:join must accept the country.
1:
5850:Works by Samuel P. Huntington
5744:Category:Political philosophy
5617:Critique of political economy
3746:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
3389:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq
3042:"The Clash of Civilizations?"
1889:– via www.academia.edu.
1622:"The Clash of Civilizations?"
1531:Criticism of multiculturalism
1441:Islamo-Christian Civilization
239:, as the highest category of
131:American Enterprise Institute
5642:Institutional discrimination
5637:History of political thought
4369:Negative and positive rights
3721:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
3613:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
2530:, Editions de l'Aube, 2006,
2349:(First ed.). New York.
1407:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
1376:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1363:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1059:According to the theory of "
1011:Why civilizations will clash
409:, great parts of the former
110:" is a thesis that people's
5652:Justification for the state
5437:Two Treatises of Government
3789:State Sponsors of Terrorism
3660:Protect America Act of 2007
2697:, London, Saqi Books, 2003
2647:The Clash of Civilizations?
2317:TrystanCJ (March 2, 2007),
2181:10.1177/0022343300037005003
1810:The Clash of Civilizations?
1421:Other civilizational models
923:and in its interior, where
141:The Clash of Civilizations?
5866:
5840:Simon & Schuster books
5830:Political science theories
4322:Bellum omnium contra omnes
3726:Killing of Osama bin Laden
3603:War in Somalia (2006–2009)
3558:Operation Active Endeavour
3140:The Clash of Civilizations
2797:, London, Continuum, 2002
2760:, Milano, Mondadori, 2004
2550:, Hardcover: Crown, 1995,
2443:February 16, 2003, at the
2285:, Penguin, 2000, p 388-389
1588:Protracted social conflict
1337:Christianized Roman Empire
457:, Protestant and Catholic
5785:Books about globalization
5775:Books about civilizations
5770:Academic journal articles
5739:
3831:
3593:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
3542:Drone strikes in Pakistan
3435:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
3213:
3108:The Soldier and the State
2943:E-International Relations
2840:The Transformation of War
2826:Journal of Peace Research
2746:, Tbilisi (Georgia), 2004
2345:Harari, Yuval N. (2018).
2159:Journal of Peace Research
1925:Elmandjra, Mahdi (1992).
1598:East-West Cultural Debate
1561:Opposition to immigration
1399:Alliance of Civilizations
467:Armenian Apostolic Church
389:civilization, comprising
331:) countries and culture.
37:
5527:The Revolt of the Masses
3813:Unitary executive theory
2923:"The Return of The West"
2298:The Nation, October 2001
2110:January 9, 2016, at the
1952:La psychologie musulmane
1910:The Roots of Muslim Rage
1853:"Page non trouvée | INA"
1043:The West versus the Rest
851:; Sinic, in the case of
337:civilization, including
5507:The Communist Manifesto
4433:Tyranny of the majority
4344:Consent of the governed
3741:Extraordinary rendition
3736:Extrajudicial prisoners
3124:The Crisis of Democracy
2001:March 12, 2007, at the
1163:join the European Union
960:Sino-Islamic connection
933:1979 Iranian revolution
880:Huntington at the 2004
865:January 2011 referendum
475:Eastern Orthodox Church
170:in his analysis of the
5790:Books about ideologies
5765:1996 non-fiction books
4384:
4334:Clash of civilizations
4320:
3776:Operation Eagle Assist
3696:Clash of Civilizations
3243:Symbolism of terrorism
3044:– Original essay from
3035:Clash of civilizations
2952:The Clash of Ignorance
2752:and Joseph Ratzinger (
2624:Harvey, David (2000).
2296:The Clash of Ignorance
2283:History of the Present
1850:
1366:
1020:will not be gone soon.
884:
700:Bosnia and Herzegovina
276:
108:Clash of Civilizations
18:Clash of Civilisations
4349:Divine right of kings
3771:Operation Noble Eagle
3608:2007 Lebanon conflict
3037:at Wikimedia Commons
2914:The National Interest
2674:Huntington, Samuel P.
2657:Huntington, Samuel P.
2643:Huntington, Samuel P.
2603:Harrison, Lawrence E.
2450:Retrieved on 05-24-07
2241:10.1353/jod.1999.0055
2078:Huntington, Samuel P.
