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912:. It was impressed upon the emperor to what a huge extent the work of Clement-Mary Hofbauer had been appreciated. For Hofbauer's years of dedicated service, the emperor was encouraged to reward him by sanctioning a Redemptorist foundation in Austria. Instead of a writ of expulsion, Clement-Mary Hofbauer found himself invited to an audience with Emperor Franz. A church was selected and refurbished to become the first Redemptorist foundation in Austria. However, it was to be started without Hofbauer. He fell ill in early March 1820, and had died by 15 March. Clement-Mary Hofbauer's funeral was a big event in Vienna.
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1315:. It owed much also to the recent development in Britain of a parliamentary monarchy; some elements drawn also from older Polish parliamentary democracy. After the partition in 1772, stronger institutions became the goal of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility. Abolished was the previous requirement for unanimity in parliamentary voting. Rights and privileges of the nobility were now extended to citizens of towns. The peasantry was to be legally protected. Enshrined were both religious toleration and the separation of powers.
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714:, and the Sejm (Parliament) in Grodno. This notwithstanding, sometimes Clement-Mary Hofbauer had to seek alms. The story goes that on one occasion he went begging at a local pub. When he asked for a donation, one of the customers scornfully spat beer into Hofbauer's face. Wiping off the beer, he responded, "That was for me. Now what do you have for my boys?" It is said that the astounded men in the bar were so full of remorse that they gave Hofbauer all their winnings, more than 100 silver coins.
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organised religions had long been pervasive. Tensions with the state were often admixed with mutual mistrust whether within
Catholicism or between members of different Christian confessions. Whatever might have been the immediate cause, the Redemptorists' presence in Austria came to an end. Lost in the mêlée were the provincial archives of the order, and documents relating to Clement-Mary Hofbauer's activities.
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789:. Memoranda to him from Hofbauer record that attending the elementary school were 256 boys and 187 girls; that this was Warsaw's only school for girls; that the children were poor and receiving their tuition free; that many were homeless and orphans, housed at school free of charge. All to no avail. The decree arrived to close the school.
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After an interval, Hofbauer again found himself under attack. For a short while he was prohibited from preaching. Because he had been communicating with his
Redemptorist Superior General in Rome, he was threatened with expulsion. Before this could be enacted, the authorising document had to be signed
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For Poland's neighbours, the links of Polish reformers with the French
National Assembly reeked of revolution; throwing down the gauntlet before the absolute monarchies. Catherine intervened. By chance, Russia had just extricated herself from separate entanglements with Turkey and Sweden. Support was
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With regard to resolutions of the
General Sejm, "Constitution” had been a reality in Poland since the late 15th century. Dating back to 1493, the oldest drafts arose from the Chamber of Deputies. Under the “Nihil Novi” constitution of 1505: an act passed by the Sejm required consensus from the King,
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They had arrived in Warsaw with no money; Clement-Mary
Hofbauer had given their last three silver coins to beggars along the way. They met the apostolic delegate, Archbishop Saluzzo. With bad roads and wintery weather, he signalled his guests should stay in the capital for the time being. The bishop
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From among the boys under his care, Clement-Mary
Hofbauer started to recruit future Redemptorists. After ensuring they got into junior high schools, he himself undertook teaching them philosophy and theology, maintaining this until presented for ordination. He had seven priests after eight years. A
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In 1791, four years after their arrival, the
Redemptorists enlarged the children's refuge into an academy. The number of orphan boys continued to grow steadily. A boarding school had been opened for young girls under the direction of some noble Warsaw women. Money came from some regular benefactors
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In the early days of the 19th century, Vienna was a major cultural centre of Europe. Hofbauer enjoyed spending time with the students and the intellectuals. Hofbauer took care of young people, especially students at the university. He was always ready to offer support, both spiritual and material.
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way of life. When the number of boys grew too large for the rectory, Hofbauer opened the Child Jesus Refuge for his homeless boys. To keep the boys fed and clothed, he had to beg constantly. He did so unashamedly. Going into a bakery to buy a loaf of bread he came upon a master baker without an
429:, appealing for himself and anyone who might neglect to pray. He made himself useful at the shrine, assisting pilgrims arriving there. After less than six months, however, he left Quintiliolo; while the force of praying for mankind could not be gainsaid, persistent was a call to the priesthood.
