368:
685:
552:
215:) where the clay is just moist enough to mould, to a maximum water content (called the liquid limit) where the moulded clay is just dry enough to hold its shape. The plastic limit of kaolinite clay ranges from about 36% to 40% and its liquid limit ranges from about 58% to 72%. High-quality clay is also tough, as measured by the amount of mechanical work required to roll a sample of clay flat. Its toughness reflects a high degree of internal cohesion.
540:
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40:
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577:, both utilitarian and decorative, and construction products, such as bricks, walls, and floor tiles. Different types of clay, when used with different minerals and firing conditions, are used to produce earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay. Some of the earliest pottery shards recovered are from central
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the plates together. The bonds are weak enough to allow the plates to slip past each other when the clay is being moulded, but strong enough to hold the plates in place and allow the moulded clay to retain its shape after it is moulded. When the clay is dried, most of the water molecules are removed,
474:
are sometimes also classified as clay minerals. There are approximately 30 different types of "pure" clays in these categories, but most "natural" clay deposits are mixtures of these different types, along with other weathered minerals. Clay minerals in clays are most easily identified using
292:
is formed largely from clay and is the most common of sedimentary rocks. However, most clay deposits are impure. Many naturally occurring deposits include both silts and clay. Clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by differences in size and mineralogy.
1282:
297:, which are fine-grained soils that do not include clay minerals, tend to have larger particle sizes than clays. There is, however, some overlap in particle size and other physical properties. The distinction between silt and clay varies by discipline.
421:
There are two types of clay deposits: primary and secondary. Primary clays form as residual deposits in soil and remain at the site of formation. Secondary clays are clays that have been transported from their original location by water erosion and
351:) are described as swelling clay minerals, because they have a great capacity to take up water, and they increase greatly in volume when they do so. When dried, they shrink back to their original volume. This produces distinctive textures, such as
625:, which effectively produced the wedge shaped markings of their writing. After being written on, clay tablets could be reworked into fresh tablets and reused if needed, or fired to make them permanent records. Purpose-made clay balls were used as
777:
Between one-half and two-thirds of the world's population, in both traditional societies as well as developed countries, still live or work in buildings made with clay, often baked into brick, as an essential part of their load-bearing
210:
The defining mechanical property of clay is its plasticity when wet and its ability to harden when dried or fired. Clays show a broad range of water content within which they are highly plastic, from a minimum water content (called the
497:. When fine sediments are delivered into the calm waters of these glacial lake basins away from the shoreline, they settle to the lake bed. The resulting seasonal layering is preserved in an even distribution of clay sediment banding.
162:, formed largely from clay, is the most common sedimentary rock. Although many naturally occurring deposits include both silts and clay, clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by differences in size and mineralogy.
277:), such as sodium, potassium, or calcium. If the clay is mixed with a solution containing other cations, these can swap places with the cations in the layer around the clay particles, which gives clays a high capacity for
612:
adopted clay tablets as the first known writing medium. Clay was chosen due to the local material being easy to work with and widely available. Scribes wrote on the tablets by inscribing them with a script known as
1290:
272:
The tiny size and plate form of clay particles gives clay minerals a high surface area. In some clay minerals, the plates carry a negative electrical charge that is balanced by a surrounding layer of positive ions
2249:
1978:
Moreno-Maroto, José Manuel; Alonso-Azcárate, Jacinto (September 2018). "What is clay? A new definition of "clay" based on plasticity and its impact on the most widespread soil classification systems".
1778:
GarcĂa-Sanchez, A.; Alvarez-Ayuso, E.; Rodriguez-Martin, F. (1 March 2002). "Sorption of As(V) by some oxyhydroxides and clay minerals. Application to its immobilization in two polluted mining soils".
241:
and the plates hydrogen bond directly to each other, so that the dried clay is rigid but still fragile. If the clay is moistened again, it will once more become plastic. When the clay is fired to the
1749:
Forouzan, Firoozeh; Glover, Jeffrey B.; Williams, Frank; Deocampo, Daniel (1 December 2012). "Portable XRF analysis of zoomorphic figurines, "tokens," and sling bullets from Chogha
Gavaneh, Iran".
1603:
Dadu, Ramona; Hu, Mimi I.; Cleeland, Charles; Busaidy, Naifa L.; Habra, Mouhammed; Waguespack, Steven G.; Sherman, Steven I.; Ying, Anita; Fox, Patricia; Cabanillas, Maria E. (October 2015).
1572:
Churchman, G. J.; Gates, W. P.; Theng, B. K. G.; Yuan, G. (2006). FaĂŻza
Bergaya, Benny K. G. Theng and Gerhard Lagaly (ed.). "Chapter 11.1 Clays and Clay Minerals for Pollution Control".
