163:) to retract posteriorly, following the posterior movement of the upper tooth row, while the lower part of the symphysis remained protruded to create more space, thereby creating the inverted-T shaped mental relief during early ages and the prominent chin later. The alveolar region (upper or superior part of the symphysis) is sculpted by bone resorption, but the chin (lower or inferior part) is depository in its nature. These coordinated bone growth and modeling processes mold the vertical symphysis present at birth into the prominent shape of the chin.
191:, evolutionary anthropologists James Pampush and David Daegling discuss various theories that have been raised to solve the puzzle of the chin. They conclude that "each of the proposals we have discussed falter either empirically or theoretically; some fail, to a degree, on both accounts… This should serve as motivation, not discouragement, for researchers to continue investigating this modern human peculiarity… perhaps understanding the chin will reveal some unexpected insight into what it means to be human."
107:. Others have argued that the prominent chin is adapted to resisting wishboning forces, dorso-ventral shear forces, and generally a mechanical advantage to resist lateral transverse bending and vertical bending in the coronal plane. On the contrary, others have suggested that the presence of the chin is not related to mastication. The presence of thick bone in the relatively small mandible may indicate better force resistance capacity. However, the question stands of whether the chin is an
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336:) do not project forward enough, the chin in turn will not project forward enough to give the impression of a defined jawline and chin. Despite low amounts of fat in the area, it can appear as if the chin is melting into the neck. The extent of this deficiency can vary drastically and usually has to be treated surgically. In some patients, the aesthetic deficit can be overcome with
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societies grew into larger social networks, territorial disputes decreased because the new social structure promoted building alliances in order to exchange goods and belief systems. Franciscus believes that this change in the human environment reduced hormone levels, especially in men, resulting in
166:
Recent research on the development of the chin suggests that the evolution of this unique characteristic was formed not by mechanical forces such as chewing but by evolutionary adaptations involving reduction in size and change in shape of the face. Holton et al. claim that this adaptation occurred
175:
Robert
Franciscus takes a more anthropological viewpoint: he believes that the chin was formed as a consequence of the change in lifestyle humans underwent approximately 80,000 years ago. As humans'
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or tooth row; however, its general mechanical or functional advantage during feeding, developmental origin, and link with human speech, physiology, and social influence are highly debated.
543:
Gröning F, Liu J, Fagan MJ, O'Higgins P (April 2011). "Why do humans have chins? Testing the mechanical significance of modern human symphyseal morphology with finite element analysis".
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and ultimately formed a prominent chin. Moreover, Daegling (1993) explains the chin as a functional adaptation to resist masticatory stress that causes vertical bending stresses in the
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bone that resulted from the incomplete fusion of the left and right halves of the jaw bone, or muscle, during the embryonal and fetal development. It can also develop during the later
266:. Cleft chins can be presented in a child when neither parent presents a cleft chin. Cleft chins are common among people originating from Europe, the Middle East and South Asia.
280:, the chin dimple is considered a factor of beauty and is metaphorically referred to as "the chin pit" or "the chin well": a well in which the poor lover is fallen and trapped.
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A double chin is a loss of definition of the jawbone or soft tissue under the chin. There are two possible causes for a double chin, which have to be differentiated.
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The origin of anatomically modern humans in western Europe. In F. H. Smith & Spencer (Eds.), The origins of modern humans: a world survey of the fossil evidence
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morphology, but none of them have a well-developed chin. The origin of the chin is traditionally associated with the anterior–posterior breadth shortening of the
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changes of the mandible during development have shown that the human chin, or at least the inverted-T shaped mental region, develops during the
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Coquerelle M, Prados-Frutos JC, Rojo R, Drake AG, Murillo-Gonzalez JA, Mitteroecker P (September 2017). "The Fetal Origin of the Human Chin".
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Lebow MR, Sawin PB (1941). "Inheritance of human facial features: a pedigree study involving length of face, prominent ears and chin cleft".