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Revolution broke out in Vienna on 13 March 1848. The State
Chancellor Metternich was overthrown. The press was released from censorship. A constitution was proclaimed. Within six months, all feudal obligations on peasants were abolished. In the lead up to 1848, polarisation between and within
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in 1787. The constitution “assumed a symbolic importance… It was the Bill of Rights of the Polish tradition, the embodiment of all that was enlightened and progressive in Poland’s past, a permanent reproach to the tyranny of the partitioning powers.” It “sought to create a modern, centralized
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to the
Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution". Were the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to grow in resilience, pressure would come to return what Prussia had recently purloined. The new constitution infuriated Empress Catherine. Poland's king was her former lover; she considered Poland a
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and cry out: "Lord, help! It's high time...". Hofbauer was loved not only by his pupils, but also in more intellectual circles. It is reported that he accompanied the struggles of his pupils, advising them, teaching them, feeding them and guiding them through everyday life.
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Street battles were to reach Warsaw (see above). Hofbauer and his companions appealed for peace. This only served to fuel suspicion and they became labelled as traitors. Persecutions started in 1795, when Warsaw came under
Prussian occupation. Hofbauer appealed directly to
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A coterie of the learned and educated among the Viennese gathered around Clement-Mary Hofbauer. Through them there developed a redeeming influence on others, fuelling religious revival in Austria. Notable and artistic people he shepherded into the Catholic Church included
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attacked Vienna, Hofbauer worked as a hospital chaplain caring for the many wounded soldiers. The archbishop, seeing Hofbauer's zeal, asked him to care for a little Italian church in Vienna. He remained there for four years until he was appointed chaplain to the
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After the French took over in 1806 a law was passed that forbade local pastors from letting the Redemptorists preach missions in their parishes. There followed an even harsher prohibition from preaching and hearing confessions in their own church of St. Benno's.
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In time St. Benno's became the thriving centre of the Catholic Church in Warsaw. By the year 1800, growth was palpable, both in the work at the church and in the Redemptorist community. Reception of the sacraments had risen from 2,000 (in 1787) to over 100,000.
316:, apparently signalling already a call to the priesthood, though a long and tortuous path lay ahead. When Hofbauer was just fourteen, extra studies ended abruptly with the death of the pastor. His replacement did not put aside time to continue the tuition.
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Throughout Hofbauer's 21 years in Warsaw, he can have counted upon neither public security nor institutional stability. The three partitions of Poland brought about great bloodshed. Enemy forces were overwhelming, notwithstanding the endeavours of
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Back in February 1787, when the trio reached Warsaw, it had almost 120,000 people. Despite some 160 churches and 20 religious houses, charitable work cried out for attention: lots of people were poor and uneducated, their houses in disrepair.
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At the same time, an orphanage and a school for the families of manual craftsmen were put under their care. Charged with all this, Hofbauer and his companions had to see things through. They ended up remaining in Warsaw.
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604:, as unsettling as the first, was to occur six years after Hofbauer arrived. This left 10 million (i.e. 71%) of the original population of 14 million disenfranchised; no longer under Polish rule. At yet another
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By 1793, Hofbauer had been appointed vicar-general of the Redemptorist Congregation north of the Alps. With Warsaw as centre, he founded new establishments of the Congregation in Germany and in Switzerland.
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When the Redemptorists first opened their church they preached to empty benches. People apparently found it hard to trust these foreign priests. Many others had lapsed from Catholicism, some to adopt
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gave way to a full-scale mission every day of the year. Attending St. Benno's any weekday a person might hear no less than five sermons, in German and Polish. The week's programme involved three
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that is now Poland. On their journey, the two were joined by Peter Kunzmann, another trained baker. Hofbauer and he had pilgrimaged together. He was to become the first non-Italian Redemptorist
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In German Austria (including Bohemia, Moravia, and Galicia), religious houses had totalled 915 in 1700: 762 for men, and 153 for women. Of these, 388 (42%) had been required, under Emperor
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Clement-Mary Hofbauer's father died when he was six years old. In those days the ninth of a dozen children of a poor widow in a small village could have had little hope of getting into a
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Sisters in July 1813. Attending to the spiritual welfare of the nuns and lay people who came to their chapel, Hofbauer gained a reputation as a powerful preacher and gentle confessor.
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Hofbauer returned to the priory at Kloster Louka; to make himself useful baking bread again, and to resume studying Latin. At age 29, sponsored by two ladies he met while serving at
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etc. were frustrating. He was taught much that he found questionable. This notwithstanding, he had completed his philosophy studies by 1784. But he could proceed no further toward
359:, also known as the White Canons. At that time, war and famine had left many dependent on this priory for help. Hofbauer slaved around the clock to feed those at the priory door.