1893:
155:. Between one-half and two-thirds of the world's population live or work in buildings made with clay, often baked into brick, as an essential part of its load-bearing structure.
112:). Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities, such as a reddish or brownish colour from small amounts of
1605:"Efficacy of the Natural Clay, Calcium Aluminosilicate Anti-Diarrheal, in Reducing Medullary Thyroid Cancer–Related Diarrhea and Its Effects on Quality of Life: A Pilot Study"
2903:
232:
ions. These plates are tough but flexible, and in moist clay, they adhere to each other. The resulting aggregates give clay the cohesion that makes it plastic. In
2180:
329:
3868:
1553:
1842:
Guggenheim, Stephen; Martin, R. T. (1995), "Definition of clay and clay mineral: Journal report of the AIPEA nomenclature and CMS nomenclature committees",
387:, dissolved in rainwater or released by plant roots. The acid breaks bonds between aluminium and oxygen, releasing other metal ions and silica (as a gel of
2016:
281:. The chemistry of clay minerals, including their capacity to retain nutrient cations such as potassium and ammonium, is important to soil fertility.
1664:
2303:
1886:
4069:
2896:
2580:
1483:
2119:
1968:
2286:
1877:
Hillier S. (2003) "Clay
Mineralogy." pp 139–142 In Middleton G.V., Church M.J., Coniglio M., Hardie L.A. and Longstaffe F.J. (Editors)
2564:
2921:
2889:
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1696:
1674:
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359:) pose a considerable challenge for civil engineering, because swelling clay can break foundations of buildings and ruin road beds.
367:
2050:
1938:
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2240:
320:
use 1 ÎĽm. Clay-size particles and clay minerals are not the same, despite a degree of overlap in their respective definitions.
1932:
1655:
684:
2585:
2259:
2158:
1921:
1826:
1502:
489:) is clay with visible annual layers that are formed by seasonal deposition of those layers and are marked by differences in
476:
166:, which are fine-grained soils that do not include clay minerals, tend to have larger particle sizes than clays. Mixtures of
2212:
3571:
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824:
2168:
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2605:
953:
4049:
3484:
2929:
2590:
1821:
1542:
1512:
Boylu, Feridun (1 April 2011). "Optimization of foundry sand characteristics of soda-activated calcium bentonite".
736:, which is used to soothe an upset stomach. Some animals such as parrots and pigs ingest clay for similar reasons.
676:
402:, in warm climates tends to produce kaolin. Weathering of the same kind of rock under alkaline conditions produces
3787:
3182:
2118:
Rankka, Karin; Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne; Hultén, Carina; Larsson, Rolf; Leroux, Virginie; Dahlin, Torleif (2004).
1360:
Kotal, M.; Bhowmick, A. K. (2015). "Polymer nanocomposites from modified clays: Recent advances and challenges".
805:
4064:
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2031:
431:
321:
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324:
distinguish between silts and clays based on the plasticity properties of the soil, as measured by the soils'
249:
removes additional water from the clay, causing clay plates to irreversibly adhere to each other via stronger
2982:
1933:"Preliminary evaluation of a compacted bentonite / sand mixture as a landfill liner material (Abstract)]"
775:, among other ancient, naturally occurring geologic materials such as stone and organic materials like wood.
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The clay minerals formed depend on the composition of the source rock and the climate. Acid weathering of
186:), which are clay minerals that readily expand in volume when they absorb water, are a major challenge in
3653:
3462:
2970:
2176:
1462:
866:
857:
28:
332:
14688 grades clay particles as being smaller than 2 ÎĽm and silt particles as being larger. Mixtures of
3117:
2097:
Olive, W.W.; Chleborad, A.F.; Frahme, C.W.; Shlocker, Julius; Schneider, R.R.; Schuster, R.L. (1989).
253:, which strengthens the material. The clay mineral kaolinite is transformed into a non-clay material,
4006:
3858:
3815:
3708:
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3170:
3016:
2726:
1987:
1851:
1787:
1758:
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820:
423:
246:
228:, composed of aluminium and silicon ions bonded into tiny, thin plates by interconnecting oxygen and
120:
47:
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3772:
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3246:
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activity. Chemical weathering takes place largely by acid hydrolysis due to low concentrations of
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2003:
1867:
1803:
638:
598:
590:
136:
2130:
1687:
Ehlers, Ernest G. and Blatt, Harvey (1982). 'Petrology, Igneous, Sedimentary, and
Metamorphic'
143:
were the first known writing medium. Clay is used in many modern industrial processes, such as
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3288:
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1964:
1917:
1692:
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1634:
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material. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making
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1995:
1859:
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708:. It can reduce the cost of the composite, as well as impart modified behavior: increased
689:
3996:
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2816:
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2244:
1703:
Eisenhour, D. D.; Brown, R. K. (1 April 2009). "Bentonite and Its Impact on Modern Life".