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fissure on the chin with an underlying bony peculiarity. Specifically, the chin fissure follows the fissure in the lower
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623:"Fetal and infant growth patterns of the mandibular symphysis in modern humans and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)"
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trait in humans and can be influenced by many factors. The cleft chin is also a classic example of variable
936:, Vol. 2, p. 143; by Leonard J. V. Compagno, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2001.
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There is a possible genetic cause for cleft chins, a genetic marker called rs11684042, which is located in
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31:
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Ichim I, Swain M, Kieser JA (July 2006). "Mandibular biomechanics and development of the human chin".
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Another cause can be a bony deficiency, commonly seen in people of normal weight. When the jaw bones (
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The presence of a well-developed chin is considered to be one of the morphological characteristics of
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Schwartz JH, Tattersall I (March 2000). "The human chin revisited: what is it and who has it?".
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Coquerelle M, Prados-Frutos JC, Rojo R, Mitteroecker P, Bastir M (2013-11-15). Frayer D (ed.).
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is usually the only causal treatment and necessary to preserve normal life expectancy.
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Holton NE, Bonner LL, Scott JE, Marshall SD, Franciscus RG, Southard TE (June 2015).
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GĂĽnther H. "Anomalien und
Anomaliekomplexe in der Gegend des ersten Schlundbogens".
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Overall, human beings are unique in the sense that they are the only species among
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798:"The ontogeny of the chin: an analysis of allometric and biomechanical scaling"
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Coquerelle M, Bookstein FL, Braga J, Halazonetis DJ, Weber GW (November 2010).
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removed and the corresponding muscles under the jaw shortened (hyoid lift).
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The terms cleft chin, chin cleft, dimple chin, or chin dimple refer to a
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846:"Why we have chins: Our chin comes from evolution, not mechanical forces"
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321:, creating the appearance of a second chin. This fat pad is occasionally
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57:. A fully developed human skull has a chin of between 0.7 cm and 1.1 cm.
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limit the anterior–posterior breadth in the oral cavity for the tongue,
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musculatures. Accordingly, this leads the upper parts of the mandible (
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as the face became smaller compared to that of other ancient humans.
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1100:
Larkin, Dimitrije E. Panfilov ; translated by
Grahame (2005).
950:, p. 229 (in 1872 edition, pub. Osgood); by Sir Walter Scott, 1817.
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675:"Short faces, big tongues: developmental origin of the human chin"
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This article is about the part of the face. For other uses, see
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Daegling DJ (1993). "Functional morphology of the human chin".
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stresses triggered bone thickening in the mental region of the
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Zeitschrift fĂĽr menschliche
Vererbungs- und Konstitutionslehre
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may grow more than another, which can cause facial asymmetry.
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to move one or two jaws forward. If the patient suffers from
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them from other human ancestors such as the closely related
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alone; in others, the lack of forward growth might warrant
869:"The enduring puzzle of the human chin: "The Human Chin""
143:). Coquerelle et al. show that the anteriorly positioned
127:, but the chin does not become prominent until the early
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is the forward pointed part of the anterior mandible (
1104:. Stuttgart: Thieme Medical Publishers. p. 64.
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Pampush, James D.; Daegling, David J. (2016-01-02).
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95:Robinson (1913) suggests that the demand to resist
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147:of the spine and forward displacement of the
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1124:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
474:Robinson L (1913). "The story of the chin".
309:In overweight people, commonly the layer of
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991:"What genes cause cheek and chin dimples?"
416:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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41:Photo showing the chin of a human skull
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961:"Myths of Human Genetics: Cleft Chin"
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189:The Enduring Puzzle of the Human Chin
131:. This later modification happens by
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79:. Early human ancestors have varied
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639:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01287.x
254:with environmental factors or a
1062:AncestryDNA Traits Learning Hub
532:. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas.
848:. ScienceDaily. April 13, 2015
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989:Starr B (September 3, 2004).
350:maxillomandibular advancement
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187:who have chins. In the paper
700:10.1371/journal.pone.0081287
528:DuBrul EL, Sicher H (1954).