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892:(later to be ordained and become a great preacher) and Frederick von Held. This last mentioned became a Redemptorist and was instrumental in the Congregation being founded in
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assistant. Hofbauer spent the day working at the dough trough and the oven, using all his old baking skills. He got bread for his boys that day, and for many days to come.
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When he saw a homeless boy on the street, Clement-Mary Hofbauer brought him to the rectory, cleaned him up, fed him, and then taught him a trade and instructed him in the
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killed up to 20,000 civilians, regardless of gender and age. "The whole of Praga was strewn with dead bodies, blood was flowing in streams" wrote the Russian commander,
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the lords of the council (the Senate) and deputies representing landed gentry (Chamber of Deputies). Zbigniew Szcząska (2012), www.senat.gov.pl, accessed 19 March 2024.
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205:. For this he is considered a co-founder of the congregation. He was widely known for his lifelong dedication to care of the poor during a tumultuous period in
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under his command fought almost every European power, and acquired control of most of continental Europe, whether by conquest or alliance. In 1806 the
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republic.”. It was too late, however, to withstand the encircling hostile forces of autocracy. Such fears were voiced by the Prussian statesman
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Clement-Mary Hofbauer arrived in Vienna that September. He remained there until his death almost 13 years later. In 1809, when the forces of
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He remained a servant at the priory until 1775, when he embarked on the life of a hermit. That, however, was aborted after eight years; the
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Students came, singly and in groups, to his quarters to talk, share a meal, or get advice. A good many of them later became Redemptorists.
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No longer studying, Hofbauer had to learn a trade. He was sent to become an apprentice in a bakery 8 km away in the local capital of
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rule was subordinated to French requirements. What little remained in the Warsaw Duchy was now to resource military ambitions elsewhere.
448:. Emperor Joseph's government had closed all seminaries. Students for the priesthood had to study at government-controlled universities.
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Acknowledging Hofbauer's 21 most fruitful years in Warsaw, his inclusion in the catalogue of Polish saints was enacted by the
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Snyder, T. (2004) The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. Yale University Press.
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and many others willing to help, but Hofbauer still had to beg from door to door seeking help for his many orphans.
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to others living in the area around their church. An expanded team (Hofbauer, five Redemptorist priests and three
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In his iconography Clement-Mary Hofbauer is depicted in the Redemptorist habit. His attribute is the cross.
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1257:"200th Anniversary of the death of Fr. Francesco Antonio de Paola | Redemptorist Conference of Europe"
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north of the Alps. But in Clement-Mary Hofbauer's homeland this was out of the question, given Emperor
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Davies, N. (2005). God's Playground. A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present. OUP Oxford.
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wrote "The worst possible news has arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign".
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novitiate was also founded. There were 18 priests by 1803. In 1808 there were 36 Redemptorists.
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A few months after their ordination the first two Germanic Redemptorists were summoned by their
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Clement-Mary Hofbauer and his team had been in Warsaw twelve years when, on 19 November 1799,
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of a hermit. This was when Hofbauer took the name of Clement Mary: Clement, most likely after
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had been forced on the country, land being distributed between Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
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For more than two centuries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been a large and unwieldy
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The Holiness of the Church in the Nineteenth Century: Saintly Men and Women of Our Own Times
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https://www.visittivoli.eu/luoghi-di-culto/chiesa-della-maria-ss-di-quintiliolo&lang=EN
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Memorial plaque on the Znojmo building where Hofbauer had been apprenticed to a baker
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was powerless to stop those who wished rid of the Redemptorists. At the request of
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https://www.redemptor.pl/swieciiblogoslawieni/sw-klemens-maria-hofbauer-1751-1820/
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When Clement-Mary Hofbauer felt overwhelmed it is said he would stand before the
464:: the emperor had forbidden religious communities from accepting new candidates.
344:) in 1767. In 1770, he went to work 9 km from Taßwitz, in the bakery of the
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was promulgated; historically the second written constitution after that of the
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746:. To help restore the Catholic faith, Hofbauer and his companions set to work.
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Hofbauer's mortal remains were exhumed in 1862 and transferred to Vienna's
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Magnier, John. "Blessed Clement Mary Hofbauer." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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813:. They were released after a month, but not allowed to return to Poland.