797:
447:
310:
43:
586:
355:
or "popcorn" texture, in clay deposits. Soils containing swelling clay minerals (such as
2978:
1991:
1855:
1791:
1762:
1716:
1525:
218:
Clay has a high content of clay minerals that give it its plasticity. Clay minerals are
3943:
3835:
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3308:
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1629:
1604:
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302:
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2007:
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1951:
1647:
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380:
278:
78:
2197:
1816:
938: – Notion for comparing dimensions of particles in different states of matter
752:
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1473:
4001:
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2721:
2701:
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917:
741:
609:
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463:
427:
265:
stages further recrystallizes the metakaolin into yet stronger minerals such as
242:
140:
3113:
1999:
1533:
430:
deposit. Secondary clay deposits are typically associated with very low energy
236:
clay, the bonding between plates is provided by a film of water molecules that
3825:
3805:
3693:
3505:
3500:
3422:
3412:
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1724:
941:
929:
893:
887:
836:
713:
670:
547:, New Zealand. Dry clay is normally much more stable than sand in excavations.
500:
376:
306:
257:, which remains rigid and hard if moistened again. Further firing through the
254:
152:
113:
59:
1799:
926: – Any of a group of malleable substances used in building and sculpting
3981:
3961:
3847:
3663:
3648:
3264:
3206:
3190:
3105:
3006:
2811:
2756:
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2459:
2454:
2444:
2379:
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905:
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642:
614:
570:
560:
528:
356:
298:
262:
258:
233:
229:
222:
198:
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82:
3101:
2881:
1638:
1434:
1101:
1099:
869: – Modeling material which is mainly used by automotive design studios
835:
against toxic seepage (lining the landfill, preferably in combination with
3214:
3130:
3053:
1620:
975:
973:
971:
884: – The chemical structures, properties and reactions of clay minerals
54:
4011:
3898:
3628:
3603:
3530:
3447:
3437:
2796:
2711:
2666:
2542:
2522:
2512:
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2469:
2464:
2449:
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2414:
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947:
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832:
813:
793:
544:
451:
415:
407:
395:
352:
348:
203:
2954:
1961:
Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
956: – Various progressive interactions between clay minerals and water
3951:
3923:
3608:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3218:
2746:
2706:
2671:
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2507:
2502:
2492:
2487:
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2399:
2374:
2359:
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2319:
2314:
602:
574:
490:
399:
317:
314:
266:
219:
132:
128:
124:
92:
63:
3202:
3002:
2264:
1666:
The New Media
Invasion: Digital Technologies and the World They Unmake
3933:
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3918:
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1946:
1942:
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1012:
801:
737:
634:
622:
578:
520:
508:
455:
443:
403:
274:
148:
98:
17:
1733:
3386:
2771:
1734:"Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits"
1257:
785:
772:
751:
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683:
630:
582:
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482:
366:
289:
197:
159:
144:
53:
38:
1931:
Koçkar, Mustafa K.; Akgün, Haluk; Aktürk, Özgür (November 2005).
1497:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
305:
usually consider the separation to occur at a particle size of 2
3873:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3341:
3043:
2801:
2636:
2626:
2621:
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to around 14,000 BCE. Cooking pots, art objects, dishware,
467:
341:
337:
333:
294:
175:
171:
167:
163:
74:
2885:
2268:
2786:
2103:
1963:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
1311:
875: – Stop-motion animation made using malleable clay models
839:). Studies in the early 21st century have investigated clay's
828:
493:
and organic content. This type of deposit is common in former
1105:
979:
371:
Italian and
African-American clay miners in mine shaft, 1910
1892:. Soil Science Extension, North Carolina State University.
902: – Open-pit mining for the extraction of clay minerals
843:
capacities in various applications, such as the removal of
645:
clay is widely used as a mold binder in the manufacture of
379:
of silicate-bearing rocks. They can also form locally from
896: – Building material made of clay with some additives
1472:
Bergaya, FaĂŻza; Theng, B. K. G.; Lagaly, Gerhard (2006).
1435:
GarcĂa-Sanchez, Alvarez-Ayuso & Rodriguez-Martin 2002
2254:
1269:
908: – Practice of eating earth or soil-like substrates
2250:
Information about clays used in the UK pottery industry
1446:
1056:
1054:
877:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
862:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
800:, clay plaster, clay render case, clay floors and clay
375:
Clay minerals most commonly form by prolonged chemical
2099:"Swelling Clays Map of the Conterminous United States"
1086:
1084:
1398:
1071:
1069:
629:. Clay is used in many industrial processes, such as
2238:
The Clay
Minerals Group of the Mineralogical Society
1157:
1155:
1153:
1041:
1039:
1030:
418:
forms by intense weathering of other clay minerals.