406:. New York. pp. 51–135.
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783:Facial growth. 3rd edition
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580:Journal of Dental Research
433:Journal of Human Evolution
115:Developmental perspectives
111:or nonadaptive structure.
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785:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
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262:expression of the actual
203:Example of a cleft chin (
1082:چاه زنخدان the chin well
317:sags down and creates a
507:10.1002/evan.1360010506
302:as having a double chin
258:possibly affecting the
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1186:Human regional anatomy
1102:Cosmetic surgery today
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119:Recent works on the
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1031:Journal of Heredity
933:Sharks of the world
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246:A cleft chin is an
1087:2014-08-08 at the
999:. Ask a Geneticist
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627:Journal of Anatomy
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1326:Adam's apple
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1066:. Retrieved
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1057:"Cleft Chin"
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260:phenotypical
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77:Neanderthals
68:Homo sapiens
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373:Mastication
346:sleep apnea
338:genioplasty
313:around the
284:Double chin
135:processes (
97:masticatory
85:dental arch
1609:Categories
1493:Fingernail
1068:2024-08-05
1037:: 127–32.
1003:2024-08-05
482:: 410–420.
389:References
323:surgically
293:Caricature
252:penetrance
237:acromegaly
195:Cleft chin
157:suprahyoid
149:hyoid bone
81:symphysial
18:Cleft chin
1409:Genitalia
1120:cite book
757:0071-3260
476:Knowledge
412:cite book
248:inherited
153:laryngeal
61:Evolution
1538:Buttocks
1458:Shoulder
1293:Mandible
1226:Forehead
1085:Archived
1025:: 43–52.
976:(OMIM):
901:35862039
893:26800015
852:July 28,
832:25865897
765:38431987
719:24260566
679:PLOS ONE
657:20807267
608:28529235
600:16798865
565:21404235
515:85195021
453:10683306
368:Masseter
356:See also
348:, early
330:mandible
264:genotype
225:Y-shaped
185:primates
109:adaptive
101:mandible
1583:Toenail
1473:Forearm
1419:Scrotum
1365:Midriff
1355:Abdomen
1348:(Trunk)
1298:Occiput
1241:Eyebrow
947:Rob Roy
823:4450959
710:3829973
687:Bibcode
648:3035859
461:2656256
334:maxilla
319:wrinkle
1518:Little
1508:Middle
1488:Finger
1463:Axilla
1404:Pelvis
1397:Nipple
1392:Breast
1387:Thorax
1331:Throat
1308:Temple
1271:Tongue
1251:Eyelid
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221:dimple
155:, and
1568:Ankle
1548:Thigh
1503:Index
1498:Thumb
1478:Wrist
1468:Elbow
1441:Limbs
1424:Vulva
1414:Penis
1370:Navel
1360:Waist
1346:Torso
1303:Scalp
1276:Tooth
1261:Mouth
1231:Cheek
1149:Chins
897:S2CID
761:S2CID
604:S2CID
511:S2CID
457:S2CID
71:that
1588:Sole
1573:Heel
1563:Foot
1558:Calf
1553:Knee
1513:Ring
1483:Hand
1431:Anus
1382:Back
1336:Nape
1318:Neck
1256:Nose
1236:Chin
1221:Face
1216:Hair
1208:Head
1200:Skin
1194:Body
1126:link
1106:ISBN
889:PMID
854:2018
828:PMID
753:ISSN
715:PMID
653:PMID
596:PMID
561:PMID
449:PMID
418:link
315:neck
139:and
47:chin
45:The
1578:Toe
1543:Hip
1530:Leg
1450:Arm
1288:Jaw
1283:Ear
1266:Lip
1246:Eye
1039:doi
881:doi
818:PMC
810:doi
806:226
745:doi
705:PMC
695:doi
643:PMC
635:doi
631:217
588:doi
553:doi
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503:doi
441:doi
276:In
229:jaw
55:lip
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