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908:. At the time, the emperor was on pilgrimage in Rome, where he visited
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1491:"A College-Church Partnership | Dartmouth Alumni Magazine | June 1962"
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Living Redemptorist Spirituality: Prayers, Devotions and Reflections
209:, that had left thousands destitute. He laboured in the care of the
1530: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
374:. Hofbauer moved to Vienna, once more to earn his keep as a baker.
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to close; 280 for men, 108 for women. See Catholic Encyclopaedia.
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Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 27 December 2019
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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took over the city where Hofbauer and his team were working. The
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As they began to learn Polish, the Redemptorists expanded their
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fourteen years earlier, the church had fallen into disrepair.
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was established under his patronage at West 44th Street and
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plan to include Vienna in a German national church failed.
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autocracy. He was not about to countenance an evangelical
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protectorate. A chief author of Russian foreign policy,
1173:"New Catholic Dictionary – Saint Clement Mary Hofbauer"
896:. It is very much thanks to Clement-Mary Hofbauer that
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that had inspired this. Drawing from the work of the
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Klemens Maria Hofbauer statue, Minoritenplatz, Vienna
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https://benon.redemptor.pl/swiety-klemens-hofbauer/
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1546:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1006:in the late 1960s. Two years later, in 1911, the
641:was established as a client state. The impact of
553:was virtually a puppet. Fifteen years earlier, a
1495:Dartmouth Alumni Magazine | The Complete Archive
1359:https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/84461
1025:Hofbauer is one of the figures immortalised in
959:, and 21 years later Clement-Mary Hofbauer was
757:brothers) began a "Perpetual Mission". Weekday
990:A few months after Hofbauer's canonisation, a
769:, public visits to the Blessed Sacrament, the
197:. He established his congregation, founded in
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1013:Clement-Mary Hofbauer is the patron saint of
828:window portraying St. Clement-Mary Hofbauer,
8:
3095:18th-century Austrian Roman Catholic priests
3070:19th-century Austrian Roman Catholic priests
1311:, the new Polish Constitution resembled the
1156:https://www.suedmaehren.at/ort/klosterbruck/
1002:, which served the Polish community. It was
939:of St. Clement-Mary Hofbauer on display for
312:studies nevertheless started with the local
1513:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1275:https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08508b.htm
436:in the priory's basilica (dedicated to the
183:) (26 December 1751 – 15 March 1820) was a
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444:), Clement-Mary Hofbauer enrolled at the
393:, Clement-Mary Hofbauer found his way to
220:Clement-Mary Hofbauer is remembered as a
1454:"Book of Saints – Clement Mary Hofbauer"
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1372:. See also the portrait of Hofbauer at:
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213:people until expelled, when he moved to
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1432:, (Francis Breymann, SJ, trans.), 1916
669:. Whether in reprisal or revenge, the
493:Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer
47:Hofbauer's tombstone in the Church of
1305:Declaration of Human and Civil Rights
7:
1428:Constantine Kempf, SJ, Constantine.
598:Polish loyalist forces were routed.
425:. As a hermit, Hofbauer focused on
308:, nor of joining a religious order.
273:(December 26) 1751, in Taßwitz (now
667:massacre of Warsaw's Praga district
596:War in Defence of the Constitution
370:, abolished all hermitages in the
14:
1540:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
882:Friedrich August von Klinkowström
767:office of the Blessed Virgin Mary
708:King Stanisław August Poniatowski
3135:Austrian people of Czech descent
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712:Commission of National Education
478:poverty, chastity, and obedience
3110:Beatifications by Pope Leo XIII
1910:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
870:Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel
16:Austrian Redemptorist and saint
3100:Austrian Roman Catholic saints
1623:History of the Catholic Church
1394:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
884:the artist, Joseph von Pilat (
509:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
409:, Barnabas Chiaramonte (later
297:"Hofbauer"). His father was a
228:. He is called the Apostle of
1:
3125:19th-century Christian saints
3120:18th-century Christian saints
2272:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
1669:History of Christian theology
1313:American Constitution of 1787
1228:"Saint Clement Mary Hofbauer"
876:(daughter of the philosopher
3115:Canonizations by Pope Pius X
1600:History of Catholic theology
1234:. 2016-03-16. Archived from
665:of 1794. There followed the
653:. Soon after his victory at
573:: "The Poles have given the
3090:Czech Roman Catholic saints
3060:People from Znojmo District
1301:French Constituent Assembly
1010:was established in Berlin.
987:is celebrated on 15 March.