3942:
3897:
3796:
3760:
3751:
3724:
3544:
3493:
3480:
3395:
3349:
3340:
3263:
2941:
2928:
2614:
2551:
2478:
2302:
1912:Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993).
654:
1132:
827:are needed, such as in pond linings, the cores of
1914:Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)
1422:
920: – Low-permeable marine geological formation
605:can all be shaped from clay before being fired.
2129:. Swedish Geotechnical Institute. Archived from
1018:
202:A 23,500 times magnified electron micrograph of
135:. Some of the earliest pottery shards have been
1879:Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
796:, and structures and building elements such as
1347:
860: – Fine-grained aluminium phyllosilicates
2897:
2280:
8:
2024:Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development
1495:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1233:
1221:
991:
816:and stone walls where protected from water.
744:have been used as anti-diarrheal medicines.
732:go back to prehistoric times. An example is
2198:"Atterberg plastic limits of clay minerals"
3757:
3490:
3346:
2938:
2904:
2890:
2882:
2287:
2273:
2265:
589:culture, and recovered deposits have been
527:, and has been involved in several deadly
523:. It is a highly sensitive clay, prone to
1628:
950: – Clay-rich soil, prone to cracking
81:(hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g.
1881:. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
1106:Moreno-Maroto & Alonso-Azcárate 2018
704:Clay is a common filler used in polymer
507:indigenous to the glaciated terrains of
479:rather than chemical or physical tests.
1386:
967:
847:from waste water and air purification.
434:such as large lakes and marine basins.
2581:Canadian system of soil classification
1937:Department of Geological Engineering,
1683:from the original on 24 December 2017.
1197:
1185:
1173:
1144:
1060:
1045:
651:
543:Clay layers in a construction site in
2082:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1744:from the original on 8 December 2008.
1335:
1323:
1245:
1209:
1161:
1117:
1090:
1075:
1003:
123:when wet but can be hardened through
7:
1829:from the original on 9 December 2015
1663:Ebert, John David (31 August 2011).
1410:
914: – Scottish chemist (1931-2016)
2218:from the original on 9 October 2022
2183:from the original on 3 January 2016
1899:from the original on 9 October 2022
1559:from the original on 9 October 2022
784:techniques, clay is used to create
763:Clay as the defining ingredient of
66:, laid down about 400,000 years ago
2565:Unified Soil Classification System
1916:(21st ed.). New York: Wiley.
1374:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.10.001
780:Also a primary ingredient in many
569:is used in art and handicraft for
340:and less than 40% clay are called
174:and less than 40% clay are called
73:is a type of fine-grained natural
25:
2922:Offshore geotechnical engineering
2570:AASHTO Soil Classification System
1751:Journal of Archaeological Science
1732:Foley, Nora K. (September 1999).
1658:from the original on 28 May 2015.
932: – Clay with cellulose fiber
442:The main groups of clays include
414:under alkaline conditions, while
158:Clay is a very common substance.
3213:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3139:
3129:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3030:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2868:
2867:
1939:Middle East Technical University
1133:Bergaya, Theng & Lagaly 2006
665:
309:(clays being finer than silts),
50:consist almost entirely of clay.
1423:Koçkar, Akgün & Aktürk 2005
585:. They are associated with the
139:to around 14,000 BCE, and
2586:Australian Soil Classification
2577:(French classification system)
2061:. 7 March 2005. Archived from
944: – Brand of modeling clay
284:Clay is a common component of
1:
4070:Soil-based building materials
3572:Mechanically stabilized earth
2153:. London: Thames and Hudson.
2017:"Industrial clays case study"
1691:: W.H. Freeman and Company.
1586:10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01020-2
1541:Breuer, Stephen (July 2012).
1270:Natural Resources Canada 2005
823:to water, is also used where
3324:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1576:. Handbook of Clay Science.
1574:Developments in Clay Science
1019:Guggenheim & Martin 1995
890: – Type of tennis court
573:. Clays are used for making
347:Some clay minerals (such as
127:. Clay is the longest-known
3885:Stress distribution in soil
2606:List of vineyard soil types
1362:Progress in Polymer Science
655:Mass bathing in liquid clay
4086:
3035:Pore pressure measurement
2591:Polish Soil Classification
2080:Introduction to mineralogy
2078:Nesse, William D. (2000).
2000:10.1016/j.clay.2018.04.011
1646:Diamond, Jared M. (1999).