2020:Beyond Intractability
1931:(in French). Toubkal.
1859:on September 24, 2015
1583:Potential superpowers
1349:
1222:Terror and Liberalism
1214:Industrial Revolution
1191:Clash of Civilization
1151:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1102:Japan, China and the
879:
801:Eastern Rite Catholic
799:("cleft" between its
271:
211:, and the capitalist
5810:Geopolitical rivalry
5497:Democracy in America
4876:political philosophy
4859:political philosophy
4674:political philosophy
4503:political philosophy
4413:Separation of powers
4374:Night-watchman state
4359:Monopoly on violence
3893:Political philosophy
3588:Operation Linda Nchi
3532:OEF – Horn of Africa
3445:Islamic Courts Union
3394:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
3218:September 11 attacks
3093:Samuel P. Huntington
2900:Nationalities Papers
2875:J. Paul Barker, ed.
2607:Samuel P. Huntington
2229:Journal of Democracy
1913:The Atlantic Monthly
1508:Civilizations portal
1411:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
1161:, and has sought to
1088:Core state conflicts
1081:Fault line conflicts
882:World Economic Forum
790:Anglophone Caribbean
725:The civilization of
316:former member states
284:Western civilization
254:Western civilization
181:The Atlantic Monthly
127:Samuel P. Huntington
69:Simon & Schuster
51:Samuel P. Huntington
5845:Theories of history
5687:Right-wing politics
5567:A Theory of Justice
5537:The Road to Serfdom
5457:The Social Contract
4164:Christian democracy
2959:on October 30, 2009
2883:Nikolaos A. Denaxas
2836:Van Creveld, Martin
2542:Barber, Benjamin R.
1832:The Washington Post
1758:. Lulu Press, Inc.
1593:Religious pluralism
1536:Cultural relativism
1436:Intermediate Region
1290:Intermediate Region
1284:Intermediate Region
652:Greater Middle East
213:free market economy
34:
5835:Political theories
5800:Cultural geography
5699:Political violence
5694:Political theology
5677:Left-wing politics
5672:Political spectrum
3818:Unlawful combatant
3751:Iranian Revolution
3537:OEF – Trans Sahara
3512:War in Afghanistan
3369:Jalaluddin Haqqani
3364:Sirajuddin Haqqani
3290:Iraqi Armed Forces
2928:The New York Times
2808:Toft, Monica Duffy
2465:Retrieved 05-24-07
2463:Dialoguecentre.org
2391:Dimitri Kitsikis,
2279:Timothy Garton Ash
2207:networks.h-net.org
1731:. Berghahn Books.
1576:Oriental Despotism
1521:Civilizing mission
1367:
1333:Islamic caliphates
1331:, the rise of the
1242:Timothy Garton Ash
1000:Islamic Resurgence
976:Iberian reconquest
929:Islamic Resurgence
885:
807:-dominated east),
727:Sub-Saharan Africa
520:Sinic civilization
495:is the mix of the
471:Oriental Orthodoxy
469:, being a part of
367:Dominican Republic
277:
5815:Identity politics
5752:
5751:
5662:Philosophy of law
5607:Conflict theories
5447:The Spirit of Law
5354:
5353:
4403:Original position
3859:
3858:
3756:Islamic terrorism
3621:
3620:
3517:OEF – Philippines
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3440:Hizbul Mujahideen
3281:Northern Alliance
3173:
3172:
3033:Media related to
2754:Pope Benedict XVI
2635:978-0-7486-1269-7
2547:Jihad vs. McWorld
2536:978-2-7526-0208-4
2518:978-2-88155-004-1
2356:978-0-525-51217-2
2091:978-0-7432-3149-7
1960:clash of cultures
1956:Ecrits mémorables
1954:(1931), in Idem,
1950:Louis Massignon,
1792:978-1-000-38383-6
1765:978-1-312-67075-4
1755:The Two Witnesses
1738:978-1-78238-450-2
1711:978-1-7998-7616-8
1370:Opposing concepts
1306:Eastern Orthodoxy
1277:Yuval Noah Harari
1219:In his 2003 book
1104:Four Asian Tigers
641:
486:
449:, Roman Catholic
321:Western Christian
286:, comprising the
241:cultural identity
209:liberal democracy
104:
103:
99:978-0-684-84441-1
85:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
5857:
5667:Political ethics
5657:Machiavellianism
5597:Authoritarianism
5582:
5572:
5562:
5552:
5542:
5532:
5522:
5512:
5502:
5492:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5452:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5412:
5402:
5392:
5382:
5372:
4448:
4389:
4325:
4315:Balance of power
4289:Social democracy
4284:Social Darwinism
4259:Multiculturalism
4204:Environmentalism
4179:Communitarianism
3886:
3879:
3872:
3863:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3794:Targeted killing
3583:Iraqi insurgency
3503:Enduring Freedom
3496:
3455:Jemaah Islamiyah
3450:Jaish-e-Mohammed
3339:
3256:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3063:
3032:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2995:Your New Enemies
2988:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2955:. Archived from
2945:, Bristol, 2018.