612:), Poland ceased to exist.
401:. He resumed the life of a
263:Johannes ("Hansl") Hofbauer
3151:
2698:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
2688:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
1973:Transubstantiation dispute
1478:https://home.dartmouth.edu
1390:dissolution of the Jesuits
1370:https://benon.redemptor.pl
1307:of 26 August 1789 and the
1032:Constitution of 3 May 1791
413:), who clothed him in the
285:region of what is now the
190:and later a priest of the
2947:
1606:
1538:Bl. Clement Mary Hofbauer
1410:"Święty Klemens Hofbauer"
1303:, which had produced the
803:King Frederick Augustus I
560:In 1791, a parliamentary
480:. Ten days later, at the
40:
2612:Matthias Joseph Scheeben
1805:Athanasius of Alexandria
1697:First Epistle of Clement
1209:"Südmähren Klosterbruck"
1142:January 8, 2016, at the
1133:"St. Clement Hofbauer",
643:King Frederick Augustus'
421:, and Mary in honour of
2723:Dietrich von Hildebrand
2587:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
2461:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
2441:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda
1983:Paulinus II of Aquileia
1978:Predestination disputes
1536:Magnier, John (1908). "
1084:von Adelsfried, c. 1902
706:After an audience with
661:engulfed Warsaw during
592:Targowica Confederation
519:Mission beyond the Alps
2959:Catholicism portal
2808:Hans Urs von Balthasar
2607:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
2547:Félicité de La Mennais
2226:The Cloud of Unknowing
1727:The Shepherd of Hermas
1563:Klemens Maria Hofbauer
1297:European Enlightenment
948:
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368:enlightened absolutism
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181:Klemens Maria Hofbauer
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2733:Marie-Dominique Chenu
2652:Marie-Joseph Lagrange
2637:Désiré-Joseph Mercier
2521:Clement Mary Hofbauer
2516:Johann Michael Sailer
1943:Maximus the Confessor
1635:History of the papacy
1543:Catholic Encyclopedia
1384:This was next to the
934:
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824:
671:Russian imperial army
608:two years later (see
536:
452:courses permeated by
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168:Clement Mary Hofbauer
111:Roman Catholic Church
29:Clement Mary Hofbauer
2909:Raniero Cantalamessa
2879:Alice von Hildebrand
2828:Edward Schillebeeckx
2506:Maria Gaetana Agnesi
2391:Lawrence of Brindisi
2321:Francisco de Vitoria
2111:Beatrice of Nazareth
2086:Hugh of Saint Victor
2066:Bernard of Clairvaux
2046:Anselm of Canterbury
2008:John Scotus Eriugena
2003:Paschasius Radbertus
1850:Gregory of Nazianzus
1744:Epistle to Diognetus
1565:at Wikimedia Commons
904:off by the Austrian
888:private secretary),
610:Partitions of Poland
584:Alexander Bezborodko
446:University of Vienna
3105:Redemptorist saints
2884:Carlo Maria Martini
2848:Johann Baptist Metz
2818:Frederick Copleston
2642:Friedrich von Hügel
2602:Joseph Hergenröther
2582:Gaetano Sanseverino
2562:Ignaz von Döllinger
2486:Nicolas Malebranche
2326:Thomas of Villanova
2287:Counter-Reformation
2267:Girolamo Savonarola
2081:Hildegard of Bingen
1890:Cyril of Alexandria
1733:Aristides of Athens
1720:Epistle of Barnabas
1709:Ignatius of Antioch
1647:Ecumenical councils
1489:JORDAN '45, CLIFF.