1543:"The chemistry of pottery"
1534:10.1016/j.clay.2011.02.005
1348:Eisenhour & Brown 2009
26:
3788:Preconsolidation pressure
3183:Standard penetration test
2919:
2865:
2615:Non-systematic soil types
2255:The Clay Minerals Society
2243:26 September 2017 at the
1864:10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430213
1771:10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.010
1725:10.2113/gselements.5.2.83
1463:Clay mineral nomenclature
1031:Science Learning Hub 2010
806:ceramic building material
664:
659:
637:production, and chemical
432:depositional environments
151:production, and chemical
3284:California bearing ratio
3082:Rotary-pressure sounding
2913:Geotechnical engineering
2601:List of U.S. state soils
2059:Natural Resources Canada
2055:Geoscape Ottawa-Gatineau
1800:10.1180/0009855023710027
1475:Handbook of Clay Science
1234:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
1222:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
992:Klein & Hurlbut 1993
3704:Geosynthetic clay liner
3679:Expanded clay aggregate
3299:Proctor compaction test
3240:Crosshole sonic logging
3226:Nuclear densometer test
2983:Geo-electrical sounding
2596:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
2575:Référentiel pédologique
2559:FAO soil classification
2260:Organic Matter in Clays
1887:"Soil fertility basics"
1844:Clays and Clay Minerals
1822:Encyclopædia Britannica
718:electrical conductivity
660:as a type of relaxation
410:forms by weathering of
226:phyllosilicate minerals
3967:Earthquake engineering
3778:Lateral earth pressure
3403:Hydraulic conductivity
3254:Wave equation analysis
3233:Exploration geophysics
3125:Deformation monitoring
3094:Rotary weight sounding
2120:"Quick clay in Sweden"
1959:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
1550:Education in Chemistry
954:Clay–water interaction
760:
696:
563:
548:
372:
322:Geotechnical engineers
313:often use 4–5 μm, and
207:
67:
51:
3145:Settlement recordings
3070:Rock control drilling
2971:Cone penetration test
2205:American Mineralogist
2177:University of Waikato
2030:: 1–9. Archived from
1885:Hodges, S.C. (2010).
1648:"Diamond on Geophagy"
1621:10.1089/thy.2015.0166
1580:. Elsevier: 625–675.
1466:American Mineralogist
1447:Churchman et al. 2006
867:Industrial plasticine
858:Argillaceous minerals
831:, or as a barrier in
808:. Clay was used as a
767:is one of the oldest
755:
687:
554:
542:
370:
201:
57:
42:
29:Clay (disambiguation)
4007:Agricultural science
3709:Cellular confinement
2727:Calcareous grassland
2304:World Reference Base
2196:White, W.A. (1949).
2173:Science Learning Hub
1980:Applied Clay Science
1815:Grim, Ralph (2016).
1514:Applied Clay Science
1312:Forouzan et al. 2012
1293:on 12 September 2022
728:Traditional uses of
503:is a unique type of
398:-rich rock, such as
247:dehydration reaction
77:material containing
27:For other uses, see
4045:Sculpture materials
3899:Numerical analysis
3783:Overburden pressure
3773:Pore water pressure
3553:Shoring structures
3428:Reynolds' dilatancy
3329:Water content tests
3314:Triaxial shear test
3274:Soil classification
3247:Pile integrity test
2296:Soil classification
2149:Scarre, C. (2005).
2015:Murray, H. (2002).
1992:2018ApCS..161...57M
1954:on 4 December 2008.
1856:1995CCM....43..255G
1792:2002ClMin..37..187G
1763:2012JArSc..39.3534F
1717:2009Eleme...5...83E
1526:2011ApCS...52..104B
1493:Boggs, Sam (2006).
1224:, pp. 514–515.
1021:, pp. 255–256.
1006:, pp. 252–257.
994:, pp. 512–514.
912:Graham Cairns-Smith
756:A clay building in
608:Ancient peoples in
599:musical instruments
3874:Slab stabilisation
3854:Stability analysis
2480:USDA soil taxonomy
2306:for Soil Resources
2065:on 24 October 2005
1258:Rankka et al. 2004
769:building materials
761:
697:
672:Video (10 minutes)
564:
549:
373:
208:
68:
52:
4050:Natural materials
4022:
4021:
3893:
3892:
3869:Sliding criterion
3831:Response spectrum
3747:
3746:
3577:Pressure grouting
3476:
3475:
3336:
3335:
3289:Direct shear test
2995:Permeability test
2879:
2878:
1757:(12): 3534–3541.
1615:(10): 1085–1090.
1485:978-0-08-044183-2
1283:"British Library"
1188:, pp. 10–11.
980:Olive et al. 1989
819:Clay, relatively
682:
681:
477:X-ray diffraction
389:orthosilicic acid
188:civil engineering
48:Martha's Vineyard
34:Fine grained soil
16:(Redirected from
4077:
3881:Bearing capacity
3768:Effective stress
3758:
3659:Land reclamation
3599:Land development
3494:Natural features
3491:
3458:Specific storage
3347:
3279:Atterberg limits
3217:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3143:
3133:
3118:Screw plate test
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3034:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2939:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2871:
2870:
2767:Hydrophobic soil
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2211:(7–8): 508–512.