2932:
2830:available online
2639:
2522:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2368:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2174:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2011:
2005:
1992:
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1916:
1915:, September 1990
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1878:Elst, Koenraad.
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1855:. Archived from
1843:
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1806:
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1675:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1638:10.2307/20045621
1617:
1551:Global policeman
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1473:Dimitri Kitsikis
1463:Jacob Burckhardt
1392:Mohammad Khatami
1351:Mohammad Khatami
1339:and the rise of
1294:Dimitri Kitsikis
1140:Byzantine Empire
1134:culture through
921:borders of Islam
631:South East Asian
608:
540:Chinese diaspora
473:rather than the
420:
217:Francis Fukuyama
186:Mahdi El Mandjra
145:Francis Fukuyama
139:article titled "
76:Publication date
42:
35:
21:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5805:Ethnic conflict
5755:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5735:
5724:Totalitarianism
5585:
5580:
5570:
5560:
5550:
5540:
5530:
5520:
5510:
5500:
5490:
5480:
5470:
5460:
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5410:
5400:
5397:Treatise on Law
5390:
5380:
5370:
5350:
5008:
5002:
4741:
4735:
4621:
4615:
4534:
4437:
4423:State of nature
4418:Social contract
4398:Ordered liberty
4386:Noblesse oblige
4303:
4137:
4066:
3895:
3890:
3860:
3855:
3827:
3716:CIA black sites
3669:
3617:
3546:
3501:
3479:
3460:Lashkar-e-Taiba
3398:
3359:Anwar al-Awlaki
3354:Hamza bin Laden
3349:Osama bin Laden
3330:
3247:
3209:
3204:
3174:
3169:
3154:
3095:
3090:
3056:Foreign Affairs
3046:Foreign Affairs
3026:
3010:
3000:
2992:Shirazi, Said.
2991:
2979:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2948:
2920:
2863:
2861:Further reading
2791:Sacks, Jonathan
2651:Foreign Affairs
2636:
2623:
2526:Barbé, Philippe
2519:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2480:archive.unu.edu
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2445:Wayback Machine
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2112:Wayback Machine
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1483:Carroll Quigley
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1458:Richard Bulliet
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1005:Foreign Affairs
941:Foreign Affairs
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603:Indian diaspora
515:civilizations.
375:Central America
355:Central America
266:
245:Foreign Affairs
172:Ayodhya dispute
136:Foreign Affairs
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4408:Overton window
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4239:Libertarianism
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3782:Situation Room
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3386:
3381:
3379:Khalil Haqqani
3376:
3371:
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3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
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3336:
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3329:
3328:
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3316:European Union
3313:
3308:
3306:United Kingdom
3303:
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3253:
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3205:
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3195:
3188:
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3171:
3170:
3165:Foreign Policy
3162:
3160:
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3152:
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3120:
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3074:
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3049:
3025:
3024:External links
3022:
3021:
3020:
3012:|website=
2989:
2981:|website=
2949:Said, Edward.
2946:
2933:
2918:
2909:The Real Clash
2902:
2892:
2880:
2873:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2833:
2822:
2805:
2788:
2785:
2768:
2750:Pera, Marcello
2747:
2737:
2727:
2705:
2688:
2671:
2654:
2640:
2634:
2626:Spaces of Hope
2621:
2600:
2583:
2569:Blankley, Tony
2566:
2539:
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2194:
2165:(5): 583–608.