1458:CatholicSaints.Info
1357:Dempsey, J. (2021)
1177:CatholicSaints.Info
921:Redemptorist church
571:Ewald von Hertzberg
537:Portrait by R. Rinn
501:religious institute
482:Cathedral of Alatri
427:oversight in prayer
419:St. Clement of Rome
232:, where he is a co-
122:29 January 1888 by
2899:Alasdair MacIntyre
2778:Nouvelle théologie
2667:Thérèse of Lisieux
2511:Alfonso Muzzarelli
2451:Jean-Jacques Olier
2421:Tommaso Campanella
2336:Francisco de Osuna
2331:Ignatius of Loyola
2200:Catherine of Siena
2096:Robert Grosseteste
1993:Benedict of Aniane
1933:Isidore of Seville
1875:Augustine of Hippo
1840:Cyril of Jerusalem
1835:Hilary of Poitiers
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2647:Vladimir Solovyov
2627:Neo-scholasticism
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2496:Alphonsus Liguori
2491:Giambattista Vico
2426:Pierre de Bérulle
2412:French Revolution
2381:Robert Bellarmine
2361:John of the Cross
2247:Julian of Norwich
2205:Bridget of Sweden
2195:John of Ruusbroec
2185:William of Ockham
2101:Francis of Assisi
2091:Dominic de Guzmán
2061:Decretum Gratiani
2036:Berengar of Tours
1925:Early Middle Ages
1895:Peter Chrysologus
1845:Basil of Caesarea
1830:Ephrem the Syrian
1770:Antipope Novatian
1561:Media related to
1015:Dartmouth College
972:Polish Episcopate
878:Moses Mendelssohn
811:Kostrzyn nad Odrą
787:the Prussian king
731:Blessed Sacrament
675:Alexander Suvorov
602:Another partition
385:In 1782, after a
366:, a proponent of
364:Emperor Joseph II
354:Premonstratensian
246:St Peter Canisius
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2748:Fulton Sheen
2676:20th century
2577:Jaime Balmes
2535:19th century
2520:
2356:Luis de León
2237:Geert Groote
2224:
2041:Peter Damian
1880:John Cassian
1820:Nestorianism
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1679:Early Church
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474:Saint Joseph
471:
468:Redemptorist
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384:
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262:
261:He was born
260:
234:patron saint
219:
195:congregation
192:Redemptorist
167:
166:
3055:1820 deaths
3050:1751 births
3010:Catholicism
2929:Tomáš Halík
2853:Jean Vanier
2838:René Girard
2823:Alfred Delp
2788:Yves Congar
2783:Karl Rahner
2758:Dorothy Day
2743:Edith Stein
2713:Ronald Knox
2311:John Fisher
2306:Thomas More
2283:Reformation
2175:Duns Scotus
2170:Ramon Llull
2163:and reforms
2151:Roger Bacon
2116:Bonaventure
2026:Roscellinus
1815:Pelagianism
1786:Constantine
1609:Key figures
1295:It was the
1080:Drawing by
1064:Tombstone,
1027:Jan Matejko
996:10th Avenue
841: [
763:High Masses
744:Freemasonry
625:in faraway
622:coup d'état
513:lay brother
497:Joseph II's
458:rationalism
454:Josephinism
137:Pope Pius X
3044:Categories
2939:Scott Hahn
2316:Johann Eck
1968:Iconoclasm
1900:Pope Leo I
1760:Tertullian
1500:2023-10-25
1464:2020-08-10
1242:2020-08-10
1183:2020-08-10
982:liturgical
961:recognised
945:Lima, Ohio
941:veneration
927:Veneration
751:apostolate
529:Background
462:ordination
438:Assumption
387:pilgrimage
277:), in the
257:Early life
242:St Leopold
90:1820-03-16
2998:Biography
2843:Hans Küng
2632:Léon Bloy
2622:Modernism
2475:Jansenism
2161:Mysticism
1755:Montanism
1386:cathedral
1271:Joseph II
1154:See also
951:In 1888,
719:Christian
663:Holy Week
655:Racławice
606:partition
555:partition
252:Biography
238:St Colmán
154:Patronage
131:Canonized
118:Beatified
2375:Molinism
1953:Ecthesis
1905:Boethius
1810:Arianism
1800:Eusebius
1750:Irenaeus
1714:Polycarp
1628:Timeline
1509:cite web
1140:Archived
1068:, Vienna
858:Ursuline
853:Napoleon
696:St Benno
659:fighting
617:Napoleon
580:de facto
450:Theology
306:seminary
283:Moravian
275:Tasovice
185:Moravian
148:15 March
3022:Austria
2972:Portals
2296:Erasmus
2146:Thomism
1885:Orosius
1860:Ambrose
1775:Cyprian
1703:Didache
1657:Vulgate
1616:General
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1392:in the
1039:Gallery
894:Ireland
834:Liesing
775:vespers
681:Poverty
352:of the
299:grazier
281:of the
265:on the
224:in the
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2986:Saints
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1870:Jerome
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847:(2006)
817:Vienna
765:, the
692:Poznań
657:, the
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543:polity
524:Warsaw
407:bishop
403:hermit
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346:priory
338:Znojmo
330:Znojmo
295:German
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230:Vienna
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207:Europe
188:hermit
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310:Latin
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