2202:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2164:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2093:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2037:on 20 April 2021
2036:
2021:
2011:
1974:
1970:978-1-40517783-2
1955:
1950:. Archived from
1927:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1874:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1811:
1774:
1745:
1728:
1684:
1659:
1642:
1632:
1599:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1547:
1537:
1508:
1489:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1399:Dadu et al. 2015
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1289:. Archived from
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1176:, pp. 5–11.
1171:
1165:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1135:, pp. 1–18.
1130:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
878:
863:
782:natural building
779:
730:clay as medicine
673:
669:
668:
652:
627:sling ammunition
617:, using a blunt
517:Northern Ireland
326:Atterberg limits
311:sedimentologists
286:sedimentary rock
251:covalent bonding
178:. Soils high in
62:clay deposit in
21:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4065:Phyllosilicates
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
3997:Earth materials
3938:
3900:
3889:
3798:
3792:
3743:
3720:
3674:Earth structure
3669:Erosion control
3567:Ground freezing
3557:Retaining walls
3540:
3482:
3472:
3433:Angle of repose
3391:
3332:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3219:Visible bedrock
3171:Simple sounding
3159:Shear vane test
2935:instrumentation
2934:
2932:
2924:
2915:
2910:
2880:
2875:
2861:
2832:Subaqueous soil
2817:Serpentine soil
2677:Parent material
2610:
2547:
2474:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2245:Wayback Machine
2234:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2200:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2167:
2161:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2136:on 4 April 2005
2133:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2019:
2014:
1977:
1971:
1958:
1930:
1924:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1814:
1777:
1748:
1731:
1702:
1677:
1662:
1645:
1602:
1596:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1540:
1511:
1505:
1492:
1486:
1471:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
969:
964:
959:
876:
861:
853:
798:wattle and daub
776:
750:
726:
702:
688:Clay bath near
671:
666:
555:A 14th-century
537:
448:montmorillonite
440:
365:
303:soil scientists
196:
111:
103:
97:
91:
44:Gay Head Cliffs
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3944:Related fields
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Classification
3861:
3856:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3836:Seismic hazard
3833:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3463:Shear strength
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Friction angle
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Oedometer test
3316:
3311:
3309:Sieve analysis
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3195:Total sounding
3186:
3185:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3161:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3121:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3060:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
2998:
2997:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Prime farmland
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Fuller's earth
2759:
2754:
2752:Expansive clay
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2233:
2232:External links
2230:
2229:
2228:
2193:
2169:"What is clay"
2165:
2159:
2151:The Human Past
2146:
2115:
2094:
2088:
2075:
2047:
2012:
1975:
1969:
1956:
1928:
1922:
1909:
1882:
1875:
1850:(2): 255–256,
1839:
1817:"Clay mineral"
1812:
1786:(1): 187–194.
1775:
1746:
1729:
1700:
1685:
1675:
1660:
1643:
1600:
1594:
1569:
1538:
1520:(1): 104–108.
1509:
1503:
1490:
1484:
1469:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1326:, p. 257.
1316:
1304:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1248:, p. 256.
1238:
1236:, p. 512.
1226:
1214:
1212:, p. 253.
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1149:
1137:
1122:
1110:
1095:
1093:, p. 140.
1080:
1065:
1063:, p. 238.
1050:
1035:
1023:
1008:
996:
984:
966:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
924:Modelling clay
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
882:Clay chemistry
879:
873:Clay animation
870:
864:
854:
852:
849:
749:
746:
725:
722:
706:nanocomposites
701:
698:
680:
679:
662:
661:
657:
656:
567:Modelling clay
557:bottle stopper
536:
533:
439:
436:
364:
361:
195:
192:
184:expansive clay
180:swelling clays
119:Clays develop
109:
101:
95:
89:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Sedimentology
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Types of soil
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Geomorphology
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Consolidation
3814:
3812:
3811:Frost heaving
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:Geosynthetics
3687:
3685:
3684:Crushed stone
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Cut-and-cover
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3479:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Water content
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:Sample series
3103:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2930:Investigation
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2874:
2873:Types of soil
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Tropical peat
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Dry quicksand
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:Other systems
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2127:Report No. 65
2121:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2089:9780195106916
2085:
2081:
2076:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:Clay Minerals
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1697:0-7167-1279-2
1694:
1690:
1689:San Francisco
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:9780786488186
1672:
1669:. McFarland.
1668:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1595:9780080441832
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:, p. 64.