2142:
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2124:
2115:
2097:
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2032:
2006:
1997:scanned image
1987:
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1704:. IGI Global.
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1546:Fault line war
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1468:Niall Ferguson
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1419:
1371:
1368:
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1179:European Union
1155:Latin alphabet
1136:ancient Greece
1126:; by overseas
1099:
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1069:
1068:
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1057:
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1029:
1028:civilizations.
1025:
1024:civilizations.
1021:
1012:
1009:
996:
995:
989:
986:
935:and the first
931:" include the
925:fundamentalist
897:United Nations
873:
870:
869:
868:
793:
774:
723:
644:
643:
642:
606:
588:
553:
543:
522:of China, the
489:
488:
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384:
383:
382:
335:Latin American
302:, most of the
300:Central Europe
265:
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221:end of history
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5825:Civilizations
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5647:Jurisprudence
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5489:
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5479:
5478:
5477:Rights of Man
5474:
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5387:De re publica
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5007:20th and 21st
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4755:
4752:
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4744:
4740:18th and 19th
4738:
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4709:
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4612:
4609:
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4599:
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4596:Nizam al-Mulk
4594:
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4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
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4280:
4279:Republicanism
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4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
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3990:
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3691:Bush Doctrine
3689:
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3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
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3640:
3639:Torture Memos
3637:
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3624:
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3475:Islamic State
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3340:
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3333:
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3311:United States
3309:
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3238:
3235:(2003–2011) (
3234:
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3221:
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3212:
3208:
3207:War on terror
3201:
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2901:
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2878:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:Tony Blankley
2865:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:0-02-933155-2
2845:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:0-691-11354-8
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:0-8264-6397-5
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:0-8117-0651-6
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Peters, Ralph
2769:
2767:
2766:88-04-54474-0
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:Köchler, Hans
2738:
2735:
2731:
2730:Köchler, Hans
2728:
2725:
2721:
2720:3-900704-18-X
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:Köchler, Hans
2706:
2704:
2703:0-86356-303-1
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:Kepel, Gilles
2689:
2687:
2686:0-87609-164-8
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:0-684-84441-9
2666:
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2619:0-465-03176-5
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2598:0-7432-5749-9
2595:
2591:
2587:
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2581:0-89526-015-8
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:0-345-38304-4
2561:
2557:
2556:0-8129-2350-2
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2438:Dialogue 2001
2434:
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2297:
2294:Edward Said:
2291:
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2284:
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2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:0-393-05775-5
2264:
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2017:
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1996:
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1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
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1822:
1819:
1816:, Summer 1993
1815:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1785:. Routledge.
1784:
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1566:Occidentalism
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1554:
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1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Eastern Party
1539:
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1532:
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1519:
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1516:Balkanization
1514:
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1236:philosophical
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1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:Enlightenment
1207:
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1184:
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1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Enlightenment
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1061:band-wagoning
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1006:
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917:
914:
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866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:French Guiana
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:Swahili coast
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
636:
633:countries of
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:countries of
616:
612:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
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566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:Eastern world
490:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:Baltic states
456:
452:
448:
447:Bashkortostan
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
380:
376:
372:
371:South America
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:French Guiana
348:
344:
340:
339:South America
336:
333:
332:
330:
326:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:United States
285:
282:
281:
280:
275:
270:
263:
261:
259:
255:
249:
246:
242:
238:
237:civilizations
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
190:Basil Mathews
187:
183:
182:
177:
176:Bernard Lewis
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
157:
152:
151:
147:'s 1992 book
146:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:United States
87:
83:
79:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5728:
5627:Elite theory
5575:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5435:
5425:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5375:
5365:
4664:Guicciardini
4620:Early modern
4443:Philosophers
4393:Open society
4333:
4329:Body politic
4199:Distributism
4189:Conservatism
4184:Confucianism
4103:Gerontocracy
4093:Dictatorship
4047:Sovereignty
4037:Ruling class
3927:Emancipation
3912:Citizenship
3805:
3798:
3781:
3695:
3686:Axis of evil
3502:
3374:Anas Haqqani
3252:Participants
3168:(co-founder)
3163:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3055:
3045:
3027:
2994:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2951:
2942:
2926:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2870:
2853:
2839:
2825:
2811:
2794:
2774:
2757:
2724:Google Print
2711:
2694:
2677:
2660:
2646:
2625:
2610:
2589:
2572:
2545:
2529:
2508:
2498:Bibliography
2483:. Retrieved
2479:
2470:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2433:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2395:. In Greek,
2392:
2387:
2346:
2340:
2329:, retrieved
2319:
2312:
2303:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2257:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2162:
2158:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2100:
2081:
2060:
2050:September 9,
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:
2009:
1990:
1981:
1967:
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1951:
1946:
1937:
1927:
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1883:. Retrieved
1873:
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1857:the original
1846:
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1693:
1683:September 9,
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1632:(3): 22–49.
1629:
1625:
1396:
1387:
1380:Hans Köchler
1373:
1362:
1329:Roman Empire
1298:Adriatic Sea
1287:
1270:
1268:
1264:Soviet Union
1256:Noam Chomsky
1254:
1247:
1240:
1220:
1218:
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1198:
1190:
1188:
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1014:
1004:
997:
992:Teleological
980:
968:
953:
949:
940:
918:
905:
901:
886:
771:Sierra Leone
682:), northern
648:Muslim world
431:Central Asia
429:and most of
411:Soviet Union
278:
273:
250:
244:
229:
205:human rights
202:
198:Belle Époque
193:
179:
174:in 1988, by
168:Girilal Jain
166:in 1946, by
164:Albert Camus
161:
155:
154:
148:
140:
134:
107:
105:
29:
5501:(1835–1840)
5381:(c. 350 BC)
5371:(c. 375 BC)
4988:Tocqueville
4953:Saint-Simon
4918:Montesquieu
4769:Bolingbroke
4701:Machiavelli
4581:Ibn Khaldun
4546:Alpharabius
4539:Middle Ages
4364:Natural law
4339:Common good
4264:Nationalism
4224:Imperialism
4194:Corporatism
4169:Colonialism
4149:Agrarianism
4128:Technocracy
4108:Meritocracy
4088:Bureaucracy
4078:Aristocracy
3633:Patriot Act
3384:Hafiz Saeed
3342:Individuals
3321:Philippines
3276:Afghanistan
3259:Operational
2963:February 5,
2936:Davide Orsi
2905:James Kurth
2586:Harris, Lee
2505:Ankerl, Guy
2485:October 23,
2331:October 31,
2235:(3): 3–17.
2212:November 7,
2025:October 28,
1885:October 23,
1678:gbse.com.my
1571:Orientalism
1526:Cold War II
1452:Individuals
1446:Pan-Turkism
1427:Eurasianism
1310:Sunni Islam
1302:Indus River
1249:Edward Said
1227:Paul Berman
1206:Amartya Sen
1128:colonialism
1120:Reformation
1116:Renaissance
1049:Stuart Hall
945:youth bulge
861:South Sudan
763:Ivory Coast
698:, parts of
684:West Africa
680:South Sudan
654:(excluding
623:Afghanistan
615:South Asian
483:Sunni Islam
461:. However,
425:and Muslim
341:(excluding
304:Philippines
5759:Categories
5709:Separatism
5517:On Liberty
5417:The Prince
5146:Huntington
4649:Campanella
4576:al-Ghazali
4525:Thucydides
4483:Lactantius
4428:Statolatry
4254:Monarchism
4234:Liberalism
4159:Capitalism
4142:Ideologies
4123:Plutocracy
4071:Government
4027:Revolution
4012:Propaganda
3962:Legitimacy
3937:Government
3784:photograph
3430:Boko Haram
3425:Al-Shabaab
3420:Abu Sayyaf
3237:Withdrawal
3227:Withdrawal
2448:Unesco.org
2365:1029771757
2045:google.com
1604:References
1326:Hellenized
1314:Shia Islam
889:Yugoslavia
853:Cordillera
755:Cape Verde
741:, and the
696:Bangladesh
627:Bangladesh
479:Kazakhstan
423:Azerbaijan
415:Yugoslavia
365:, and the
329:Protestant
119:identities
5427:Leviathan
5407:Monarchia
5401:(c. 1274)
5236:Oakeshott
5181:Mansfield
5176:Luxemburg
5161:Kropotkin
5056:Bernstein
5009:centuries
4923:Nietzsche
4866:Jefferson
4794:Condorcet
4742:centuries
4721:Pufendorf
4586:Marsilius
4473:Confucius
4458:Aristotle
4451:Antiquity
4379:Noble lie
4299:Third Way
4294:Socialism
4219:Feudalism
4174:Communism
4154:Anarchism
4133:Theocracy
4118:Oligarchy
4098:Democracy
4083:Autocracy
3997:Pluralism
3982:Obedience
3947:Hierarchy
3907:Authority
3500:Operation
3492:Conflicts
3014:ignored (
3004:cite book
2983:ignored (
2973:cite book
2373:cite book
2167:CiteSeerX
1646:0015-7120
1415:extremism
1355:reformist
1335:from the
1185:Criticism
1157:, joined
1132:Classical
913:Confucian
845:Sri Lanka
739:Mauritius
712:Indonesia
635:Indonesia
581:Sri Lanka
559:areas of
552:patterns.