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
988:
985:
981:
976:
974:
972:
968:
961:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:Particle size
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
874:
871:
868:
865:
859:
856:
855:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:natural seals
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
774:
770:
766:
759:
758:South Estonia
754:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
734:Armenian bole
731:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
695:
691:
686:
678:
674:
663:
658:
653:
650:
648:
647:sand castings
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
595:smoking pipes
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
558:
553:
546:
541:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:North America
510:
506:
502:
498:
496:
495:glacial lakes
492:
488:
484:
480:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
385:carbonic acid
382:
378:
369:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
238:hydrogen bond
235:
231:
227:
224:
221:
216:
214:
213:plastic limit
205:
200:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
107:
100:
94:
88:
84:
80:
79:clay minerals
76:
72:
65:
61:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
19:
3992:Biogeography
3987:Hydrogeology
3977:Soil science
3957:Geochemistry
3716:Infiltration
3644:Cut and fill
3587:Soil nailing
3453:Permeability
3418:Bulk density
3356:
3135:Inclinometer
3058:Ram sounding
2943:
2782:Martian soil
2631:
2220:. Retrieved
2208:
2204:
2185:. Retrieved
2172:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2131:the original
2126:
2107:. Retrieved
2102:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:the original
2054:
2051:"Landslides"
2039:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2027:
2023:
1983:
1979:
1960:
1952:the original
1936:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1878:
1847:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1820:
1783:
1779:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1711:(2): 83–88.
1708:
1704:
1665:
1651:
1612:
1608:
1577:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1549:
1517:
1513:
1494:
1478:. Elsevier.
1474:
1465:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1387:Diamond 1999
1382:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1286:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1140:
1113:
1026:
999:
987:
845:heavy metals
818:
762:
748:Construction
727:
716:, decreased
714:permeability
712:, decreased
703:
607:
601:such as the
565:
525:liquefaction
499:
486:
481:
472:pyrophyllite
441:
420:
412:igneous rock
393:
381:hydrothermal
374:
346:
283:
279:ion exchange
271:
217:
209:
179:
157:
141:clay tablets
118:
70:
69:
36:
4002:Archaeology
3726:Foundations
3699:Geomembrane
3582:Slurry wall
3521:Water table
3485:Interaction
3481:Structures
3468:Sensitivity
3265:Laboratory
2847:Terra rossa
2842:Terra preta
2822:Spodic soil
2742:Duplex soil
2722:Brown earth
2702:Alkali soil
2692:Rhizosphere
2687:Laimosphere
2561:(1974–1998)
2518:Inceptisols
2425:Plinthosols
2390:Kastanozems
1368:: 127–187.
1198:Murray 2002
1186:Leeder 2011
1174:Leeder 2011
1145:Hodges 2010
1061:Scarre 2005
1046:Breuer 2012
918:London Clay
837:geotextiles
821:impermeable
742:attapulgite
738:Kaolin clay
610:Mesopotamia
597:, and even
505:marine clay
487:varved clay
464:vermiculite
428:sedimentary
243:earthenware
4029:Categories
3859:Mitigation
3841:Shear wave
3826:Earthquake
3821:Compaction
3806:Permafrost
3797:Phenomena/
3694:Geotextile
3619:Embankment
3609:Excavation
3546:Earthworks
3506:Vegetation
3501:Topography
3423:Thixotropy
3413:Void ratio
3396:Properties
3294:Hydrometer
3039:Piezometer
2959:Core drill
2827:Stagnogley
2777:Lunar soil
2732:Dark earth
2717:Brickearth
2682:Pedosphere
2652:Soil crust
2460:Technosols
2445:Solonchaks
2365:Ferralsols
2330:Anthrosols
2222:7 December
2187:10 January
2160:0500290636
2109:8 December
2041:8 December
1923:047157452X
1903:8 December
1833:10 January
1563:8 December
1504:0131547283
1457:References
1336:Boylu 2011
1324:Nesse 2000
1246:Nesse 2000
1210:Nesse 2000
1162:Foley 1999
1118:White 1949
1091:Boggs 2006
1076:Ebert 2011
1004:Nesse 2000
942:Plasticine
930:Paper clay
894:Clay panel
888:Clay court
841:absorption
778:structure.
690:lake Ahémé
561:fired clay
529:landslides
501:Quick clay
377:weathering
299:Geologists
255:metakaolin
194:Properties
121:plasticity
114:iron oxide
60:Quaternary
4060:Sediments
3982:Hydrology
3962:Petrology
3850:analysis
3848:Landslide
3753:Mechanics
3664:Track bed
3649:Fill dirt
3634:Terracing
3207:Trial pit
3022:Statnamic
3007:Load test
2812:Quicksand
2757:Fill dirt
2697:Bulk soil
2543:Vertisols
2533:Spodosols
2523:Mollisols
2513:Histosols
2498:Aridisols
2470:Vertisols
2465:Umbrisols
2455:Stagnosol
2420:Planosols
2415:Phaeozems
2395:Leptosols
2380:Gypsisols
2370:Fluvisols
2350:Chernozem
2345:Cambisols
2340:Calcisols
2335:Arenosols
2008:102760108
1986:: 57–63.