528:Singapore
443:Tatarstan
308:Australia
116:religious
65:Publisher
5682:Centrism
5377:Politics
5367:Republic
5336:Voegelin
5316:Spengler
5301:Shariati
5276:Rothbard
5231:Nussbaum
5131:Habermas
5106:Fukuyama
5096:Foucault
5021:Ambedkar
4998:Voltaire
4968:de Staël
4943:Rousseau
4824:Franklin
4799:Constant
4759:Beccaria
4591:Muhammad
4571:Gelasius
4556:Averroes
4530:Xenophon
4510:Polybius
4463:Chanakya
4308:Concepts
4274:Populism
4244:Localism
4229:Islamism
4214:Feminism
4113:Monarchy
4017:Property
4007:Progress
3972:Monopoly
3942:Hegemony
3841:Category
3761:Islamism
3701:Cold War
3626:Policies
3578:Iraq War
3410:al-Qaeda
3403:Factions
3326:Ethiopia
3301:Pakistan
3233:Iraq War
2609:(eds.),
2507:(2000).
2441:Archived
2325:archived
2249:54556373
2189:51897336
2108:Archived
1999:Archived
1863:July 14,
1654:20045621
1494:See also
1300:and the
1260:Cold War
1212:and the
1111:Orthodox
956:Chechnya
937:Gulf War
893:Chechnya
849:Mindanao
841:Suriname
829:Tanzania
805:Orthodox
778:Ethiopia
751:Tanzania
731:Ethiopia
720:Maldives
716:Malaysia
692:Pakistan
664:Ethiopia
639:Malaysia
619:Pakistan
609:Part of
585:Thailand
573:Mongolia
565:Cambodia
557:Buddhist
497:Buddhist
451:Slovenia
439:Caucasus
391:Bulgaria
387:Orthodox
347:Suriname
325:Catholic
258:Cold War
232:ideology
225:Hegelian
123:Cold War
112:cultural
57:Language
5719:Statism
5632:Elitism
5590:Related
5391:(51 BC)
5321:Strauss
5296:Scruton
5291:Schmitt
5281:Russell
5201:Michels
5196:Maurras
5191:Marcuse
5151:Kautsky
5121:Gramsci
5116:Gentile
5086:Dworkin
5076:Du Bois
5071:Dmowski
5066:Chomsky
5061:Burnham
5046:Benoist
5016:Agamben
4983:Thoreau
4973:Stirner
4963:Spencer
4908:Mazzini
4898:Maistre
4893:Madison
4888:Le Play
4819:Fourier
4784:Carlyle
4764:Bentham
4754:Bastiat
4749:Bakunin
4726:Spinoza
4716:Müntzer
4686:Leibniz
4659:Grotius
4639:Bossuet
4606:Plethon
4551:Aquinas
4520:Sun Tzu
4488:Mencius
4478:Han Fei
4249:Marxism
4209:Fascism
4042:Society
3967:Liberty
3952:Justice
3932:Freedom
3851:Commons
3674:Related
3465:Taliban
3335:Targets
3159:Related
2710:(ed.),
2676:(ed.),
1431:Eurasia
1341:Ottoman
1322:Judaism
1318:Alevism
1262:as the
1195:Sun Tzu
909:hegemon
825:Nigeria
797:Ukraine
767:Liberia
735:Comoros
708:Comoros
688:Albania
668:Georgia
656:Armenia
650:of the
611:Islamic
577:Myanmar
536:Vietnam
513:Japonic
505:Chinese
501:Islamic
463:Armenia
455:Croatia
435:Balkans
427:Albania
407:Romania
399:Georgia
312:Oceania
296:Western
227:sense.