1872:129312753
1808:101864343
1552:: 17–20.
1411:Grim 2016
1287:www.bl.uk
906:Geophagia
833:landfills
812:in brick
710:stiffness
700:Materials
643:Bentonite
639:filtering
621:called a
615:cuneiform
571:sculpting
444:kaolinite
438:Varieties
426:in a new
424:deposited
363:Formation
357:bentonite
353:mudcracks
263:porcelain
259:stoneware
245:stage, a
234:kaolinite
230:hydroxide
223:aluminium
153:filtering
83:kaolinite
4012:Agrology
3901:software
3799:problems
3629:Causeway
3604:Landfill
3531:Subgrade
3448:Porosity
3443:Cohesion
2797:Paleosol
2712:Blue goo
2667:Gypcrust
2538:Ultisols
2508:Gelisols
2503:Entisols
2493:Andisols
2488:Alfisols
2450:Solonetz
2440:Retisols
2435:Regosols
2410:Nitisols
2405:Luvisols
2400:Lixisols
2385:Histosol
2375:Gleysols
2360:Durisols
2355:Cryosols
2325:Andosols
2315:Acrisols
2241:Archived
2213:Archived
2181:Archived
2140:20 April
2105:. I-1940
1894:Archived
1827:Archived
1742:Archived
1738:usgs.gov
1705:Elements
1681:Archived
1656:Archived
1652:ucla.edu
1639:26200040
1554:Archived
948:Vertisol
900:Clay pit
851:See also
814:chimneys
794:cordwood
724:Medicine
633:making,
559:made of
545:Auckland
460:Chlorite
452:smectite
416:gibbsite
408:Smectite
396:feldspar
349:smectite
318:chemists
204:smectite
147:making,
3952:Geology
3924:SVSlope
3734:Shallow
3654:Grading
3592:Tieback
3536:Subsoil
3526:Bedrock
3516:Topsoil
3511:Terrain
3304:R-value
3267:testing
3017:Dynamic
2944:in situ
2942:Field (
2747:Eluvium
2707:Bay mud
2672:Caliche
2662:Hardpan
2657:Claypan
2647:Subsoil
2642:Topsoil
2528:Oxisols
2430:Podzols
2320:Alisols
2308:(1998–)
2069:21 July
1988:Bibcode
1852:Bibcode
1788:Bibcode
1759:Bibcode
1713:Bibcode
1630:4589264
1609:Thyroid
1522:Bibcode
720:, etc.
677:YouTube
603:ocarina
575:pottery
491:erosion
400:granite
315:colloid
275:cations
267:mullite
220:hydrous
133:pottery
129:ceramic
64:Estonia
3934:Plaxis
3929:UTEXAS
3919:SVFlux
3909:SEEP2D
3761:Forces
3614:Trench
3562:Gabion
3372:Gravel
3012:Static
2857:Yedoma
2792:Muskeg
2157:
2086:
2006:
1967:
1947:Turkey
1943:Ankara
1920:
1870:
1806:
1695:
1673:
1637:
1627:
1592:
1501:
1482:
810:mortar
802:paints
635:cement
623:stylus
579:Honshu
521:Sweden
519:, and
509:Norway
470:, and
456:illite
454:, and
404:illite
149:cement
125:firing
3914:STABL
3387:Loess
3350:Types
2837:Takir
2772:Loess
2216:(PDF)
2201:(PDF)
2134:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
2035:(PDF)
2020:(PDF)
2004:S2CID
1897:(PDF)
1890:(PDF)
1868:S2CID
1804:S2CID
1557:(PDF)
1546:(PDF)
1297:9 May
962:Notes
786:adobe
773:Earth
694:Benin
631:paper
591:dated
587:JĹŤmon
583:Japan
483:Varve
295:Silts
290:Shale
164:Silts
160:Shale
145:paper
137:dated
18:Clays
4035:Clay
3739:Deep
3382:Loam
3377:Peat
3367:Sand
3362:Silt
3357:Clay
3342:Soil
3044:Well
2802:Peat
2637:Loam
2632:Clay
2627:Silt
2622:Sand
2224:2020
2189:2016
2155:ISBN
2142:2005
2111:2020
2084:ISBN
2071:2016
2043:2020
1965:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1905:2020
1835:2016
1693:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1635:PMID
1590:ISBN
1565:2020
1499:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1299:2023
829:dams
804:and
765:loam
740:and
619:reed
535:Uses
485:(or
468:talc
391:).)
342:loam
338:silt
334:sand
301:and
261:and
206:clay
176:loam
172:silt
168:sand
75:soil
71:Clay
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