223:' in a
60:English
5581:(1992)
5571:(1971)
5561:(1951)
5551:(1945)
5541:(1944)
5531:(1929)
5521:(1859)
5511:(1848)
5491:(1820)
5481:(1791)
5471:(1790)
5461:(1762)
5451:(1748)
5441:(1689)
5431:(1651)
5421:(1532)
5411:(1313)
5341:Walzer
5331:Taylor
5286:Sartre
5251:Popper
5246:Pareto
5241:Ortega
5226:Nozick
5216:Mouffe
5166:Laclau
5126:Guénon
5111:Gandhi
5051:Berlin
5041:Bauman
5036:Badiou
5026:Arendt
4993:Tucker
4883:Le Bon
4844:Herder
4834:Haller
4829:Godwin
4814:Fichte
4809:Engels
4804:Cortés
4774:Bonald
4731:Suárez
4706:Milton
4696:Luther
4669:Hobbes
4654:Filmer
4644:Calvin
4629:Boétie
4622:period
4601:Ockham
4468:Cicero
4269:Nazism
4057:Utopia
4032:Rights
4022:Regime
3992:People
3977:Nation
3641:(2002)
3635:(2001)
3151:(2004)
3143:(1996)
3135:(1991)
3127:(1976)
3119:(1968)
3111:(1957)
3058:, 1993
2938:, ed.
2917:, 1994
2854:et al.
2846:
2818:
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1147:Turkey
1122:, the
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831:, and
786:Israel
769:, and
761:, the
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672:Israel
660:Cyprus
561:Bhutan
550:Altaic
534:, and
532:Taiwan
524:Koreas
511:, and
477:, and
403:Greece
395:Cyprus
379:Mexico
359:Mexico
343:Guyana
310:, and
292:Canada
47:Author
5730:Index
5359:Works
5346:Weber
5311:Spann
5306:Sorel
5271:Röpke
5266:Rawls
5221:Negri
5211:Mosca
5206:Mises
5171:Lenin
5141:Hoppe
5136:Hayek
5101:Fromm
5091:Evola
5081:Dugin
4978:Taine
4958:Smith
4938:Renan
4933:Paine
4854:Iqbal
4839:Hegel
4789:Comte
4779:Burke
4691:Locke
4681:James
4634:Bodin
4566:Dante
4561:Bruni
4515:Shang
4498:Plato
4052:State
4002:Power
3987:Peace
3922:Elite
3900:Terms
3551:Other
3100:Works
2460:About
2245:S2CID
2185:S2CID
2155:(PDF)
1674:(PDF)
1650:JSTOR
1199:Clash
891:, in
863:in a
857:Sudan
821:Kenya
813:Benin
782:Haiti
759:Ghana
747:Kenya
676:Malta
599:Nepal
595:India
591:Hindu
546:Japan
509:Hindu
106:The "
5261:Rand
5256:Qutb
5156:Kirk
5031:Aron
4948:Sade
4928:Owen
4913:Mill
4903:Marx
4871:Kant
4849:Hume
4711:More
4611:Wang
4493:Mozi
3917:Duty
3823:CAGE
3296:NATO
3286:Iraq
3266:ISAF
3048:1993
3016:help
2985:help
2965:2006
2844:ISBN
2816:ISBN
2799:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2699:ISBN
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2630:ISBN
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2605:and
2594:ISBN
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2487:2022
2379:link
2361:OCLC
2351:ISBN
2333:2018
2263:ISBN
2214:2019
2086:ISBN
2052:2017
2027:2021
1887:2022
1865:2015
1787:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1685:2023
1642:ISSN
1397:The
1359:Iran
1308:and
1159:NATO
964:Iran
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